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Abstract:
The actual demand for oil and gas so as their products shows a clear increasing trend, despite some fluctuation mostly because of
the global economic negative situation as well as some other geostrategic impacts. The new drilling activities and progressing
toward deeper formations require stronger and abundant financial support, and looks that the safest way remains the increase of the
oil recovery factor in the existing oil and gas fields. Well testing and their numerical modelling, gives responses that support their
exploitation optimization. In many cases the oil and gas fields, represents as very complex systems composed by a large number of
thin layers. Generally, they represent very complex hydrodynamic systems. The classification systems of these reservoirs, the
calculation of the most important parameters, the factors that impacts and determine their exploitation performance as well as some
economic indicators, are subject of this paper.
Key words: Well test, reservoir, petroleum engineering, production forecats, skin effect
1 INTRODUCTION
The oil well test represents one of the basic disciplines of the Oil & Gas Wells Testing
capacities of the oil and gas fields. The drawdown test gives
an important support regarding the determination of the Evaluation of the Vertical and Horizontal Permeability
Evaluation of the Vertical and Horizontal
Anisotropy of the Permeability
[7, 10]. Oil and gas wells testing, main objectives are:
Quantitative Estimation of the Drainage
Numerical Simulation
1. Well status evaluation and the reservoir Area and Well Status
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1647 http://ijesc.org/
additional information. After “the identification”, should be optimization, and this can be achieved only after having the
selected the optimal stimulation process and its correct classification. Figure 4 shows all activities that help
implementation design. Summarized, the selection of all the starting from the formation classification, and the Figure 5
calculation procedures regarding the determination of the which shows the reservoir pressure data’s analysis for the
exploitation parameters of each single well and the reservoir, purpose of the accurate evaluation of the reservoir
of the formation properties evaluation, regarding the properties.
efficiency and results of the EOR for the purpose of the OR Reservoir Characterization Through the
Integrated Approach
See Figure 5
Horizontal Wells
snoitaluclaC r, r’, s, kv,kh etc.
Testing
s’ROE
noitazilitU noitamrofnI noitamitsE laniF Fractured Collectors Cs, CsD, k, Φct, s’, sf, xf, ω, λ
well-developed fractures, and by summarizing it helps for Figure 5: Different analysis system for the collector
the preparation of the permeability map of the formation. properties calculation
The main goal of the reservoir engineering is the OR
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1648 http://ijesc.org/
The multilayers reservoirs well testing, including the natural ·
Geological Modeling
Geophysical logging
Petroleum Engineering Modeling
· Petroleum Engineering
fracturing reservoirs, the solution of the flow differential · Mapping and profile creation based in the
surface geology
· Data Entering in the Reservoir Model
·
systems [7]. Mapping and profile creation based in the
surface geology
Integrated Reservoir Modeling
The layers communicate The layers communicate Differently known as Noticed the flow in between
3.1.2 Numerical modelling simulators selection and their
through the contact surfaces only through the wells composed reservoirs. The
well are not yet opened and
the very thin layers
use
represent the only
communication way
Economic
Figure 10: Numerical modelling optimization process
Original Oil in Place Calculation Reservoir Exploitation Scenarios Formation Fluid Flow
Parameters
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1649 http://ijesc.org/
4 PRESSURE CHANGE ANALYSIS IN THE
MULTILAYERS RESERVOIRS k1, Φ1, h1
Clay
Generally the multilayers reservoirs can be classified in tow k2, Φ2, h2
Sandstone no
communication
groups: Multilayer reservoir with interlayer’s Clay
layers
Clay
hydrodynamic communication, mainly in the contact areas, k4, Φ4, h4
and the reservoir without such a communication [4, 8].
Figure 12: Four layers reservoir with non-communication
4.1 Multilayers reservoirs with communication layers layers
20
Figure 11 represents a simplified sketch of a reservoir
composed by four thin layers, whose communicate in
between. The transitory well testing shows that the pressure
15
in these systems changes in the same way as in the
homogenous reservoirs. In this type of reservoirs can be
kh p f p fp
141.2qg g
implemented the following equations - For the calculation of k1
10 k2
the product permeability-layers thickness [4, 6 and 11]: 100
pD
102
1
(1)
5
For the calculation of the product porosity-compression [4, Approximate end of the transitory flow
6, and 11]:
0 2
10 103 104 105 106 107
(2) 0 .000264 kt
t DF
g ct F
The total number of the layers is n. The permeability of each Figure 13: Muskat curves for a two layers reservoir with
one of the layers can be calculated through the following non-communication layers
equation [4, 6 and 11]:
The pseudo-steady regime begins approximately at the time:
(3)
(4)
Impermeable sealing
Layer 1 k1, Φ1, h1 k1>k2 The beginning time of this regime depend also on the:
Layer 2 k2, Φ2, h2
·
Communication
(7)
where:
(8)
(9)
(10)
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1650 http://ijesc.org/
4.3 The composed reservoirs The equivalent length of the fractures and their equivalent
conductivity are calculated as follows:
The kinds of reservoirs, as mentioned above are named
composed reservoirs. The thin layers do communicate with (12)
each-other, only by the well, as it showed in the Figure 14.
Practically the fluid flows by the thin layer and raise to the (13)
surface only via the well [4, 6, 11].
The dimensionless conductivity is calculated [4, 6, and 11]:
Zone 1 k1, Φ1, h1
(14)
communication
Mixed zone
Interlayer's
Zone 2 k’2, Φ’2, h’2
k’3, Φ’3, h’3
As the solution of the diffusion problem for the multi-layers
reservoirs as very complicated, by Camacho is showed how
communication
k”1, Φ”1, h”1
Interlayer's
Zone 3 k”2, Φ”2, h”2
k”3, Φ”3, h”3
can be handled this problem by considering the reservoir as
it represent a single layer system. The basic assumption is
that the fractures don’t communicate in between. In the
Figure 14: Composed reservoir with communication layers fracture would communicate than the value of the CfD would
be somehow bigger and the value of the ratio h f/xfj plays an
4.4 The reservoirs with inter-layers communication important role regarding the well performance. In the layers
Figure 15 represents a composed reservoir with inter-layer have been subject of hydraulic fracking, than the maximal
communication. The flow and pressure changes profile, for a yield could be taken only in case that the flow front reach
gas well, can be based in the homogenous reservoir theory. any fracture simultaneously. Regarding the gas reservoirs,
Whilst, with regard to the oil wells, that behaves as the maximal yield of a two layers reservoir could be gotten
homogenous, with product permeability-thickness, kh, equal when is fulfilled the following criteria [4, 6, and 11]:
with the value of the entire system. The presence of the inter-
layers communication can be verified only by analysing the (15)
wells flow and pressure profiles [4, 6, and 11].
where: (16)
Sealing
The dash line in the Figure 16 is drawn by the solution of the
equation 15. Its solution is done based in the assumption
Low permeability layer that the boundaries effect is negligible. Is not possible to use
the reservoir conductivity it the boundaries of the reservoirs
Drainage area
B
C çD 2 h 2
C çD 1 h 1
Sealing 1
reservoirs
This concept is introduced by Raghavan et al, and is
10-2 -2
calculated with the following equation: 10 10-1 100
C çRShD 2 xç 2
10 102 103
C çRShD 1 xç1 Figure
Figura 15. 7: Kriteret për prodhueshmëri maksimale sipas Camacho
(11) 16: Productivity criteria’s for the maximal yield
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1651 http://ijesc.org/
· Relative permeability: If all thin layers have the the decision making regarding the EOR
same value of the relative permeability, the average implementation;
water saturation will be larger in the less permeable 5. The reservoir numerical modelling, as the most
layers than in the more permeable ones. This is important scope toward the reservoir exploitation
because their average pressure is higher in the optimization is based in the identification of the
layers will lower permeability; type, spatial extension and its geometry, human and
· Pores size: If the pores size in the less permeable financial resources;
layers are smaller than those of the more permeable 6. The multilayers reservoirs exploitation process is
layers, than to the fluid flow in the reservoir would very complex, mostly due to their heterogeneity and
appear additional resistance. This effect can be anisotropy;
calculated by the utilization of the capillary 7. The well testing allows the evaluation of the
pressure curves; conditions and characteristics of these kinds of
· The formation geometry: The geometric shape and reservoirs;
the inter-layer communication spatial distribution, 8. Though the well testing is possible the
have strong impacts with regard to the multilayers determination of the parameters for each layer for
reservoir exploitation; the purpose of the accurate description of the
· The permeability anisotropy: In most of cases of the multilayers reservoir;
oil reservoirs, the vertical permeability is much 9. This process allows the prediction of the reservoirs
smaller than the horizontal one; performance along their exploitation period;
· N-Layers systems: The exploitation performance 10. The economic indicators of these reservoirs
analysis is strongly depending by the accuracy of exploitation tend to be more positive than of the
the flow equations, especially in the case of the sum simple ones.
formulas.
8 REFERENCES
6 THE ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE [1]. Amanat U. C., Pressure transient test analysis
MULTILAYERS RESERVOIRS user’s handbook, Advanced TWPSOM Systems
The multilayers reservoirs type has direct impact with regard Inc., Houston, Texas, Vol. 8, Oct. 1995;
to the economic efficiency (feasibility) of their exploitation.
Some of the inter-layer communication advantages are [7, [2]. Camacho, V., Raghavan, R., and Reynolds, A. C.
12]: “Response for Wells Producing Layered Reservoirs,
Unequal Fracture Length”, SPE Formation Eval
· Shorter exploitation time; (Feb. 1987), 9-28;
· Higher oil recovery coefficient;
· Lower cost for the well perforation and completion; [3]. Cinco, H., Miller, F. G., and Ramey, H. J. Jr.,
· Shorter time for the well test information “Unsteady state pressure distribution created by a
interpretation. directionally drilled well”, SPE-AIME, 1975;
In many cases the reservoirs with lack of inter-layers [4]. Cobb, W. M., “A Study of Transient Flow in
communication, could be converted in reservoirs with Stratified Reservoirs with Commingled Fluid
communication via the application of the hydraulic fracking. Production”, PhD, Dissertation, Stanford
The artificially vertical fractures created, allows the fluid University, Stanford, CA, 1970;
flow by all layers, whose are already communication in
between and not only by the well, whose was representing [5]. Cobb, W. M., Ramey, H. J. Jr., and Miller, F. G.,
the only communication way. “Well Test Analysis for Wells Producing
Commingled Zones”, J. Petroleum Tech.(Jan.
1972), 27-37;
7 CONCLUSIONS
1. The well testing process allows the wellbore status [6]. Earlougher, R. C. Jr., Kersch, K. M., and Kunzman,
evaluation and the reservoir characterization; W. J., “Some Characteristics of Pressure Build up
2. It allows the reservoir properties determination for Behaviour in Bounded Multiple Layers Reservoirs
the purpose of the accurate reservoir description; Without Cross flow”, J. Petroleum Tech.(Oct.
3. It helps for the identification of the productive 1974), 1178-1186;
section of the well;
4. The wellbore status, reservoir permeability [7]. Kodhelaj, N. “Studimi hidrodinamik i puseve të
calculation combined with the statistical and naftës, Pjesa I+II”, Sh. B. L. U., Tiranë, 2009;
graphical processing of the information’s allows the
skin effect calculation. These processes facilitate
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1652 http://ijesc.org/
[8]. Lefkovits, H. C., Hazebroek, P., Allen, E., and
Matthews, C. S., “A study of the Behaviour of
Bounded Reservoirs Composed of Stratified
Layers”, Soc. Petroleum Eng. J. (March 1961), 43-
58;
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1653 http://ijesc.org/
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