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TRUE/FALSE
2. Costs that are committed in the short term may be considered flexible in the long term.
a. True
b. False
3. For price-taker firms, the relevant costs for the product mix decisions are the short-run
flexible costs plus any opportunity costs of forgone alternatives.
a. True
b. False
4. For one-time special orders, flexible costs may be relevant but fixed costs are never relevant.
a. True
b. False
7. A price-taker firm should simply produce and sell as much product as it can of all products
that are profitable.
a. True
b. False
8. With price determined, the only short-term decision faced by the manufacturer is how much
of each possible product it should produce.
a. True
b. False
9. The selling price quoted for a one-time special order may be less than the selling price for a
long-term customer.
a. True
b. False
11. When capacity is limited, companies should rank-order products by contribution margin per
unit, not by contribution per constrained resource.
a. True
b. False
12. By using overtime, a company can increase capacity in the short run.
a. True
b. False
13. Managers have more flexibility in the short-term to adjust the capacities of activity
resources.
a. True
b. False
14. When a firm has limited capacity, incremental costs will be lower than the incremental costs
of a firm with surplus capacity.
a. True
b. False
16. When excess capacity exists, the minimum acceptable price must at least cover the
incremental costs of production and delivery.
a. True
b. False
17. Bid prices and costs that are relevant for regular orders are also relevant for special orders.
a. True
b. False
19. Full manufacturing costs include flexible support costs, but not fixed support costs.
a. True
b. False
22. When prices are set in a competitive marketplace, product costs are the most important
influence on pricing decisions.
a. True
b. False
23. Product cost analysis is important even if market forces set prices.
a. True
b. False
24. Because demand conditions fluctuate over time, prices also fluctuate.
a. True
b. False
25. When demand is relatively inelastic, profits will usually increase when prices increase.
a. True
b. False
26. Most firms use full cost-based prices when making long-term pricing decisions.
a. True
b. False
27. If a small manufacturing firm lowers the price of a standardized product, it risks being put
out of business by a larger competitor.
a. True
b. False
29. Capacity constraints are of less concern for long-term than for short-term product mix
decisions.
a. True
b. False
30. For short-term pricing decisions, many more costs are relevant than for long-term pricing
decisions.
a. True
b. False
32. Direct materials $40, Direct labor $10, Flexible support costs $30, and Fixed support costs
$20. In the short term, the incremental cost of one unit is:
a. $30
b. $50
c. $80
d. $100
34. A product cost analysis provides important information for decisions regarding:
a. marketing and promotion resources
b. discounts for large orders
c. a product-mix strategy
d. All of the above are correct.
40. When a firm has constrained capacity as opposed to surplus capacity, opportunity costs will
be:
a. lower
b. the same
c. greater
d. it varies
42. A supplier offers to make Part A for $70. Jansen Company has relevant costs of $80 a unit
to manufacture Part A. If there is excess capacity, the opportunity cost of buying Part A
from the supplier:
a. is zero
b. is $10,000
c. is $70,000
d. cannot be determined using the above information
46. When deciding to accept a special order from a wholesaler, management must do all of the
following EXCEPT:
a. analyze product costs
b. consider the special order’s impact on future prices of their products
c. determine whether excess capacity is available
d. verify the retail-selling price
47. For short-term product mix decisions, relevant costs include short-run _________ costs plus
any _________ costs.
a. direct material, direct labor
b. flexible, opportunity
c. fixed, differential
d. support, distribution
48. One firm has a large market share for a product in a particular industry. A company with a
smaller market share for the same product within the same industry:
a. uses variable-cost pricing
b. uses full-cost pricing
c. is a price-taker
d. is a price-setter
51. Which costs are relevant for making the decision regarding this special order?
a. full costs
b. incremental costs
c. targeted selling price
d. it varies
52. For Truck Parts Manufacturing, what is the minimum acceptable price of this special order?
a. $110
b. $145
c. $170
d. $255
53. For this special order, Truck Parts Manufacturing should consider:
a. any price less than $110
b. any price less than $170
c. any price less than $255
d. a price of $150 per unit
54. For Kevin’s Kitchens, what is the minimum acceptable price of this special order?
a. $800
b. $900
c. $755
d. $1,440
55. Other than price, what other items should Kevin’s Kitchens consider before accepting this
special order?
a. contribution margin sacrificed
b. reaction of existing customers to the lower price offered to Mr. Cathay
c. demand for cherry cabinets
d. price is the only consideration
57. If Mr. Cathay wanted a long-term commitment for supplying this product, this analysis
would:
a. definitely be different
b. may be different
c. not be different
d. need more information to determine
60. When there is no available plant capacity, considerations for a one-time special order
include:
a. expanding capacity with the use of subcontractors
b. temporarily dropping another product
c. authorizing overtime at time-and-a-half of the current wage rate
d. All of the above are correct.
62. When there is limited capacity, the minimum acceptable price of a special order will earn at
least as much __________ as that which is sacrificed.
a. selling price
b. contribution margin
c. flexible cost
d. full cost
63. Special orders should only be accepted if __________ revenues exceed ________ costs.
a. incremental, incremental
b. total, total
c. incremental, fixed
d. total, fixed
64. When a firm has constrained capacity as opposed to surplus capacity, incremental costs will
be:
a. lower
b. the same
c. greater
d. it varies
66. Which model has the greatest contribution per machine hour?
a. Model X
b. Model Y
c. Model Z
d. both Models Y and Z
67. If there is excess capacity, which model is the most profitable to produce?
a. Model X
b. Model Y
c. Model Z
d. both Models X and Y
68. If there is a machine breakdown, which model is the most profitable to produce?
a. Model X
b. Model Y
c. Model Z
d. both Models Y and Z
69. How can Brenda encourage her salespeople to promote the more profitable model?
a. Brenda can put all sales persons on salary.
b. Brenda can provide higher sales commissions for higher priced items.
c. Brenda can provide higher sales commissions for items with the greatest contribution
margin per constrained resource.
d. Both (b) and (c) are correct.
Standard Premium
Contribution margin per unit $18 $20
Number of machine hours required 3 4
71. To maximize production profits, how many units would you recommend of each model?
a. 100 units of Standard and 49 units of Premium
b. 72 units of Standard and 70 units of Premium
c. 100 units of Standard and 70 units of Premium
d. 85 units of Standard and 60 units of Premium
72. If there are 600 machine hours available per week (instead of only 496 machine hours per
week), how many rockers of each model should Rosa’s produce to maximize profits?
a. 100 units of Standard and 49 units of Premium
b. 72 units of Standard and 70 units of Premium
c. 100 units of Standard and 70 units of Premium
d. 85 units of Standard and 60 units of Premium
75. When demand for a product is inelastic and prices are increased, demand will usually
__________ and operating profits will __________.
a. increase, increase
b. remain the same, increase
c. decrease, decrease
d. remain the same, decrease
77. Northwoods is invited to bid on an order to supply 100 rustic tables. What is the lowest
price Northwoods should bid on this one-time special order?
a. $6,300
b. $7,200
c. $9,000
d. $13,500
78. A large hotel chain is currently expanding and has decided to decorate all new hotels using
the rustic style. Northwoods is invited to submit a bid to the hotel chain. What is the lowest
price per unit Northwoods should bid on this long-term order?
a. $63
b. $72
c. $90
d. $135
86. In an industry with a standardized product, prices will be most influenced by:
a. incremental production costs
b. the top ten firms in the industry
c. the price-taker firms
d. None of the above is correct.
88. If customer demand for a product is strong, then a company is able to command a higher:
a. markup
b. market share
c. full cost
d. All of the above are correct.
93. When a company is evaluating an order and there is available capacity, one of the company’s
primary concerns should be:
a. whether the incremental costs are fixed or flexible
b. the demand for the product
c. how long the firm is committing its production capacity
d. the variety of colors and other complexities of the order
95. If a small manufacturing firm LOWERS the price of its generic aspirin product, its
GREATEST long-term risk is:
a. a lower contribution margin per unit
b. decreased profits
c. reduced market share
d. being put out of business by a large competitor
97. When the greatest portion of a firm’s costs are fixed rather than flexible:
a. the firm enjoys lower financial risk
b. offering discounts during non-peak times will generally increase profits
c. incremental costs will also be proportionately higher
d. the firm should always use full-cost pricing to maximize profits
Support costs are 70% flexible and the remaining 30% is depreciation of special equipment
for model AE2 that has no resale value.
If Model AE2 is dropped from the product line, operating income will:
a. increase by $10,000
b. decrease by $20,000
c. increase by $30,000
d. decrease by $10,000
100. Denly Company is thinking of dropping Product C because it is reporting a loss. Assuming
Denly drops Product C and does not replace it, operating income will:
a. increase by $2,400
b. increase by $3,000
c. decrease by $3,000
d. decrease by $5,400
101. Assuming Product C is discontinued and the space formerly used to produce Product C is
rented for $12,000 per year, operating income will:
a. increase by $6,600
b. increase by $9,000
c. increase by $12,000
d. increase by $14,400
102. Axle and Wheel Manufacturing is approached by a European customer to fill a special, one-
time special order for a product similar to one offered to domestic customers. The following
per unit data apply for sales to regular customers:
103. Silver Lake has excess capacity. Silver Lake Cabinets is approached by Ms. Jenny Zhang, a
new customer, to fill a large one-time order for a product similar to one offered to regular
customers. The following per unit data apply for sales to regular customers:
a. For Silver Lake, what is the minimum acceptable price of this special order?
b. Other than price, what other items should Silver Lake consider before accepting this
special order?
c. How would the analysis differ if there was limited capacity?
d. How would this analysis differ if Ms. Jenny Zhang wanted a long-term commitment for
supplying this product?
105. Charlie’s Chairs manufactures two models: Standard and Premium. Weekly demand is
estimated to be 120 units of the Standard Model and 70 units of the Premium Model. Only
420 machine hours are available per week. The following per unit data apply:
Standard Premium
Contribution margin per unit $12 $15
Number of machine hours required 2 3
107. Backwoods Incorporated manufactures rustic furniture. The cost accounting system
estimates manufacturing costs to be $80 per table, consisting of 70% flexible costs and 30%
fixed costs. The company has surplus capacity available. It is Backwoods’ policy to add a
50% markup to full costs.
b. A large hotel chain is currently expanding and has decided to decorate all new hotels
using the rustic style. Backwoods Incorporated is invited to submit a bid to the hotel
chain. What is the lowest price per unit Backwoods should bid on this long-term
order?
Support costs are 70% flexible and the remaining 30% is depreciation of special equipment
for model AE1 that has no resale value.
Should Molar Camera eliminate Model AE1 from its product line? Why or why not?
109. Central Plains Lighting manufactures small flashlights and is considering raising the price by
20 cents a unit for the coming year. With a 20-cent price increase, demand is expected to fall
by 3,000 units.
Currently Projected
Demand 20,000 units 17,000 units
Selling price $4.80 $5.00
Incremental cost per unit $3.00 $3.00
a. If the price increase is implemented, how will this change operating profit?
b. Would you recommend the 20-cent price increase? Why or why not?
c. Is the demand for this product elastic or inelastic? How can you tell?
a. Do you recommend discontinuing the Other Candy product line? Why or why not?
b. If the Chocolate product line had been discontinued, corporate profits for the current
year would have decreased by what amount?
Determine the optimal price, the corresponding demand quantity, and unit product cost.
112. What considerations other than cost need to be evaluated for one-time special orders?
113. An activity-based costing system allocates fixed manufacturing costs to various product
lines. When should these allocated costs be used to evaluate short-term pricing decisions?
114. For short-term pricing decisions, what costs are relevant when there is available surplus
capacity? When there is no available surplus capacity?
115. When there is inadequate capacity, under what conditions may a firm consider accepting a
one-time special order?
116. Under what conditions might a manufacturing firm sell a product for less than its long-term
price? Why?
117. Why is the evaluation of short-term pricing decisions different from the evaluation of long-
term pricing decisions?
119. Vlasic has a large market share of the pickle industry. What influences how Vlasic
determines its prices?
120. Clark Manufacturing offers two product lines IN2 and EL5. The demand of the IN2 product
line is inelastic, while the demand of the EL5 product line is very elastic. If Clark initiates a
price increase for both product lines, how will customer demand change? How will the price
increase affect operating profits?
123. Explain how price markups relate to the strength of demand, the elasticity of demand, and
the intensity of competition.
124. Vlasic has a large market share of the pickle industry. Dean Foods holds a much smaller
share of the pickle market. What influences how Dean Foods determines its prices?
125. Vlasic has a large market share of the pickle industry. Dean Foods holds a much smaller
share of the pickle market. What are the possible consequences if Dean Foods raises the
price of their pickles? Lowers the price of their pickles?
126. Is a company that competes in commodities such as corn and wheat a price-taker or a price-
setter? Why?
127. A hotel in Orlando, Florida, experiences peak periods and slower times. How should prices
be adjusted during peak periods? During slow times?
128. What options may be considered when long-run market prices are below full costs?
81. With the price increase, operating profits are expected to increase by $4,000 = [17,000
units x ($5.00 - $3.00)] - [20,000 units x ($4.50 - $3.00)]
99. $300,000 - $150,000 - $60,000 - $70,000 = $20,000 loss in operating income
100. $24,000 - $15,000 - $6,000 = $3,000. Product C contributes $3,000 toward corporate
profits. Without Product C, operating income would be $3,000 less than currently
reported.
101. $(3,000) + $12,000 = $9,000
LO1
102. a. $124
b. $114 = Selling price $186 – Variable costs ($33 + $15 + $24).
c. Relevant costs for decision making are those costs that differ between alternatives
which, in this situation, are the incremental costs. The incremental costs total $72 =
Variable costs ($33 + $15 + $24).
d. The minimum acceptable price is $72 = Variable costs ($33 + $15 + $24), the
incremental costs in the short term.
e. Yes, because this price is greater than the minimum acceptable price of this special
order determined in (d).
LO1,2,3
103. a. $285 = flexible costs $100 + $125 + $60
b. Silver Lake Cabinets should also consider the impact on current customers when these
customers hear that another customer was offered a discounted price, and the impact
on the competition and if they might choose to meet the discounted price.
c. Currently, the incremental costs total $285. If additional capacity is needed to process
this order, these incremental costs will increase by the cost of adding capacity.
d. In the long term, Silver Lake Cabinets needs to cover all costs plus profits and, on
average, needs to achieve the targeted selling price of $576.
LO1,2
104. a. The contribution per unit is $30 for Model X ($80 - $30 - $15 - $5),
$35 for Model Y ($90 - $30 - $15 - $10),
and $40 for Model Z ($100 - $30 - $20 - $10).
b. The contribution per machine hour is
$30 for Model X ($30 contribution margin / 1.0 machine hours per unit),
$17.50 for Model Y ($35 / 2.0), and
$20 for Model Z ($40 / 2.0).
c. When there is excess capacity, Model Y is the most profitable because it has the
greatest contribution per unit.
d. When there are machine hour capacity constraints, Model X is the most profitable
because it has the greatest contribution per constrained resource.
e. To encourage salespersons to promote specific products, Maggie may want to provide
marketing incentives such as higher sales commissions for products contributing the
most to profits. Maggie may also want to educate salespeople about the effects of
constrained resources.
LO1,2
106. a. The contribution per unit is
$15 for Small ($30 - $8 - $3 - $4),
$18 for Medium ($36 - $10 - $3 - $5), and
$21 for Large ($42 - $12 - $4 - $5).
Since total machine hours required are less than the capacity of 2,500 machine hours,
to maximize profits Novelene’s should produce enough to meet projected sales for
each size. That is, Novelene’s should produce 2,500 small, 4,000 medium, and 3,000
large cheese heads.
2. Novelene will want to consider the impact of this special order on her regular
customers now and in the future. For example, will manufacturing fewer large
cheese heads result in shortages and, therefore, angry customers?
LO1,3
107. a. The lowest price Backwoods should bid on the 100 table one-time special order is
$5,600 = Variable costs ($80 x .70 x 100 tables), the short-term incremental costs.
b. The lowest price Backwoods should bid on the long-term hotel chain order is $120 per
table = Full costs $80 + 50% markup, the long-term targeted price.
LO1,3
108. No, Molar Camera should not eliminate Model AE1 from its product line because it
contributes $10,000 toward fixed costs and profits, as shown:
LO4
110. a. No, I would not recommend discontinuing the Other Candy product line because this
product line contributes $4,000 toward corporate costs and profits.
$25,000 - $15,000 - $3,000 - $3,000 = $4,000
Without the Other Candy product line, corporate profits would be $4,000 less than
currently reported.
b. If the Chocolate product line were discontinued, corporate profits would immediately
decrease by $9,000.
$40,000 - $26,000 - $2,000 - $3,000 = $9,000
APPENDIX
111. Total revenue =R =PxQ
= P x (600 - 2P)
= 600P - 2P2
Total cost = C = $8,000 + $30Q
= $8,000 + $30 * (600 - 2P)
= $8,000 + 18,000 - 60P
= 26,000 - 60P
Total profit = R - C = 660P - 2P2 – 26,000
OPTIMAL PRICE
Differentiating total profit with respect to P and setting it equal to zero, we obtain the
optimal price. P = (660/4) = $165.
LO1
112. What considerations other than cost need to be evaluated for one-time special orders?
Solution: Firms also need to consider the strategic implications such as the impact on
current customers when these customers hear that another customer was offered a
discounted price, and the impact on the competition and if they might choose to meet the
discounted price.
LO1
113. An activity-based costing system allocates fixed manufacturing costs to various product
lines. When should these allocated costs be used to evaluate short-term pricing decisions?
Solution: Allocated costs should only be used to evaluate short-term pricing decisions if they
are variable in the short run and differ among the alternatives being considered.
LO1,2
114. For short-term pricing decisions, what costs are relevant when there is available surplus
capacity? When there is no available surplus capacity?
Solution: For both situations the relevant costs are the incremental costs. However, when
there is limited capacity the incremental costs will be greater because they will include the
costs of adding capacity or the opportunity costs of alternative manufacturing choices.
LO2
115. When there is inadequate capacity, under what conditions may a firm consider accepting a
one-time special order?
Solution: When the incremental revenues exceed the incremental costs, a special order
should be considered.
LO1,3
116. Under what conditions might a manufacturing firm sell a product for less than its long-term
price? Why?
Solution: The price for a short-term order may be less than the price offered to a long-term
customer. If a firm has excess capacity, it is more profitable for the firm to accept a special
order for a price below the long-run price than it is to let the capacity sit idle. In addition,
the firm may use this strategy for market penetration and to obtain greater market share.
LO1,3
117. Why is the evaluation of short-term pricing decisions different from the evaluation of long-
term pricing decisions?
Solution: Since capacities made available for many production and support activities cannot
be altered easily in the short run, managers need to pay attention to whether surplus capacity
is available for additional production or whether the available capacity limits production
alternatives. By contrast, in the long run, managers have considerably more flexibility in
adjusting the capacities of activity resources to match the demand that is placed on these
resources by the actual production of different products.
LO3
119. Vlasic has a large market share of the pickle industry. What influences how Vlasic
determines its prices?
Solution: Since Vlasic holds a large share of the market, it can set the prices for the pickle
industry based on customer price acceptance.
LO3
120. Clark Manufacturing offers two product lines IN2 and EL5. The demand of the IN2 product
line is inelastic, while the demand of the EL5 product line is very elastic. If Clark initiates a
price increase for both product lines, how will customer demand change? How will the price
increase affect operating profits?
Solution: For the inelastic product line, when prices are increased demand will stay
approximately the same and profits would be expected to increase.
For the elastic product line, the increased price will result in decreased demand (i.e., lower
sales volume). Whether a profit or a loss results from this change will depend on the amount
of decreased demand and the amount of the increased contribution margin due to the
increase in price.
LO3
121. What factors may influence the level of markups?
Solution: Factors affecting the level of markups include the strength of demand, the
elasticity of demand, and the intensity of competition. In addition, strategic reasons also
may influence the level of markups. For instance, a firm may either choose a low markup to
penetrate the market and win market share from established products of its competitors, or
employ a high markup if it employs a skimming strategy for a market segment in which
some customers are willing to pay higher prices for the privilege of owning the product.
LO3
122. When is full-cost information useful for pricing decisions?
Solution: Full costs are used for pricing decisions under the following circumstances:
1) Contracts for the development and production of new customized products, including
contracts with governmental agencies, specify prices as full costs plus a markup;
2) Prices set in regulated industries like electric utilities also are based on full costs;
3) When a firm enters into a long-term contractual relationship with a customer to supply a
product, it will price the product based on its full costs, because with the flexibility it has in
adjusting the level of commitment for all activity resources, most costs become variable in
the long run; and
4) Prices based on full costs are used as benchmark prices to guide short-run price
adjustments in response to fluctuations in short-run demand conditions.
LO4
124. Vlasic has a large market share of the pickle industry. Dean Foods holds a much smaller
share of the pickle market. What influences how Dean Foods determines its prices?
Solution: Firms with smaller market share like Dean Foods will set prices similar to Vlasic,
the price setter for the pickle market.
LO4
125. Vlasic has a large market share of the pickle industry. Dean Foods holds a much smaller
share of the pickle market. What are the possible consequences if Dean Foods raises the
price of their pickles? Lowers the price of their pickles?
Solution: If Dean Foods raise their pickle prices they would lose market share because
customers will simply purchase a competitor’s pickles at the lower price.
If Dean Foods lowers their pickle prices, Vlasic would probably respond by also lowering
prices. This could lead to a price war and decreased profits for everyone in the industry. In
this situation, smaller firms are usually the losers because they cannot sustain losses over an
extended period of time and as a result may be forced out of business.
LO4
126. Is a company that competes in commodities such as corn and wheat a price-taker or a price-
setter? Why?
Solution: A price-taker. In industries where it is difficult to differentiate one firm’s products
from another firm’s products, prices are influenced by the supply and demand of the market,
and all firms are price-takers.
LO4
127. A hotel in Orlando, Florida, experiences peak periods and slower times. How should prices
be adjusted during peak periods? During slow times?
Solution: During peak periods the hotel can justify increased prices because of full capacity
conditions, whereas in slower periods when there is excess capacity, the hotel may want to
lower prices to fill the excess capacity.
LO4
128. What options may be considered when long-run market prices are below full costs?
Solution: If long-run market prices are lower than full costs, managers may consider re-
engineering the product to lower costs, raising prices by further differentiating the product,
or dropping these unprofitable products.