NUMERICAL BUSBAR

BREAKER FALURE PROTECTION

WITH REB 500

HIMANSHU SEKHAR GHADEI

ENGINEER/MRT
TIRUNELVELI
 BUSBAR PROTECTION GENERAL

Busbar protection is provided for high speed sensitive clearance of

busbar faults by tripping all the circuit breakers connected to faulty bus

NEED OF BUSBAR PROTECTION

In absence of fault clearance takes place in Zone-II(300ms) of
distance protection in remote end and reverse zone 5(1.5 sec) by
distance protection own end.

REQUIREMENT OF BUSBAR PROTECTION

•Short tripping time
•Detect internal fault
•Stable at external fault
•Isolation of faulty bus
•Secure against mal-operation of auxiliary contact.
 SILENT FEATURES

Low-impedance busbar protection

Fast clearance of busbar faults.

Reliable fault isolation.

Avoid heavy damage of primary and

secondary equipments.

Less copper wiring (Replaced by fiber)

Continuous self supervision enhances

reliability and availability.

Functionality mainly defined by software.

Disturbance recorder/analysis.

Synchronous Event logger.

Less maintenance.

Future extension is possible

STATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM (SAS)

The REB500 system can be integrated in

a station automation system (SAS) with
IEC 61850
 DISTRIBUTED INSTALLATION

The bay units are installed in the control and

protection cubicles associated with the
individual switchgear bays and the central unit
is located on its own normally in a relay
equipment room.
 CENTRAL UNIT AND BAY UNIT

The structure of the protection system is

bay-oriented. The bay units are located
close to the switchgear in control bay
kiosks . Distributed bay units are
connected to the central unit by an optical
fibre process bus. The central unit collects
all the data and executes the protection
algorithms and auxiliary functions at station
level.
BAY UNITS AT TIRUNELVELI

400 kV Main 1= 31 nos

400 kV Main II=18nos
220 kV =10nos
AI AI

CENTRAL UNITS AT TIRUNELVELI

BI/BO BI/BO
400 kV -2 nos
220 kV=1 nos
 BUSBAR STRUCTURE AT TIRUNELVELI

BR-1 UDPT -1 UDPT 1 LR UDPT -2 UDPT 2 LR

M1 M1 KKM -2 MDU -2 MDU -1 TVM -1 TVM -2

BUS-1

M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
401 404 407 410 413 416 419 422 425
M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2

CIRCUIT BREAKER
M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
402 405 408 411 414 417 420 423 426
400 KV MAIN I BU

M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
403 406 409 412 415 418 421 424 427
M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2
400 KV MAIN II BU

BUS-2

ICT-1 ICT-2 ICT-F KKM- 3 BR-2 KKM- 1 CHN-1 CHN-2 LINE-F

 400 KV BUSBAR STRUCTURE IN TIRUNELVELI
KIOSK-9 KIOSK-8 KIOSK-7 KIOSK-6 KIOSK-5 KIOSK-4 KIOSK-3 KIOSK-2 KIOSK-1

BUS BAR
CENTRAL
UNIT-2

BUS BAR
CENTRAL
UNIT-1
UDPT 1 LR UDPT 2 LR
M1 M1

MDU -2 MDU -1 TVM -1 TVM -2

BR-1 UDPT -2 KKM -2
UDPT -1
M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
401 404 407 410 413 416 419 422 425
M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2

M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
402 405 408 411 414 417 420 423 426

M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
403 406 409 412 415 418 421 424 427
M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2

ICT-1 ICT-2 ICT-F KKM- 3 BR-2 KKM- 1 CHN-1 CHN-2 LINE-F

 400 KV BUSBAR MAIN I OPTICAL NETWORK
KIOSK-9 KIOSK-8 KIOSK-7 KIOSK-6 KIOSK-5 KIOSK-4 KIOSK-3 KIOSK-2 KIOSK-1

SAS

UDPT 1 LR UDPT 2 LR
M1 M1 BUS BAR
MDU -2 MDU -1 TVM -1 TVM -2
CENTRAL
BR-1 UDPT -2
M1
UDPT -1
M1 M1 M1
KKM -2
M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
UNIT-1
401 404 407 410 413 416 419 422 425
M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2

M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
402 405 408 411 414 417 420 423 426

M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
403 406 409 412 415 418 421 424 427
M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2

ICT-1 ICT-2 ICT-F KKM- 3 BR-2 KKM- 1 CHN-1 CHN-2 LINE-F

 400 KV BUSBAR MAIN II OPTICAL NETWORK
KIOSK-9 KIOSK-8 KIOSK-7 KIOSK-6 KIOSK-5 KIOSK-4 KIOSK-3 KIOSK-2 KIOSK-1

SAS

UDPT 1 LR UDPT 2 LR
M1 M1 BUS BAR
MDU -2 MDU -1 TVM -1 TVM -2
CENTRAL
BR-1 UDPT -2
M1
UDPT -1
M1 M1 M1
KKM -2
M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
UNIT-2
401 404 407 410 413 416 419 422 425
M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2

M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
402 405 408 411 414 417 420 423 426

M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
403 406 409 412 415 418 421 424 427
M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2

ICT-1 ICT-2 ICT-F KKM- 3 BR-2 KKM- 1 CHN-1 CHN-2 LINE-F

 220 KV BUSBAR STRUCTURE AND OPTICAL NETWORK

KIOSK 1 KIOSK 2 KIOSK 3 KIOSK 4 KIOSK 5

BUS-1

BUS-2

BU BU BU BU BU BU BU BU BU BU

TBC

TBC BC ICT F ICT II ICT I LINE-I LINE-II LINE-3 LINE-4 LINE-5

CU
400 KV BUSBAR MAIN I
 BUSBAR IMAGE

The busbar image is based on a topological principle

Topological items are:
Busbars
Isolators
Circuit breakers
CTs
Feeders
 SIGNAL ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING

REB500 processes the current measurements digitally in the bay units

Sampling rate for 50 Hz is 2.4 kHz and for 60 Hz it is 2.88 kHz.

In case of CT saturation , the signals are compensated by the digital signal

processor (DSP) according to the maximum prolongation principle.

The signals then pass through a Fourier filter, which separates the real and
imaginary fundamental frequency components.

All the other harmonics are suppressed.

These components are evaluated by all the protection functions in the bay units.

The current signals are also transferred to the central unit, which executes the
busbar protection function.
 MAXIMUM PROLONGATION PRINCIPLE

The maximum prolongation principle is a method for processing the current

signals to enable the protection algorithms to detect faults discriminatively
even if CTs are saturating.
 MAXIMUM PROLONGATION PRINCIPLE

Time t0 is the interval between the last zero crossing before the maximum value is
detected and the end of the prolongation period.
The rise time from the zero crossing to the maximum value is defined as ta. The
difference between to and ta is time th, which is then the time the maximum value in
the sampling window is prolonged.
The longer time ta, the shorter the maximum value is prolonged.
 BUSBAR PROTECTION

The protection algorithms are based on two

well-proven measuring principles

A stabilized differential current measurement.

The determination of the phase relationship

between the feeder currents (phase
comparison).
 DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT MEASUREMENT

The algorithms process complex current vectors which are obtained by Fourier analysis and
only contain the fundamental frequency component. Any DC component and harmonics are
suppressed.
The first measuring principle uses a stabilized differential current algorithm. The currents are
evaluated individually for each of the phases and each section of busbar (protection zone)

Differential Current=

Restraint Current=

stabilizing factor=

IK min =differential current pick-up value

where N is the number of feeders.

The following two conditions have to be accomplished for the detection of an internal fault
The above calculations and evaluations are performed by the central unit.
 TYPICAL EXAMPLE FOR BUSBAR PROTECTION

A) CT circuit fault on bay 1

ΔI = IB2 + IB3 = 2 kA.
False tripping can be avoided by
setting :IKmin > 2 kA
B) CT circuit fault on bay 2
ΔI = IB1 - IB3 = 1.7 kA

False tripping can thus be avoided by:

IKmin > 1.7 kA and k > 0.74
The best solution in this situation
C) CT circuit fault on bay 3
is to set IKmin to 80% of the
ΔI = IB1 - IB2 = 0.3 kA
minimum fault current.

False tripping can thus be avoided by:

IKmin > 1.7 kA and k > 0.74
 PHASE COMPARISON

This principle determines the direction of

energy flow and involves comparing the
phases of the currents of all the feeders
connected to a busbar section.

The fundamental frequency current phasors

are compared. In the case of an internal fault,
all of the feeder currents have almost the
same phase angle, while in normal
operation or during an external fault at least
one current is approximately 180° out of
phase with the others.
DIFFICULTY OF CONVENTIONAL HIGH
IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Current transformer
saturation.
Knee point requirement
Current transformer ratio
mismatch
 BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION
•According to CIGRE breaker fails to operate once in every10,000 attempts
for normal load current & fault current.
•According to NGC there is a failure to operate per 1,000 attempts to
interrupt fault current.

CAUSES OF BREAKER FALURE

 BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION

The breaker failure functions in the bay units

monitor the phase currents independently of
the busbar protection. They have two timers
with individual settings.

Operation of the breaker failure function

Externally via a binary input, e.g. by the line
protection, transformer protection etc.
 BREAKER FAILURE FLOW DIAGRAM

FAULT INCIDENCE

Start breaker
failure timer

Tripping command by
protection
No

Tripping command BFP Inter trip command BFP

T1 T2
No
Yes
Yes

Successful tripping by Successful back up trip T1

main protection
BREAKER FALURE PROTECTION
CASE-1
BREAKER FALURE PROTECTION
CASE-2
BREAKER FALURE PROTECTION
CASE-3
 BUS BAR STABILITY

Stability test conducted as pre-

commissioning test before charging
Busbar new feeder.
Busbar protection differential
current measured during testing for
stable (normal)/ unstable condition.
Instable condition is created by
swapping the current transformer
Feeders
secondary core.
 BUS BAR STABILITY
BZ-1

BUS-1 Single phase or three phase

Current set to flow in a closed
loop through the busbar.
Normal time the bus zone
differential current will be zero.
Unstable condition made by
swapping CT secondary at the
bay unit.
CURRENT
PATH Suppose 25A current set to flow
through bus-1 R- Phase
Then Normal time
BZ1 differential current:
L1=0,L2=0,L3=0
Stabilizing Factor=0/50=0
After changing the CT secondary the
differential current will be
L1=50,L2=0,L3=0
BUS-2
And stabilizing factor will be =50/50=1
BZ-2
Thank You