Chapter 4 - 1 PDF

BUM1113 Technical Mathematics
Chapter 4:The Trigonometric Functions
Laila Amera Aziz
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
October 20, 2016
Laila Amera Aziz (Universiti Malaysia Pahang)BUM1113 Technical MathematicsChapter 4:The Trigonometric
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Functions
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Chapter Overview
1 4.1 Radian Measure
2 4.2 Trigonometric Function of Angles
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Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

Calculate the radian measure of an angle, convert from degrees to
radius and vice versa, calculate arc length, area of a sector.
Evaluate the trigonometric functions of angles.
Simplify trigonometric expression using basic trigonometric

identities.
Solve right triangle trigonometry problems.
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Functions
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4.1 Radian Measure
An angle is the shape formed when two rays come together.

The measure of an angle is determined by the amount of rotation
from the initial side to the terminal side.
Angles are measured in degree and Radian.
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Functions
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4.1 Radian Measure
Definition
Place the vertex of the angle at the center of a circle of radius r . Let s
denote the length of the arc intercepted by the angle. The radian
measure θ of the angle is the ratio of the arc length, s to the radius r .
In symbols,
s
θ=
r
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Functions
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Example
Determine the radian measure of each angle
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Functions
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Relationship between Degrees and Radians
◦
180 π
180◦ = π rad 1 rad = 1◦ = rad
π 180
Example
1 Express 60◦ in radians.
π
2 Express rad in degrees.
6
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Functions
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Formulas for Arc Length and Sector Area
1 Arc Length Formula
In a circle of radius r , the arc

length s determined by a cen-
tral angle of radian measure θ
is given by
s = rθ
2 Sector Area Formula
In a circle of radius r , the area,

A of a sector with central angle
of radian measure θ is given
by
1
A = r 2θ
2
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Functions
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Example
1 Find the arc length s in the following figure.
2 Find the length of an arc of a circle with radius 10 m that subtends

a central angle of 30◦ .
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Functions
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Example
π
1 Find the area of a sector of a circle with central angle rad if the
3
radius of the circle is 3m.
2 From the figure, find
(a) perimeter of the sector.
(b) the area of the sector.
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Functions
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Exercise I
1 Convert each angle as indicated:

(a) 75◦ to radian.
π
(b) to degrees.
24
2 Question 59,61,62,64 from the handout.
3 The city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is directly north of West Palm

Beach, Florida. Pittsurgh is at 40.3◦ north latitude, while West
Palm Beach is at 26.4◦ north latitude. Assuming the Earth has a
radius of 3960 miles, how far apart are these cities?
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Functions
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Exercise II
4 A water sprinkler is set to shoot a stream of water a distance of

12m and rotate through an angle of 40◦ .
(a) What is the area of the lawn it waters?
(b) For r = 12m, what angle is required to water twice as much area?
(c) For θ = 40◦ , what range for the water stream is required to water
twice as much area?
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Functions
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Circular Motion
Suppose a point moves along a circle as shown in the Figure below.
There are two ways to describe the motion of the point - linear speed
and angular speed.
Linear Speed is the rate at which the distance traveled is changing, so

linear speed is the distance traveled divided by the time elapsed.
Angular Speed is the rate at which the central angle θ is changing, so

angular speed is the number of radians this angle changes divided by
the time elapsed.
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Functions
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Definition
Suppose a point moves along a circle with radius r and the ray from
the center of the circle to the point traverses θ radians in time t. Let
s = r θ be the distance the point travels in time t. Then, the speed of
the object is given by
θ
angular speed ω=
t
s
linear speed ν=
t
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Functions
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Example I
A boy rotates a stone in a 3-ft-long sling at the rate of 15 revolutions

every 10 seconds. Find the angular and linear velocities of the stone.
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Functions
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Example II
Solution :
In 10s, the angle θ changes by
15 × 2π = 30π radians
So the angular speed of the stone is
θ 30π rad
ω= = = 3π rad/s
t 10s
The distance travelled by the stone in 10s is
15 × 2πr = 30πr = 30π × 3 = 90π ft
So the linear speed of the stone is
s 90π ft
ν= = = 9π ft/s
t 10s
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Functions
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Relationship between Linear and Angular Speed
If a point moves along a circle of radius r with angular speed ω, then its
linear speed, ν is given by

s rθ θ
ν= = =r = rω
t t t
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Functions
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Example
A woman is riding a bicycle whose wheels are 26 inches in diameter. If
the wheels rotate at 125 revolutions per minute (rpm), find the speed at
which she is travelling.
Solution :
The angular speed of the bicycle is
2π × 125 rad
ω= = 250π radian/min
1min
Since the radius of the wheel is 13 inch, the linear speed is
ν = r ω = 13 × 250π ≈ 10, 210.2 inch/min
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Functions
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Exercise I
1 A disk with a 12-inch diameter spins at the rate of 45 revolutions

per minute. Find the angular and linear velocities of a point at the
edge of the disk in radians per second and inches per second,
respectively.
2 Suppose that a belt drives two wheels of radii r and R, as

indicated in the figure.
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Functions
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Exercise II
If r = 6 cm, R = 10 cm, and the larger wheel is rotating at 100

revolution per minute (rpm), determine each of the following:
(a) the angular speed of the larger wheel in radians per minute;
(b) the linear speed of a point on the circumference of the larger wheel;
(c) the angular speed of the smaller wheel in radians per minute.
Hint: Because of the belt, the linear speed of a point on the
circumference of the larger wheel is equal to the linear speed of a
point on the circumference of the smaller wheel.
(d) The number of revolution per minute of the smaller wheel in rpm.
3 A wheel 3 ft in diameter makes x revolutions. Find x, given that

the distance traveled by a point on the circumference of the wheel
is 22619 ft. (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.)
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Functions
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4.2 Trigonometric Function of Angles
Let POQ be a right triangle with acute angle θ as shown in Figure (a)
below. Place θ in standard position as shown in Figure (b) below.
Then P = P(x, y ) is a point on the terminal side of θ. In triangle POQ,

the opposite side has length y and the adjacent side has length x.
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Functions
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Using the Pythagorean
p Theorem, we see that the hypotenuse has
2
length r = x + y .2
y x y
sin θ = cos θ = tan θ =
r r x
r r x
csc θ = sec θ = cot θ =
y x y
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Functions
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Trigonometric Functions of Angles in Unit Circle
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Example
Referring to the figure,
(a) Specify cos θ, sin θ and tan θ.
(b) Specify cos β, sin β and tan β.
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Functions
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Exercise I
1 Evaluate the six trigonometric functions for the indicated angle.
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Functions
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Exercise II
2
2 Given that the x-coordinate of the point P is , evaluate the
5
trigonometric functions of θ.
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Functions
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Exercise III
3 Suppose that there are two sticks (AB and AC) and a piece of wire
(BC), each of length one metre fastened at the end of both sticks
to form an equilateral triangle as shown in the following figure.
(a) By using the unit circle, find the six trigonometric ratios at θ = 30◦ .
(b) If BC is bent out to form an arc of a circle with centre A, then the
angle at A will be less than 60◦ . What is the measure of this new
angle at A in both radian and degree?
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Functions
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4.3 Algebra and Trigonometric Functions
Example
Perform the following operations.
(a) Simplify 10sin θcos θ + 4sin θcos θ − 16sin θcos θ
(b) Expand sec 2 θ − 3 sec 2 θ + 3

(c) Factorise tan2 β + 8tan β − 9
sin θ − cos θ
(d) Simplify
cos θ − sin θ
cot 2 θ tan2 θ
(e) +
csc 2 θ sec 2 θ
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Functions
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Exercise
Carry out the indicated operations.
(a) Simplify −cos2 θsin2 θ + (2sinθcosθ)2
(b) Expand (3 − 2 tan θ)2
1 3
(c) Find −
sinA cosA
(d) Factorise 5csc 2 B cot 2 B − 15cscB cotB
sin2 A − cos2 A
(e) Simplify
sinA − cosA
3sin θ + 6
(f) Simplify
sin2 θ − 4
tan θ + tan θsin θ − cos θsin θ
(g) Simplify
sin θ tan θ
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Functions
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BUM1113 Technical Mathematics

Chapter 4:The Trigonometric Functions

Laila Amera Aziz

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

October 20, 2016

1 4.1 Radian Measure

2 4.2 Trigonometric Function of Angles

By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

Evaluate the trigonometric functions of angles.

Simplify trigonometric expression using basic trigonometric

Solve right triangle trigonometry problems.

An angle is the shape formed when two rays come together.

1 Arc Length Formula

In a circle of radius r , the arc

2 Sector Area Formula

In a circle of radius r , the area,

2 Find the length of an arc of a circle with radius 10 m that subtends

(a) perimeter of the sector.

(b) the area of the sector.

1 Convert each angle as indicated:

3 The city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is directly north of West Palm

4 A water sprinkler is set to shoot a stream of water a distance of

Linear Speed is the rate at which the distance traveled is changing, so

Angular Speed is the rate at which the central angle θ is changing, so

A boy rotates a stone in a 3-ft-long sling at the rate of 15 revolutions

So the angular speed of the stone is

15 × 2πr = 30πr = 30π × 3 = 90π ft

So the linear speed of the stone is

ν = r ω = 13 × 250π ≈ 10, 210.2 inch/min

1 A disk with a 12-inch diameter spins at the rate of 45 revolutions

2 Suppose that a belt drives two wheels of radii r and R, as

If r = 6 cm, R = 10 cm, and the larger wheel is rotating at 100

3 A wheel 3 ft in diameter makes x revolutions. Find x, given that

Then P = P(x, y ) is a point on the terminal side of θ. In triangle POQ,

1 Evaluate the six trigonometric functions for the indicated angle.

(b) Expand sec 2 θ − 3 sec 2 θ + 3

(c) Factorise tan2 β + 8tan β − 9

(b) Expand (3 − 2 tan θ)2

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