Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 8

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/306107685

Role of Well Testing and Information in the Petroleum Industry- Testing in


Multilayers Reservoirs

Article · July 2016

CITATIONS READS

0 308

2 authors, including:

Nevton Kodhelaj
Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranës
39 PUBLICATIONS   47 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Oil Well Testing View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Nevton Kodhelaj on 07 September 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.


ISSN 2321 3361 © 2016 IJESC

Research Article Volume 6 Issue No. 7

Role of Well Testing and Information in the Petroleum Industry-


Testing in Multilayers Reservoirs
Assoc. Prof. Nevton KODHELAJ
M.Sc. Shkëlqim BOZGO

Abstract:
The actual demand for oil and gas so as their products shows a clear increasing trend, despite some fluctuation mostly because of
the global economic negative situation as well as some other geostrategic impacts. The new drilling activities and progressing
toward deeper formations require stronger and abundant financial support, and looks that the safest way remains the increase of the
oil recovery factor in the existing oil and gas fields. Well testing and their numerical modelling, gives responses that support their
exploitation optimization. In many cases the oil and gas fields, represents as very complex systems composed by a large number of
thin layers. Generally, they represent very complex hydrodynamic systems. The classification systems of these reservoirs, the
calculation of the most important parameters, the factors that impacts and determine their exploitation performance as well as some
economic indicators, are subject of this paper.

Key words: Well test, reservoir, petroleum engineering, production forecats, skin effect

1 INTRODUCTION
The oil well test represents one of the basic disciplines of the Oil & Gas Wells Testing

reservoir engineering. The information collected regarding


Pressure Data’s
the fluid flow and the drawdown testing in the formation
plays a key role for the determination of the productive Average Pressure of the Formation Use for Material Balance Calculations

capacities of the oil and gas fields. The drawdown test gives
an important support regarding the determination of the Evaluation of the Vertical and Horizontal Permeability
Evaluation of the Vertical and Horizontal
Anisotropy of the Permeability

average pressure of the formations. This information’s


allows the study and identification of the formations Well Testing with Different Regimes
Estimation of the Formation Extension
and Oil Saturation
behavior and particularly their yield forecast, for different
regimes. The pressure data’s are without any doubt, among Pressure Data’s Interpretation
Quantitative Evaluation of the Well Status, EOR
Efficiency, Wells Productivity Estimation
the most important, regarding the reservoir engineering.
They play a key role to all the reservoirs exploitation stages Well Testing in Standard Conditions Estimation of the Formation Permeability and Well Status

[7, 10]. Oil and gas wells testing, main objectives are:
Quantitative Estimation of the Drainage
Numerical Simulation
1. Well status evaluation and the reservoir Area and Well Status

characterization; Parameters Estimated through the Well Testing


Evaluation of the Permeability Changes form one Well to the other
and Data Inputs to the Model

Figure 1: Information collected by the well testing


2. Calculation of the formation parameters for the
purpose of the identification of its productive Is important to highlight that along the lifetime of the oil and
segment; gas wells, starting from it’s drilling an up to its
“abandonment”, should be collected information’s regarding
3. The identification of the well productive segment; its technical status and daily activity. Here differs the
pressure data’s, to each single well or at least for the “key
wells”, whose represent not less than 25% of the total wells,
4. Skin effect and factor calculation, and based in its in a periodical basis. Is very important to make careful
value could be decided regarding the programming regarding the information’s that should be
implementation of the EOR methods. collected through the well testing and its frequency. A very
simplified logical sketch on the well testing is presented in
2 WELL TESTING AND ITS ROLE IN THE the Figure 2 [7]. It’s obvious that, the well testing could be
PETROLEUM INDUSTRY used for the selection of the well that should be subject of the
Enhancement Oil Recovery (EOR) methods. The core of the
The oil and gas wells testing represent one of the strongest process stands in the identification of all factors, which
tools, mostly regarding their reservoir engineering prospect, pushed toward the well productivity decline [3]. For this,
as well the reservoir exploitation optimization. In a more could be very helpful the pressure build-up or pressure
descriptive way the information collected by the well testing drawdown tests, the drill stem, the samples analysis or any
is presented in the Figure 1 [7].

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1647 http://ijesc.org/
additional information. After “the identification”, should be optimization, and this can be achieved only after having the
selected the optimal stimulation process and its correct classification. Figure 4 shows all activities that help
implementation design. Summarized, the selection of all the starting from the formation classification, and the Figure 5
calculation procedures regarding the determination of the which shows the reservoir pressure data’s analysis for the
exploitation parameters of each single well and the reservoir, purpose of the accurate evaluation of the reservoir
of the formation properties evaluation, regarding the properties.
efficiency and results of the EOR for the purpose of the OR Reservoir Characterization Through the
Integrated Approach

(Oil Recovery) increase with aim to maximize the financial


profit, is given in Figure 3. A well testing process can be General Description of the Formation

efficient regarding collecting the information’s, and later on


Rock Evaluation Structural Testing Reservoir Properties Estimation Integrated Approach
with their analysis, but only if is done a detailed and accurate
· Lithology; · Structure; · Profiles;
planning, design, evaluation and coordination of all ·
·
Sediments Origin;
Rock Evaluation.
·
·
Continuation;
Approx. Thickness.
·
·
Reservoir Boundaries;
Real Thickness.
·
·
Porous Volume;
Transmissivity.

processes [1, 3].


Information's on the Yield and
Samples Analysis Oil Wells Testing Pressure

Programming, Reasoning, Time, Priorities

Fluid Flow Analysis Methods, Pressure


Measurement and their Utilization

Design, Direction, Analysis

See Figure 5

Before the Exploitation Along the Exploitation


Figure 4: Reservoir classification through the integrated
testing of the system
Information's on the Fluids Well Testing
Fluid Flow Analysis Methods, Pressure Measurement and their
Utilization
Information's on the Well Exploitation

Information's on the Injections, EOR’s etc.


Well Testing Methods Most Important
Interpretation Collector Parameters
Others

Figure 2: Well testing programming


Solution for Different Initial and
A noitaulavE Fluid Flow Equations Boundary conditions and
Geometry

dna sutatS noitamroF/lleW


noitatiolpxE sretemaraP noitatiolpxE

Horizontal Wells
snoitaluclaC r, r’, s, kv,kh etc.
Testing
s’ROE

)tceffe nikS( egamaD eroblleW

enilceD erusserP ytilibaemreP woL ytilibaemreP


esU Drawdown & Buildup kh, s’1, s’2, s, D, pr, Δps,
Testing, Initial Pressure pores volume, pi, pa
slleW ,sisylanA elpmaS ,seuqinhceT gnitseT lleW
ngiseD ROE s'noitamrofnI lanoitiddA ,noitatiolpxE

noitazilitU noitamrofnI noitamitsE laniF Fractured Collectors Cs, CsD, k, Φct, s’, sf, xf, ω, λ

srotcaF enilceD noitcudorP


tnemevorpmI gnitseT lleW
Fluid Flow Regime k, s, kf, C, CD, CDf, m, Δ, ω
A

Figure 3: Well selection for the purpose of the EOR


optimization Fracking kfu, sf, r’u, xf, (kfbf)D, r’w/xf, kfbf

Drilling samples analysis ensures valuable information’s


regarding the preliminary identification of the rocks. The
well testing process somehow support toward its Wells Interference kh/μ, Φhc, Φμct, k, s, ν, Φt, khm
improvement. Also, the well testing support, regarding the
identification of all areas with low permeability whose can
create difficulties during the normal process of the reservoir Heterogeneous
kx, ky, kxy, kmin, kmax, Θ, Φt, Φμct, kht
exploitation, or even for the identification of all areas with Reservoirs Analysis

well-developed fractures, and by summarizing it helps for Figure 5: Different analysis system for the collector
the preparation of the permeability map of the formation. properties calculation
The main goal of the reservoir engineering is the OR

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1648 http://ijesc.org/
The multilayers reservoirs well testing, including the natural ·
Geological Modeling
Geophysical logging
Petroleum Engineering Modeling
· Petroleum Engineering
fracturing reservoirs, the solution of the flow differential · Mapping and profile creation based in the
surface geology
· Data Entering in the Reservoir Model

equations with constant flow or pressure, and the economic


Geophysical Modeling Geostatistical Modeling
aspects of the exploitation of these kinds of reservoirs, have · Seismic
· Space Distribution of the Collector Properties
and their Correlations
· Interpretation
been always challenging for their industrial exploitation.
The Information Allows a Detailed Description of
Figure 6 represents the multilayers reservoirs classifications ·
Geological Modeling
Geophysical Logging
the Reservoir

·
systems [7]. Mapping and profile creation based in the
surface geology
Integrated Reservoir Modeling

Multilayer's reservoirs with


Multilayer's reservoirs
without communication Composed reservoirs Interlayer's flow
Figure 9: Reservoir modelling development
communication layers
layers

The layers communicate The layers communicate Differently known as Noticed the flow in between
3.1.2 Numerical modelling simulators selection and their
through the contact surfaces only through the wells composed reservoirs. The
well are not yet opened and
the very thin layers
use
represent the only
communication way

Most of the numerical simulators can be very efficiently


Figure 6: Multilayer reservoirs classification systems
used for the determination of the fluids properties, water
cones creation process, the geological profiles creation etc.,
3 NUMERICAL MODELLING AND ITS USE and also can be used as modelling methods for the reservoir
engineering. To the reservoir engineers remains the difficult
The numerical modelling includes the large scale use of the
task for the selection of the optimal method for the purpose
computers for the solution of the flow differential equations,
of the modelling of the formation. Its selection could be done
and in this way, to make possible the modelling of the fluids
only after analysing all the parameters and gathered
flow. These methods gives very satisfactory results, and
information’s. This is a very complex and high costly
consist in the creation of a model (spatial net) whose
process. Summarized this is presented in the Figure 10 [7].
approach the porous medium (by combining of all its
properties). The reservoir is divided in a number of Selection of the Reservoir
Simulation Models
elementary blocks, and to each one of them is than applied
simultaneously the mass and energetic material balance. The Reservoir Classification
technics used for this purpose are different, and they are
presented in a summarized way in the Figure 7 [3, 7, and
13]. Gas Fields Oil Fields Oil & Gas Fields Condensate

Field Engineer Computer Engineer


Dimensions

Data Entering Reservoir Simulation Results

0-D 1-D 2-D 3-D

Modifications Results Analyses

Figure 7: Reservoir modelling Geometry

3.1 Scope and aim of the reservoir modelling


X X-Y Y-Z R-Z X-Y-Z
The simulation programmers can be used for the purpose of
the reservoirs testing, even if they are exploited by a single
well, by some wells or even by systems of wells, whose Phases

interact with each-other. Summarized this is presented in the


Figure 8 [7]. 1-Phase 2-Phases 3-Phases N-Components
Computer Simulation Aims

Economic
Figure 10: Numerical modelling optimization process
Original Oil in Place Calculation Reservoir Exploitation Scenarios Formation Fluid Flow
Parameters

The most important parameters for this selective process are


Original Gas in Place Calculation Single Well Testing Oil and Gas Fields Exploitation Systems Optimization
[1]:
Figure 8: Computer simulation aims
· The reservoir type;
3.1.1 Reservoir modelling process development · The geometry and formation extension;
· Database validity;
After that all information are collected they are at first · Secondary and tertiary EOR methods applied in the
individually processed by creating some models. Via the reservoir;
geostatistical methods is possible to intertwine all in one · Expert’s needs;
single model. Summarized this process in presented in the
· Logistic;
Figure 9 [7].
· The financial efficiency of the numerical modelling.

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1649 http://ijesc.org/
4 PRESSURE CHANGE ANALYSIS IN THE
MULTILAYERS RESERVOIRS k1, Φ1, h1

Clay
Generally the multilayers reservoirs can be classified in tow k2, Φ2, h2
Sandstone no
communication
groups: Multilayer reservoir with interlayer’s Clay
layers

communication, whereas the thin layers do have k3, Φ3, h3

Clay
hydrodynamic communication, mainly in the contact areas, k4, Φ4, h4
and the reservoir without such a communication [4, 8].
Figure 12: Four layers reservoir with non-communication
4.1 Multilayers reservoirs with communication layers layers
20
Figure 11 represents a simplified sketch of a reservoir
composed by four thin layers, whose communicate in
between. The transitory well testing shows that the pressure
15
in these systems changes in the same way as in the
homogenous reservoirs. In this type of reservoirs can be

kh p f  p fp 
141.2qg g
implemented the following equations - For the calculation of k1
10 k2
the product permeability-layers thickness [4, 6 and 11]: 100

pD 
102
1
(1)
5
For the calculation of the product porosity-compression [4, Approximate end of the transitory flow

6, and 11]:
0 2
10 103 104 105 106 107
(2) 0 .000264 kt
t DF 
 g ct F
The total number of the layers is n. The permeability of each Figure 13: Muskat curves for a two layers reservoir with
one of the layers can be calculated through the following non-communication layers
equation [4, 6 and 11]:
The pseudo-steady regime begins approximately at the time:
(3)
(4)
Impermeable sealing
Layer 1 k1, Φ1, h1 k1>k2 The beginning time of this regime depend also on the:
Layer 2 k2, Φ2, h2
·
Communication

Layer 3 k3, Φ3, h3 k3>k2


layers The fluctuation of the values of the porosity, width
and compression of the layers, by each-other;
·
Layer 4 k4, Φ4, h4
Impermeable sealing The geometric shape of the reservoir;
Figure 11: Four layers reservoir with communication layers · Layers number;
· Well location.
4.2 Multilayers reservoirs without communication Figure 13 represents the curve of the dimensionless pressure
layers by the dimensionless time, for a reservoir composed by two
Figure 12 represents a simplified sketch of a reservoir layers with permeability ratio k1/k2=100, 10, 2, 1. For all
composed by four layers that doesn’t have inter-layers four curves the ratio rb/rw=2000. The dimensionless
communication. The only communication way in this case parameters are calculated as follows:
remains the well. In the initial phase of the well exploitation
the pressure drawdown curve is linear, as it is showed in the (5)
Figure 12. Once the reservoir boundaries effects appear the
curve is bending [2, 5 and 8]. (6)

(7)

where:
(8)
(9)
(10)

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1650 http://ijesc.org/
4.3 The composed reservoirs The equivalent length of the fractures and their equivalent
conductivity are calculated as follows:
The kinds of reservoirs, as mentioned above are named
composed reservoirs. The thin layers do communicate with (12)
each-other, only by the well, as it showed in the Figure 14.
Practically the fluid flows by the thin layer and raise to the (13)
surface only via the well [4, 6, 11].
The dimensionless conductivity is calculated [4, 6, and 11]:
Zone 1 k1, Φ1, h1

(14)

communication
Mixed zone

k’1, Φ’1, h’1

Interlayer's
Zone 2 k’2, Φ’2, h’2
k’3, Φ’3, h’3
As the solution of the diffusion problem for the multi-layers
reservoirs as very complicated, by Camacho is showed how

communication
k”1, Φ”1, h”1

Interlayer's
Zone 3 k”2, Φ”2, h”2
k”3, Φ”3, h”3
can be handled this problem by considering the reservoir as
it represent a single layer system. The basic assumption is
that the fractures don’t communicate in between. In the
Figure 14: Composed reservoir with communication layers fracture would communicate than the value of the CfD would
be somehow bigger and the value of the ratio h f/xfj plays an
4.4 The reservoirs with inter-layers communication important role regarding the well performance. In the layers
Figure 15 represents a composed reservoir with inter-layer have been subject of hydraulic fracking, than the maximal
communication. The flow and pressure changes profile, for a yield could be taken only in case that the flow front reach
gas well, can be based in the homogenous reservoir theory. any fracture simultaneously. Regarding the gas reservoirs,
Whilst, with regard to the oil wells, that behaves as the maximal yield of a two layers reservoir could be gotten
homogenous, with product permeability-thickness, kh, equal when is fulfilled the following criteria [4, 6, and 11]:
with the value of the entire system. The presence of the inter-
layers communication can be verified only by analysing the (15)
wells flow and pressure profiles [4, 6, and 11].
where: (16)
Sealing
The dash line in the Figure 16 is drawn by the solution of the
equation 15. Its solution is done based in the assumption
Low permeability layer that the boundaries effect is negligible. Is not possible to use
the reservoir conductivity it the boundaries of the reservoirs
Drainage area

Fl effects plays any role.


di uid 102
re fl
ct ow
io
n
High permeability layer
10

B
C çD 2 h 2
C çD 1 h 1

Sealing 1

Figure 15: Two communication layers reservoir A

4.5 Fractures conductivity in the multi-layers 10-1

reservoirs
This concept is introduced by Raghavan et al, and is
10-2 -2
calculated with the following equation: 10 10-1 100
C çRShD 2 xç 2
10 102 103
C çRShD 1 xç1 Figure
Figura 15. 7: Kriteret për prodhueshmëri maksimale sipas Camacho
(11) 16: Productivity criteria’s for the maximal yield

where: ηj diffusion coefficient of the layer j.


5 FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE MULTI-
LAYERS RESERVOIRS PERFORMANCE
Generally, the factors that impact the multi-layers reservoirs
exploitation are [12]:

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1651 http://ijesc.org/
· Relative permeability: If all thin layers have the the decision making regarding the EOR
same value of the relative permeability, the average implementation;
water saturation will be larger in the less permeable 5. The reservoir numerical modelling, as the most
layers than in the more permeable ones. This is important scope toward the reservoir exploitation
because their average pressure is higher in the optimization is based in the identification of the
layers will lower permeability; type, spatial extension and its geometry, human and
· Pores size: If the pores size in the less permeable financial resources;
layers are smaller than those of the more permeable 6. The multilayers reservoirs exploitation process is
layers, than to the fluid flow in the reservoir would very complex, mostly due to their heterogeneity and
appear additional resistance. This effect can be anisotropy;
calculated by the utilization of the capillary 7. The well testing allows the evaluation of the
pressure curves; conditions and characteristics of these kinds of
· The formation geometry: The geometric shape and reservoirs;
the inter-layer communication spatial distribution, 8. Though the well testing is possible the
have strong impacts with regard to the multilayers determination of the parameters for each layer for
reservoir exploitation; the purpose of the accurate description of the
· The permeability anisotropy: In most of cases of the multilayers reservoir;
oil reservoirs, the vertical permeability is much 9. This process allows the prediction of the reservoirs
smaller than the horizontal one; performance along their exploitation period;
· N-Layers systems: The exploitation performance 10. The economic indicators of these reservoirs
analysis is strongly depending by the accuracy of exploitation tend to be more positive than of the
the flow equations, especially in the case of the sum simple ones.
formulas.
8 REFERENCES
6 THE ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE [1]. Amanat U. C., Pressure transient test analysis
MULTILAYERS RESERVOIRS user’s handbook, Advanced TWPSOM Systems
The multilayers reservoirs type has direct impact with regard Inc., Houston, Texas, Vol. 8, Oct. 1995;
to the economic efficiency (feasibility) of their exploitation.
Some of the inter-layer communication advantages are [7, [2]. Camacho, V., Raghavan, R., and Reynolds, A. C.
12]: “Response for Wells Producing Layered Reservoirs,
Unequal Fracture Length”, SPE Formation Eval
· Shorter exploitation time; (Feb. 1987), 9-28;
· Higher oil recovery coefficient;
· Lower cost for the well perforation and completion; [3]. Cinco, H., Miller, F. G., and Ramey, H. J. Jr.,
· Shorter time for the well test information “Unsteady state pressure distribution created by a
interpretation. directionally drilled well”, SPE-AIME, 1975;

In many cases the reservoirs with lack of inter-layers [4]. Cobb, W. M., “A Study of Transient Flow in
communication, could be converted in reservoirs with Stratified Reservoirs with Commingled Fluid
communication via the application of the hydraulic fracking. Production”, PhD, Dissertation, Stanford
The artificially vertical fractures created, allows the fluid University, Stanford, CA, 1970;
flow by all layers, whose are already communication in
between and not only by the well, whose was representing [5]. Cobb, W. M., Ramey, H. J. Jr., and Miller, F. G.,
the only communication way. “Well Test Analysis for Wells Producing
Commingled Zones”, J. Petroleum Tech.(Jan.
1972), 27-37;
7 CONCLUSIONS
1. The well testing process allows the wellbore status [6]. Earlougher, R. C. Jr., Kersch, K. M., and Kunzman,
evaluation and the reservoir characterization; W. J., “Some Characteristics of Pressure Build up
2. It allows the reservoir properties determination for Behaviour in Bounded Multiple Layers Reservoirs
the purpose of the accurate reservoir description; Without Cross flow”, J. Petroleum Tech.(Oct.
3. It helps for the identification of the productive 1974), 1178-1186;
section of the well;
4. The wellbore status, reservoir permeability [7]. Kodhelaj, N. “Studimi hidrodinamik i puseve të
calculation combined with the statistical and naftës, Pjesa I+II”, Sh. B. L. U., Tiranë, 2009;
graphical processing of the information’s allows the
skin effect calculation. These processes facilitate

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1652 http://ijesc.org/
[8]. Lefkovits, H. C., Hazebroek, P., Allen, E., and
Matthews, C. S., “A study of the Behaviour of
Bounded Reservoirs Composed of Stratified
Layers”, Soc. Petroleum Eng. J. (March 1961), 43-
58;

[9]. Raghavan, R., Topaloglu, H. N., Cobb, W. M., and


Ramey, H. J. Jr., “Well Test Analysis for Wells
Producing from two Commingled Zones of Unequal
Thickness”, J. Pet. Tech. (Sept. 1974), 1035-1043;

[10]. Ramey, H. J. Jr., and Cobb, W. M., “A general


build-up theory for a well in closed drainage area”,
J. Pet. Tech. (Dec 1971) 1493-1505;

[11]. Russell, D. G., and Prats, M., “The practical


Aspects of Inter Layer Cross flow”, J. Petroleum
Tech. (June 1962), 589-594;

[12]. Russell, D. G., Goodrich, J. H., Perry, G. E., and


Brushkotter, J. F., “Methods for Predicting Gas
Well Performance”, J. Pet. Tech. (Jan. 1966);

[13]. Saidikowski, R. M., “Numerical simulations of


the combined effects of wellbore damage and
partial penetration”, paper SPE 8204 (September
1979).

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2016 1653 http://ijesc.org/
View publication stats

Вам также может понравиться