Electronic sensors

Technical Seminar Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of

the Requirements for the Award of Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

By

K. UDAY KUMAR (Roll No. 16B81A02B0)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An UGC Autonomous Institution, Accreditated by NBA & NAAC)
(Approved by AICTE & Govt. of Telangana and Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Vastunagar, Mangalpalli (V), Ibrahimpatnam (M), R.R District.
Hyderabad 501 510

2020

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 CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An UGC Autonomous Institution, Accreditated by NBA & NAAC)
(Approved by AICTE & Govt. of Telangana and Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Vastunagar, Mangalpalli (V), Ibrahimpatnam (M), R.R District.
Hyderabad 501 510

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Certificate

This is to certify that this Technical Seminar Report entitled “Electronic

Sensors” by K. Uday kumar (Roll No. 16B81A02B0), has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements prescribed for the Bachelor of Technology during
the academic year 2019 - 2020.

Dr. R.Vijay Dr. S. Venkateshwarlu

(Associate Professor/EEE) (Professor & HOD, EEE)
(Seminar In charge)
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 Acknowledgment

I am thankful to Dr. Raghava Cherabuddi, Ph.D. Chairman, CVR College of Engineering

for providing the best-of-class infrastructure, lab facilities, and top-class faculty and
providing us the best possible education.

I am highly indebted and grateful to Dr. S. Venkateshwarlu, M. Tech, Ph.D.,

Professor and Head of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department whose kind
co-operation and valuable suggestion helped us in launching our Seminar successfully.

I would like to express our heart full thanks to our Seminar Incharge Dr. R. Vijay,
M.E., Ph.D., Associate Professor, EEE for their valuable suggestions which helped us to
finish our project in a good manner.

My sincere thanks to all faculty members & staff of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering for their constant encouragement, caring words, constructive criticism and
suggestions towards the completion of this work successfully.

I am highly indebted to the parents and family members, whose sincere prayers, best
wishes, moral support and encouragement have a constant source of assurance, guidance,
strength and inspiration to us.

Last but not least I thank Almighty for his grace enabling us to complete this work on
time.

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 ABSTRACT

A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the
environment.
The input could be light, heat, sound, motion, moisture, pressure etc.
The sensor technology plays a key role in the design of advanced electronic
equipments and many other emerging fields. Without sensors most electronic
applications would not exist. They perform a vital function, namely providing
an interface to the real world. They determine the quality of the information that
is acquired from real life and are used for production control and decision
making. The global market for sensors is fast growing and the innovation rate is
extremely high. The importance of sensors, however, contrasts with the limited
information available on them. Today's smart sensors, wireless sensors, and
micro technologies are revolutionizing sensor design and applications. This
paper includes basic information about sensor, its types and its applications in
advanced technology.
A sensor (also called detectors) is a device that measures a measurable attribute
and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an
instrument. The need for new types of sensors is more critical than ever. This is
due to the emergence of increasingly complex technologies, health and security
concerns of increasing world .
Industries and organizations have been using various kinds of sensors for a
long time but the invention of the Internet of Things has taken the evolution
of sensors to a completely different level.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
TITLE
NO NO.
ABSTRACT 2
1 INTRODUCTION 5
2 TYPES OF SENSORS 6
2.1 Ir Sensor 6
2.2 Smoke sensor 7
3.3 Proximity Sensor 8
3.4 Temperature sensor 9

3 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 12

4.1 Advantages 12
4.2 Disadvantages 12

4 APPLICATIONS 13
5 CONCLUSION 15
REFERENCES 16

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 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

A sensor (also called detectors) is a device that measures a measurable attribute

and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an
instrument.
The need for new types of sensors is more critical than ever. This is due to the
emergence of increasingly complex technologies, health and security concerns
of increasing world population, and the emergence of terrorist activities, among
other factors. Sensors are the most important component in any system and
engineers in any field need to understand the fundamentals of how these
components work, how to select them properly and how to integrate them into
an overall system depending on their application, the design, fabrication,
testing, and use of sensors, all require various kinds of both technical and
nontechnical expertise. With this in mind, “introduction to sensors” examines
the theoretical foundations and practical applications of various types of
sensors.

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PROPERTIES REQUIRED FOR A GOOD
SENSOR

Accuracy - The statistical variance about the exact reading.

Calibration - Required for most measuring systems since their readings

will drift over time.

Environmental - Sensors typically have temperature and/or humidity

limits.

Range - Limits of measurement of the sensor.

Repeatability - The variance in a sensor's reading when a single condition

is repeatedly measured.

Resolution - The smallest increment the sensor can detect.

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 Chapter 2

TYPES OF SENSORS

1. IR SENSOR

This device emits and/or detects infrared radiation to sense a particular phase in
the environment. Generally, thermal radiation is emitted by all the objects in the
infrared spectrum. The infrared sensor detects this type of radiation which is not
visible to human eye. According to the black body radiation law, it is possible to
view the environment with or without visible illumination using thermography.
It is disturbed by noises in the surrounding such as radiations, ambient light etc.

ADVANTAGES

Easy for interfacing.

Readily available in market.

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 2. SMOKE SENSOR
A smoke sensor is a device that senses smoke (airborne particulates & gases),
and it’s level.

They have been in use for a long period of time. However, with the
development of IoT, they are now even more effective, as they are plugged
into a system that immediately notifies the user about any problem that
occurs in different industries.

Smoke sensors are extensively used by manufacturing industry, HVAC,

buildings and accommodation infra to detect fire and gas incidences. This
serves to protect people working in dangerous environments, as the whole
system is much more effective in comparison to the older ones.

Common Type of Smoke Sensors

Smoke sensors detect the presence of Smoke, Gases and Flame surrounding
their field. It can be detected either optically or by the physical process or by
the use of both the methods.

Optical smoke sensor (Photoelectric): Optical smoke sensor used the light
scatter principle trigger to occupants.

Ionization smoke sensor: Ionization smoke sensor works on the principle of

ionization, kind of chemistry to detect molecules causing a trigger alarm

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 3. PROXIMITY SENSOR
A device that detects the presence or absence of a nearby object, or properties
of that object, and converts it into signal which can be easily read by user or
a simple electronic instrument without getting in contact with them.

Proximity sensors are largely used in the retail industry, as they can detect
motion and the correlation between the customer and product they might be
interested in. A user is immediately notified of discounts and special offers of
nearby products.

Another big and quite an old use-case is vehicles. You are reversing your car
and are alrmed about an obstacle while taking reverse, that’s the work of
proximity sensor.

They are also used for parking availability in places such as malls, stadiums
or airports.

Following are some of the Proximity Sensors sub-categorised:

Inductive Sensors: Inductive proximity sensors are used for non-contact

detection to find out the presence of metallic objects using electromagnetic
field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation.It can operate at higher speeds
than mechanical switches and also seems more reliable because of its
robustness.

Capacitive Sensors: Capacitive proximity sensors can detect both

metallic as well as non-metallic targets. Nearly all other materials are
dielectric different from air. It can be used to sense very small objects

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through a large portion of target. So, generally used in difficult and
complicated applications.

Photoelectric Sensors: Photoelectric sensor is made up of light-sensitive

parts and uses a beam of light to detect the presence or absence of an object.
It is an ideal alternative of inductive sensors. And used for long distance
sensing or to sense non-metal object.

Ultrasonic Sensors: Ultrasonic sensors are also used to detect the

presence or to measure the distance of targets similar to radar or sonar. This
makes a reliable solution for harsh and demanding conditions

4.TEMPERATURE SENSORS

By definition, “A device, used to measure amount of heat energy that allows

to detect a physical change in temperature from a particular source and
converts the data for a device or user, is known as a Temperature Sensor.”

These sensors have been deployed for a long time in a variety of devices.
However, with the emergence of IoT, they have found more room to be
present in an even greater number of devices.

Only a couple of years ago, their uses mostly included A/C control,
refrigerators and similar devices used for environmental control. However,
with the advent of the IoT world, they have found their role in manufacturing
processes, agriculture and health industry.

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In the manufacturing process, many machines require specific environment
temperature, as well as device temperature. With this kind of measurement,
the manufacturing process can always remain optimal.

On the other hand, in agriculture, the temperature of soil is crucial for crop
growth. This helps with the production of plants, maximizing the output.

Followed are some sub-categories of Temp Sensors:

Thermocouples: These are voltage devices that indicate temperature
measuring with a change in voltage. As temperature goes up, the output
voltage of the thermocouple rises.

Resistor temperature detectors (RTD): The resistance of the device is directly

proportional to the temperature, increase in a positive direction when the
temperature rises resistance going up.

Thermistors: It is a temperature sensitive resistor that changes its physical

resistance with the change in temperature.

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 Fig showing all types of sensors

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 Chapter 3

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

3.1 Advantages
 Has no effect on medium it measures
 High accuracy
 Easy to use
 Resonds instantly

 very low power requirement for operation.

 they are portable and used any where

3.2 Disadvantages

 Non linearity
 Moisture failure
 Limited applications

 designing is complicated rather than mechanical system.

 maybe destroy on very high temperature.

 costly than mechanical system

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 Chapter 4

APPLICATIONS

Braking and Traction control: Antilock Braking System (ABS) Sensors

connected to the wheel, measures the speed of the wheel and braking pressure
and keeps sending them to ABS controlling When the driver applies sudden
brake, ABS system, with breaking pressure and speed data received from the
sensors, releases the braking pressure to avoid skidding/locking of wheels. It is
one of the critical safety aspects of vehicles.

Air Bags – Anti Cushion Restraint System (ACRS): Crush

sensors and accelerometers placed in the vehicle measures the force and sends it
to During accidents on sensing the force exceeds the limit, ACRS will activate
the Airbag and save the life of passengers.

Avoiding Collisions: Proximity sensors in the front, back, and sides of the
vehicle forewarn the driver of a possible Infrared, Video assistance, Ultrasonic
technologies assist drivers while parking their vehicles.

Comfort and Convenience: There are many sensors provides inputs and
warnings to drivers on Vehicle Speed, Engine Speed, Fuel level, Tire pressure,
Door/deck, light bulbs for driving comfort and convenience

Aviation
Sensors deployed in the aviation industry measures the data during navigation
of aircraft, monitoring of various systems, control functions of instruments.
These data are utilized inefficient flight operations, improve aircraft
performance and design improvements.

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Some of the sensors in instrumentation are tachometers, gauges to measure
engine pressure and oil& fuel quantity, Altimeters, airspeed meters, etc. Sensors
help in measuring the testing of the ground conditions, vibration and
environment factors and provide useful inputs to pilot to manage the general
operation and emergency conditions.

CONCLUSION

Owing to its wide range of applications sensor technology is fast

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gaining momentum in modern day technological world. Its
applications vary from common home appliances to highly
sophisticated electrical, electronic equipments.

REFERENCES

1.wikipedia.com

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2. https://www.educba.com/

3.www.electronicshub.com

4.https://web.iit.edu

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