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Introduction
Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel crushed rock, or other aggregates.
The aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock) are held together in a rocklike mass with a
paste of cement and water.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
As with most rocklike mass, concrete has very high compressive strength but have a
very low tensile strength. As a structural member, concrete can be made to carry
tensile stresses (as in beam in flexure). In this regard, it is necessary to provide steel
bars to provide the tensile strength lacking in concrete. The composite member is
called reinforced concrete.
AGGREGATES
Aggregates used in concrete may be fine aggregates (usually sand) and coarse
aggregates (usually gravel or crushed stone). Fine aggregates are those that passes
through a No. 4 sieve (about 6 mm in size). Materials retained are coarse aggregates.
The nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate are specified in Section 5.3.3 of
NSCP. These are follows: 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, 1/3 the
depth of slabs, or 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts. These limitations may not be
applied if, in the judgment the Engineer, workability and methods of consolidation are
such that concrete can be placed without honeycomb or voids.
WATER
According to Section 5.3.4, water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from
injurious of oils, acids, alkalis, salts organic materials or other substances that may be
deleterious to concrete or reinforcement. Mixing water for prestressed concrete or for
concrete that will contain aluminum embedment’s, including that portion of mixing water
contributed in the form of free moisture on aggregates, shall not be used in concrete
unless the following are satisfied: (a) Selection of concrete proportions shall be based
on concrete mixes using water from the same source and (b) mortar test cubes made
with non-portable mixing water shall have 7-days and 28 day strengths equal to at least
90
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Unlike steel and other materials, concrete has no definite modulus of
elasticity. Its value is dependent on the characteristics of cement and
aggregates used, age of concrete and strengths.
0.043 √ f c
'
EC =W c
1.50
Eq. 1-1
(¿ MPa )
f'c Wc
Where is the day 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa
DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
STANDARD HOOKS
4 db
Inside diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall not be less than 16 mm bar and
smaller. For bars larger than 16 mm, diameter of bend shall be in accordance with Table
1.1
Inside diameter of bend in welded wire fabric /9plain or deformed) for stirrups and ties
4 db 2 db
shall not be less than for deformed wire larger than D56 and for all
other
wires.
4 db
Bends with inside diameter of less than 8db shall not be less than from
nearest welded intersection.
Tolerance for depth d, and minimum concrete over a flexural members walls and
compression members shall be as follows:
¿ 200 mm ±12 mm
d -12 mm
Except that tolerance for the clear distance to formed soffits shall be minus 6 mm and
tolerance for cover shall not exceed minus 1/3 the minimum concrete cover required in
the design drawings or specifications.
±
Tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and ends of reinforcement shall be 50
±12
mm except at discontinuous ends of members where tolerance shall be mm.
In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforced
shall be spaced not for farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, nor 450
mm.
BUNDLED BARS
Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as unit shall be limited to
four in any one bundle. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties and bars
larger than 32 mm shall not be bundle in beams. The individual bars within the span of
flexural members should terminate at different points with at least 40 db stagger. Since
spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover of most members are based on a
single diameter db, bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter derived
from the equivalent total area.
Diameter of single bar equivalent to bundled bars according to NSCP to be used for
spacing limitation and concrete cover.
Minimum
cover, mm
Primary reinforcement
15
Ties, stirrups, spirals 10
Shells, folded plate members:
20 mm bar and larger
16 mm, Wr1 or D31 wire, and smaller
Prestressed Concrete
The following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for prestressed and
nonprestressed reinforcement, ducts and end fittings.
Minimum
cover, mm
Bundled Bars
For bundled bars, the minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent
diameter of the bundle, but need to be greater than 50 mm, except for concrete cast
against and permanently exposed to earth, the minimum cover shall be 75 mm.
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than five
times the slab thickness, nor farther apart than 450 mm.
LOADS
The most important and most critical task of an engineer is the determination of the
loads that can be applied to a structure during its life, and the worst possible
combination of these loads that might occur simultaneously. Loads on structure may be
classified as dead loads or live loads.
DEAD LOAD
Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. This consists
mainly of the weight of the structure and other permanent attachments to the frame .
LIVE LOAD
Live loads are loads that may change in magnitude and position. Live loads that move
under their own power called moving loads. Other Live loads are those caused by wind,
rain, earthquakes, soils, and temperature changes. Wind and earthquake loads are
called lateral loads.
If resistances to structural effects of a specified wind load W are included in design, the
following combination of D, L, and W shall be investigated to determine the greatest
required strength U:
Where load combinations shall be include both full value and zero value of L to
determine the more severe condition, and
But for any combination of D, L, and W, required strength U shall not be less than Eq.1-
2
Where load combinations shall included both full value and zero value of L to determine
the more severe condition, and
But for any combination of D, L, and E, required strength U shall not be less than Eq. 1-
2
Except where D or L reduces the effect of H, 0.9D shall be substituted for 1.4D and
zero value of L shall be used to determine the greatest required strength U. For any
combination of D, L and H, required strength U shall not be less than.
If resistance to loadings due to weight and pressure of fluids with well defined densities
and controllable maximum heights F is included in design, such loading shall have a
factor of 1.4 and to be added to all loading combinations that include live load.
If resistance to impact effects is taken into account in design, such effects shall be
included with live load L.
The design strength provided by a concrete member, its connections to other members,
and its cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion shall be taken
as the nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor φ having following
values.
Notations
A g=¿ Ag
gross of concrete sections , mm . For a hollow section,
2
is the area
of the concrete only and does not include the area of the void(s)
A v =¿
area of shear reinforcement spacing, mm
2
bw=¿
web width, or diameter of circular section, mm
forces
f yt =¿ fy
specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement, MPa
F = loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well-defined densities and
controllable maximum heights, or related internal moments and forces.
Lr =¿
roof live loads or related internal moments and forces.
M u =¿
factored moment at section, N-mm
Nu=¿ Vu
factored axial force normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with
Tu
or ; to be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension, N
U = required strength to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces,
Vc
= nominal shear strength provided by concrete, N
Vn
= nominal shear strength.
Vs
= nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement N
Vu
= factored shear force at section, N
εt
= net tensile strain in extreme layer of longitudinal tension steel at nominal
strength, excluding strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage,
and temperature
φ = strength reduction factor
ρw As bw d
= ratio of to
9.1- GENERAL
9.1.1 Structures and structural members shall be designed to have design
strengths at all sections at least equal to the required strengths calculated for the
factored loads and forces in such combinations as are stipulated in this code.
9.1.2 Members also shall meet all other requirements of this code to ensure
adequate performance at service load levels.
9.1.3 Design of structures and structural members using the load factor
combinations and strength reduction factors of Appendix C shall be permitted.
Use of load factor combinations from this chapter in conjunction with strength
reduction factors of appendix C shall be permitted.
Except as follows:
a) The load factor on the live load L in Eq. (9-3) to (9-5) shall be permitted to be
reduced to 0.5 except for garages, areas occupied as places of public assembly,
and all where L is greater than 4.8N/ m .
2
b) Where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality factor, it shall be
permitted to use 1.3 W in Eq. (9-4) and (9-6).
c) Where E, the load effects of earthquake, is based on service-level seismic
forces, 1.4E shall be used in place of 1.0E Eq. (9-5) and (9-7).
d) The load factor on H, loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil or
other materials, shall be set equal to zero in Eq. (9-6) and (9-7) if the structural
action due to H counteracts that due to W or E. Where lateral earth pressure
provides resistance to structural actions from other forces, it shall be not be
included in H but shall be included in the design resistance.
9.2.2 If resistance to impact effects is taken into account id design, such effects
shall be included with L.
9.2.5 For post-tensioned anchorage zone design, a load factor of 1.2 shall be
applied to the maximum prestressing steel jacking force.
φ
9.3.2 Strength reduction factor shall be as given in 9.3.2.1 through 9.3.2.7:
9.3.2.1 Tension-controlled sections as defined in 10.3.4................0.90
(See also 9.3.2.7)
For sections in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal
εt
strength is between the limits for compression-controlled and tension-
controlled
φ
sections, shall be permitted to be linearly increase from that for compression-
limit to 0.005.
( )
( )
0.9
0 Spiral
( )
0 ( )
0.
7
0.6 5O th e r fy
Alternativel ,w he n Appendix B is used, for does not exceed
y
members in which
415 MCPao,
mwitphrseymssmieoTtrnricarneisnfiotricoemnenTt,eanndsiwoitnh
φ
(d-d’)/h not less than 0.70, shall
eased linearly toc0o.9n0tarsoll e dn decreasesf 'from
φ P
c Ag
controlled
be pe 0.10 to
rmitted to be incr
F i g u r e 1 . 2 S t re n g t h r e duφ
zero. F o r o th e r r ei n for ce d m e m b er s ,
ct i o n f a c t o r
s h a ll b e p e r m itted to be increased from 0.10
(E=200, 000 MPa)
f ' c Ag φ Pb
or , whichever is smaller, to zero.
CHAPTER 1
Ig
=moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis,
neglecting reinforcement
I se
=moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of member
cross- section
Mn
=nominal moment, N-mm
Mu
=factored moment at section, N-mm
β1
=factor defined in Section 410.4 in Page 16
εc
=strain in concrete (maximum = 0.003)
εs f y / Es
=strain in steel below yield point =
εy
=strain in steel at yield point
ρ As
=ration of tension reinforcement
/bd ρb
Ec
2. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber, shall
be assumed equal to 0.003
fs fy fs εs εs εs εs fs
3. For below shall , be taken as x for > , =
fy
.
f'c
a) Concrete stress of 0.85 shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an
equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross-section and a
straight line located parallel to the maximum compressive strain.
b) Distance c from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis hall is measured in
the direction perpendicular to N.A.
β1 f'c β1
c) Factor shall be taken as 0.85 for ≤ 30 MPa and shall be
f'c β1
i. For ≤ 30 MPa, = 0.85
f'c
ii. For > 30 MPa,
β1 =0.85-0.008( f ' -30) but not shall be less than 0.65
c
f'c
b 0.85 0.003
c a
c
d d-
a/2 Mn
N
A
As f y
T=
y/¿
Es f
¿
Stress
Diagram
Strain
Diagram
Figure 2.1: Stress and strain diagram for singly reinforced and rectangular beam
a=β1 c
Eq. 2-1
[ ∑ Fh =0 ] C=T
f ' c ab= A s f y
0.85
As f y
a=
Eq. 2-2 0.85 f ' c b
As f y d
a = bd 0.85 f '
c
As
The ρ
bd is called the ratio of steel reinforcement and is denoted as .
term
As
Eq. 2-3 ρ=
bd
and
p f yd
a=
Eq. 2-4 0.85 f ' c
ρf y
Let ω=
f 'c
ωd
Eq. 2-5 a=
0.85
Coefficient of Resistance
Eq.2-8 Rn=f 'c ω (1−0.59
ω)
Eq.2-9 Mu=φ Rn bd 2
ρf y
Solving for ω
in Eq. 2-8 and replacing it f ' c , yields the following formula
an with,
ρ
the steel ratio :
[ √ ]
0.85 f ' c
Eq.2-10 ρ= 1− 2 Rn
y
1−
f 0.85 f 'c
BALANCE DESIGN
Balance design refers to a design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in concrete
fy
(with strain of 0.003) and steel and (with strain of E ) are reached simultaneously once he
s
UNDERREINFORCED DESIGN
Underreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforced is lesser than what is
required
for balance condition . If the ultimate load is approached, the steel will begin to yield although
the compression concrete is still understressed. If the load is further increased, the steel will
continue to elongate, resulting in appreciable deflections and large visible crack in the tensile
concrete. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of the
structure to decrease the load.
OVERREINFORCED DESIGN
Overreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is
required for balanced condition. If the beam is overreinforced, the steel will not before failure.
As the load is increased, deflections are not noticeable although the compression concrete is
highly stressed, and failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the structure.
ρb
BALANCED STEEL RATIO :
In balanced condition, the concrete and steel yield simultaneously, In this condition, the strain
fy
in concrete reached is maximum usable value of and the strain in steel is where Es
Es
=200,000 MPa.
b 0.00
3
c
d = c
NA d
0.00
3
Strain Diagram
c 0.003
d= fy
0.003+ Es =200,00
Es Note:
0.003
c= fy d
0.003+
200,00
600 d
c b=
Eq.2-11 600+ f y
β1
But a =
c
ρf y d
a 0.85 f 'c
c= c= β
β1
1
p f yd
c=
0.85 f ' cβ 1
p f yd 600
c= 0.85 f 'c β1 =
c
d
600+f y
Note: Eq. 2-12 is for singly reinforced rectangular sections only. Eq. 2-11 is applicable to
nay shape.
MAXIMUM STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Section 410.4.3: For flexural and for subject to combined flexure and compressive
φ Pn
axial load when the design axial load strength is
0.10 f ' c A g
less than the smaller of
φ Pn ρb
or , the ratio of reinforcement that would produce balance strain condition
for the section under flexure without axial; load. For members with compression
ρb
reinforcement, the portion of equalized by compression reinforcement need not
be
reduced by the0.75 factor.
ρmax =0.75 ρb
Eq. 2-13
and
Asmax =0.75 ρb
Eq. 2-14
This limitation is to ensure that the steel reinforcement will yield first to ensure ductile
failure.
A =
√ fc b d
Eq. 2-15 smin w
'4 f y
1.4 bw d
Eq.2-16 and not less than fy
Asmin
410.62 For statically determinate T-section with flange in tension, the area
shall be equal to or greater than the smaller value given either by:
A smi n=
√ f 'c d
Eq. 2-17 2 fy w
b
bw
or Eq. 2-15 with set equal to the width of the flange.
410.6.4 For structural slabs and footings of uniform thickness, the minimum area of
tensile reinforcement in the direction of span shall be the same as that required by
Section 407.13 (Shrinking and Temperature Reinforcement). Maximum spacing of
this reinforcement shall not exceed three times the thickness and 450 mm.
The provision for minimum amount of reinforcement applies to beams, which for
architectural and other reasons are much larger in cross-section than required by
strength consideration. With a very small amount of tensile reinforcement, the
computed moment strength as a reinforced concrete section computed from its
modulus of rapture. Failure in such a case can be quite sudden.
Note: The assumptions made in steps II, V,and VIII are the author’s recommendation
based on his experience.
I. Identify the values of the dead load and live load to be carried by the
beam. (DL & LL)
II. Approximate the weight of beam (DL) between 20% to 25% of
(DL+LL).This weight is added to the de load.
III. Compute the factored load and factored
moment: Ex: factored Load =1.4 DL+1.7L
Mn
IV. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam,
ρ ρb
V. Try a value of steel ratio from 0.5 but must not be less
ρmin ρ
than . This value will provided enough alloance in the actual
ρ
value of due to rounding-off of the number of bars to be
used, for it not to
ρ
exceed the maximum of 0.05ρb.
0.85 f ' c β1 600
ρb=
f y(600+ f )
ρf y
VI. Compute the value of ω, ω=
f'c
Solve for bd :
2
VII.
M u=φ f c bd ( 1−0.59
' 2
ω)
¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
2
bd =¿¿
VIII. Try ratio b/ d❑ ( from d=15b to d=2b), and solve for d, (round-off this
value to reasonable dimension). Check also the minimum thickness of
beam required by the Code a given in Table 2.1 in page 36.
After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for b.
Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made
in Step II.
IX. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.
As =pbd
Number of bars(diameter = D)
π 2 A
4D x number of bars = s
AS
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL AREA OF A
MU
BEM WITH KNOWN MOMENT NT AND
OTHER PROPERTIES:
Pmax ∧ Mumax
I. Solve for
Pmax =0.75 pb
P =0.75 '
0.85 f c β1 (600)
f y(600+ f y)
max
¿
¿
¿
¿
ρf
ω= y = ¿
¿
fc
M u max=φ f c ωbd (1-0.59 ω ¿
2
M u = M umax
if design as singly reinforced (Step II)
M u = M umax
if design as doubly reinforced (Step III)
ρ
II. Solve for :
2
Mu=φ Ru bd
¿
¿
¿
¿
Ru =¿ ¿
2 Ru
1−
0.85 f ' c
¿
¿
¿
1−√¿=¿ ¿
0.85 f ' c
ρ= fy ¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
As =ρbd =¿ ¿
MU
STEPS IN COPUTING OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA
AS
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:
As
I. Solve ρ ρ=
for : bd
ρb
II. Check if steel yields by computing
ρb= '
0.85 f c β1 (600)
f y (600+ f y )
ρ ≤ρb
III. `
ω=ρ f y / f c
ρ ≤ρb
if ,steel yields, proceed to III
ρ ≤ ρb
if ,steel does not yield, proceed to step IV.
ρ ≤ρ min As
Note: if ,the given is not adequate for the beam dimension.
IV. ρ > ρb
b 0.85 0.00
ab
c=0.8 3
5
a c
d
d-a/2
d-c
=200,0
00
T=
fs Es
Solve for from the strain diagram: [Note: =200,000MPa]
f s
Es
0.003
d−c = c
d−c
f s=600
Eq. 2-18 c
Σ F H =0 ¿
[ T=C
A s f s=0.85 f c ab β1 c
but a=
d−c '
A 600 =0.85 f (β c)b
s c 1
c
600 A s (d−c)=0.85 β1 f c b c 2
fs
Solve c by quadratic formula and solve for and a:
d−c
f s=600 ; a=β c1
c
a
2
s s
(d− 2 )
or
a
2 c
(d −2 )
Minimum thickness, h
Simply One end Both ends Cantilever
supported continuous continuous
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction
Member likely to be damaged by large deflections
Solid one- L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
way slabs
Beams L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
or ribbed one-
(a) For structural lightweight concrete having weights in the range 1500-2000
3
kg / m
ωc
values shall be multiplied by (1.65-0.005 ) but not less than 1.09, where
ωc
is the unit mass in kg / m3 .
fy f y /700 ¿ .
(b) For other than 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 +
1−
[ ]M cr
Ma
[ ]
] I cr
Eq.2-19 M cr
3
I c= I +¿
Ma g
Wher
e
M cr f rI g
Y
= t
Fr
= modulus of rapture of concrete, MPa, for normal weight
f r=0.7 √f ' c
Concrete
Ma
= maximum moment in member at stage deflections is computed.
Ig
= moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting
reinforcement.
I cr
= moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete
Y1
= distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to
extreme fiber in tension.
When Lightweight aggregate is used, one of the following modifications shall apply:
f
(a) When ct
is specified and concrete is proportioned in accordance with Sec. 5.5.2,
fr
shall be modified by substituting 1.8
f ct
for √ f 'c but the value of 1.8
f ct
Sect. 5.9.5.2.4: For continuous members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the average of values obtained from Eq. 2-19 for the critical positive and negative
moment sections. For prismatic members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the value obtained from Eq. 2-19 at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and at
the support cantilevers.
ε
Eq. 2-10 λ=
1+50 ρ
'
ρ '
Where shall be taken the value of reinforcement ratio for non-prestressed
compression reinforcement at midspan for simple and continuous spans,a nd at support
ε
for cantilevers. It is permitted to assume the time-dependent factor for sustained
loads to be equal to:
5 years or more...............................2.0
12 months…......................................1.4
6 months….........................................1.2
3 months…...........................................1.0
Deflection computed in accordance with Sec. 5.9.5.2.2 through Sec.5.9.5.2.5 shall not
exceed limits stipulated in Table 2.2.
Section 5.8.3.3 of NSCP states that in lieu of frame analysis, the following approximate
moment and shears are permitted for design of continuous beams and one-way slabs
(slabs reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one direction), provided:
Positive moment
End spans
ωu Ln / 11
Discontinuous end unrestrained…………………… 2
ωu Ln / 14
Discontinuous end integral with support………….. 2
ωu Ln / 16
Interior spans………………………………… 2
ωu Ln / 10
More than two spans………………………………………………..... 2
ωu Ln / 11
Negative moment at other faces of interior supports………….…… 2
ωu Ln / 16
When support is a column…………………………….……..…. 2
ωu Ln / 2
Shear at face of all other supports……………………………………….. 2
Ln
When =clear span positive moment or shear and average of adjacent clear
spans for negative moment.
Moment
-
-w w
-w
Figure 2.3: Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with spans and
discontinuous end integral with support
1
w . w
1.15 1
w w
5 w Shear
w
w
Mome
nt
-
w - - -
w w w
Figure 2.5 Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with more than two spans
and discontinuous end unrestrained
f Es
10.2.4 Stress in reinforcement below y
shall be taken as times steel
f
strain. For strains greater than that corresponding to y
, stress in reinforcement shall
fy
be considered independent of strain and equal to .
10.2.7.2 Distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, c ,
shall be measured in direction perpendicular to the neutral axis.
f'c β1
10.2.7.3 For between 17 and 18 MPa, shall be taken as
f'c β1
0.85. For above 28 MPa, shall not be taken less
than 0.65
10.3.4 Sections are tension-controlled if the net tensile strain in the extreme
εt
tension steel is equal to greater than 0.005 when the concrete in compression
εt
reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. Sections with between the compression-
controlled strain limit and 0.005 constitute a transition region between compression-
controlled and tension-controlled sections.
Derivation: for E = 200 GPa
The beam is tension-controlled
ε fs 0.00 0.008
When = 0.005 (or =1000MPa) 3
c
d
=
0.005
c d
=
0.003 0.008
3
c=
Eq. 2-21 8
d
a=β1 c β 3 d
=
1
8
φM
tn =0.90 x 0.85 f ab( d−
a
'
)
2 3
β d
φM 1
8
=0.90 x 0.85 f c x β1
tn
' 3 / 8 dxb(d − )
2
c
459 3
φ Mtn = β1 f c' bd 2(1 − β1)
Eq. 2-22 1600 16
0.003 0.007
= d
0.004
3
Cmax =
Eq. 2-23 7
d
3
β1 x d
7
)b
ρmax bd f y=0.85 f c ¿
3 0.85 f ' c β1
Eq. 2-14 ρmax
7 fy
( )
−a
M =c c
n max 2
=0.85 f ab (−a
'
M
n c
max
)
2 β 3d
Mn max 3 17
=0.85 f x β1 dxb (d− )
c
7 2
3
1− β
14 1
Mn =¿
Eq. 2-25 51 )
max
β f ' bd 2¿
140 c c
800−f y
Eq. 2-26 φ=0.65+0.25
1000−f y
φ Pn
10.3.6 Design axial strength of compression members shall not be taken
φ Pn max
greater than computed by Eq. (10-1) or (10-2).
φ Pn
10.3.6.3 For prestressed members, design axial shall not be taken
greater than 0.85 (for members with spiral reinforcement) or 0.80 (for members
with tie
φ P0
reinforcement) of the design axial strength at zero capacity .
10.3.7 Members subject to compressive axial load shall be designed for the maximum
Pu
moment that can accompany the axial load. The factored axial force at
given
Mu
eccentricity shall not exceed that given in 10.3.6. The maximum factored moment
shall be magnified for slenderness effects in accordance with 10.10
10.4 Distance between lateral supports of flexural members
10.4.1 Spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times b, the
least width of compression flange or face.
Asmin
10.5.2 –For statically determinate members with a flange in tension, shall
bw
not be less than the value given by eq. (10-3), except that is replaced by
2 bw
either or the width of the flange, whichever is smaller.
'
0.85 f β 600
c 1
ρb =
f y (600+ fy)
f
√f ' c =
1.4
ρ = if f ' > 31.36 MPa
,othewise ρ
max c min
4fy y
ρfy
VI. Compute the value ω, ω= c
of f'
φ:
VII. Solve for the reduction factor
Solve for c:
ρ
Note: For singly reinforced rectangular beam, is
directly proportional to c:
3
Cmax where Cmax = d
c=(assumed factor) x 7
f
if
s <1000 MPa ,transition , φ=0.65+0.25 f s−f y
y
Solve for bd :
2
VIII.
M u=φ f c ω b d ( 1−0.59 ω )
' 2
¿
¿
¿
¿
2
bd =¿ ¿
IX. Try a ratio d/b (from d= 1.5b to d=2b), and solve for d. (round-off this value
to reasonable dimension)
Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the code as given
in Table 2.1 in Page 26.
After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for b.
Compute the weight of the beam and it to the assumption made in Step II.
AS
STEPS IN FINDING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL AREA OF A
MU
BEAM WITH KNOW REQUIRE MOMENT AND
OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
f ' cf y Mu
Given b, d, and :
ρmax φ M n max
I. Solve for and .
3 0.85 f 'c β1
ρmax =
7 fy
M n max= 140 β 1 f c bd 1− 14 β1
)
800−f y
φ=φ=0.65+0.25 y
1000−f
¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
φ Mn max =¿ ¿
M u ≤φ M n max
if design as Singly Reinforced (Step II)
M u > φ M n max
if design as Doubly Reinforced (Step V)
III. M u=φ Rn bd 2
¿
¿
Rn =¿ ¿
2 Rn
1− '
0.85 f c
¿
¿
1−√ ¿=¿' ¿
0.85 f c
ρ= ¿
fy
√ f 'c 1.4
ρ = if φ f ' >31.36 MPa, = f
otherwise ρ
min c min
4fy y
¿
¿
¿
As =pbd =¿ ¿
IV.
√ f 'c
ρ = if φ f ' >31.36 MPa, 1.4
c = f
otherwise ρ
min min
4fy y
¿
¿
¿
As =pbd =¿ ¿
As :
Solve for c and
Mu=φCc (d−a / 2)
f s−f y
φ=0.65+0.25 =600 d−c
1000−f where s
y
c
f
a=β1 c
[ ]
d−c
600 −f
y
c c
0.65+0.25(
)(0.85 f c β1 cb)(d −β1 )
'
1000−f 2
y
Mu =¿
¿
¿
¿
a
¿
¿
¿
c¿ β1 c =¿ ¿
As f y=0.85 f ' c ab
¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
As =¿ ¿
ρ =
√f f ' >31.36 MPa, otherwise 1.4
'c ρ =
min c min
4fy if fy
φ Mn
STEPS IN FINDING OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA
AS
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:
As f'c fy
Given: b, d, , , :
As
ρ=
I. Solve for bd
ρb
II. Check if steel yields by computing
'
0.85 f c
ρ= β1(600)
b
f y (600+ f y)
ρ ≤ρ b ,
if steel yields, proceed to step III
ρ > ρb ,
if steel dos not yield, proceed to step IV.
ρ ≤ρ min , As
Note: if the given is not adequate for the beam dimension.
√ f 'c
ρmin = if f >31.36 MPa , otherwise 1.4
mi = f
' ρ n y
c
4fy
ρ ≤ρ b
III.
φ
Solve for :
As f y=0.85 f ' c ab
¿
¿ a/ β1
a=¿ ¿ ;c= =
d−c
f 600
s=
c
f s ≥ 1000 MPa,tension−controlled , φ=0.90
if
f
if
s <1000 MPa ,transition , φ=0.65+0.25 f s−f y
φ Mn a
=φ 0.85 f ' ab(d− )
c
2
IV. ρ > ρb
Compression-controlled
φ=0.65 f'c
b 0.85
f s=600 d−c
c a c=
0.85 f ' c ab
d d-a/2
T=C
As f s=0.85 f ' c ab
β1 c As f s
but a= T=
d−c
A 600 0.85 f
= c (β1 c)b
'
s
c
f s=600
c= ; d−
cc =
¿
¿
a= ¿
β1 c =¿ ¿
φ=0.65
( )
φ M n=φT d −a =φ A s f s (d− )
2 2
or
a a
( )
φ M n=φC d −2 =φ f c' ab(d −2
)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
DESIGN PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.1
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective depth of 460
f ' c=21 MPa f y=345 MPa
mm and is reinforced for tension only. Assuming and ,
determine the balance steel area in sq.mm.
SOLUTION
Asb= ρb bd
PROBLEM 2.2
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d =490 mm. Concrete compressive strength
f ' c=27.6 MPa f y=276 MPa
and steel yield strength . Calculate the required tension
Mu
steel area if the factored moment is (a) 20 kN-m,(b)140 kN-m,(c) 485 kN-m, and
(d)620 kN-m.
SOLUTION
ρmax ∧ M u max
Solve for
:
0.85 ( 27.6) 0.85(600)
0.85 f ' c β1600 ρ=
ρ=
f y ( 600+f y )
b b
276 (600+276)
ρb=0.0495
ρmax =0.75 ρb ρmax =0.75(0.0495)
ρmax =0.0371
ρmax f y
ωmax = ωmax = 0.03711 ( 276)
f 'c 27.6
ωmax=0.371
490
¿
Mn bd
2
¿
n
max =R max
M n max=8.001 ( 300 ) ¿
Mn max=576.279 x 10 N −mm
6
Mn max=576.279 kN −mm
Mu max=518.65 kN −m
Rn=0.309 MPa
√ ]
0.85 f ' 2 Rn
1−
ρ= y
c 1− 0.085 f 'c
f
0.309
[
¿
2¿
1−¿
1−√ ¿
0.85(27.6)
ρ= 276 ¿
ρ=0.00113< ρmin
√ f 'c
ρmin = if f 1.4
= f
>31.36 MPa , otherwise mi
' n y
cρ
4fy
1.4
= =0.005072
ρmi f
n
y
As =746 mm
2
Rn=2.16 MPa
√ ]
0.85 f ' 2 Rn
1−
ρ= y
c 1− 0.85 f 'c
f
[
[ √ ]
0.85(27.6)
ρ= 276 1− 2 ( 2.16)
1− 0.85 (27.6)
A s =ρbd ρ=0.00822>
As =1,209 mm
2
Rn=7.48 MPa
2 Rn
1−
0.85 f 'c
1−√¿
0.85 f ' c
ρ= ¿
fy
0.85(27.6)
√
2 (7.48) ]
ρ= [ 1 − 1−
0.85 (27.6)
276
ρ=0.03384> ρmin
As =4,975 m m
2
SOLUTION
f ' c=300 MPa
Given: b=300m
β1=0.85
d=480-70=410 mm
f y=415 MPa 1.4
= =0.00337
mi f
n
ρ
y
db=20 m
Bar diameter ,
k
w b=γ c A b=23.5 (0.3 x 0.48 )=3.384
Weight of beam, m
5
2 ¿¿
W L
= u
¿2
Mu 8
53.738 ¿
Mu =¿
Mu=167.93 kN −m
b) Mu=280 kN −m
M umax
Solve for to determine whether compression steel is needed
ρb=0.02881
Mu=280 kN −m M u max
Required < (singly reinforced)
0
41 ¿
2
¿ 6
Mu=φ Rn bd 280 x 10 =.90 R (300)¿
n
Rn=6.169 MPa
0.85 f '
R ρ=
fy c
1−
2
[
0.85 f ' c ]
ρ=
0.85(28)
415 1−
[ √ ]
2 ( 6.619 )
1− min0.85(28)=0.01755> ρ
A s =ρ b d A s =0.01755 (300)(410)
As =2159 mm
2
0
2¿
π ¿ π
A = d 2159= ¿
s
4 b 4
2
Mu
R=
0
41 ¿
¿
n
φb 0.90 (300)¿ 6
2 314.805 x 1 0
d
Rn =
¿
Rn=6.936 MPa
√ ]
0.85 f ' 2 Rn
1−
ρ= c 1− 0.85 f 'c
fy
0.85(28)
[
[ √ ]
ρ= 415 1− 2 Rn
1−
0.85 f 'c =002031> ρmin
A s =ρ b d A s =0.02031(300 )(410)
As =2498 mm
2
π 20¿
A = d N
¿
s
4 b2 2498 = N
π
4¿
N =7.95 say 8 bars
PROBLEM 2.4 (CE MAY 1993)
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth to tension
bars of 600 mm. compression reinforcement if needed will be placed at a depth of 60
f ' c=30 MPa f y=414 MPa
mm below the top. If and , determine the tension steel
area if the beam is to resist an ultimate moment of 650 kN-m.
SOLUTION
ρmax M umax
Solve for and :
0.85 f ' c β1600
' =
ρ β =0.85 since f <10 MPa
f y ( 600+f y )
b 1 c
ρmax =0.02323
ρf y ( 414 )
ω= ω= 0.02323
'
f c
30
ω=0.3209
0
60 ¿
¿ [1-0.59(0.309)
M u max=0.90 ( 30 ) ( 0.3209 ) ( 300 )
¿
Mu max=758.1 kN −m > Mu
Mu< Mu max
Since , the beam may be designed as singly reinforced.
0
60 ¿
Rn=6.687 MPa ¿
650 x
0 =0.90 R n (300 )¿
6
Rn=6.687 MPa
ρ
Solve for :
( √
0.85 f ' c
ρ= 1−
)
fy 2 Rn
1−
0.85 f ' c
[ √
0.85(30)
2 ( 6.687 )
]
ρ 414 1
= − 1− min0.85(30)=0.0191> ρ
1.4
ρmi = f =0.00338
n
y
As =3442m m
2
A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 550 mm.
The beam is simply supported over a span 6 m and is used to carry a uniform dead
f ' c=21 MPa
load of 25 kN/m and a uniform live load of 40 kN/m. Assume and
f y=312 MPa
. Compression reinforcement if necessary shall be placed at a depth 80
mm from the outermost compression concrete.
Determine 80 mm from the outermost compression concrete.
Determine the required tension steel area.
Determine the required number of 25-mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
a) Maximum steel area:
ρmax =0.02399
Asmax =3,959 mm 2
Required strength:
6
¿
¿
¿2
103 2¿
W L
M u= =¿
u
8M u
Mu
=463.5kN-m
M u max
Solve for
ρmax f y 0.0299(312)
ω= ω= 21
f 'c
ω=0.356
0
55 ¿
¿
Mu max=0.90(30)(0.356)(300)¿
Mu max=536.5 kN −m > Mu singly reinforced
0
55 ¿
2
¿
Mu=φ Rn bd Mu =0.39 Rn (300 )¿
550
¿
¿
6
463.5 x 10 =0.9 Rn(300) ¿
Rn=5.67 MPa
( √ )
0.85 f ' c 2 Rn
ρ= 1− 1−
fy 0.85 f ,c
ρ=
0.85(21)
312 1−
[ √ 2 ( 5.67)
1 − 0.85(21) ]
ρ=0.02269
As =3743 mm2
c) Number of 25 mm bars:
As
Number of 25-mm
bars= As 25
25
¿
¿
¿2
Number of 25-mm π
bars= 4¿
3.743
¿
β1=0.85
ρb=0.0577=5.77
ρ=0.5
b) Effective depth using
ρb
ρ=0.5(0.0577 )=0.0289
ρf 0.0289(
ω= ω=
248)y
f=' c
0.2556
28
Rn=f ' c ω (1−0.59 ω) Rn=28 (0.2556 )[1−0.59 (0.2556)]
Rn=6.0776 MPa
d=491 mm
PROBLEM 2.7
A concrete one-way slab has a total thickness of 120 mm. The slab will be reinforced
f y=275 MPa f ' c=21 MPa
with 12-mm-diameter bars with .Concrete strength .
Determine the required spacing 12 mm main bar if the total factored moment acting on
1-m width of slab is 23 kN-m width of slab is 23 kN-m. Clear concrete cover is 20 mm.
SOLUTION
Note: Slabs are practically singly reinforced because of its small depths.
. 12mm bars
d h=120 .
mm
s s
cover=20 mm
b = 1000 mm
Effective depth, d= 120 -20-1/2(12)=94 mm
Width, b = 1000 mm
94
Mu=φ 2 ¿
bd ¿
Rn 23 6
10 =0.90 R n (1000)¿
x
Rn=2.892
( √ ( √
0.85 f ' c
)
2(2.982)
−
)
ρ= 1− 2 Rn 0.85(21)
1− = − 1 0.85(21)
fy
0.85 f ' ρ 275 1
c
ρmin 1.4
= =0.00509
f
y
As =1085 mm
2
b 1000
s= N s= A
s
Ab
1000 Ab
s= Eq. 2-
As
17
12
¿
¿
¿2
π
1000 x ¿
4
1000 A b
s= As s=¿
s=100 mm
PROBLEM 2.8
A 2.8 m square column fooring has a total thickness of 47 mm. The factored moment at
f ' c=21 MPa f y=275 MPa
critical section for moment is 640 kN-m. Assume and .
Clear concrete cover is 75 mm. Determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
Effective depth, d=470-75-1/2(20)=385 mm
Width, b =2800 mm
Mu=640 kN −m
Design strength,
Singly reinforced:
385
Mu=φ 2 ¿
bd ¿
Rn
(2800)¿
6
640 x 10 =0.90 n
R
Rn=1.713 MPa
1.713
¿
2(¿ 0.85(21)¿¿)
1−¿
1−√ ¿
( √ )
0.85 f ' c 2 Rn 0.85(21)
ρ= 1− 1−
fy ¿
0.85 f ' ρ= 275
c
ρ=0.00656
A s =ρ b d A s =0.00656 (2800)(385)
Number of 20 mm bars:
20
¿
¿
π
4¿
As 7074
N= N=
Ab ¿
PROBLEM 2.9
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to carry a dead load moment of
60 kN-m (including its own weight) and a live load moment of 48 kN- m. Use
f ' c=20.7 MPa f y=276 MPa.
and
SOLUTION
Required strength:
Mu=165.6 kN −m
1.4
ρmi = f =0.00507
n
y
ρ=60 ρb
Try Note: this is the author’s suggestion
ρ=0.6 (0.0371)=0.02226
ρf 0.02226(276)
ω= ω=
yf ' c 20.7
ω=0.2968
Rn=f c ω ( 1−0.59 ω )
'
Rn=20.7 (0.2968 ) [ 1−0.59(0.2968 ) ]
Rn=5.068
PROBLEM 2.10
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam for a 6-m simple span to support a
superimposed dead load of 29 kN/m and a live load of 44 kN/m. Assume normal weigth
24
γ= 3 ρmax , f ' c=34 MPa ,∧f y=345 MPa .
oncrete with m . Use
kN
SOLUTION
Weight of beam: (this is the author’s assumption)
Wb =24 x (0.3 0.6)=4.32kN / m
Assuming a 300 mm x 600 mm,
6
¿
W L
2
¿
. =
u ¿2
8 121.448 ¿
Mu
Mu =¿
Mu=546.516 kN −m
0.05
β =0.85− =0.821
1
7 (34−30)
√ f 'c
ρmi = =0.00423 since f
>31.36 MPa
n ' c
4fy
ρf 0.03277(345)
ω= ω=
yf ' c 34
ω=0.332
Rn=9.087 MPa
75 b
1. ¿
M u = φ Rn bd
2
546.516 ¿
6
x 10 =0.90(9.087) ( b)
¿
b=279.4 mm∧d=489mm
( ) ( )
6000 345
h= +
y
hmin = 0.4+ 0.4
min 16 700
16 700
hmin=335 mm OK
A s =ρ b d A s =0.03277 (280)(490)
As =4496 mm 2
32
¿
¿
π
4¿
As 4496
N= N=
Ab ¿
2
80 mm
.
. h6 -
#10
db∨25 mm
≥¿
h=490+(25)+32+20
h=554.5mm> hmin
4.32(OK)
PROBLEM 2.11
A propped cantilever beam shown in Figure 2.6 is made of reinforced concrete having a
width of 290 mm overall depth of 490 mm. The beam is loaded with uniform dead load
of 35 kN/m (including its own weight), and a uniform live load of 55 kN/m. Given
f ' c=24 MPa, f y=415 MPa.
Concrete cover is 60 mm from the centroid of the bars.
Determine the required tension steel area for maximum positive moment. Assume
EI=constant.
290mm
A 6m B
490 mm
2m C
Figure 2.6
SOLUTION
Given
: f ' c=24 MPa
f y=415 MPa
f yh=275 MPa
b=290 mm
D
H =490 mm
'
d =60 mm O
Lo A
L1=6 m
B 2m C
W D=35 kN / m
x
W L=55 kN / m MD
R
d=490−60=430 mm
Wu=1.4 WD +1.7 W L
W u=1.4 (35)+1.7(55)
Wu=142.5 kN / m
MA
Moment Diagram
M8
M A=−498.75 kN−m
A
M A=M ¿ ¿ -489.75 = R(6)- 142.5(8)
(4) R=676.875 kN
RA =463.125 kN
V D =0 W u (2+ x )−R=0
142.5(2 + x) - 676.875 = 0
x = 2.75 m
2 2
x +¿ 2.75+¿
¿ ¿
¿2 ¿2
¿ ¿
MD =RX −Wu ¿ M D =676.875 (2.75)−142.5 ¿
MD =253.828 kN −m
φ M n max
Solve for :
ρ = 0.85 ( 24 )0.85
( )600
0.85 f ' c β1600
ρ=
f y ( 600+f y )
b b
415(600+ 415)
ρb=0.0247
ρmax =0.01852
ρmax f y
ωmax 0.01852(415)
= c
ma
x
= 24
f'
ω
ωmax=0.3203
Rn max =f c ω ( 1−0.59 ω )
'
Rn max =415 (0.3203) [ 1−0.59 (0.3203) ]
430
Mn ¿
n b ¿
max=R
2
d M n max=6.235 ( 290 ) ¿
Mn max=334.316 kN−m
φ Mn max=0.90(334.316)
φMn max=300.884 kN −m
√ ]
0.85 f ' Rn
1−
ρ= c 1− 0.85 f 'c
fy
0.85(24 )
[
[ √ ]
ρ 415 1
2( 5.26)
= − 1− 0.85( 24)
ρ=0.01495
A s =ρ b d A s =0.01495 (290)(430)
2
As =1,864 mm
ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS
f =f ¿
WHERE STEEL YIELDS ( S Y
SOLUTION
0.85 f 'c β1
ρ= 0.85 ( 21 ) ( 0.85 )( 600)
ρb =
f y (600+ fy )
b
400(600+ 400)
ρb=0.02276
25
¿
¿ π
A =6 x ¿
s
4
2945
ρ= As ρ = =0.01023< ρ ( steel yields )
b
bd 400(720)
ρf 0.01023(400)
ω= ω= =0.195
yf ' c 21
R n =f 'c ω(1−0.56 ω) Rn=21 (0.195)[ 1−0.59 (0.195)]
Rn=3.62 MPa
Answer
720
¿
Mu=φ 2 ¿
bd
Rn Mu=0.90 (3.62) ( 400) ¿
Mu=675.67 kN −m
Answer
PROBLEM 2.13
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b= 300 m, d = 490 mm. The tension
steel area provided is 4,500 sq. mm. Determine the ultimate moment capcity of the
f ' c=27 MPa f =275 MPa.
beam in kN-m. Assume , y
SOLUTION
0.85 f ' c β1600 ( 27) ( ) (600)
= = 0.85 0.85
ρ b
f y ( 600+f y ) ρ
b
275 (600+275)
ρb=0.02276
As
ρ=
bd 4,500
ρ= 300(490)
ρf 0.0361(275)
ω= ω=
yf ' c 27
ω=0.3118
Rn=6.87 MPa
490
¿
Mu=φ 2 ¿
bd
Rn Mu=0.90 (6.87) (300) ¿
Mu=445.3 kN −m
PROBLEM 2.14
SOLUTION
0.05
β =0.85− (34.2−30)=0.82
1
7
ρb=0.03407
25
¿
¿π
A= ¿
s
4
As
ρ=
bd 1473
ρ = 300(500)
ρf 0.00982(414)
ω= ω=
yf ' c 34.2
Rn=3.779 MPa
500
¿
¿
Mu=φ 2 =0.90(3.779 ) (300)
bd u
Rn M ¿
Mu=255.11 kN −m
PROBLEM 2.15
A 130-mm-thick-one-way slab is reinforced with 12-mm-diameter tension bars spaced
f ' c=21
at 110 on centers. Concrete cover is 20 mm, concrete strength MPa and
f y=275 MPa 3
steel yield strength . Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/ m .
What is the ultimate moment capacity of the slab?
If the slab is simply supported over a span of 4 m, what safe uniform live load
pressure can the slab carry?
SOLUTION
a) Consider 1 m width of slab, b = 1000
db
mm Effective depth: d = h – cover- 1/2
d = 130-20-1/2(12)=104 mm
ρb=0.0378
b
As =Ab x N As =Ab x
s
12
¿
¿π
A= ¿
s
4
As =1028 mm
2
As 1028
ρ= ρ=
bd 1000( 104)
ρ=0.00989
ρf 0.00989( 275)
ω=
fy ' c =
ω
21
ω=0.129
Rn=2.511 MPa
104
Mu=φ bd
2
¿
Rn ¿
Mu=0.90 2.511) (1000)¿
(
Mu=24.443 kN −m
4
¿
¿
¿2
b) W2 ¿
WuL u
Mu= 24.443=¿
8
Wu=12.222 kN / m
ρ D=γc
Dead load pressure, x thickness of
concrete. ρD=23.5 x 0.13=3.055
Dead load pressure,
kPa
Wu=1.4 W L +1.7 W L Wu=1.4 ( ρD b )+1.7 ( ρ L b )
ρ L=4.673 kPa
PROBLEM 2.16
A rectangular beam with b = 250 mm and d = 460 m is reinforced for tension only with
3-25 mm bars. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m and carries a uniform
dead load of 680 N/m including its own weight. Calculate the uniform live load that the
f y=276.5 f ' c=20.7 MPa
beam can carry. Assume and .
MPa
SOLUTION
25
¿
¿ π
A =3 x ¿
s
4
ρb=0.03703
As 1.473
ρ=
bd = 250 (460)
ρ
steel yields
ρ=0.01281< ρb ¿ )
Check if the beam satisfies the minimum steel requirement on flexure:
ρmi 1.4
= =0.00506 OK
n f
y
ρf 0.01281(276.5)
ω=
fy ' c =
ω
20.7
ω=0.171
Rn=3.183 MPa
460
¿
¿
Mu=φ 2 u=0.90(3.183 ) (250)
bd
Rn M ¿
Mu=151.56 kN −m
6
¿
¿
¿2
Wu2¿
W L
u
M = 151.56=¿
umax 8
Wu=33.68 kN /
SOLUTION
a) Balanced steel ratio:
β1=0.85 ρb=0.028816
ρb=2.88
c) Nominal moment
capacity Using 6-25 mm
bars:
25
¿
¿π
A= ¿
s
4
As 2,945
ρ=
bd = 300 (500)
ρ
ρf 0.01963(415)
ω= ω= =0.291
yf ' c 28
Rn=6.7494 MPa
500
¿
2
¿
Mn=Rn bd Mn=6.7494 (300)¿
Mn=506.2 kN−m
PROBLEM 2.18
A 350 mm x 500 mm rectangular is reinforced for tension only with 5-28 mm bars. The
beam has an effective depth of 446 mm. The beam carries a uniform dead load of 4.5
kN/m (including its own weight), a uniform live load of 3 kN/m, and concentrated dead
f y=414 MPa , f ' c=34.5
load of P and 2P as shown in Figure 2.7. Assume .
MPa
Calculate the following:
The ultimate moment capacity of the section in kN-m, and
The maximum value of P in kN.
2P P
2m 2m 2m
Figure 2.7
SOLUTION
0.05
β =0.85− (34.5−30)=0.818
1
7
28
¿
¿π
A= ¿
s
4
As 3079
ρ=
bd =300 (446)
ρ
√ f 'c
m ∈¿= =0.00355
4fy
ρ¿
ρf 0.01972(414)
ω= ω=
yf ' c 34.5
ω=0.2367
Rn=7.025 MPa
b
M
u
=
φ
R
n
Mu=440.18 kN −m
1.4(2P)
1.4P
Ra B C
D
2m 2m
2m
RA =17.1+ 0.7 P
∑¿
M B=M u 440.18=(17.1+0.7 P) (2 )−11.4 (2)(1)
Set
P=306.27 kN
Mu
Thus the maximum value of P such that will not exceed 440.18 kN-m is 149 kN.
PROBLEM 2.19
SOLUTION
0.85 f ' c β1600 ( 27.6) ( ) (600)
= = 0.85 0.85
ρb f y ( 600+f y ) ρb 414 (600+414 )
ρb=0.0285
32
¿
¿π
A= ¿
s
4
As 4825
ρ=
bd = 300 (500)
ρ
b=.300 a
0.85 b
c=0.8
5
a
d=5
00
500-a/2
=482
From Eq. 2-1
5
d−c8
f 600 500−c
= =600
s T=
f c
s
c
∑ FH =0
T =C A s f s=0.85 f ' c ab, a=β 1 c=0.85 c
500 −c
(4825)600 =0.85 (27.6) (0.85 c )(300)
c
2
c =484 c−241,964=0
c=306.2 mm
d−c
f 600
= f s =600 500−306
306
s
c
f s=379.65 MPa
a=260.3 mm
a
φM = φ A f d −
n s s ( 2)
260.3
φMn =0.90 ( 4825) (379.65)(500− )
2
φ Mn=609.8 kN −m
PROBLEM 2.20
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b=300 mm, d = 490 mm. The
f y=415 MPa.
tension steel area provided is 7-25 mm diameter bars with
f ' c=21 MPa
. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
SOLUTION
0.85 f ' c β 1 600 ( 21) ( ) (600)
= = 0.85 0.85
ρb f y (600+f y ) ρb 415( 600+415)
ρb=0.02161
25
¿
¿π
A= ¿
s
4
As 3436
ρ= ρ=
bd 300 (490)
490-a/2
=343
6
T=
From Eq.2-18:
d−c
f 600
= =600 490−c
f s
c
s
c
∑ FH =0
490−c
(3436)600 =0.85 (221) (0.85 c )(300)
c
c=296.24 mm
d−c
f 600
= f s =600 490−296.24
296.24
s
c
f s=392.43 MPa< f y
a=251.81mm
a
2
n s s (d− 2 )
251.81
φ Mn =0.90 (3436) (392.43)(490− )
2
φMn=441.86 kN−m
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.9. Assume
f y=345 MPa f ' c=21 MPa
and .
125125 125
125
700m
m
4-32mm
75
375mm
Figure 2.9
SOLUTION
Note: This is not a rectangular beam. Some formulas derived above (such as
ρ , ρb Rn
, ) may not be applicable. The moment can be computed using the
assumptions in the Code and the conditions of equilibrium.
32
¿
¿π
A= ¿
s
4
As =3217 mm
2
As
Solve for the balanced to determine whether the given steel yield or not.
Cb =: 125125125
From Eq. 2-11
12
5
cb =
600 d
C=
600(625) a
600+ fy b 600+345
625m
m
4-
32mm
375mm
Cb =396.825 mm
a=β 1 c a=0.85(396.825)
a=337.3 mm
A sb (345)=0.85 (21)(110,863)
Asb=5,736 mm 2
A s provided Asb
Since < , tension steel yields.
a=207.5 mm
121521525 b=375
a
1
2
5
C a 625mm
d-a/2
4-
N3 .
2A
m
375mmm
II
I
a 125
( )
M n=M n 1−M n 2 M n=C 1 d−2 −C2 (d− 2 )
207.5
M =0.85 (21) (207.5 ) (375)(625− )
n
2
Mn=567.03 kN −m
φMn=0.90( 567.03)
φMn=510.33 kN −m
PROBLEM 2.22
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.10. Assume
f y=345 MPa f ' c=21 MPa
and .
a
450m
c
37
5
450m
450m
m
m
3-22mm
375
x d-(2/3)a
d-
75
375mm
3-
22mm
Figure 2.10 75
T
375mm
SOLUTION
22
¿
¿π
A= ¿
s
4
As =1,140 mm
2
As :
Solve for
600 d
Cb =
600+f y
600(375)
Cb=
600+ 345
Cb =238 mm
ab =β 1 C b ab =0.85(238)
ab =202.4 mm
x 375 5
a = 450 x =6 a
x=168.7 mm
1 5 5 2
A =1/ 2( x )(a) A= x a xa= a
c c
2 6 a
Ac=17,066 mm
2
A sb (345)=0.85 (21)(17,066)
Asb=883 mm 2< As
CC =T f ' c Ac= A s f s
0.85
d−c 5 2 d −c
f =600 0.85(21) a =1140 x 600
s
c 12 c
85 c
a=β1 c 0. ¿
¿
7.437 ¿
c=250.92 mm
2 2
( ) ( )
'
M n=C c x d− 3 a M n=0.85 f c Ac d− 3 a
29
213. ¿
¿
5
M =0.85 (21) ¿
n
12
Mn=78.77 kN −m
φ Mn=0.90 x 78.77=70.89 kN −m
PROBLEM 2.23
f ' c=28 MPa f y=345 MPa
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.11. Assume and .
Mu=800 kN
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when .
−m
What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
What is the maximum design moment strength under singly reinforced condition?
Mu=1200 kN
Calculate the required tension steel area when .
−m
500 mm
125 250 125
150
800 mm
500
150
75 mm
Figure 2.11- Hallow beam
SOLUTION
To guide us whether “a: will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design
moment when a=150 mm.
d = 800 – 75 = 725 mm
( )
φ M n=φ C C d−a
2
(
φM n=0.90 x 0.85(28 ) (150) 725−150
2
)
φMn=1044.225 kN −m
Mu=800 kN −m
a)
Mu=800 kN −m <1044.25 kN−m, a<150 mm.
Since the required
a=111.6 mm<150 mm
As =3,850 mm 2
z=a−150=241.27 mm
2 1
A =500 ( 150 )=75,000 mm y =725− =650 mm
1 1
2 (150)
2 1
A =125 (241.27)=30,159 mm y =725−150− =454.37
1 2
2 (241.27)
M bn=1812.52 kN−m
5
1 02 1
2 0 1
150
5
m
2 0 22
za
7
2
5
m
5 5
Figure
2.12 T
As max
,
c) Maximum steel area
'
T =C1 +C 2 Asb f y=0.85 f c( A1+2 A2 )
Asb=9,335 mm
2
As max =7,001 mm
2
M u max :
d) Maximum moment ,
Refer to Figure 2.12:
C1 +C 2=T 0.85 (28) [ 75,000+2 A 2 ]=7,001(245)
A2=13,244 mm 2
A2=125 z 13,244=125 z
z=105.95 mm
1501
y =725− =522.03 mm
2
2 (105.95)
M n max=C 1 + y1+ 2C 2 y 2
M n max=1489.34 kN−m
A1=75,000 mm y1=650 mm
2
A2=125 z y2 =575−0.5 z
Mu=φMn
6 '
1200 x 10 =0.90 x 0.85 f c ( A1 y1 +2 A2 y 2)
z=53.04 mm
Ac=88,259.2 mm
2
T =C As f y=0.85 f ' c Ac
A s (345)=0.85(28 )(88,259.2)
As =6,089 mm
2
BEAM DEFLECTION
h = 600 mm
mm
c
d = 530
N.A.
mm
6 – 25 mm d-c
Ø
Figure 2.13
I e:
Effective moment of inertia, Eq. 2-19
( [ ( )]
3
Mc M cr 3
I e=
I g + 1− M
r
M a Icr g
) ≤I
600
¿
¿
¿3
3503 ¿
bh
I g= I g =¿
12
f rI g
M = where y =1/ 2(600)=300 mm
cr t
yt
10
600 x ¿
¿
¿6
2.832 ¿
M cr =¿
Ma=Maximum monet ∈beam
2
wL
Ma =
w=wD + wL=11 +15=26 kN / m
8
8
¿
¿
¿2
26 ¿
Ma=¿
I cr=¿
Moment of inertia of cracked section with steel transformed to concrete
From Figure 2.13:
Es
Modular n= =9.238
Ec
ratio,
25
¿
¿ π
n A =9.328 x 6 x ¿
s
4
Solve for c:
Moment of area above N.A. = Moment of area below N.A.
350 x c x c/2 = 27,208(350-c)
c = 219.7 mm
d−c
¿
¿ 3
bc
I cr=I NA= +n As ¿
3
219.7
¿
¿
¿3
350 ¿
I cr=¿
I cr=3,857 x 106 mm 3
( [ ( )]
3
Mc M cr 3
I e=
I g + 1− M
r cr
M a
a
) I
[(
3 3
( ) )
59.472 6 59.472 6
I e= x 600 x 10 + 1− x 3,857 x 10
208 208
]
I e=3,914 x 106 mm4 < I g (OK )
a) Instantaneous Deflection:
2 ( 26 ) (8000)
4 4
5 wL
δ= δ= 6
384 Ec Ie 384 (21,650)(3,914 x 10 )
δ =16.36 mm
b) Long-term Deflection
Since only 40% of the live load was sustained:
w = 11 + 0.4(15) = 17 kN/m
4
5 wL
δ=
Instantaneous deflection 384 Ec I e
5 ( 17 ) (8) (1000)
4 4
δ= 6
384 (21,650)(3,914 x 10 )
δ =10.7 mm
Note: Since deflections are directly proportional to the load, the instantaneous
deflection due to sustained load can be found by ratio and proportion using the result in
Part”a”.
δ1 16.36
=
17 26
δ 1=10.7
m
δ + δ1
Long-term deflection =
ξ
λ = 1+50 ρ '
2
λ= =2
1+50(0)
Long-term deflection = 16.36 + 2(10.7)
Long-term deflection = 37.76 mm
7.6
- 3 m
5 2 mmø 3-32 5- 2
mmø 3 mmø
145 kN-m
202 kN-m
202 kN-m
y
560 mm
y
Gross Section Cracked
Section I=0.0715 I=0.00573
y=310 mAmT SUPPOy=R1T5S9 mm
1900 mm
620 mm
y y
560 mm
n As
Gros Crack
s
AT MIDSPAN ed
Sec Sec
t ti
ion on
I=0 I=0.
. 0
01 057
3 3
8 y=10
y= 7 mm
1
94
mm
Figure 2.14
SOLUTION
Ec =4700 √ f 'c =4700 √17.2=19,492 MPA
M cr =66.959 kN−m
( [ ( )]
3
Mc M cr 3
I e=
I g + 1− M
r cr
M a
a
) I
( ) x 0.00715+[1−(
3
)
3
66.959 66.959
I e= x 0.00573
202 202
]
I e=0.0057817 m4
Ie
¿
¿
I
¿
I e=¿
At maximum negative moment (at support)
I e=0.0057817 m4
Ie
Solving for at maximum positive moment (at midspan)
I g=0.0138 m
4
I cr=0.00513 m
4
4
f rI 2.903(0.00715 x 1000
M cr
g M cr )
= Yt = 310
M cr =66.959 kN−m
( [ ( )]
3
Mc M cr 3
I e=
I g + 1− M
r cr
M a
a
) I
Ie
¿
¿
I
¿
I e=¿
0.0057817+ 0.007932 4
I e= =0.006857 m
2
λ
c) Additional long term deflection= long term deflection x
ξ
λ = 1+50 ρ '
2
λ= =2
1+0
δ1
5
22.4 = 48
δ 1=2.33 m
λ
Additional long term deflection = 2.333 x
=2.333 x 2
Additional long term deflection = 4.67 mm
ONE-WAY SLAB
Reinforced concrete design slabs are large flat plates that are supported at its sides by
reinforced concrete beams, walls, columns, steel beams, or by the ground. If a slab is
supported on two opposite sides only, they are referred to a one-way slabs since the
bending occurs in one direction only. If the slab is supported on all four sides, it is called
two-way slab since the bending occurs in both direction.
If a rectangular slab is supported in all four sides but the long is two or more times the
short side, the slab will, for all practical purposes, act as one way slab, with bending
occurring in the short direction.
b = 1m
h
Figure 2.15: One-way slab on simple support
A one-way slab is considered as a wide, swallow, rectangular beam. The reinforcing
steel is usually spaced uniformly over its width. One way-way slabs are analyzed by
considering one-meter strip, which is assumed independent of the adjacent strips. This
method of analysis is somewhat conservative because we neglect the lateral restraint
provided by the adjacent strips.
ρT
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT,
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement may not be spaced not farther apart than 5
times the slab thickness, nor 450 mm (Section 407.13.2.2).
Solve for
If
ρ
[
ρmin
is less than
ρmax
and greater than
ρmin
, use
ρ
ρ ρmax
If is greater than , increase the depth of slab to ensure
ductile failure
ρ ρmin , use ρ=ρmin
If is less than
VII. Compute the required main bar spacing.
A s =ρ bd=ρ (1000) d≥ ρt bh
A ¯¿
x 1000
Spacing As
, S1=¿
Use the smallest of the following for the main bar spacing:
S1
a)
b) 3 xh
c) 450 mm
VIII. Temperature bars: See Page 81 for the required steel ratio,
ρt
Ast =ρt bh
A ¯¿
x 1000
As
S2=¿
S2
a)
b) 5 xh
c) 450 mm
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Problem 2.36
Design a one-way slab having a simple span 3 m. The slab is to carry a uniform live
load of 7,500 Pa. Assume and for main
and temperature bars. The slab is not exposed to earth or weather. Use unit weight of
concrete .
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip of slab, b= 1000 m
wL=7.5 KPa x 1 m=7.5 kN /m
Uniform live load,
L f
(0.4+ 700 ) ( )
3000 276
y
=
hmin +
0.4
hmin= 20 700
20
Effective depth:
10 mm
temp. Bba=rs1000
mm
h =d 120 mm
102mm main
bars Cover + /2
d = 120-20 mm (covering)-1/2 bar diameter (12mm)
d=94 mm
Weight of slab:
W s =γconc xb x h W s =23.5(1)(0.12)
Ws 2.82 kN / m
Wu=16.698 kN / m
2 2
WuL 16.698(3)
M = M=
u u
8 2
Mu=18.785 kN −m
Rn=2.362 MPa
0.85 f ' R
[√ ] [ √ ]
ρ= 1− 1−
f c u 0.85 f ( 27.6 )
0.85276 2 ( 2.362 )
0.85
' ρ= 1− 1−(27.6)
y c
ρ=0.009039
ρmin ρmax
Check for and :
ρmi 1.4
= =0.00507 OK
n f
y
12
¿
¿
¿2
π
Spacing s 4¿
= A ¯¿
x 1000
s=¿
As
¿
At =240 mm
2
10
¿
¿
¿2
π
Spacing 4¿
= A ¯¿
x 1000
s=¿
As
¿
10 mm main
120 mm
tempe1ra2tmur bars
me bars @ 325 mm o.c.
mm@o3.2c5. mm
20
L= 3m
PROBLEM 2.27
Design a one-way slab to carry a service live load of 4000 Pa. The slab has a length of
4m with both ends continuous. Assume and for main
bars and for temperature bars. Steel cover is 20 mm. Unit weight of
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip, b = 1000 mm
wL =4 kpa x 1 m=4 kN / m
Uniform live load,
wD =3.525 kPa
wu=11.735 kN / m
Spandr
el
Bea
m
Shear
Momen
t
At midspan:
Mw1
uu 1
.
L
7
2
n
3
5
1(
4
6
)
2
M
1
u
6
=
Mu=11.735 kN −m
124
¿
¿
2 6
Mu=φ bd 11.735 x 10 =0.90 Rn(1000)¿
Rn
ρ=
0.85
f f'
y
1−
√ Rn=0.848 MPa
] ]
1− 2 Rn
√
0.85 ( 21 ) 2 ( 0.848 )
c 0.85 f ρ= 1 − 0.85(21)
'
[
c
[
1−
415
ρ=0.0021
ρmi 1.4
= =0.00337> 0.0021
n f
y
ρ= ρmin=0.00337
Use
As =418 mm
2
π 2
Asb (12)
4
Spacing, s = x 1000 s= x 1000
As 418
s=271 say 270 mm
At support:
2 2
w L 11.735(4)
M u= 10 M =
u n
u
10
Mu=18.776 kN −m
Rn=1.357 MPa
[ ]0.85 ( 21 ) 2(1.357)
]
1−2 Rn
ρ= 1−
0.85 f ' 1−
√ √
ρ= c 1−
'c
[
ρmax =0.0034> ρmin
ρ=0.034
Use
As =422 mm
2
π 2
A sb (12)
4
Spacing, s= x 1000 s= x 1000
As 422
ρt =0.002 ¿
Temperature bars (10 mm): (
A t =0.002 bh A t=0.002(1000)(150)
At =300 mm
2
10
¿
¿
¿2
Spacing, s π
= 4¿
Asb
x 1000 s=¿
As
10 mm temperature
bars @ 260 mm o.c.
12 mm main bars
L/4 @ L/4
265 m m
L /2
o.c.
PROBLEM 2.28
A one-way slab having a simple span of 3 m is 160 mm thick. The slab is reinforced
with 12 mm tension bars spaced at 140 mm o.c. Steel covering is 20
mm. Calculate the uniform live load pressure that a slab can carry. Use
SOLUTION
w d = γ c bh
Dead load:
w d=23.5 (1)(0.16)
wd=3.76 kN−m
12
¿
Steel ¿
area, 1000 1000 π
As = x As As= x ¿
s 140 24
As =807.8 mm
2
As 807.8
ρ= ρ=
bd 1000( 134)
ρ=0.006028
0.85 f ' c β 1600 ( 20.7) ( ) (600)
= = 0.85 0.85
b b
ρ f y ( 600+f y ) ρ 275 (600+275)
ρf 0.006028( 275)
ω= ω=
yf ' c 20.7
Rn=1.58 MPa
Mu=25.5334 kN −m
2 2
wu L wu (3)
M = 25.5334=
u
8 8
wu
= 22.696 kN/m
wL=10.25 kN / m
w¿=Uniform pressure xb
PROBLEM 2.29
A reinforced concrete beam has width of 310 mm and an effective depth of 490 mm.
, . Determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The maximum steel area for singly reinforced condition
c) The maximum design strength if the beam is singly reinforced
d) The required steel area if the beam is subjected to dead load moment of 120 kN-
m and live load moment of 170 kN-m.
SOLUTION
f ' c>28 MPa;
Since
0.05 0.05
(f −28 ) β =0.85−
'
β =0.85− (30−28)
1 c 1
7 7
β1=0.836
ρb=0.03036
A sb= ρb b d A sb=0.03036 (310)( 490)
Asb=4,611 mm
2
ρmax =0.0221
Asmax =3,343 mm
2
M n max 51 β 1 f 'c bd 2 1 3 β1
From Eq. 2-25 : = ( − )
140 14
2 3
490 ¿ (1− x 0.836)
14
51
M = (0.836 ) (30 ) (310) ¿
n max
140
Mn max=558.05 kN −m
φ=0.65+0.25 800−f y
From Eq. 2- 1000−f y
26:
800−415
φ=0.65+0.25
1000−415
φ=0.8145
φMn max=0.8145(558.05)
φ Mn max=454.55 kN −m
φM tn=451.45 kN −m
M u is less than M tn ,
Since the required the section is tension controlled.
φ=0.90
Mu=φMn a
Mn=φ x 0.85 f 'c ab(d − )
2
6 a
416 x 10 =0.90 x 0.85(30)(a)(310)(490− )
2
a=139.06 mm
d−c 490−166.4
f =600 =600 =1,167 MPa>1,000 MPa(OK )
s
c 166.4
PROBLEM 2.30
Given the following data for a rectangular beam: width , effective depth
SOLUTION
β1=0.85
φM n max
Solve for to determine if compression steel area is required.
Mn max=591.64 kN−m
800−f y
φ=0.65+0.25
1000−f y =0.8237
φM tn
Solve for to determine if the section is tension-controlled.
)
φM n= 1600 β 1 f ' c bd 1− 16 β 1 =478.9 kN −m
M u > φM tn φ<0.90
Since , the section is within “transition region’, i.e 0.65 <
119.084
φ= +0.2893
c
φ=0.85 c
( )
6 119.084
483.2 x 10 = c + 0.2893 x 0.85( 27)(0.85 c)(320)(520−1/ 2 x 0.85 c)
c=208.8 mm
a=β1 c=177.45 mm
T =C As f y=0.85 f ' c ab
2
As =3,777 mm
PROBLEM 2.31
Given the following properties of a rectangular concrete beam: b = 280 mm, d = 480
mm, , . The beam is reinforced for tension only.
Determine the design strength under the following conditions.
When the beam is reinforced with three 25 mm diameter bars.
When the beam is reinforced with four 25 mm diameter bars.
When the beam is reinforced with seven 25 mm diameter bars.
SOLUTION
ρb=0.0216
π 2 2
A= (25) =490.87 mm
b
4
a) A s =3 x Ab =1473 mm2
As 1473
ρ= ρ=
bd 280 (480)
a=122.28 mm
a
c= =143.86 mm
β1
d−c 480−143.86
f =600 =600 =1,402 MPa>1,000 MPa
s
c 143.86
φ=0.90
The section is tension-controlled,
Mn=255.87 kN −m
φMn=0.90( 255.87)
φMn=230.28 kN −m
2
b) A s =4 x Ab=1963 mm
As 1963
ρ= ρ=
bd 280 (480)
steel yields
ρ=0.014961< ρb ¿ )
a=163.04 mm
a
c= =191.81 mm
β1
d−c 480−191.81
f =600 =600 =901.5 MPa< 1,000 MPa
s
c 191.81
φ<0.90
The section within” transition region”, i. e 0.65 <
f s−f y
φ=0.65+0.25 901.5−415
1000−f y φ=0.65+0.25
1000−415
φ=0.858
φMn=0.858( 324.504)
φMn=278.396 kN −m
A s =7 x Ab =3436 mm
2
c)
As 3436
ρ=
bd = 280 (480)
ρ
φ=0.65
The section is compression-controlled,
T =C As f s=0.85 f 'c ab
480− c
3436 x 600 =0.85 (21 ) (0.85 c )(280)
c
c=297.56 mm
a=β1 c=252.92 mm
φMn=0.65( 446.91)
φMn=290.49 kN −m
PROBLEM 2.32
500 mm
125250125
800 mm
500
150
15
0
75 mm
d=800−75=725 mm
To guide us whether “a” will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design moment
when a =150 mm.
a
c= =176.47 mm
β1
d−c
f =600 =1,865 MPa>1000 MPa Tension controls ,φ=0.90
s
c
φMn=1044.225 kN
−m
Mu=800 kN −m
a)
Mu=800 kN −m <1044.225 kN−m, a<150
Since the required
a=111.6 mm<150 mm
Stress in steel
d−c a
f =600 where c = =131.3 mm
s
c β1
725−131.2
f =600 =2,712 MPa>f
s 131.3 y steel yields
A s (345)=0.85(28 ) (111.6)(500)
As =3,850 mm
2
φ=0.65
b) Balanced condition:
600 d 600(725)
C= C= =460.32mm
b b
600+f y 600+345
1 15
0
2 2
a
72
5
Figure 2.17
N
z=a−150=241.27 mm
¿
A 1=125 ( 241.27 ) =30,159 mm
2
y2=725 −150−1/ 2 241.27) = 454.37
¿
M bn=1812.52 kN−m
φM bn=0.65 x 1812.52
φ M bn=1178.14 kN−m
Cmax 3
= d=310.71 mma=β c =264.11 mm
1 max
7
z=a−150=114.11 mm
As max =7,142 mm
2
M n max
d) Maximum moment, :
Mn max=C 1 y1 +2 C2 y2
Mn max=0.85 f 'c +( A1 y1 +2 A2 y2 )
Mn max=1511.9 kN−m
800−f y
φ=0.65+0.25 =0.824
y
1000−f
φ Mn max=0.824 x 1511.9
φM n max=1245.3 kN−m
Mu=φ 0.85 f c ( A1 y1 +2 A2 y2 )
'
f s+ f y d−c
f =600
φ=0.65+0.25 y s
1000−f c
725−c
600 c −345 166.03
φ=0.65+0.25 = +0.28 93
1000−345 c
z=a−150=0.85 c−150
y2=725−150−1/ 2 z
=575-1/2(0.85c-150)
y2=650−0.425 c
Mu=φ 0.85 f c ( A1 y1 +2 A2 y2 )
'
( )
166.03
+0.2893 0.85 (28) [75,000 ](650)
6
1200 x 10 = c
c=398.7 mm
166.03
φ= +0.2893=0.706
398.7
As =8,432 mm
2
PROBLEM 2.33
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam to carry dead load moment of 110 kN-m
(including self weight) and live load moment of180 kN-m. Use steel ratio
SOLUTION
M u=1.2 M D +1.6 M L M u=1.2(110 )+ 1.6(180)
Mu=420 kN−m
ρ=0.65 ρb=0.02447
ρfy
ω= c =0.322
f'
600 d
C= C =0.685 d
b b
600+f y
ρ
Note: For singly reinforced rectangular beam, is directly proportional to c.
c=0.65 c b
Thus,
c=0.445 d
d−c
f 600
= f s =600 d −0.445 d
0.445 d
s
c
φ=0.813
M u=φ Rn b d 420 x 10 =0.813 (5.473 ) ( b ) (1.9 b)
2 6 2
b=297 mm
d=1.9 b=564 mm
As =4,1000 mm
2
PROBLEM 2.34
SOLUTION
Mu=420 kN−m
ρb=0.03765
ρ=0.5 ρb=0.01883
ρf y
ω= (1−0.59 ω)=4.438 MPa
'
f c
600 d
C= C =0.685 d
b b
600+f y
c=0.5 cb =0.34247 d
d−c
f 600
= d−0.34247 d
f s =600 d− 0.324247 d
s
c
f s=1152 MPa>1000 MPa, φ=0.90
b=308 mm
d=1.9 b=585 mm
As =3,390 mm 2
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.35
b ¿ As =1075 mm
2
PROBLEM 2.36
b ¿ As =1056 mm
2
PROBLEM 2.37
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only carry dead load moment of 85
kN-m (including its estimated weight) and a live load of 102 kN-m. Use and
PROBLEM 2.38
PROBLEM 2.39
A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties: Use 2001 NSCP)
beam with,
effective depth,
concrete
strength,
reinforcing steel,
PROBLEM 2.40
b¿A
=677,7 =161 kN −m
2
s =3,963 mm , φ n L
max
M max
M
PROBLEM 2.41
Answer : φMn=366.2 kN −m
PROBLEM 2.42
Answer : φ Mn=366.2 kN −m
PROBLEM 2.43
Answer : φ Mn=582.9 kN −m
PROBLEM 2.44
Answer : φMn=514.3 kN −m
PROBLEM 2.45
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with ,
Answer : φ Mn=729.6 kN −m
PROBLEM 2.46
Asnwer : φ Mn=522.5 kN −m
CHAPTER 3
Because of the huge amount of compression concrete when the flange of a T-beams is
compression, the section is usually tension-controlled (extreme tension yields).
The compression block of T-beam may fall within the flange only or partly in the web. If
it falls within the flange as shown in Figure 3.1 (a), the rectangular beam formulas in
Chapter 2 applies since the concrete below neutral axis is assumed to be cracked and
its shape has no effect on the flexure calculations. If however it cover part of the web as
shown in Figure 3.1 (b), the compression concrete no longer consist of a single
rectangle and thus the rectangular formulas do not apply.
If ”a” is less than the slab thickness, the formulas for rectangular beam may be used, or
Asb= ρb br d
M
' =0.85 f a (d −ab )
bn c b
2
amax =0.75 ab
Mn max c
amax
=0.85 f amax b(d− 2 )
'
However, if “a” is greater than the slab thickness, the following formula will be used.
t a
Z d
N.
A
When T-beams are resisting negative moments so that far their flangers are in tension
and the bottom of their stems in compression, the formulas for rectangular beams can
be applied. The following code requirements shall be applied for this case:
410.7.6: Where flangers of T-beam construction are in tension, part of the flexural
tension reinforcement shall be distributed over an effective flange width as defined in
Sec. 408.11, or width equal to 1/10 the span, whichever is smaller. If the effective flange
width exceeds 1/10 the span, some longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided in the
outer portions of the flange.
The intention of this section is to minimize the possibilities of flexural cracks that will
occur at the top face of the flange due to negative moments.
MINIMUM STEEL RATIO
For statically determinate T-section with flange in tension, the minimum steel area is
equal to or greater than the smaller value of Eq. 3-3 and Eq. 3-4:
As =
√f 'c b d
Eq. 3-3 min 2 fy w
As =
√ f 'c b d
Eq. 3-4 min 4 fy f
1. In T-beam construction, the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise
effectively bonded together.
2. The width of slab effective as T-beam shall not exceed 1/4 of the span of the
beam, and the effective overhanging flange on each side of th web shall not
exceed:
a) 8 times the slab thickness, and
b) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web.
3. For beams with slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange shall not
exceed:
a) 1/12 the span length of the beam,
b) 6 times the slab thickness, and
c) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web.
bf
is the smallest
of: 1. L/4
16 t + bw
2. S1 S2
+ +b
3. 2 2
w
b'f
is the smallest of
b'w
: 1. L/12 +
6 t + b 'w
2.
S3 / 2+b' w
3.
S1=S2=S ¿
For symmetrical interior beam (
bf
is the smallest of:
1. L/4
16 t + bw
2.
3. center-to-center spacing of beams
4. Isolated beams in which T-shape are used to provide a flange for additional
compression area shall have a flange thickness not less than 1/2 the width of the
web and an effective flange width not more than four times the width of the web.
t ≥b w / 2 t
bf ≤ 4 bw
Transverse reinforcement
To be provided
φ Mn
I. Solve for max to determine of compression steel is necessary.
Mu≤φ Mn max
If , the beam is singly reinforced, proceed to Step II.
M u > φ M n max
If , the beam is doubly reinforced
C=0.85 f ' c b f
Compressive force in concrete,
t
M n 1=φ C (d−t / 2)
¿
¿
t
( )= ¿
'
φ M n 1=φ 0.85 f c bf d− ¿
2
Solve for a:
a
Mu =φ∁(d− )
=φ n
2
M
T =C As f y=0.85 f ' c ab
¿
¿
As =¿ As min
As min
is the smaller value of:
√ f 'c √ f 'c
A = b d A = bd
s w smin f
min 2fy 4fy
IV.
t
a
Z d
M u =φ M n M u =φ M n 1+ M n 2 Note : φ Mn is∈Step
¿
¿
¿
¿
Mn 2=¿ ¿
Mn 2=C2 y2=0.85 f ' c bw z y2
¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
z=¿ ¿
T =C1 +C 2 A s f y =C 1 +C2
As f y=0.85 f 'c (bf t + bw z)
¿
¿
¿
As =¿ ¿
As min
is the smallest value of:
√ f ' c=
A √ f 'c
b d A = bd
s w s f
min 2fy min 4fy
φM n As
STEPS IN FINDING OF SINGLY REINFORCED T-BEAMS WITH GIVEN
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:
Asb
I. Solve for balanced steel area to determine if tension steel
yiel. Follow the procedure in Page 105.
A s ≤ Asb
If ,tension steel yields. Proceed to step II
A s > A sb
If , tension does not yield
f s=f Ac
II. Tension steel yields, y
. Compute the area of compression concrete,
¿
¿
Ac =¿ ¿
Ac A f =bf t
Compare with the area of compression flange,
A s < A f , a< t ,
If proceed to Step
III A c > Af , a>t ,
If
proceed ¿ Step IV
a<t
III.
Solve for a: a
t d d -a/2
Ac=bf x a
¿
a=¿ ¿
φM n=φT (d−a/ 2)
a
φMn (d − )
=φ As y
2
f
a >t
IV. :
t a
Z d
T
z
Solve for :
Ac= A1+bw z
¿
¿
¿
z=¿ ¿
φMn=φMn 1 +φMn 2
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 3.1
Determine the effective flange with for symmetrical T-beam with a span of 6 m. The
beam width of web is 250 mm, the slab thickness is 120 mm, and the clear distance to
adjacent beams is 3m.
SOLUTION
For symmetrical T-beam, the effective flange width is the smallest of:
1. 1/4 span = 6000/4 = 1500 mm
16 t + bw =16 (120)+250=2170 mm
2.
bw=3000+250=3250 mm
3. clear spacing of beams +
bf =1500 mm
Therefore
PROBLEM 3.2
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width,
Flange thickness,
Width of web,
Effective
depth,
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the ultimate moment capacity when
the depth of compression concrete flange equals the flange thickness or .
SOLUTION
a
Mn=0.8 f ' c a( d− )
bf 2
When a=t
M fn 180
=0.85 (30) (120 ) (130)( 470− )
2
M fn=1611 kN −m
PROBLEM 3.3
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width,
Flange thickness,
Width of web,
Effective depth,
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the following:
The balanced steel area
The nominal and ultimate balanced moment capacity
The maximum steel area
The nominal and ultimate maximum moment capacity
SOLUTION
β1=0.85 since f ' c is less than 30 MPa
a) Balanced condition
a=β1 c a=0.85(272.2)
a=231.4 mm>t
= 900mm
t=100
C a
z
d = 460
mm
=250 mm
Figure 3.3
z=a−t =121.4 mm
2
Acb =A1 + A2=136,622 mm
y1=d−t / 2=405 mm
y2=d −t −z /2=289.3 mm
M bn=0.90(897)
A c max = A 1 + A 2
102,466=99,000 + 310(z)
z=11.2 mm
A2=102,466−99,000=3,466 mm
2
z
y =d −t − =344.41 mm
2
2
M n max=0.90(726.5 )
PROBLEM 3.4
A T-beam has the following properties: , ,
SOLUTION
β1=0.85
Solve for ↑φ Mn when a=t
t
( )
φM 0.85 f ' b t d 545.375 kN mm
fn = c f −2 = −
Balanced condition:
600 d
c= =278.11 mm
b
600+ f y
= 820mm
t=100
C a
d = 470
z
mm
=250 mm
FIGURE 3.4
z=a−t =136.39 mm
2
A1=bf t =82,000 mm
A2=bw z =34,098 mm
2
Maximum condition:
A c max =0.75 A c b=87,073 mm >
2
2
A1 A 2 = Acmax −82,000=5,073 mm
As
z= =20.29 mm
bw
z
y =d −t − =359.85 mm
2
2
φM n max=574.28 kN−m
t =820
=100
mm C
d = 470
d -a/2
mm
T
Mu=0.85 f ' c abf (d−a /2)
a=73.6 mm
T =C A s f y=0.85 f ' c ab f
As =2,565 mm
2
As
Minimum is the smaller of:
√f'c
√f'c
2
d=646 mm d=1059 mm
2
b
b2 f w
4fy
f
y
A s =2,565 mm
2
Thus,
Mu M fn , a
Since is more than is more than t.
= 820mm
t=100
C a
z
d = 470
mm
T
=250 mm
Mu=φM fn +φMn 2
6 100 z
568 x 10 =545.375+ 0.90 (0.85) (20.7 ) (250) z (470− )
2
z=15.78 mm
A2=bw z =3,946 mm 2
As =3,653 mm2
PROBLEM 3.5
Design a T-beam for a floor system for which and . The
beams are 4.5 m long and spaced at 3 mo.c. The slab thickness is 100 mm.
SOLUTION
β1=0.85
M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L M u=1.4 (450)+1.7(350)
Mu=1225 kN −m
m bf =1,125 mm
Thus,
φM n max
Solve for to determine if compression steel is needed.
600 d
c= =325.123 mm
b
600+ f y
= 1125mm
t=100
d =550mm
M u=φMC fn +aφ
z
c2 y2
450
=300 mm
6 6 z
1225 x 10 =1161.844 x 10 + 0.90 x 0.85(27)(300 z)( 450− )
2
z=23.25 mm
A2=bw z =6975.02mm 2
T =c1+ c2 A s f y=0.85 f c ( A1 + A2 )
'
As =6,607 mm
2
As
Minimum is the smaller value of:
√f ' c
√f'c
2
d=1033 mm d=1937 mm
2
b
b2 f w f
y 4fy
A s =6,607 mm
2
Thus,
PROBLEM 3.6
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of reinforced concrete T-beam with the
following properties: Flange width b = 1500 mm, web width , effective
SOLUTION
= 1500mm
As : t=100
Solve for balanced
d =600mm
C a
z
=250 mm
600 d
c= =380.95 mm
b
600+ f y
a=β1 cb=323.81>t
z=a−t =22381 mm
A1=bf t =150,000
A2=bw z =55,952mm
2
T =C A s f y=0.85 f c ( A1 + A2)
'
Asb=10,503
π 2 2
A s =6 x (28) =3,695 mm > Asb steel yields
Steel area provided, 4
f s=f y
Therefore,
C=T f ' c Ac= A s f y
0.85
Ac=3,695(345)
0.85(20.7)
Ac=72,441< A1 therefore a is less than t
t =1500
=100
mm C
d = 600
d -a/2
mm
T
A c = ab f
72,441 = a (1500)
2
a=48.29 mm
a
M =0.85 f ' ab (d− )
n c
f 2
48.29
M =0.85 (20.7) (48.29) (1500)(600− )
n
2
Mn=733.99 kN −m
φMn=0.90( 733.99)
φMn=660.6 kN
−m
PROBLEM 3.7
Given the following properties of T-beam:
Flange width,
Flange thickness, t=1200
Width of web,
d =580mm
28
¿ C a
¿ π z
A =12 x ¿
s
4
A1=bf t =108,000 mm 2
A
Solve for balance s :
600 d
c= =368.25 =400 mm
mm
b
600+ f y
z=a=t =193.02 mm
A2=bw z =77,206 mm
2
A sb (345)=0.85 (21)(108,000+77,206)
Asb=9,582m m
2
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.
= 900mm
t=120
d =580mm
C a
z
460
=400 mm
A c = A1+ A2 A2
142,813=108,000+
A2=34,813 mm 2
A 2 =b w z
34,813 = 400z
z=87.03 mm
t
y =d− =520 mm
1
2
z
y =d −t − =416.48 mm
2
2
Mn=C1 y1 +C2 y2
Mn=0.85 f c ( A1 y1+ A2 y2 )
'
Mn=1,261.3 kN −m
φMn=0.90( 1,261.3)
φMn=1135.138 kN −m
φM n =M u Mu=1.4 M D +1.7 M L
1,135.138=1.4 ( 410)+1.7
M L ML=330.0 kN −m
PROBLEM 3.8
The section of a reinforced concrete T-beam is shown in Figure 3.5. The beam is
f y=415 MPa
reinforced with 10 32-mm-diameter tension bars with . Concrete strength
f ' c=32 MPa
. If the total service dead load moment on the beam is 330 kN-m,
determine the safe service live load moment.
=500m
m
d=530
t = 120mm
mm
.
10-32
SOLUTION mm
32
¿ =500mm
¿ π t =
A =10 x ¿ 120mm0mm a
d=530
s
=32
4
z
mm
2
A s =8,042 mm
5
Figure 3
A =b
2
t =60,000
mm
1 f
0.05
β =0.85− (32−30)
1
7
β1=0.836
As :
Solve for balance
600 d
Cb=
600+f y
Cb =313.3 mm
A2=bw z =45,385.5 mm 2
Asb=6,907 mm 2
A s > Asb
Since , tension steel does not yield
t = =500mm
120mm
d=530
a
z
mm
T
A 1 =60,000 mm
2 =320mm
A 2 =b w z =bw ( a−t
)
A 2 =b w ( β1 c−t )
d−c
f 600
s=
c
T =C1 +C 2 '
A s f s=0.85 f c( A1 + A2 )
530 −c
8,042 x 600 =0.85 (32)[ 60,000+ 320( 0.836 c−120)]
c
c=327.95 mm
A 2 =b w z =49,303 mm
2
a=β 1 c=261.83 mm
z
z=a−t =141.83 mm y2=d −t − =332.97
2 mm
y1=d−t / 2=470
M n =C 1 y1 +C2 y 2 Mn=0.85 f c ( A1 y 1 + A1 y2 )
'
Mn=1,213.56 kN −m
φ Mn=0.90(1,213.56)
φMn=1,092.2 kN −m
1,092=1.4 (330)+1.7 M
L ML=370.7 kN −m
SOLVED PROBLEMS IN T-BEAMS USING 2010 NSCP
PROBLEM 3.9
Repeat Problem 3.3 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
bw=3210 mm d=460 mm
φ=0.65
a) Balanced condition,
600 d 600(460)
c b= c=b
600+ fy 600+414
cb=272.2 mm
a=β 1 c a=0.85(272.2)
a=231.4 mm>t
= 900mm
t=110
C a
z
d = 460
mm
T
=310 mm
Figure 3.6
z=a−t =121.4 mm
2
A 2=b w x z=310 ( 121.4 )=37,622mm
2
A cb =A 1 + A2=136,622 mm
)
A sb (414 )=0.85 (20.7)(99,000+37,622)
y1=d−t / 2=405 mm
y2=d −t −z /2=289.3 mm
φM bn=0.65( 897)
a=β 1 c a=0.85(197.14)
a=167.6 mm
z=a−t =57.571 mm
y2=d −t −z /2=321.21mm
Mn max=c1 y1+ c2 y2
φMn max=0.815(806.34)
PROBLEM 3.10
Repeat Problem 3.2 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
bf =1200 mm bw=290 mm
Given:
t =130 mm f ' c=30 MPa
M 130
fn
=0.85 (30) (1200 ) (130)( 470− )
2
M fn=1611 kN −m
φ
Solving for :
a=130 mm
0.05
(f −28 )=0.836
'
β =0.85−
1 c
7
a
c= =155.56 mm
β1
d−c
f =600 =1213 MPa>1000 MP tension-controls, φ=0.90
s
c
φM fn=090(1611)
φM fn=1450 kN −m
PROBLEM 3.11
Repeat Problem 3.4 using the 2010 NSCP.
Additional questions:
c) Find the required steel area if and .
d) Find the maximum design moment so that section is tension-controlled if it is
reinforced for tension only.
SOLUTION
b f =820 mm f ' c=20.7 MPa
Given:
bw=250 mm f y=414
MPa d=470 mm
t =100 mm
φM n a= t :
Solve for when
M fn =0.85 f ' c b f t (d−t / 2)=605.97 kN−mm
a
c= =117.65 mm
β1
d−c
f =600 =1797 MPa>1000 MPa, φ=0.90
s
c
φ M fn=545.375 kN −m
φ M n max :
Solve for
Cmax 3
= d=201.43 mm
7
800−f y
φ=0.65+0.25 y =0.815
1000−f
a=β1 cmax =171.21mm> t
d = 470
mm
= 820mm
t=100
C a
A2=bw z =17,803.6 mm
2
z
y2=d −t −z /2=334.39 mm
Mn max=M
z=a−t fn+0.85 f ' c A2 y2
=71.21
T
mm
M n max=710.72 kN
=250 mm
−m φM n max=579
kN−m
Mu φM fn
Since is less than ,”a” is less than t.
t =820
=100
mm C
d = 470
d -a/2
mm
T
φ=0.90
Assume
a
M =φ 0.85 f ' ab ( d− )
u c f
2
6 a
372 x 10 =0.90 (0.85 ) (20.7) a (820)( 470− )
2
a=65.52mm
a
c= =77.08
mm β1
d−c
f =600 =3,058 MPa>1000 MPa, tension controls ,φ=0.90
s
c
T =C A s f y=0.85 f ' c ab f
A s (345)=0.85(20.7 ) (65.52)(820)
As =2,283 mm
2
As
Minimum is the smaller value of:
f'c 2 √f'c 2
d=646 mm b d =1059mm
b w f
2fy 4fy
Thus, As =2,283 mm
2
M u is less than φM fn ,a
Since is less than
t. φ=0.90
Assume
a
M =φ 0.85 f ' ab ( d− )
u c f
2
a=93.53 mm
a
c= =110.03 mm
β1
t =820
=100
mm C
d = 470
d -a/2
mm
T
d−c
f =600 =1,963 MPa>1000 MPa ,tension controls, φ=0.90
s
c
T =C A s f y=0.85 f ' c ab f
As =3,259 mm
2
= 820mm
t=100
d =470mm
C a
z
=250 mm
φ=0.90
Assume
Mu=φM fn +φMn 2
6 z
570 x 10 =545.375+ 0.90 (0.85) (20.7 ) (250) z (470−100− )
2
z=17.05 mm
a=t + z=117.05 mm; c=a / β1=137.7 mm
d−c
f =600 =1448 MPa>1000 MPa,tension controls ,φ=0.90
s
c
A2=bw z =3,908 mm
2
As =3,666 mm2
3
c= d=176.25 mm, φ=0.90
d) b
a=β1 c=149.81 mm>t
t=100 = 820mm
C a
z
d = 470
mm
T
=250 mm
z=a−t =49.81 mm
A2=bw z =12,453mm
2
z
y =d −t − =3450.9 mm
2
2
φM tn=613.4 kN −m
Mu φM n
Note: If is less than or equal to , the beam is tension-controlled.
PROBLEM 3.12
Repeat Problem 3.6 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
b f =1500 mm f ' c=20.7 MPa
Given:
bw=250 mm f y=345 MPa
d=600 mm β1=0.85
As =6−28 mm=3,694 mm
2
As
Solve for balanced : = 1500mm
t=100
d =600mm
600 d
c= =380.95 mm C a
b
600+ f y
z
a=β1 cb=323.81>t
A1=bf t =150,000
A 2 =b w z =55,952 mm
2
=400 mm
T =C
'
Asb f y=0.85 f c ( A1 + A2 )
A sb (345)=0.85 (20.7 )( 150,000+ 55,952)
Asb=10,503
28
¿
¿
Steel area provided, π
As =6 x ¿
4
f s=f
therefore , y
C =T 0.85 f ' c A c = A s f y
Ac=72,441< A1 therefore a
is less than t
t =1500
=100
mm C
d = 600
d -a/2
mm
φ
Solve for :
a
c= =56.82
mm β 1
d−c
f s=600 =5,736 MPa>1000 MPa tension controls
c
φ=0.90
therefore
φMn=0.90( 733.99)
φ Mn=660.6 kN −m
PROBLEM 3.13
Repeat Problem 3.7 using 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
MD =410 kN −m
Service deal load,
β1=0.85 ; φ=0.90
2 2
28 ¿ =7,389 mm
t=120 = 900mm
π
A s=12 x ¿
d =580mm
4
C a
A1=bf t =108,000 mm
2
z
As
Solve for balance :
600 d
C = =368.25 mm =400 mm
b
600+f y
z=a−t =193.02 mm
2
A2=bw z =77,206 mm
A sb (345)=0.85 (21)(108,000+77,206)
Asb=9,582mm
2
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.
C =T f ' c A c= A s f y
0.85
0.85 (21) Ac=7,389(345)
Ac=142,813 mm > A1
2
“a” >t
= 900mm
t=120
C a
z
d = 580
460
mm
T
=400 mm
A c = A1+ A2 142,813=108,000+ A 2
A2=34,813 mm
2
A 2 =b w z 34,813=400 z
z=87.03 mm
t
y =d− =520 mm
1
2
z
y =d −t − =416.48 mm
2
2
Mn=C1 y1 +C2 y2
'
Mn=0.85 f c ( A1 y1+ A2 y2 )
Mn=0.85 (21)[ 108,000(520)+34,813 (416.48 )]
Mn=1,261.6 kn−m
φ
Solve for :
a
a=t + z=203.03mm c= =243.57 mm
β1
d−c
f =600 =828.76 MPa<1000 MPa
s
c
φMn=0.8346 (1,261.3)
φMn=1,052.703 kN −m
φM n =M u Mu=1.2 M D +.6 M L
1,052.703=1.2 (410)+1.7 M
L ML=350.44 kN −m
PROBLEM 3.14
Repeat Problem 3.8 using 2010 NSCP.
=500mm
d=530
m
t = 120m
mm
10-32 mm
=320mm
Figure 3.7
SOLUTION
2
32 ¿ =500mm
π t =120
A =10 x ¿
mm
s
4
a
d=530
2
A s =8,042 mm Z
2
mm
A1=bf t =60,000 mm
0.05
β =0.85− (32−28)
1
7
β1=0.821 =320mm
As
Solve for balanced :
600 d
c b=
600+ f y
a=313.3 mm
a=β1 cb=257.35 mm> t
z=a−t =137.35 mm
A2=bw z =43,953 mm 2
T =C Asb f y=0.85 f c ( A1 + A2 )
'
Asb=6,813 mm 2
t =500m
=120
mm m
a
d=530
Z
mm
=320m
m
d−c
f =600
s
c
T =C1 +C 2 As f s =0.85 f c ( A1 + A2 )
'
530−c
8,042 x 600 =0.85 (32)[ 60,000+ 320(0.821 c−1200)]
c
c=329.27 mm
A 2 =b w z =48,151 mm
2
a=β 1 c=270.47 mm
z
z=a−t =150.47 mm y =d −t − =334.76 mm
2
2
y1=d−t / 2=470 mm
M n =C 1 y1 +c 2 y2 Mn=0.85 f c ( A1 y1+ A 2 y2 )
'
Mn=1,205.48 kN −m
φMn=0.65( 1,205.48)
φ Mn=783.56 kn−m
ML=242.23 kN −m
Compression steel also helps the beam withstand stress reversals that might occur
during earthquakes. Continuous compression bars are also helpful for positioning
stirrups and keeping them in place during concrete placement and vibration. Various
tests show that compression reinforcement also prevents the beam to collapse even if
the compression concrete crushes especially if it is enclosed by stirrups.
b 0.003
d’
a c
= +
Figure 3.8
Compression reinforcement is provided to ensure ductile failure (i.e. tension steel must
As ¿ fy
yield). For the reason, therefore, the stress in tension ( is always equal for .
A 's ¿ by
On the other hand, stress of compression steel ( may either be or below
fy
. This stress must always be checked.
c−d '
f ' s=600
Eq. 3-6 c
As A 's
STEPS TO DETERMINE AND OF ADOUBLY REINFORCED
MU
RECTANGULAR BEAM, GIVEN AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
ρmax M u max
I. Solve for and
ρmax =0.75 ρb
'
0.85 f
β (600)
ρ =0.75 c 1
=ρ
f y (600+f y)
max
¿
¿
ρ¿f y
ω= =¿
' ¿
f c
Mu≤φ Mn max
If design Singly Reinforced
(See Chapter 2)
M u > φ M n max
If design as Doubly Reinforced(proceed to step II)
b
d
a ’
d d - d’
d
-a/2
= +
Figure 3.9
As 1
Solve for
As 1= ρmax bd
Mn 1 Mn 2 As 2
Solve for , and
Mn 1=Mn max
¿ φ T 2 ( d−d )
'
φ Mn 2=φ As 2 f y (d−d )
'
¿
¿
As 2 =¿ ¿
C1 =T1
0.85
f ' c ab= A s1 f y 0.003
¿
a=¿ ¿
d’
a=β1 c
c
¿
c =¿ ¿ c–
d’
f 's / E s 0.003
=
c−d' c
c−d
f ' s=600
Eq. 3-8 '
c
f ' s≥ f y
If proceed to IV
f ' s <f y
If proceed to V
Mn
STEPS IN FINDING OF A DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
AS A 'S ,
WITH GIVEN , AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
f s=f ' s =f y ¿
Case 1: Both tension and compression yields (
f s=f y , f ' s < f y ¿
Case 2: Tension steel yields and compression steel does not (
Note: For doubly reinforced beams with effective depth d=250 mm or more, it is not
possible for both steels not to yield.
b
d’
a
d d - d’
d
-a/2
= +
f ' s=f
I. Assume compression steel yields ( y
)
¿
¿
As 2= A ' s =¿ ¿
¿
As 1= As− As 2=¿ ¿
f s <f y ,
If tension steel does not yield, proceed to step IV
f ' s≥ f y ,
If proceed to step IV
f ' s <f y ,
If proceed to step V
Mn=Mn 1+ Mn 2
a
( )
¿ T 1 d− ' +T 2 (d−d )
2
a
( )
'
M n= A s1 f y d− + As 2 fy (d−d
)
2f ' s <f y ,
V. If compression steel does not yield.
c−d
f ' s=600 d
' c
’
a
c
d
From the stress diagram: d –
d d’
C1 +C 2=T
-a/2
0.85 f ' c ab+ A ' s f ' s= As f y
c −d '
β c b+ A ' 600 =Af
0.85 f
'
c 1
s y
c
s
c
Solve for by equation formula.
¿ −
c d'
Solve for f ' , f ' =600 =¿ ¿
s s
c
¿
Solve for β1 c =¿ ¿
a,a=
Mn :
Solve for
Mn=Mn 1+ Mn 2
( )
a '
¿ C1 d−2 +C 2 (d−d )
( )+ A
a ' ' '
M n=0.85 f ' c ab d−2 s f s (d −d )
VI. f s <f y but f 's =f y
Mn=Mn 1+ M c2
a
( )
¿ C1 d−' +C 2 (d−d )
2
a
( )
' '
M n=0.85 f ' c a b d− + As yf (
d−d )
2
DEEP BEAMS
According to Section 410.8 of the Code, beams with overall depth to clear span ratios
greater than 2/3 for continuous spans, or 4/5 for simple spans, shall be designed as
deep flexural members taking into account nonlinear distribution of strain and lateral
buckling.
Beams with web depth that exceed 900 mm have a tendency to develop excessive wide
cracks in the upper parts of their tension zones. According to Section 410..7 of NSCP, if
the depth of web exceeds 900 mm, longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly
distributed along both side faces of the member for distance d/2 nearest the flexural
Ask
tension. The area of skin reinforcement per meter of height on each side face
shall be
ILLUSATIVE PROBLEMS
DESIGN PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 3.15
a .305-mm wide rectangular beam has an overall depth of 560 mm. The beam is
reinforced with four 25-mm-diameter compression bars. The centroid fiber. Assume
and . Determine the following:
a) The balanced tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate balanced moment.
b) The maximum tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate maximum
moment.
SOLUTION
70 mm 305 mm
β1=0.85 a
d-d’420
4-25 mm
d=490
a) Balanced condition
mm
= +
600 d 600(490)
c b= 600+ f c b= 600+
415
y
cb=289.66 mm
70 mm
a=β 1 cb a=0.85(289.66)
a=246.21mm
f =600 f =600 289.66−70
sc
d−c sc
289.66
c
f sc =455 MPa> f y
yield
f sc =f
y
As 1=4,460 mm
2
T 2 =C ' s A s 2 f y =A 's f y
As 2=1,964 mm
2
Asb= A s 1 + A s 2=6,242mm
2
Balanced steel area,
a
( )
'
M nb=0.85 Tf ' c a b d−' + A s f y (d−d )
2
M 246.21
nb
=0.85 (29) (246.21) (305)(490− )
2
M nb=1,021.4 kN −m
φM nb=0.90 (1,021.4)=919.24 kN −m
b) Maximum tension steel area:
As 2=1,964 mm 2
As max =5,309 mm
2
a=184.7 mm
c=217.2 mm
c −d
f ' =600
' 217.2−70
f ' =600
s 217.2
c
s
M n max=887.45 kN−m
φMn max=0.90(887.45)
φM n max=798.7 kN−m
A reinforced concrete beam has width of 300 mm and effective depth of 460 mm. The
beam is reinforced with 2-28 mm compression bars placed 70 mm from extreme
concrete. Concrete strength and steel strength .
a) What is the balanced steel area considering the contribution of the compression
steel?
b) What is the maximum tension steel area allowed by the code?
SOLUTION
0.05
β =0.85− (35−30)=0.814
1
7
π 2 2
A'= (28) x 2=1,232 mm
s
4
600 d 600(460)
c b= c=b
600+ fy 600+345
c −d ' 292−70
f ' =600 f ' =600
s 292
c
s
As =7,384 mm
2
a=β1 cmax=178.37 mm
c −d ' 219.05−70
f ' =600 f ' =600
s 219.05
c
s
f ' s=408 MPa> f y , thus f 's =f y=345 MPa
As =5,846 mm
3
PROBLEM 3.17
A rectangular beam has b=300 mm and d= 490 mm. Concrete compressive strength
and steel yield strength . Compressive steel if required
shall have its centroid 60 mm from extreme concrete fiber. Calculate the required
tension steel area if the factored moment is 620 kN-m.
SOLUTION
This is the same problem in Chapter
φM n max
2. Solve for :
600 d
c= =335.616 mm
b
600+ f y
ab =β1 cb=285.27 mm
a
Mn max =0.85 f 'c ab(d − )
2
M n max=0.85(27.6 ) (213.96 ) (300)(490−213.96 /2)
Mn max=576.76 kN−m
b
d’
ca
Mn 1=Mn max=576.76
kN−m d – d – d’
= a/2+
Mu 0.90−576.76
Mn 2 Mn 2 = 620
= −Mn 1 Mn
φ
2 =112.13 kN −m
a=213.96 mm
A s 1 f y =0.85 f ' c a b A s 1 (276)=0.85(27.6 ) (213.96)(300)
A s 1=5456 mm
2
A s 1= A s max
Note:
f ' s:
Solve for
a
c= =251.71 mm
β1
c −d ' 251.71−60
f ' =600 f ' =600
s
c 251.71
s
f ' s=457 MPa>f y
Compression steel yields
As 2=945 mm 2
A s = A s 1 + A s 2=6401 mm
2
Tension steel area,
Compression steel:
A 's =As 2
PROBLEM 3.18
A rectangular beam has b=310 mm and d=460 mm. The beam will be designed to carry
a service dead load of 230 kN-m and service live load of190 kn-m. Compression
reinforcement if necessary will have its centtoid 70 mm from extreme concrete fiber.
f ' c=30 MPa f y=415 MPa.
Determine the required steel area. Use and
SOLUTION
β1=0.85
Mu=645 kN −m
φ M n max
Solve for :
cmax =0.75 cb
Note : For rectangular beams,
cmax 600 d
=0.75 =203.94 mm
600+ f
y
Mn max=511.58 kN−m
φMn max=0.90(511.58)
φMnm ax =460.42 kN −m
b
d’
ca
= d – d – d’
Mn 1=Mn max=511.58 kN−m a/2+
Mu 645
Mn 2 Mn 2 = −511.58
= −Mn 1 0.90
φ
Mn 2=205.088 kN −m
c=cmax =203.94 mm
a=173.35 mm
Tension Steel:
T 1 =Cc A s 1 f y=0.85 f ' c ab
As 1=3,302 mm
2
M n 2=T 2 ( d−d ) ( )
205.088 x 10 = A s 2 415 (460−70)
' 6
As 2=1,267 mm
2
A s =A s 1 + A s 2 A s =3,302+ 1,267
As =4,569 mm
2
Compression steel:
c −d ' 203.94−70
f ' =600 f ' =600
s 203.94
c
s
f ' s=394.06 Pa
compression steel does nt yield,
2
A 's =1334 mm
PROBLEM 3.19
A floor system consists of a 100-mm concrete slab supported by continuous T beam
with 9 m span, 1.2 m on centers as shown in Figure 3.10. Web dimensions, as
bw=280 mm,
determined by negative-moment requirements, are and d=500 mm.
Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid of the bars. The beam is subjected to a
f ' c=21 MPa, f y=415 MPa
maximum positive factored moment of 1080 kN-m. Use .
3
Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/ m .
Calculate the required tension steel area at the point of maximum positive moment.
Using the tributary area method, what is the uniform service dead load acting on the
beam?
Calculate the uniform service live load acting on the beam.
A L=9m B L=9m
C
SOLUTION
f ' c=21 MPabw=280 mm
f y=414 MPa d=500 mm
β1=0.85 d =70 mm
'
M u max=1080 kN −m
Maximum factored moment,
bf :
Effective flange width,
1. L/4=9/4=2.25 m
b =16 (100)+ 280=1.88 m
2. 16t+ w
Soc =1.2 m
3.
bf =1.2 m
Use
φM n max
Solve for to determine if compression steel is
required. Balanced condition:
600 d 600(500)
c= c=
600+ f y 600+415
a=β 1 c a=0.85(295.57)
a=251.23 mm
= 1200mm
d =500mm
t=100
C a
z
z =
z
z=151.23 mm
A1=1200 x 100=120,000 mm
2
Maximum condition:
= 1200mm
t=100
d =500mm
C a
z
A 2= Acmax − A2=121,759−120,000
A1
A2=¿ 1,759 mm2
T
A 2 =b w z 1,759=280 z
=280 mm
z=6.28 mm
y 1 =d−t / 2 y1=500−100/ 2
y1=450mm
y2=d −t −z /2 y2=500−100−6.28 /2
y2=396.86 mm
M n max=0.85(21)(120,000 x 450)
+1,759 x 396.86
M n max=976.36 kN−m
φMn max=0.90(976.36)
=1
200mm d’=
a 70
d=500
500 mm
Z
mm
d’
d-
4 0
3
d’=
70
=820m
m
a=t + z a=100+6.28
a=106.28 mm
c=a/ β1 c=106.28 /0.85
c=125.04
c −d ' 125.04−70
f ' =600 f ' =600
s 125.04
c
s
A s 1= A s
max
T 1 =C1 +C 2 A s 1 f y=0.85 f c ( A1 + A2
'
)
A s 1 (415)=0.85 (21)(120,000+ 1,759)
As 1=5,237 mm 2
Mn 2
Mu
=Mn−Mn 1 Mn 2
= −Mn 1
φ
Mn 2 1080
= −976.36
0.90
Mn 2=223.64 kN −m
' '
M n 2=T2 ( d−d ) M n 2 =A s 2 f y( d−d )
2
As 2=1,253 mm
A s = A s 1 + A s 2=6,490 mm
2
Tension steel area,
b)
w c =23.5(0.2516)
7.6 m 7.6 m
5 32 mm3-3ø232
5mm5ø-
mm3-3ø2
- mm5ø-
A L=932mmmø
- 32 mmø B
L=9m C
145 kN-m 145 kN-m
202 N-m
k
Maximum positive moment (at midspan)
2
9¿
¿
w2u ¿
wu L
w= 1,080=¿
u
24
wu=320 kN /m
wL=183.37 kN /m →liveload
PROBLEM 3.20
The beam shown in Figure 3.11 is subjected to a maximum service dead load moment
of 230 kN-m. Determine the service live load that the beam can carry. Use
f ' c=20.7 MPa∧f y=345 MPa.
350
540 mm
600 mm
m6m0 mm 2-
28 mm
4-36 mm
Figure 3.11
SOLUTION
36
¿
¿π
A= ¿
s
4
2 2
28 ¿ x 2=1,232 mm
π
A'= ¿
s
4
b
d’
ca
all steel yield:
Assume – d – d’
= d
f s=f ' s =f y
a/2+
A s 1= As− A s 2=2,840
2
mm
a=159.1mm
a
c= =187.18 mm
β1
d−c
f 600
= f s =600 600−187.18
187.18
s
c
f s=1.323> f y tension steel yields
f s=600
'
c−d 187.18−60
f s=600 187.18
c
f s=407.7> f y
compression steel yields
Mn=Mn 1+ Mn 2
a
(
M n=T 1 d− ' +T 2 (d−d )
2 )
a '
( − 2 )+
M A f d A f d d
n = s1 y s2 y( −
159.1
( )
)
M n=2,840 (345) 600− +1,232 (345)(600−60)
2
Mn=739.4 kn−m
PROBLEM 3.21
A rectangular beam has the following properties:
Width, b=400 mm
SOLUTION
2 2
28 ¿ =6,158 mm
π
A =10 x ¿
s
4
2 2
25 ¿ =1,473 mm
π
A ' s =3 x ¿
4
As 1= As− As 2=4,685 mm
2
b
d’
ca
= d – d – d’
a/2+
0.85 f c a b= As 1 f 0.85 ( 22 ) a ( 400 )=4,685 ( 415 )
'
a=260 mm
a
c= =305.8
mm β1
d−c
f =600 =616.5 MPa>
s y ( yield )
f
c
c −d '
f ' =600 =463 MPa> f
( yield)
s y
c
All steel yields. Assumption is correct
Mn=Mn 1+ Mn 2
a
M n=T 1 d−
( 2 )+T 2 (d−d )
a
( −2 )
'
M A f d Ad d
n = s1 y + s 2( − )
Mn=1288.9 kN −m
φM n=0.90 (1288.9)=1,160 kN −m
ML=419 kN −m
PROBLEM 3.22
A 12-m long rectangular reinforced concrete beam is simply supported at its ends. The
beam is provided with an addition support at the mid span. Width of beam is 300 mm
and the overall depth is 450 mm. The beam is reinforced with 25-mm-diameter bars,
four bars at the tension side and 2 bars at the compression side .Concrete protective
coverings is 70 mm form the centroid of the bars. Concrete strength and
SOLUTION
β1=0.85
300
f ' c=30 MPa
mm
f y=415 MPa 70 mm
2-25
450 mm
2
25 ¿
π mm
A =4 x ¿
s
310
mm
380
4
mm
As =1963 mm
2
2
25 ¿ 4-25
π
A ' =2 x ¿
s mm
4
A 's =982 mm
2 70 mm
30 (0.85 c)(300)
1963 (415)=0.85¿
c−70
+982 x 600
c
c=98.87 mm
98.86−70
f ' =600 =175.17 MPa <f
s y
98.86
d−c
f =600 =1,706> f
s
c y ( yield )
( )
a '
M n=C c d− 2 +C s ( d−d )
φ Mn=243.53 kN −m
Factored
load,
By there-moment equation:
A B6 A 6 A2 a2 C
M AL +2 M B(L +
1 L 2)+ McL 2+ + ´ =0
1 1
1
L1
a´
L2
M A=MC=0
6 A a´
3
w L
1 1 u 1
=
L1 4
6 A a´
3
w L
2 2 u 1
=
L2 4
+ 6+¿
¿3
6¿
¿
3
6¿
¿
wu ¿
wu ¿
0+2 MB ¿
wu=54.12 kN / m
SOLUTION
L=6 m f ' c=20.7 MPa
Given :
b=350 mm f y=415 MPa
d=400 mm db=28
mm d ' =70 mm
2 2
28 ¿ x 4=2463 mm
Tension steel area π
A= ¿
s
4
2 2
28 ¿ x 2=132 mm
Compression steel π
area, A'= ¿
s
4
β1=0.85 φ=0.90
c=97.64 mm
c −d ' 97.64−70
f ' =600 f ' =600
s 97.64
c
s
f ' s=170 MPa< f y
c−d
f ' s=600
Since compression steel does not yield, ' c
d−c
f 600
= f s =600 400−130.08
130.08
s
c
f s=1245> f y ( yield )
c −d ' 130.08−70
f ' =600 f ' =600
s 130.08
c
s
( −2 )
' '
M c d C d d
n = c + s( −
) a
( )
' ' '
M n=0.85 f ' c a b d− + As sf (d
M n=0.85
−d ) (20.7) (110.6) (350) (400−110.6 /2)+1232 (277.11) (400−70)
2
Mn=347.33 kN −m
φ Mn=0.90( 347.33)
Ultimate moment capacity=
φMn=312.6 kN −m →answer ∈ Par t b
Ultimate moment capacity=
3m 3m
M u =φ Mn=312.6 kN
−m
L=6m 2
MD L PL L
Mu=1.4 M D +1.7 M L =1.4 +1.7
M u
8 4
2
6¿
¿2
6¿
¿
PL ¿
20 ¿
312.6=1.4 ¿
PL=73.175 kN
PROBLEM 3.24
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.12. The beam will be subjected to a maximum
service dead load of 215 kN-m. What is the safe service live load moment for this
beam? Use
650 mm
360 m30mmm
25 mm
5- 25mm
Figure 3.12
8 -
30 mm
SOLUTION
β1=0.85
2
25 ¿
π
Tension steel, A =8 x ¿
s
4
As =3,927 mm2
2
25 ¿
Compression π
A ' =5 x ¿
steel,
s
4
360 m30mmm
650 mm
2
A 's=2,454 mm d
5- 25mm
25 mm
’
1
'
d =30+ =42.5 mm d
2 (25 )
8 - 25mm
Effective depth to extreme tension
bar:
1 30 mm
d =650−30− =607.5 mm
t
2 ( 25 )
MD −215 kN −m
f y=415 MPa
a=95.1 mm
c=111.9 mm
c −d
f ' =600
' 111.9−42.5
f ' =600
s 111.9
c
s
d’ 5-360
25 mm
mm
25mm a
c
d 5-
d-a/2d-d’
25mm
8 - 25mm
T
Note : There are two lawyersof tension bars which obviously yiel . Thus , thier
stresses are both set equal ¿ f y∧thier cgis located at thier geometric centroid .
' c−d'
As f y =0.85 f (β1 c ) b+ A x 600 c
c 's
f s=391.64 MPa< f y
a=β 1 c a=0.85(122.38)
a=104.03 mm
a
( )
'
M n=C c d− ' +C s (d −d )
2
a ' '
( − 2 )+
M 0.85 f ' ab d A'f d d
n = c s s( − )
104.03
M =0.85 (21) (104.03 ) (360)(582.5− )
n
2
+2,454 (391.64 )(582.5−42.5)
Mn=873.68 kN
−m φMn=0.90(
873.68)
φMn=786.31 kn−m
786.31=1.4 (215)+1.7 (M L )
ML=285.5 kN −m
PROBLEM 3.25
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.13. The beam will be subjected to a maximum service
dead load of 360 kN-m. What is the safe service live load moment for this beam? Use
320 3m0mmm
30 mmd’
650 mm
28 mm
650
mm
2- 2 - 25mm
β1=0.85
28 mm
25mm d
Fi2g8 ¿u re 2
3.13
Tension steel, π
A =10 x ¿ 10 - 28mm 10 - 28mm
s
4
30
A s =6,158 mm
2
mm 30 mm
2
25 ¿
π
Compression steel, A ' =2 x ¿
s
4
A 's =982 mm
2
d =30+1/ 2 ( 25 )=42.5 mm
'
MD =360 kN −m
f y=415 MPa
a=376.04 mm
c −d ' 442.4−42.5
f ' s =600 f ' s=600
c 442.4
f s=222 MPa< f y
d’
d-
a/2
- tw o la
d-
mm
Thus, thier cg isnot located at thier geometric centroid .
d1=6
m d
80m- 28mm
1 50−30−14=606 mm
d2=650−30−28−28−14=550 mm
2 2
28 ¿ =3,079 mm
Ast 1 π
=5 x ¿
st
=A 2 4
T1 +T 2=Cc+C 's
606−c 550−c
3,079 x 600 +3,079 x 600
c c
¿ 0.85 (21) (0.85 c ) (320)+982 (415)
c=363.9 mm
a=β1 c=309.29 mm
d1 −c
fs = 600 606−363.9
1
=600 s1
363.9
c
f
f s 1=399.25 MPa<f y
c −d ' 363.9−42.5
f ' =600 f ' =600
s 363.9
c
s
f ' s=530 MPa> f y
a=β1 c a=0.85(345.4)
a=301.2mm
Solve for d:
T1 =Ast 1 f s 1 T 1=3,079(399.25)
T1 =1,229.2kN
T2 =944.9 kN
T x d=T1 x d1 +T 2 x d2
d=581.66 m
a
( )
' '
M n=c c d − +C s ( d−d
) a
(
M2 n=0.85 f ' c a b d−'
2 )+ A ' f ( d−d )
s y
Mn=974.07 kn−m
φMn=0.90( 947.07)
φMn=876.65 kN −m
ML=219.21 kN−m
PROBLEM 3.26
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure 3.14. Use
=600mm
25mm
5
m
m
3-23mm t=100mm
Figure 3.14 10mm
10-2 stirr=u3p90mm
25mm
20mm
=300mm
.
SOLUTION
β1=0.85
2 2
25 ¿ =4,909 mm
π
A s =10 x ¿
4
2 2
22 ¿ =1,140 mm
π
A 's=3 x ¿
4
( )
Flange area, A f =600 110 =66,000 mm
2
d =25+10+1 /2 ( 22 )=46 mm
'
2
As 2= A ' s=1,140 mm
2
As 1= As− As 2=3,768 mm
Area of compression concrete:
C c =T 1 0.85 f ' c A c = A s 1 f y
t A c =ab f 57,469=a(600)
a=95.8
mm<t c=a/ β1 c=95.8/ 0.85
c=112.7 mm
c −d ' 112.7−46
f ' s =600 f ' s=600
c 112.7
=600mm 110mm
m 3- 25 m
=390m
a/2
2
23 mm d’
d-
d 10mm
d-
10-25mm stirrup
25mm 20mm
m
=300mm
d−c
f =600 432.5−112.7
=600
f
s 112.7
c
s
f s=1,703> f y ( yield )
φMn=0.90( 661.5)
φMn=595.4 kN−m
PROBLEM 3.27
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure 3.15. Use
=600mm
25mm
t=100mm
2-
22mm
Figure 10mm
3.15 stirru p
= 3
90mm
10-28mm
25mm
20mm
=315mm
SOLUTION
β1=0.85
2 2
28 ¿ =6,158 mm
π
A s =10 x ¿
4
2 2
22 ¿ =760 mm
π
A 's=2 x ¿
4
d =25+10+1 /2 ( 22 )=46 mm
'
As 2= A ' s=760 mm
2
Ac= Af + Aw 87,626=60,00+ Aw
2
Aw=27,626 mm
A w =b w z 27,626=315 z
z=87.7 mm
a=100+ z=187.7 mm
c=a/ β1 =220.83 mm
c −d ' 220.83−46
f ' =600 f ' =600
s 220.83
c f ' s=475
s MPa> f y
( yield)