Career Counseling: A Holistic Approach Chapter 1
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1. (1890-1919) growth of placement services in urban
areas to meet need of growing industrial
organizations.: Stage One of Career Counseling Development
2. (1920-1939) marked the growth of educational
guidance in elementary and secondary schools.: Stage Two
of Career Counseling Development
3. (1940-1959) was a time of significant growth of
guidance needs in colleges and universities and in
the training of counselors.: Stage Three of Career Counseling
Development
4. (1960-1979) was highlighted by organizational career
development. The nature of work became more
appropriately viewed as a very pervasive life role.: Stage
Four of Career Counseling Development
5. (1980-1989) was a period of significant transitions brought on
by information technology and the beginning of career
counseling private practice and outplacement services.:
Stage Five of Career Counseling Development
6. (1990-present ) is viewed as a time of changing
demographics, the beginning of multicultural counseling,
continued development of technology and a focus on
school-to-work transitions.: Stage Six of Career Counseling
Development
7. Achievement testing in schools.: 1920's
8. All counseling activities associated with career choice over a
life span. In the career counseling process, all aspects of
individual needs (including family, work, personal, concerns,
and leisure) are recognized as integral parts of career
decision making and planning. This also includes counseling
associated with work maladjustment, stress reduction,
mental health concerns, and developmental programs that
enhance work skills, interpersonal relationships,
adaptability, flexibility, and other developmental programs
that lead to self agency.: Career Counseling
9. Amendments to Vocational Educational Act of 1963 provided
guidance in schools and counselor training flourished: 1963
10. The American College Testing Program ACT was founded.:
1959
11. The American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) is
formed by the merger of The American College Personnel
Association, National Association of Guidance Supervisors
and College Trainers, National Vocational Guidance
Association, and Student Personnel Association for Teacher
Education.: 1951
12. The Americans with Disabilities Act was passed to provide
that employers are to have reasonable work
accommodations for persons with disabilities.: 1992
13. Army General Classification Test (AGCT) developed.: 1940
14. Blau, Gustad, Jessor, Parnes and Wilcox developed and
published career development and occupational choice
theory.: 1956
15. The capabilities of career problem solvers depend on the
availability of cognitive operations as well as knowledge:
Cognitive Information-Processing (CIP) Assumption 3
16. Career Choice is an expression of, or an extension of
personality into the world of work. Individuals search for
environments that will let them exercise their skills and
abilities, express their attitudes and values, and take on
agreeable problems and roles. Their are six kinds of
occupational environments and six matching personal
orientations.: John Holland: A Typology Approach
17. Career choice results from an interaction of cognitive and
affective processes.: Cognitive Information-Processing (CIP)
Assumption 1.
18. The Career Counseling Movement continued to flourish and
expanded its services with a greater concentration on the
needs of minorities and women. The Global economy
became a driving force behind changes in how and where
people work.: 1980-Present
19. The Career Counseling movement was increasingly
supported by federal and local governmental bodies,
including schools and universities. Manpower Legislation to
create new jobs was passed.: 1960s
20. Career development involves continual growth and change
in knowledge structures.: Cognitive Information-Processing
(CIP) Assumption 6
21. Career development theories became landmarks in career
counseling movement: 1951- 1966
22. The Career education movement was created to specifically
address career development, attitudes, and values infused
within traditional learning. Career education focused on
career awareness, career exploration, values clarification,
decision-making skills, career orientation, and career
preparation.: 1970s
23. Career identity depends on self-knowledge.: Cognitive
Information-Processing (CIP) Assumption 7
24. Career maturity depends on on'es ability to solve career
problems.: Cognitive Information-Processing (CIP)
Assumption 8
25. Career problem solving is a high-memory-load task.:
Cognitive Information-Processing (CIP) Assumption 4
26. Carl Perkins Vocational Education Act of1984 expanded
career services to address the needs of
vocational education students. Expanded in the 1990s.: 1984
27. Civil Rights Legislation enacted.: 1964
28. Clark L Hull published APTITUDE TESTING, suggesting that
human traits could be matched with job requirements.: 1928
29. Considered as work needs.: Values
30. Defined as "Time extended working out of a purposeful life
pattern through work undertaken by the person." This
refers to the activities and positions involved in vocations,
occupations, and jobs as well as to related activities
associated with an individual's lifetime of work.: Career
31. Drucker (2002) suggests that the next society will be
dominated by knowledge workers with finely tuned skills.
The work environment as seen dramatic change in how
work tasks are accomplished. There has been a change from
established patterns of work - Independent contractors,
self-employed, free-lance, and consultants. Out sourcing
of employees show how businesses no longer make life
commitments to employees and are contracting for
services and special personnel.: Working in the 21st Century
32. Each individual's unique learning experiences over the life
span develop primary influences that lead to career choice.
Development involves genetic endowments and special
abilities, environmental conditions and events, learning
experiences and task approach skills.: Krumboltz's Learning
Theory Approach
33. E K Strong of Stanford introduces the Strong Vocational
Interest Blank.: 1927
34. First Edition of Dictionary of Occupational Titles: 1939
35. First vocational guidance course taught at Harvard by Meyer
Bloomfield: 1911
36. Frank Parson: father of vocational guidance movement
founded Vocations Bureau of Boston.: 1908
37. George-Barden Act establishing funds for counselor training
programs in all states.: 1946
38. Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, and Herma developed and
published career development and occupational choice
theory.: 1951
39. Global Economy, Market Forces, The War on Terrorism will
require a Whole Person Perspective.: Concerns in the 21st
Century
40. Great Depression
• Works Progress Administration
• Civilian Conservation Corps: 1929 -1941
41. Hall and Mirvas (1996) suggest a term which reflects the
more current role of flexibility required of contemporary
workers. This is any kind of flexible, idiosyncratic career
course, with peaks and valleys, left turns, moves from one
line of work to another, and so forth. This career path is
unique to each person a sort of career fingerprint.: Protean
Career
42. Holland developed and published career development and
occupational choice theory.: 1966
43. How to Counsel Students by E. G. Williamson published:
1939
44. Illuminates the interconnection between all life roles and is
the basic issue to be addressed in career counseling. It
introduces some key factors that may influence career
choices and clarifies the client's lifestyle orientation. It
introduces concepts that add meaning and clarity to how
work and
life are intertwined.: Career Life Perspective
45. Indicate levels of work skills.: Ability dimensions
46. Individuals have unique patterns of ability or traits that can
be objectively measured and correlated with requirements
of occupations.: Trait-and-Factor Theory
47. The Internet offered career counseling Web sites that are
increasingly being used by job seekers and adults in career
transition.: 1990s
48. Involves Ten basic assumptions with two overarching
assumptions facilitating the growth of information-
processing skills and enhancing the client's ability to solve
problems and make career decisions.: Career Development
from a Cognitive Information-Processing (CIP) Perspective
49. Joint Training Partnership Act (JTPA) was enacted to provide
career services for retraining workers and for
disadvantaged youth: 1982
50. Korean War and expansion of the Cold War: 1950-1953
51. Making career choices is a problem solving activity.:
Cognitive Information-Processing (CIP) Assumption 2
52. Many clients may have multiple careers over the life span.
Career choice is a process where one not only chooses but
eliminates. The process is clouded by the search for self-
identity and meaning in a world society. Career and
personal concerns are inseparable: Career Choice
53. More research needed in this area
Information processing skills essential
Self knowledge necessary
Realistic expectations
Able to evaluate
Productive exploration: Effective Use of Career Information
54. Motivation: Cognitive Information-Processing (CIP)
Assumption 5
55. The National Certified Career Counselors organization
founded in order to offer certification to counselors.: 1984
56. The National Occupational Information Coordinating
Committee was established by Congress. It's purpose was
to sponsor projects to establish national career counseling
and development guidelines at state and local levels.: 1976
57. The National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA)
changed its name to the National Career Development
Association.(NCDA): 1985
58. The NCDA changed the name of its publication
VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE QUARTERLY to the CAREER
DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY.: 1986
59. Occupational Information and Guidance service -
George/Dean Act: 1938
60. Occupational Outlook first published: 1948
61. Refers to a 5-stage cycle of information processing skills
used in career decision making. Communication, Analysis,
Synthesis, Valuing, and Execution.: CASVE
62. Refers to a good match between an individual and a work
environment.: Congruence
63. Refers to all components of services and activities in
educational institutions, agencies, and other organizations
that offer counseling and career-related programs. It is a
counselor-coordinated effort designed to facilitate career
development through a variety of professional services that
fosters each client's ability and desire to manage their own
career development.: Career Guidance
64. Refers to "an activity that produces something of value for
oneself or others": Work
65. Refers to "Any activity (treatment of effort ) designed to
enhance a person's career development or to enable that
person to make more effective career decisions.": Career
Intervention
66. Refers to a worker's attempt to improve how they fit in a
work environment.: Work adjustment
67. Refers to clients who are more achievement oriented.:
Satisfactoriness
68. Refers to contextual interactions that influence individual
choices.: Environmental conditions
69. Refers to individuals from different cultures develop their
own set of values and work needs. Career choice may be
driven by goals of family as opposed to the individual.
Acculturation into the dominant culture forces us to
carefully examine each generation. "Culture is a learned
system of meaning and behavior that is passed
from one generation to the next" (Carter and Qureshi, 1995,
p. 240) Counselors are challenged to meet the needs of an
increasingly culturally diverse society. Modify procedures,
techniques, and tools - Learn culturally appropriate ones:
Counseling in a Culturally Diverse Society
70. Refers to inherited qualities that may set limits on career
choice.: Genetic endowments
71. Refers to more self-fulfillment oriented clients.: Satisfaction
72. Refers to personality, i.e., those clients who relate strongly
to one or more of the RIASEC categories.: Consistency
73. Refers to the Basic assumption that new knowledge bridges
changes in life and work. Many workers need positive job
experiences to understand the value of future planning.
Counselors must provide clients with a knowledge base and
skills that can be used for current and future concerns and
needs. For example, decision making, communication skills,
survival skills, networking. Clients will need to periodically
evaluate their career development.: Lifelong Learning
74. Refers to the connection between career development and
mental health. Counselors need skills in diagnosing client
personal concerns and
provide intervention strategies in the affective, cognitive,
and behavioral domains. Counselors focus on sets of client
concerns. Focus on whole person in a holistic approach to
counseling: Focusing on a Multiple Spectrum of Domains
75. Refers to the degree in which one identifies with a work
environment. Clients who have many occupational goals
have low identity.: Identity
76. Refers to those who have poorly defined personality styles.:
Differentiation
77. Refer to abilities and interests: Traits
78. Refer to negative and positive reactions to neutral
experiences.: Associative learning experiences
79. Refer to those experiences that are acquired through
observation, consequences, and reaction of others.:
Instrumental learning experiences
80. Refer to work habits, mental sets, emotional responses, and
cognitive responses.: Task approach skills
81. Roe developed and published career development and
occupational choice theory.: 1956
82. SAT published by the Educational Testing Service: 1948
83. School-to-Work Opportunities Act was passed which
provided funds to enhance school-to-school and school-to-
work transitions.: 1994
84. Smith-Hughes Act passed to provide funds for vocational
guidance services.: 1917
85. A stable characteristic made up of abilities and values.:
Personality structure
86. Stands for Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social,
Enterprising, and Conventional: RIASEC
87. States that Individuals bring requirements to a work
environment, and the work environment makes its
requirements of individuals. To survive, individuals and work
environments must achieve some degree of congruence.:
Person-Environment-Correspondence Counseling
88. Studying the individual, surveying occupations, and matching the individual with an occupation: Parson's Three-step model
89. Super developed and published career development and occupational choice theory.: 1957
90. Tiedeman and O'Hara developed and published career development and occupational choice theory.: 1963
91. To predict job satisfaction and success: The primary goal of using assessment data
92. The total constellation of psychological, sociological, educational, physical, economic, and chance factors that combine to
influence the nature and significance of work in the total life span of any given individual. Specifically, the term reflects
individually developed needs and goals associated with stages of life and with tasks that affect career choices and subsequent
fulfillment of purpose.: Career Development
93. The ultimate aim of career counseling is to enhance the client's capabilities as a career problem solver and a decision maker.:
Cognitive Information-Processing (CIP) Assumption 10
94. The ultimate goal of career counseling is achieved by facilitating the growth of information-processing skills.: Cognitive
Information-Processing (CIP) Assumption 9
95. US Employment Service - Wagner/Peyser Act: 1933
96. Veterans Admin. Centers to provide career-related services to returning vets: 1944
97. Vocational counseling founded on principle of individual differences in assets and strengths.
Each client is unique with a unique need: The Case for the Individual
98. The Workforce Investment Act offered career services to disadvantaged youth, adults, and dislocated workers.: 1998
99. World War II: 1941-1945
100. WWI recruits administered ability tests called Army Alpha and Beta for classification and placement in the armed services.: 1914-
1918