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Electric Circuits
By
Prof. Dr. Mousa Abd-
Abd-Allah
Dr. Mohammed Eisa

Contents
CH1: Sinusoids and Phasors
CH2: Sinusoidal steady-State Analysis
CH3: AC Power Analysis
CH4: Three Phase Circuits
CH5: Transient Response of Circuits
CH6: Fourier Analysis and Circuit
Applications
CH7: Two-Port Circuits

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References
 Mahmood Nahvi, Joseph A. Edminister, “Electric
Circuits”, Schaum’s Outlines, Mc Graw Hill. ISBN:
9780071633727, 2011.

 James W. Nilsson, Susan A. Riedel, “Electric

Circuits”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
ISBN:9780137050512-0137050518, 2011.

 Jhon Bird, “Electrical Theory and Technology”,

Elsevier, Oxford, ISBN:9780080549798-
0080549799, 2007.

Chapter I
SinuSoidS, PhaSorS and
Resonance

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sinusoids

Definitions

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Ex.1: Find the amplitude, phase, period, and

frequency of the sinusoid: v(t)=12cos(50t+10o)

Solution:
The amplitude is: Vm = 12 V
The phase is :  = 10o
The angular frequency is  = 50 rad/s
The period is: T =(2/) = (2/50) =0.1257 s
The frequency is f =(1/T) = (1/0.1257) = 7.958 Hz

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Ex.2 : Calculate the phase angle between

v1 = -10 cos(t+50o) & v2 = 12 sin(t-10o)
state which sinusoid is leading
Solution

Phasor diagram

v (t )  Vm sin(t   )  Im(Vm e j (t  ) )

v (t )  Im(V m e jt e j )  Im(Ve jt )

V  Im(V m e j )  V m e j  Vm 

Phasors
V  V m  I  I m 

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Ex. 3 : Transform these sinusoids to phasors:

(a) v = - 4 sin(30t+50o)
(b) i = 6 cos(50t-40o)
Solution
(a) v = -4 sin(30t+50o) = 4 cos (30t+50+90o)
= 4 cos (30t + 140o)
The phasor form of v is V = 4140o
(b) i = 6 cos(50t - 40o)
The phasor I = 6 -40o

Ex.4: Given i1(t)=4cos(t+30o) and

i2(t)=5sin(t-20o), find their sum.

Solution:
i1(t)= 4 cos(t+30o) I1 = 430o
i2(t)= 5 sin(t-20o) = 5 cos(t -20o-90o) = 5 cos(t-110o)
I2 = 5 -110o

I = I1 + I2 = 430o + 5-110o = 3.464+j2-1.71-j4.698

= 1.754 –j2.698 = 3.218-56.97o

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Phasor relationship for circuit elements

(a) Resistor
i = Im cos(t + )
v = i R = RImcos(t + )
I = Im v = R Im

(b) Inductor
i = Im cos(t + )
v = L(di/dt) = -LIm sin(t + )
v = LIm cos(t +  +90o)
I = Im and V = Vm+90o

The voltage lead the current by 90o → XL= j ω L

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(b) capacitor
v(t) = Vm cos(ωt+) i = C dv/dt
d
ic V m cos(  t   )   CV m sin(  t   )
dt
i   CV m cos(  t    90 )

V  V m  I  I m   90

The voltage lag the current by 90o → XC= - j 1/ωC

Impedance and Admittance

G conductance, B susceptance

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Series Circuit

Parallel Circuit

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Δ-Y-Conversion

T
1 2

T 0
Vrms v (t )dt

Vm
Vrms 
2

T
1
Vav   v(t ) dt
T 0

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Ex.5: consider the circuit,

(a) Calculate the sinusoidal voltages v1 and v2
using phasors and voltage divider rule
(b) Sketch the phasor diagram showing E, V1 and
V2.
(c) Sketch the sinusoidal waveforms of e, v1 and v2.
Solution:
(a) The phasor form of the voltage source is determined as
e = 100 sin(t)  E = 70.710o V
 40  j80 
V1   (70.710 o )  78.4  33.69 o V
 (40  j80)  (30  j 40) 

and
 30  j40  o o
V2   (70.710 )  43.982.87 V
 (40  j80 )  (30  j 40) 

(b) Phasor diagram

(c) v1(t) = Vm sin(t+) = 2x78.4 sin(t-33.69)

= 111 sin(t-33.69)
v2(t) = Vm sin(t+) = 2x43.9 sin(t+82.87)
= 62 sin(t+82.87)

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Ex. 6: Refer to the circuit;

(a) Find the total impedance, ZT.
(b) Determine the supply current, IT.
(c) Calculate I1, I2, using current divider rule.
(d) Verify Kirchhoff’s current law at node a.
Solution
1 1 1 1 1
a.     Z T  200 o k
Z T 20 j1  j1 20
V 50
b. I T    250 x10 6 0 o A  2500 o A
Z T 20 x10 3 0
200
c. I1  x 2500 o  2500 o A
200
200
I2  x 2500 o  5000  90 o A
190
200
I3  x 2500 o  500090 o A
1  90

d. I1 + I2 + I3 = 2500 + 5000-90 + 500090 = 2500o

 IT = I1 + I2 + I3  Kirchhoff’s current law is verified.

Ex. 7: Find the current I in the circuit.

Solution:
j 4( 2  j 4) 16  j8
Z an    1.6  j0.8 
j4  2  j 4  8 10
j 4(8) 8(2  j 4)
Z bn   j3.2  Z bn   1.6  j 3.2 
10 10

Z1 = Zan+12 = 13.6 + j0.8 , Z2 = Zbn – j3 = j0.2 and Z3 = Zcn +j6+8 = 9.6+j2.8

Z2Z3 j 0.2(9.6  j 2.8)

Z T  Z1   13.6  j 0.8   13.6  j1 
Z 2  Z3 9.6  j 3
V 500
The source current I   3.666  4.2 o 
Z T 13.6  j1

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AC Bridges

At balance V1=V2
Z2 Zx
V1  V s V2  Vs
Z1  Z 2 Z3  Z x

Z2 Zx

Z1  Z 2 Z 3  Z 3

Z3
 Zx  Z2
Z1

Series Resonance

1
Z  R  j (L  )
C

At resonance Im(z) = 0

1 1
L  0 o L 
C o C

1 1
o  rad / s fo  Hz
LC 2 LC

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V
I 
1 2
R 2  (L  )
C

The highest power is at ωo

2 V2
P ( o )  I R 
R
The half power frequencies are at:
I
I  0.707 I
2
1V2
P (1 )  P ( 2 ) 
2 R
ω1 & ω2 can be get by setting Z  2R

1
R 2  (L  )  2R
C

1
R 2  (L  )  2R
C
By solving the above equation for ω
2
R  R  1
1     
2L  2L  LC
2
R  R  1
2     
2L  2 L  LC

Bandwidth “It is defined as the half power bandwidth”

B = ω2 – ω1 = (R / L)

 o  1 2

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Quality Factor Q
“Measure the sharpness of resonance “

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Example: For the circuit shown:

(a) Find the resonant frequency and the half power frequencies
(b) Calculate the quality factor and bandwidth
(c) Determine the amplitude of the current at ωo, ω1 and ω2

Solution

Parallel Resonance

At resonance Im(Y)=0

At resonance:
(1)The parallel LC combination acts like open circuit.
i.e. the entire current flows through R
(2) The inductor and capacitor currents can be much
more than the source current

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Example: For the circuit shown:

(a) Calculate ωo, Q and B
(b) Find ω1 and ω2
(c) Determine the power dissipated at ωo, ω1 and ω2
Solution

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P  I o2 R  (1.25 x10 3 ) 2 (8000 )  12.5 x10 3 W

V2 10 2
P   6.25 x10 3 W
2R 2 x8000

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