Statistics - Statistics is a form of mathematical analysis that uses quantified models, representations and

synopses for a given set of experimental data or real-life studies. Statistics studies methodologies to
gather, review, analyze and draw conclusions from data. Some statistical measures include the
following:

 Mean
 Regression analysis
 Skewness
 Kurtosis
 Variance
 Analysis of variance

Descriptive Statistics - Descriptive statistics are brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a given data
set, which can be either a representation of the entire or a sample of a population. Descriptive statistics
are broken down into measures of central tendency and measures of variability (spread). Measures of
central tendency include the mean, median, and mode, while measures of variability include
the standard deviation, variance, the minimum and maximum variables, and the kurtosis and skewness.

Inferential Statistics - Inferential statistics is one of the two main branches of statistics.

Inferential statistics use a random sample of data taken from a population to describe and make
inferences about the population. Inferential statistics are valuable when examination of each member of
an entire population is not convenient or possible. For example, to measure the diameter of each nail
that is manufactured in a mill is impractical. You can measure the diameters of a representative random
sample of nails. You can use the information from the sample to make generalizations about the
diameters of all of the nails.

Population and Sample – In statistics, population refers to the total set of observations that can be
made.

For example, if we are studying the weight of adult women, the population is the set of weights of all
the women in the world. If we are studying the grade point average (GPA) of students at Harvard, the
population is the set of GPA's of all the students at Harvard.

In statistics, a sample refers to a set of observations drawn from a population.

Often, it is necessary to use samples for research, because it is impractical to study the whole
population. For example, suppose we wanted to know the average height of 12-year-old American boys.
We could not measure all of the 12-year-old boys in America, but we could measure a sample of boys.
*In statistics, a population is the entire pool from which a statistical sample is drawn. A population may
refer to an entire group of people, objects, events, hospital visits, or measurements. A population can
thus be said to be an aggregate observation of subjects grouped together by a common feature.

Unlike a sample, when carrying out statistical analysis on a population, there are no standard errors to
report—that is, because such errors inform analysts using a sample how far their estimate may deviate
from the true population value. But since you are working with the true population you already know
the true value.

*Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of observations are
taken from a larger population. The methodology used to sample from a larger population depends on
the type of analysis being performed, but it may include simple random sampling or systematic
sampling.

*In statistics, population refers to the total set of observations that can be made.

For example, if we are studying the weight of adult women, the population is the set of weights of all
the women in the world. If we are studying the grade point average (GPA) of students at Harvard, the
population is the set of GPA's of all the students at Harvard.

Parameters - A parameter is a measurable characteristic of a population, such as a mean or a standard

deviation .

Primary and Secondary Data -

Constant and Variable –

In statistics, a variable has two defining characteristics:

 A variable is an attribute that describes a person, place, thing, or idea.

 The value of the variable can "vary" from one entity to another.

For example, suppose we let the variable x represent the color of a person's hair. The variable x could
have the value of "blond" for one person, and "brunette" for another.

When the value of a variable is the outcome of a statistical experiment , that variable is a random
variable.

Discrete and Continuous Variable –

If a variable can take on any value between its minimum value and its maximum value, it is called
a continuous variable; otherwise, it is called a discrete variable.

Some examples will clarify the difference between discrete and continuous variables.

 Suppose the fire department mandates that all fire fighters must weigh between 150 and 250
pounds. The weight of a fire fighter would be an example of a continuous variable; since a fire
fighter's weight could take on any value between 150 and 250 pounds.

 Suppose we flip a coin and count the number of heads. The number of heads could be any
integer value between 0 and plus infinity. However, it could not be any number between 0 and
plus infinity. We could not, for example, get 2.5 heads. Therefore, the number of heads must be
a discrete variable.

If a variable can take on any value between its minimum value and its maximum value, it is called
a continuous variable; otherwise, it is called a discrete variable.

Some examples will clarify the difference between discrete and continuous variables.

 Suppose the fire department mandates that all fire fighters must weigh between 150 and 250
pounds. The weight of a fire fighter would be an example of a continuous variable; since a fire
fighter's weight could take on any value between 150 and 250 pounds.

 Suppose we flip a coin and count the number of heads. The number of heads could be any
integer value between 0 and plus infinity. However, it could not be any number between 0 and
plus infinity. We could not, for example, get 2.5 heads. Therefore, the number of heads must be
a discrete variable.

Levels of Measurement - Data Levels of Measurement. A variable has one of four different levels of

measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio. (Interval and Ratio levels of measurement are
sometimes called Continuous or Scale). ... In fact, the Free download below conveniently ties a
variable's levels to different statistical analyses

Analytics - Analytics is the discovery and communication of meaningful patterns in data. Especially
valuable in areas rich with recorded information, analytics relies on the simultaneous application
of statistics, machine learning, computer programming and operations research to quantify
performance or predictions.
Quantitative and Qualitative Data - Quantitative data are data about numeric variables (e.g. how many;
how much; or how often). Qualitative data are measures of 'types' and may be represented by a name,
symbol, or a number code. Qualitative data are data about categorical variables (e.g. what type)

Charts - A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which "the data is represented by symbols, such
as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart".

Crosstabulatiuon - In statistics, a contingency table (also known as a cross tabulation or crosstab) is a

type of table in a matrix format that displays the (multivariate) frequency distribution of the variables. ...
They provide a basic picture of the interrelation between two variables and can help find interactions
between them.

Frequency - A frequency is the number of times a data value occurs. For example, if ten students score
80 in statistics, then the score of 80 has a frequency of 10. Frequency is often represented by the letter
f. A frequency chart is made by arranging data values in ascending order of magnitude along with
their frequencies

Data Dashboard - A data dashboard is an information management tool that visually tracks, analyzes
and displays key performance indicators (KPI), metrics and key data points to monitor the health of a
business, department or specific process. They are customizable to meet the specific needs of a
department and company.

Histogram - A histogram is made up of columns plotted on a graph. Here is how to read a histogram.

 The columns are positioned over a label that represents a continuous, quantitative variable .
 The height of the column indicates the size of the group defined by the column label.

The histogram below shows per capita income for five age groups.

Scatter Diagram - Scatter plots (also called scatter graphs) are similar to line graphs. A line graph uses a
line on an X-Y axis to plot a continuous function, while a scatter plot uses dots to represent individual
pieces of data. In statistics, these plots are useful to see if two variables are related to each other