“ History of Biological science “

The term biology comes from the Greek word "βίος" which means "life",
and the suffix "λογίa" which means "science." The Latin form of the word
(biology) was first used by Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) in his work titled
Bibliotheca botanica in 1736. Biology began to develop rapidly after Antony
van Leeuwenhoek improved his microscope. Thanks to it, spermatozoa,
bacteria, infusoria, and various other microscopic lives have been discovered.
Investigations by Jan Swammerdam aroused interest in the field of entomology
and helped develop microscopic surgical and staining techniques.

The progress of the microscope also greatly influenced thinking about

biology. At the beginning of the 19th century, a number of biologists began to
realize the importance of the cell concept. Then, in 1838, Schleiden and
Schwann began to advocate the idea (which is now widely accepted) that the
basic unit of an organism is a cell and that each cell has characteristics of life,
even though they oppose the idea that all cells originate from other cell
divisions. However, thanks to the work of Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow,
in the 1860s most biologists accepted these three things which are now called
cell theories.

Biology is the study of the life of living things along with their structures
and functions. Besides biology is the study of cells, genetics, nature, pathology
of disease, the growth cycle of living things, interdependence between living
things, and much more. Like a tree, biology has many branches, from one
branch still produces small branches and so on. Each branch of science has its
own detailed and in-depth explanation. Biology, the science of life is rooted in
humans. And humans raise animals, grow fish, ornamental plants, invite birds
by providing their backyard, visiting zoos and nature reserves or national parks.
Biology is scientific knowledge of human tendencies that feel connected and
are attracted to all forms of life. biology is for people with adventurous
thoughts and likes to examine what is in nature. and also brings ourselves and
through others into forests, mountains, and oceans and other environments
where various forms and their physical environments combine to form
complex networks called ecosystems.

In the development of the biological sciences, all five branches of biology

can be put together five basic understandings of life, namely in the fields of
Botany, Zology, Microbiology, Genetics, and Ecology , because these five fields
cover all the sciences that exist in biology.
 a) Botany is the science of biology that studies plants.
b) Genetics is a science of biology that studies inheritance, genes and the
discussion of the transmission of genetic material in the realm of
population.
c) Microbiology is the science of biology that studies about micro
organisms (small or that cannot be seen by the eyes must use a
microscope) or macro (which can be seen by the eyes).
d) Zology is the science of biology that studies about animals.
e) Ecology is the science of biology that studies the interrelationships
between living things and the environment.

Besides that there are several unifying principles that form the basis of biology.
the unifying principle that forms the basis of biology. Whether biologists are
interested in ancient life, bacterial life, or how humans can live on the moon,
they base their overall understanding of biology on this principle as follows:

1. Cell theory
According to cell theory, all living things consist of cells, which are
structural units of living organisms, and living cells always come from other
living cells. In fact, every living thing begins to live as a single cell. Some living
things, like bacteria, remain single-celled. Other living things, including plants
and animals, grow and develop into many cells.

2. Gene theory
Gene theory is the idea that the characteristics of living organisms are
controlled by genes, which are passed on from parents to offspring. Genes are
DNA segments that have instructions to encode proteins. Genes are located in
a larger structure, called a chromosome, which is found in every cell.
Chromosomes, in turn, contain large molecules known as DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA molecules are encoded with instructions that tell
the cell what to do.

3. Homeostasis
Homeostasis, which maintains a stable internal environment or keeps
things constant, is not just a characteristic of living things. This also applies to
nature as a whole. Consider the concentration of oxygen in the earth's
atmosphere. Oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere, and this concentration is
quite constant. What makes a constant concentration of oxygen? The answer
is living things. Most living things need oxygen to survive, and when they
breathe, they release oxygen from the atmosphere. On the other hand, many
living things, including plants, give off oxygen when they make food, and this
adds oxygen to the atmosphere. The concentration of oxygen in the
atmosphere is maintained mainly by the balance between the two processes.

With studying life we are pushed into the laboratory to take a closer look
at how life forms called organisms carry out metabolism. biology also invites us
into the microscopic world inhabited by the basic units of organisms known as
cells, and enters the smaller submicroscopic kingdoms inhabited by the
molecules that make up these cells.

Daftar Pustaka
1. Mithchell , Reece.1925.Campbell Biology.Jilid 1 Edisi 5:Eralangga.Jakarta