WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND ENGINEERING INTERVENTIONS PART 3

OBJECTIVES:

• To understand how water is disposed

• To define what are the advantages and disadvantages of different types of
sewage system
• To gain knowledge at drainage structures

WHAT IS WASTEWATER?

• Wastewater refers to all effluent from household, commercial establishments

and institutions, hospitals, industries and so on. It also includes stormwater and
urban runoff, agricultural, horticultural and aquaculture effluent.

• Effluent refers to the sewage or liquid waste that is discharged into water bodies
either from direct sources or from treatment plants.

• Sewage is also wastewater. It is wastewater originating from toilets and bathroom

fixtures, bathing, laundry, kitchen sinks, cleaners, and similar dirty water that is
produced in households and public places. Water used to irrigate turf and
gardens, swimming pools, roof drainage, surface runoff and stormwater are all
wastewater but not classified as sewage.

• In simple terms, wastewater is all the dirty water from municipal sources (poop,
urine and faecal sludge). This includes black water, and grey water. All dirty water
from all the schools, restaurants, commercial establishments, hospitals, farms,
floodwater and all the possible dirty water you can think of is considered
wastewater.

• Some wastewater contain hazardous dissolved toxins and chemicals, whiles

others contain particles, sediments and suspended matter of all sizes.
DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER AND STORM WATER

• Storm water can ordinarily be disposed of by discharge into any natural

drainage channel.

• The most satisfactory method of disposal of sanitary sewage is to convey it to an

adequate public sewerage system. In areas which do not have public sewage
systems, individual disposal systems must be provided.

COLLECTION OF SEWAGE

• A system of sewer pipes (sewers) collects sewage and takes it for treatment or
disposal. The system of sewers is called sewerage or sewerage system,

• Where a main sewerage system has not been provided, sewage may be collected
from homes by pipes into septic tanks or cesspits, where it may be treated or
collected in vehicles and taken for treatment or disposal.

• Properly functioning septic tanks require emptying every 2–5 years depending on
the load of the system.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM

• Sewerage system, network of pipes, pumps, and force mains for the collection of
wastewater, or sewage, from a community.

• Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories: domestic and industrial
sewers and storm sewers.

• Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes, mains, and
outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff.

• The preferred system, however, provides one network of sewers for domestic and
industrial waste, which is generally treated before discharge, and a separate
network for storm runoff, which may be diverted to temporary detention basins
or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river.
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS TYPES

It is the system and infrastructure of collecting, treating and disposal of sewage.

There are three sewerage systems types:

1. Separate System

2. Partially Separated System

3. Combined System

1. SEPARATE SEWERAGE SYSTEM - In this system the sanitary sewage and storm water
are carried separately in two sets of sewers. The sewage is conveyed to waste water
treatment plant (WWTP) and the storm water is discharges into rivers without treatment.
The separated system is suitable when separate outlet for storm water is available and
the topography is such that storm water can be disposed of in natural drains.
 ADVANTAGES OF SEPARATE SYSTEM DISADVANTAGES OF SEPARATE SYSTEM

• The load on treatment plant is less • Cleaning of sewer is difficult due to

as only sewage is carried to the
plant.
• The size of sewer is small, thus
economical
• When pumping is required, the
system proves to be economical.
• Natural/storm water is not
unnecessarily polluted by sewage.
their small size.
• The self-cleansing velocity is not
easily obtained.
• The storm sewers come in
operation in rainy season only.
They may be chocked in dry
season by garbage.
• Maintenance cost is high.
• Sewage sewers are provided below
storm sewer which causes greater
depth and pumping at waste water
treatment plant (WWTP).

2. PARTIALLY SEPARATED SEWERAGE SYSTEM - This system is the compromise between

separate and combine system taking the advantages of both systems. In this system the
sewage and storm water of buildings are carried by one set of sewers while the storm
water from roads, streets, pavements etc are carried by other system of sewers usually
open drains.
 Advantages of Partially Separate Disadvantages Of Partially Separate
Sewerage System Sewerage System

• It combines the good features of • A very small fraction of bad

both systems. features of combined system are
• The silting is avoided due to entry there in partially separated system.
of storm water.
• The storm water from houses is
easily disposed off.
• The sewers are of reasonable size.

3. COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEM - When both sanitary sewage and storm water are
carried in a single sewer, it is called a combined sewer system.

When the flow in a combined sewer consist of only domestic sewage and industrial
waste without storm water, flow is called ‘DRY WEATHER FLOW’
 ADVANTAGES OF COMBINED SEWERAGE DISADVANTAGES OF COMBINED
SYSTEM SEWERAGE SYSTEM

• Easy cleaning because of larger • In storm season sewer may

diameter.
• Reasonable maintenance cost.
• Strength of sewage is reduced due
to dilution of sewage by storm
water.
• This system requires only one set
of sewer making it economical.
overflow and the sewer may
damage causing serious health
risks
• The combine sewer gets silted and
becomes foul in dry days
• Load on treatment plant is more
because storm water is also carried
there
• The storm water gets polluted
unnecessarily
• The system becomes
uneconomical when pumping is
needed

DRAINAGE STRUCTURES

Drainage is the method of removing surface of subsurface water from a given area.
Drainage systems include all of the piping within a private or public property that
conveys sewage, rainwater, and other liquid waste to a point of disposal.

Drainage structure means a device composed of a virtually non-erodible material such

as concrete, steel, plastic or other such material that conveys water from one place to
another by intercepting the flow and carrying it to a release point for storm water
management, drainage control or flood control purposes.

HISTORY OF DRAINAGE

• The invention of hollow-pipe drainage is credited to Sir Hugh Dalrymple, who

died in 1753

• The Indus Valley Civilization had advanced sewerage and drainage systems. All
houses in the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had access to water and
drainage facilities. Waste water was directed to covered gravity sewers, which
lined the major streets.
 Roman Empire 800BCE – 300CE

• The Romans are well known for their sewage and irrigation systems. Did you
know they even had a Goddess of the Sewers called Cloacina?

• They also favored lead pipes to bring fresh water into their homes from the
nearest spring. This has led to conjecture on the effects of lead poisoning and the
eventual fall of the Roman Empire.

• The Latin for lead is plumbum

Residential drainage systems remove excess water from residential areas. This system
helps whisk water away from walkways, driveways and roofs to avoid flooding.

TYPES OF RESIDENTIAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

• SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

• SUBSERFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

• SLOPE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

• DOWNSPOUT AND GUTTER SYSTEMS

Surface drainage systems contain shallow ditches dug in a parallel pattern, which act
as canals for run-off water. These ditches lead the water into the main drain to avoid
water pooling and flooding.
Subsurface drainage systems is also known as a French Drain. Subsurface drains are
placed beneath the top layer of soil to remove excess water at the root level. Subsurface
drains require the digging of deep ditches and the installation of underground pipes.

Slope drains allow water to flow downward from a structure with the aid of pipes
moving down a slope. A pipe is installed and anchored into a small incline, which causes
water to flow through the pipe and away from the structure.
Downspout And Gutter System - A downspout is simply a hollow tube that runs from
your gutter to the ground. It's designed to carry water that collects in the gutter safely
down the side of the house and away from the foundation. Downspouts are normally
made from the same material as the gutter, giving the entire system a uniform look.
While they can be placed at any low point along the gutter system, downspouts are
normally placed near the corners of the home.