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CLASS Xth ACIDS , BASES & SALTS MODULE
The taste of the food is due to presence of acids and bases in them.
Acids
 Acids is defined as the one which produces hydrogen ions in water. For Example, Sulphuric Acid,
Hydrochloric Acid etc.
 They give sour taste.
 Acids turn blue litmus to red. This is used as confirmation test for the presence of acid.
 When acids react with metals, gases are evolved.
   Reaction with Metal
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
e.g., 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2
            •   Reaction with Metal carbonate
Acid + Metal carbonate → Salt + CO2 + H2O
e.g., 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
            •   Reaction with Metal hydrogen carbonate
Acid + Metal hydrogen carbonate Salt + CO2 + H2O
e.g. HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + H2O + CO2
            •   Reaction with Metallic oxide
Acid + Metal oxide → Salt + Water
e.g. 2HCl + CuO → CuCl2 + H2O

 •   Acids in water:
Acids produce H+ ions when dissolved in water. H+ ions cannot exist alone. They combine with
water molecule (H2O) to form H3O+ (hydronium ions). It conducts electricity.
            •   Decrease in H30+ ions concentration per unit volume results in formation of dilute
acids.
            •   It is a highly exothermic reaction.
Acids when dissolved in water release large amount of heat. If water is added to concentrated
acid then the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out and cause bums. Hence to
avoid burns acid must be added drop wise into water with constant stirring. So that the heat
generated spreads over in water.
strong acids → release more H+ ions → HCl
weak acids → releases less number of H+ ions → acetic acid
strong base → give more OH– ions → NaOH
weak base → gives less OH– ions → CH3COOH

Similarity between Acids and Bases

 Both acids and base react with water. They produce ions in water
 Both acids and bases acts as electrolytes, so are good conductors of electricity.
 Both of them changes the colour of the litmus paper.
Classification of Acids
Acids are classified as Organic Acids and Mineral Acids. Acids which are derived from plants and
animals, they are known as Organic Acids. For Example, Citric Acid from fruit. Mineral acids are
inorganic acids such as Sulphuric Acid. They are dangerous to be used, so need more precautions.

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Acids are also classified as Strong Acids or Weak Acids. Strong acid is an acid, that completely
dissociates into ions in aqueous solutions. For Example, Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid.

Weak acid is the one which does not dissociate completely into ions in aqueous solutions. For
Example, Acetic Acid.

Acids can also be as Dilute Acid and Concentrated Acids. The one which has low concentration of acids
in aqueous solution, they are known as Dilute Acids whereas the one which has high concentration of
acids in aqueous solution, are known as Concentrated Acids.
It is advisable to add acid to water and not vice versa because large amount of heat is released if water
is added to acid. This released heat is large enough to cause harm.
Acids can also be classified based on number of hydrogen ions. Monoprotic acid is the one which gives
one mole of hydrogen ions per mole of acid, such as HCl. Diprotic Acid is the one which produces two
mole of hydrogen ions per mole of acid. For Example, H2SO4.
Bases
 Bases are the one which produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions. Bases which are water
soluble they are known as Alkalis.
 They turn red litmus to blue.
 They have a bitter taste.
 They also produced carbon-dioxide when reacted with carbonates.
 They also evolved hydrogen gas when bases react with metals.
Reactions of Bases
1. Reaction with Metals
Base reacts with metals and produce hydrogen gas.
2NaOH + Zn → Na2 → Na2ZnO2 + H2
2. Reaction with Acids
Base reacts with acids to form salts. For Example,
KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O
3. Reaction with Non-metallic Oxides
Base reacts with non-metallic oxides to form salt and water.
2NaOH + CO2 → CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O
Classification of Bases
Bases are classified as Strong Base and Weak Base. Strong base is the one which dissociates completely
into its ions in aqueous solution. For Example, NaOH.
Weak base is the one which does not dissociate completely into its ions in aqueous solutions. For
Example, Ammonium Hydroxide, NH4OH
Bases are also classified as Dilute Base and Concentrated Base. The solution which has low
concentration of base in aqueous solution is defined as Dilute Base whereas the one which has high
concentration of base in aqueous solution is known as Concentrated Base.

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Bases in water → Bases produce OH– ions when dissolved in water. Bases soluble in water are called
alkalis. It conducts electricity.
            •   Decrease in OH– ions single concentration per unit volume results in formation of dilute bases.
            •   It is a exothermic reaction.
To make basic solution, base must be added drop wise into water with constant stirring, so that the heat
generated spreads over in water.

Strength of Acid or Base Solutions

The dissociation constant of weak acid or weak base can be represented as-

Suppose HA is weak acid, then dissociation constant is represented as-

Strength of an acid or base can be determined using a pH scale. It is a scale to measure the hydrogen ion
concentration in a solution. The p stands for ‘potenz’, it is a German word which means power.
 If pH is equal to 7, means the solution is neutral.
 If pH is greater then 7 means alkaline solution.
 If pH is less then 7 means the solution is acidic.
Importance of pH
 Human body works at a pH of about 7.4.
 Stomach has a pH of about 2 due to presence of hydrochloric acid in it. It is needed for the
activation of pepsin protein required for protein digestion.
 When we eat food containing sugar, then the bacteria present in our mouth break down the
sugar to form acids. This acid lowers the pH in the mouth. Tooth decay starts when the pH of
acid formed in the mouth falls below 5.5. This is because then the acid becomes strong enough
to attack the enamel of our teeth and corrode it. This sets in tooth decay. The best way to
prevent tooth decay is to clean the mouth thoroughly after eating food.
 Many animals and plants protect themselves from enemies by injecting painful and irritating
acids and bases into their skin.
o When honey bee stings a person, it injects an acidic liquid into the skin. Rubbing with
mild base like baking soda solution on the stung area of the skin gives relief.
o When a wasp stings, it injects an alkaline liquid into the skin. Then rubbing with a mild
acid like vinegar on the stung area of the skin gives relief.
 Soil pH and plant growth: Most of the plants grow best when the pH of the soil is close to 7. If
the soil is too acidic or basic, the plants grow badly or do not grow at all. The soil pH is also
affected by the use of chemical fertilisers in the field. Chemicals can be added to soil to adjust its
pH and make it suitable for growing plants. If the soil is too acidic then it is treated with

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materials like quicklime or slaked lime. If the soil is too alkaline then alkalinity can be reduced by
adding decaying organic matter.
Salts
When acid and base neutralize, salts are formed. Strong acid and strong base combines to form neutral
salt.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Eq.1. Formation of Neutral Salt
Strong acid and weak base combine to form acidic salt. For Example, Hydrochloric Acid and ammonium
hydroxide combine to form ammonium chloride. Other examples, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium
hydrogen sulphate etc.
HCl + NH4OH → NH4Cl + H2O
Eq.2. Formation of Acidic Salt
Similarly, weak acid and strong base combine to form basic salt. For Example, Acetic Acid and sodium
hydroxide combine to form sodium acetate. Other examples are calcium carbonate, potassium cyanide
etc.
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Eq.3. Formation of Basic Salt
The most common salt is table salt or sodium chloride (NaCl).
Indicators
They are the substances that which indicate acidic or basic nature of the solution using colour
change. For Example, litmus solution, methyl orange, phenolphthalein, methyl red etc. Acids convert
blue litmus paper red in colour. Bases turn red litmus blue. Phenolphthalein remains colourless in
presence of acids but turn pink in presence of bases.
Some Important Chemical Compounds and their uses
  Preparation Uses
1. Raw material for making large
number of useful chemicals in
1. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
industry. Eg: NaOH (caustic soda),
2. From sea water by evaporation
Na2CO3 (washing soda),
3. From underground deposit
Common Salt (NaCl) NaHCO3 (baking soda).
{Large crystals of common salt found in underground
(Sodium Chloride) 2. Preservative in pickle and curing
deposit which is brown due to presence of
meat and fish.
impurities in it. It is mined from underground
3. To melt ice and clear roads in
deposit like coal.}
winters in cold countries.
4. Used in manufacturing of soap.
Caustic Soda (NaOH) Passing electricity through concentrated solution of Uses of H2
(Sodium Hydroxide) NaCl (called 'brine') 1. Hydrogenation of oil to get
vegetable ghee (margarine)
2. To make ammonia for fertilizers
2NaCl (Brine) + 2H2O2NaOH (Caustic Soda) + Cl2 + H2 3. In fuel for rockets.
At anode (+ve electrode): Cl2 is produced Uses of Cl2

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1. In water treatment
2. To clean water in swimming pools
3. To make plastic, e.g. PVC
4. To make CFCs, chloroform, dyes
etc.
Uses of NaOH
1. Used in making soap and detergent.
At cathode (-ve electrode): H2 is produced
2. Used in manufacturing of paper
It is called chloro-alkali process because products
3. De-greasing metals
formed are chlorine (Chloro) and NaOH (alkali).
4. Refining oil
5. Making dyes and bleaches
Uses of HCl
1. Cleaning steel
2. Preparation of chloride, e.g. NH4Cl
3. In making medicines and cosmetics
4. In making plastics, PVC etc.
1. Used as antacid in medicine to
remove acidity of the stomach
2. Used in making baking
powder (Basic soda + tartaric acid)
NaCl + NH3 + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl NaHCO3 + H⊕ (from mild acid) →
Baking Soda (NaHCO3) Properties Na⊕ (sodium salt of acid) + CO2 + H2O
(Sodium Action of Heat: The CO2 produced during the process
Hydrogencarbonate) gets trapped in wet dough and
bubbles out slowly to make cake 'rise'
so that it becomes soft and spongy.
Tartaric acid neutralizes it, and so it
has pleasant taste.
3. Used in soda-acid fire extinguisher
1. Used in glass, soap and paper
industries
Na2CO3 + 10 H2O → Na2CO3.10H2O 2. Used in manufacturing of sodium
Washing Soda
Preparation of Na2CO3 compounds such as Borax
(Na2CO3.10H2O)
{NaCl + NH3 + H2O + CO2   NaHCO3 + NH4Cl 3. Cleaning agent for domestic
(Sodium Carbonate)
NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O} purpose
4. Remove permanent hardness of
water
Bleaching Powder Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O 1. For bleaching cotton and linen in
(CaOCl2) Slaked Lime     Calcium Oxychloride textile industry, for bleaching wood
Calcium Oxychloride Properties pulp in paper factories, for bleaching
CaOCl2 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + Cl2 + H2O washed clothes in laundry
The Cl2 produced by action of dilute acid acts as 2. Oxidizing agent in chemical

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industries
bleaching agent.
3. Disinfecting drinking water

CaSO4.H2O (Plaster of Paris) +3/2 H2O

* Heating of gypsum should not be done above 1. Used in hospital for setting
100oC as above that temperature, water of fractured bones in the right position
crystallization will eliminate and anhydrous to ensure correct healing.
CaSO4will be obtained. This anhydrous CaSO4 is 2. Making toys, decorative materials,
Plaster of Paris (P.O.P) known as Dead Burnt Plaster. cheap ornaments, and casts of
(CaSO4.1/2 H2O) * CaSO4.1/2 H2O means that two molecules of statues.
(Calcium Sulphate CaSO4 share one molecule of water. 3. Used as fire-proofing material
Hemihydrate) Properties 4. Used in chemistry labs for setting
Has remarkable property of setting into a hard mass air gaps in apparatus.
on wetting with water, as gypsum is formed. 5. Making smooth surfaces, such as
CaSO4.1/2 H2O (P.O.P) + 1/2 H2O → CaSO4.2H2O For making ornamental designs on
(Gypsum set as hard mass) ceilings of houses and other buildings
Hence, P.O.P should be stored in moisture-proof
container as moisture can cause slow setting of
P.O.P by hydrating it.                                           

Indicators: Indicators are those substances which tell us whether a substance is acidic or basic by
change in colour. For e.g., litmus solution.
            •   Olfactory indicators: Those substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media are called
lfactory indicators. For e.g., clove, vanilla, onion.
            •   Natural indicators: Turmeric, litmus (obtained from lichen)
            •   Synthetic indicators: Methyl orange, phenolphthalein.
Indicator Acids Bases
remains turns
1. Red litmus
red blue
remain
2. Blue litmus turns red
s blue
3.
colourles
Phenolphthalei pink
s
n
4. Methyl
red yellow
orange

1.  How will you test for a gas which is liberated when HCL reacts with an active metal?      (CBSE 2008)
2.  What is baking powder? How does it make the cake soft and spongy?      (CBSE 2008)
3.  When fresh milk is changed into curd will its pH value increase or decrease? Why?

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CLASS Xth ACIDS , BASES & SALTS MODULE
4.  Give Arrhenius definition of an acid and a base.      (CBSE 2009)
5.  What happens chemically when quick lime is added to water?      (CBSE 2008)
6.  Name the gas evolved when dilute HCL reacts with Sodium hydrogen carbonate. How is it
recognized?      (CBSE 2008)
7.  How does the flow of acid rain water into a river make the survival of aquatic life in the river
difficult?      (CBSE 2008)
8.  How is the pH of a solution of an acid influenced when it is diluted?      (CBSE 2008 F)
9.  How does the pH of the solution change when a solution of base is diluted?      (CBSE 2008 F)
10.  Arrange these in increasing order of their pH values- NaOH, blood, lemon juice.      (CBSE 2008 F)
11.  Two solutions of A and B have pH values of 5 and 8. Which solution will be basic in nature?(CBSE
2008 C)
12.  Why does tooth decay start when pH of mouth is lower than 5.5?      (CBSE 2009)
13.  What would be the colour of litmus in a solution of sodium carbonate?      (CBSE 2009)
14.  Name the products obtained when sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated. Write the chemical
equation for the same.      (AI CBSE 2009)
15.  Write the chemical formula of washing soda and baking soda. Which one of these two is an
ingredient of antacids? How does it provide relief in stomachache?      (CBSE 2008 F)
16.  What do you mean by �water of crystallization� of a substance? Describe an activity to show that
blue copper sulphate crystals contain water of crystallization.      (CBSE 2009 F)
17.  How can washing soda be obtained from baking soda? Name an industrial use of washing soda
other than washing clothes.      (AI CBSE 2008)
18.  Why does 1 M HCL solutions have a higher concentration of H + ions than 1M CH3COOH
solution?      (AI CBSE 2009)
19.  Why is Plaster of Paris stored in a moisture proof container?
20.  What do you mean by neutralization reaction? Give two examples.
21.  Mention two uses of baking soda and washing soda.
22.  Why does a milkman add a small amount of baking soda to fresh milk to shift the pH of fresh milk
from 6 to slightly alkaline?
23.  Why do acids not show acidic behavior in the absence of water?
24.  Rain water conducts electricity but distilled water does not. Why?
25.  Why don’t we keep sour substances in brass and copper vessels?
26.  What is the common name of CaOCl2?
27.  Name the compound used for softening hard water.
28.  What happens when baking soda is heated?
29.  Give the properties and uses of bleaching powder.
30.  Give a few uses of acids, bases and salts respectively.
Question 31) On passing excess CO2 through lime water, it first turns milky and then becomes
colourless. Explain why? Write the chemical reactions.
Solution The first reaction produces CaCO3 which is insoluble in water and hence the solution turns
milky.
Ca(OH)2 [lime water] + CO2 -- CaCO3 + H2O
If furthermore CO2 is passed,the CaCO3 reacts with the CO2 to form Ca(HCO3)2 which is soluble in water

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and hence the solution becomes colourless.
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O -- Ca(HCO3)2
Question3 2) While eating food, you happen to spill some curry on your white shirt. You immediately
scrub it with soap. What happens to its yellow colour on scrubbing with soap? Why? What happens to
this stain when the shirt is washed with plenty of water?
Question 33) Explain the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on the following with chemical equations:
(a) Magnesium ribbon
(b) Sodium hydroxide
(c) Crushed egg shells
Solution 
The formula equation for this experiment is: 
g + 2HCl ->MgCl2 + H2
HCL + NaOH -> Nacl + H2O
Egg shells contains calcium carbonate, which on reaction with HCl liberates CO2 gas
CaCO3 + 2HCl ? CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Question 34) What are products formed when an acid reacts with a base? What is the type of reaction?
Give one example and name the salt obtained.
Question35) On adding dilute hydrochloric acid to copper oxide powder, the solution formed is blue -
green.
(a) Identify the compound formed which gives blue -green colour to the solution.
(b) Write its balanced chemical equation.
(c) On the basis of above reaction, what should be the nature of copper oxide?
Solution 
When HCl reacts with copper oxide, a blue green solution of copper (II) chloride is formed. The reaction
is as follows:
HCl + CuO --------> CuCl2 + H2O
(aq) (s) (aq) (l)

Question36)Sugandha prepares HCI gas in her school laboratory using certain chemicals. She puts both
dry and wet blue litmus papers in contact with the gas.
(i) Name the reagents used by Sugandha to prepare HCI gas.
(ii) State the colour changes observed with the dry and wet blue litmus paper.
(iii) Show the formation of ions when HCI gas combines with water.
Question 37) How the following substances will dissociate to produce ions in their solution?
(a) Hydrochloric acid
(b) Nitric acid
(c) Sulphuric acid
(d) Sodium hydroxide
(e) Potassium hydroxide
(f) Magnesium hydroxide
Solution 

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Question 38) Differentiate between strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes. Mention two examples of
each.
Question 39) State reasons for the following:
(a) A tarnished copper vessel begins to shine again rubbed with lemon.
(b)All alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis.
(c) Use of a mild base like baking soda on the honey – bee stung area gives relief.
Question 40) (a) State what happens when an acid reacts with a base? Name the reaction and give
equation of the reaction involved.
(b) Name one natural source of each of the following acids:
(i) Citric acid
(ii) Oxalic acid
(iii) Lactic acid
(iv) Tartaric acid
(v) Acetic acid
Solution 
citric acid in lemon
oxalic acid in tomato
lactic acid in curd
tartaric acid in tamarind
Acetic acid in vinegar

Question 41) A student mixed equal volumes of hydrochloride acid and sodium hydroxide solutions of
same concentration.
(i) What would be the pH and colour of pH paper of the resulting solution and why?
(ii) Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Question 42) State the colour change on treating pH paper with the folloing solutions:
sodium hydroxide solution, water, sulphuric acid solution, calcium hydroxide solution. Arrange the
following solutions in increasing order of pH.
Question 43) (a) Name the acid produced in our stomach. What happens when there is an excess
secretion of acid in the stomach? How can its effect be cured?
(b) Explain how pH change is the cause of tooth decay? How it can be prevented?
(c) What is the ideal soil pH for the growth of plants? Explain with the help of an activity how will you
test the pH of a sample of soil collected from your locality?
Question 44) Name one indicator which specifies the various levels of H + ion concentration.

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Question 45) A compound ‘X’ is a constitute of baking powder. It is used as an antacid. When ‘X’ is
heated it gives out a gas ‘Y’ which when passed through lime water turns it milky and a salt ‘Z’ is formed
which is the main constituent of washing powder. Identify ‘X’, ‘Y’ and ‘Z’. Write balanced chemical
equations for the reactions involved.
Question 46) How is Plaster of Paris chemically different from gypsum? How can they be
interconverted? Write two uses of Plaster of paris.
Question 47) Write one point of difference between each of the following:
(a) A hydrated salt and an anhydrous salt.
(b) Washing soda and soda ash.
(c) Baking soda and baking powder.
Question 48)On the basis of their pH values, how will you identify neutral, acidic and basic salt solution?
How are these salts prepared?
Question 49) Give two uses each of sodium hydroxide, hydrogen and chlorine.
Solution 
Sodium hydroxide 
a)It is used for making soaps and detergents. 
b)It is used for making artificial textile fibres(rayon) 
Chlorine: 
a)Chlorine is used to sterilize drinking water and in swimming pool since it is a disinfectant. 
b)It is used inthe production of bleaching powder and HCl. 

Question 50)When this white powder is mixed with water a hard solid mass is obtained. Write balanced
chemical equation for this change.
Question 51)Write name of the compound:
(a) Used for softening hard water.
(b) Used as an antacid.
(c) Which is a component of washing soda.
(d) Which is used as an oxidizing agent in many chemical industries?
Question 52) A gas X reacts with lime water and forms a compound Y which is used as a bleaching agent
in chemical industry. Identify X and Y. Give the chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Question 51) Why does the flow of acid rain water into a river make the survival of aquatic life in the
river difficult?
Question 54) Write balanced chemical equations for the reactions taking place when dry blue crystals of
copper sulphate are dropped into concentrated sulphuric acid.
Question 55) Name the products formed when sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated. Write the
chemical equation for the reaction involved.
Solution Formula of sodium hydrogen carbonate is NaHCO 3.
when it is heated it forms water , carbon dioxide and and sodium carbonate.
2NaHCO3 --> H2O + CO2 + Na2CO3

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Question 56) Two solutions A and B have pH values of 5 and 8 respectively. Which solution will be basic
in nature?
Solution 

Solution B as pH > 7

Question 57) Why does tooth decay start when the pH of mouth is lower than 5.5?
Question 58) How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H 3O+) affected when a solution of an acid is
diluted?
Question 59) Fresh milk has a pH of 6. When it changes into curd (Yogurt), will its pH value increase or
decrease? Why?
Solution Fresh milk has a pH of 6, before conversion. When milk is turned into curd then its pH value will
decrease due to the production of lactic acid in curd which is acidic in nature.
Two Marks Questions
Question 60) Write the chemical formula for bleaching powder. How is bleaching powder prepared? For
what purpose is it used in paper factories?
Question 61) (i) An aqueous solution has a pH of 7.0. Is this solution acidic, basic or neutral?
    (ii) Which has higher pH value, 1 M HCI or 1 M NaOH?
Solution
 i) Neutral
ii) NaOH has more pH value
Question 62) Name the gas which is usually produced when dilute  sulphuric acid reacts with a metal.
Illustrate it with an example. How will you test the evolution of this gas?
Question 63) A metal compound ‘A’ reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to produce a gas which
extinguishes a burning candle. Identify the compound ‘A’ and the a gas produced. Write a balanced
chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compounds formed in the reaction is sodium sulphate.
Question 64) State what happens when zinc granules are heated with sodium hydroxide solution. Write
the balanced equation for this reaction. Name the main product formed in this reaction.
Question 65) Give reasons for the following:
(a) Dry HCI does not change the colour of dry litmus paper.
(b) Aqueous solution of an acid conducts electricity.
Solution 
The colour of litmus paper changes only in the presence of ions like hydrogen (H+) or hydronium (H3O+)
ions. HCl can produce these ions only in the form of aqueous solution. Hence dry HCl gas does not
change the colour of dry litmus paper
Question 66) While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that acid should be added to water and not
water to the acid?
Question 67) P and Q are aqueous solution of sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide respectively.
Which of these will turn:
(a) Blue litmus to red or
(b) Red litmus to blue? Give justification for your answer.
Solution Solution P no effect on litmus paper since it is neutral
Solution Q it is strong base so it turns red to blue litmus

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 SPECTRUM CLASSES
( A STEP TOWARDS SMART EDUCATION )
CLASS Xth ACIDS , BASES & SALTS MODULE
Question 68) What is universal indicator? State the purpose for which this indicator is used.
Question 69) Name the acid produced in our stomach. What happens if there is an excess of acid in the
stomach? How can it be cured? Name one antacid.
Solution our stomach produces hydrochloric acid. It helps in the digestion of food without harming the
stomach.During indigestion the stomach produces too much acid and this causespain and irritation. To
get rid of this pain, people use bases called antacids. These antacids neutralise the excess
acid.Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of magnesia), a mild base, is often used for this purpose
Question 70) Define an acid and a base. Name one weak acid and one strong base.
Question 71) Explain why an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate is neutral while an aqueous solution
of sodium carbonate is basic in nature.
Solution  Because Sodium sulphate salt is made by reaction of sulphuric acid (strong acid) the sodium
hydroxide (strong base) , thus on combining the opposite effects of acid and base neutralize each others
effect completely leading to the formation of a neutral salt. Sodium carbonate salt is made of reaction of
carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide . on combining the basic character will be more as a week acid can
not neutralize a strong base completely . so the salt formed is basic in nature
Question 72) How does the enamel of the teeth undergo damage due to the eating of chocolates? What
should be done to prevent it?
Question 73) (a) Three acidic solutions A, B and C have pH = 0, 3 and 5 respectively.
(i) Which solution has the highest concentration of H + ions?
(ii) Which solution has the lowest concentration of H + ions?
(b) How concentrated sulphuric acid can be diluted? Describe the process.
Question 74) Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change to curd? Explain.
Question 75) State in brief the method of preparation of bleaching powder. Give a balanced chemical
equation of the reaction involved.
Question 76) Give two uses of baking soda and washing soda each.
Question 77)When zinc metal is treated with a dilute solution of a strong acid, a gas is evolved, which is
utilized in the hydrogenation of oil. Name the gas evolved. Write the chemical equation of the reaction
and also write a test to detect the gas formed.
Question 78) State for what purpose is bleaching powder used in water treatment plants.
Question 79) How would you distinguish between baking powder and washing soda by heating?
Question 80) Salt A commonly used in bakery products on heating gets converted into another salt B
which itself is used for removal of hardness of water and a gas C is evolved. The gas C when passed
through lime water turns it milky. Identify A, B and C.
Question 81) What are strong and weak acids? In the following list of acids, separate strong acids from
weak acids: Hydrochloric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, formic acid, sulphuric acid.

FOR ENGINEERING AND MEDICAL EXAMS

Address – Near SBI ATM,Bagicha Chowk , Forbesganj
CONTACT – 8368504931 , 9015431338