FM-II lab session I

Submitted To:
Sir Aqib Hussain

Submitted By:
Ali Usman

2014-ME-506
FM-II Lab

FM-II lab session-1:

Analysis of Centrifugal Pump

Objectives:
 To find the efficiency of centrifugal
pump.
 To draw the characteristic curves.

Apparatus:
 Hydraulic Test bench
 Centrifugal Pump
 Apparatus

Procedure:
1. Start the pump and adjust the rotational speed of the pump from the panel to some
desired value say 1000 RPM.
2. Note the values of suction and discharge pressure across the pump from installed
pressure gauges.
3. Measure the volume of discharge liquid from the pump using measuring column at
the hydraulic test bench and note the timing for measure volume to calculate flow
rate.
4. Note the value of power input to the pump, supplied by in motor in watts from the
panel .
5. Multiply the motor input power to the motor efficiency to calculate input power to
the pump.
6. Now throttle the ball vale on the discharge side to adjust the discharge pressure to
some higher value and note down all the readings again and measure the flow rate.
7. Increase the RPM to higher value say 2000 rpm and repeat the process.
8. Calculated the remaining values in table using formulae.
9. Plot the characteristic curves.

1
FM-II lab

Measurements & Results:

Centrifugal Pump:

Pump Rotational Speed : 1000 RPM

No. of Suction Discharge Measured Time Volume Flow Differential Measured Hydraulic
Obs. Pressure Pressure Volume (Sec) rate Head Input Power Pump
Power Efficiency

Psu(Bar) Pds (Bar) (Litre) Q (m3/sec) H (m) Ped (W) Phyd(W) (%)

1 0.15 0 10 9.2 0.001086957 -1.350612245 61 -14.3869565 -25.63605938

2 0.15 0.2 10 16.6 0.00060241 0.690204082 59 4.074698795 7.506814287

3 0.25 0.4 5 8.8 0.000568182 1.710612245 59 9.525 17.54789978

4 0.39 0.6 5 13.75 0.000363636 2.322857143 58 8.277818182 15.51315251

Pump Rotational Speed : 2000 RPM

6 -0.1 0 10 11.5 0.000869565 1.200408163 280 10.22956522 4.455385548
7 -0.05 0.2 10 12.01 0.000832639 2.731020408 275 22.2847627 9.882378136

8 0.05 0.4 10 13.1 0.000763359 3.751428571 277 28.06412214 12.35542931

9 0.15 0.6 10 13.5 0.000740741 4.771836735 275 34.64 15.36141907

10 0.2 0.8 5 8.54 0.00058548 6.30244898 271 36.16159251 16.27287936

2
FM-II Lab

Sample calculations:

Density of water = 1000 kg / m3 g = 9.8 m/s2

 Flow Rate: Q=L/t

= (10 * 0.001 m3) / 9.2 s = 0.001086957 m3s-1

we know 1bar = 105 Pa = 1 N / m2

 Power input: (Ped) =61 watt

 Differential Head: H = (Pds – Psu) / ρg + (z2-z1)

= ((0.0– 0.15)*105 N / m2) / (1000 kg / m3 * 9.8 ms-2)) + .18 m = -1.350612245

m

 (Power output): Phy = Q *H*ρ*g

= 0.001086957 m3 * 0.690 m * 1000 kg / m3 * 9.8 m /s2 = -14.3869565 Watt

 Efficiency: ηp = Phy / (Ped * ηm)

= 14.3869565/(61*.92) = .2563605938

 In order to calculate % efficiency multiply efficiency with 100 =

25.63605938 %

3
FM-II lab

Pump Efficiency Graph

7

16.27%
6

5
15.35%
Head (H) in m

4
12.35%
1000 RPM
2000 RPM
3
9.88%
15.51%

2
17.54%
4.45%
25.63%
1

7.50%

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Flow Rate (Q) in L/h

4
Fm –II lab

Discussion and Comments:

1) Following some points to be noted during the calculations that are...

2) The readings for the 2000 RPM are more accurate than 1000 RPM.
3) In first reading for 1000 RPM, Due to the discharge pressure is zero the differential head (H) is negative, which just
show the free delivery of the water without any resistance to water flow in the pipe at exit of the pump. Further the
gate valve is fully open.

4) And due to zero discharge pressure, H, Phy, and efficiency is negative.

5) As there is a fluctuation in the 1000 RPM reading, it will equally effect in the graph plotting.
6) Readings for 2000 RPM are accurate so graph also good for these values.
7) During the calculations , in the volume flow rate first convert volume L to cubic meter, but for plotting the graph it
should be in Liter/hour.
8) For graph plotting time is in hour that use in volume flow rate.
9) Differential head is on Y-axis and volume flow rate is on X-axis.

10) There are some fluctuations in the graph, because no reading is as accurate as it should be, because of imperfection
of instruments like pressure gauge, fluctuation in the power input, human imperfection in noting time for flow rate
(time to start and stop the stop watch). And also there are many other factors that involves.
11) Though there are fluctuations in graph but it is 70 % is similar to the sample graph.

5
 FM-II lab session II

Submitted To:
Sir Aqib Hussain

Submitted By:
Ali Usman

2014-ME-506
FM-II Lab

Fluid Mechanics-II Lab

Performance Analysis of Centrifugal Pumps in Series and Parallel
Configurations

Objectives:
1. To run the two identical centrifugal pumps in series and parallel configurations.
2. To draw the characteristic curves of the pumps.
Apparatus:
Hydraulic Test bench, Centrifugal Pumps Apparatus with Option to Run in Series and
Parallel configurations.
Procedure and Measurements:
Single Pump:
1) The pumps are of identical construction. Any pump can be used for single pump
experiment.
2) Pump 1 is used for the experiment purpose.
3) Adjust the valves to line up pump 1.
4) Take the measurements;
5) Volumetric flow Q as per previous practice.
6) Vary volumetric flow by adjusting the discharge valve and repeat the previous
measuring procedure.
Series Configuration of Pumps:
1) Switch on both pumps with main switch on switchbox.
2) Adjust valve on the apparatus to make series arrangement.
3) Take the measurements
PSuction,1 on the intake side of the pump 1
PDelivery,1 on the delivery side of the pump 1
PSuction,2 on the intake side of the pump 2
PDelivery,2 on the delivery side of the pump 2
P(Outflow )On the outflow.
4) Volumetric flow Q as per previous practice.
5) Vary volumetric flow by adjusting the discharge valve and repeat the previous
measuring procedure.
Parallel Configuration of Pumps:
1) Switch on both pumps with main switch on switchbox.
2) Adjust the valves to make parallel arrangement.
3) Record measured values.
PSuction,1 on the intake side of the pump 1
PDelivery,1 on the delivery side of the pump 1
PSuction,2 on the intake side of the pump 2
PDelivery,2 on the delivery side of the pump 2
4) Volumetric flow Q as per previous practice.

1
Fm –II lab

Observations and Calculations:

Single Pump
ΔP =
PDelivery,1 Volume Flow Hydraulic
PSuction,1 PDelivery,1 -
Volume Time
rate
Differential Head
Power
Sr.
(Bar) (Sec)
PSuction,1
(Bar) (Bar) (Litres) Q (m3/sec) H (m) Phdy (Watt)
1 -0.1 0.6 0.7 5 9.81 0.000509684 7.142857143 35.67787971
2 -0.15 0.4 0.55 5 10.77 0.000464253 5.612244898 25.53389044
3 -0.15 0.5 0.65 5 13.01 0.00038432 6.632653061 24.98078401
4 -0.1 0.7 0.8 5 13.44 0.000372024 8.163265306 29.76190476
5 -0.15 0.3 0.45 5 10.14 0.000493097 4.591836735 22.18934911

Pumps in Series
ΔP = Volume Differential Hydraulic
PDelivery,1 PSuction.2 PDelivery,2 POutflow PDelivery,2 - Volume Flow rate Head Power
PSuction,1
Sr. PSuction,1 Time (Sec)
(Bar)
(Bar) (Bar) (Bar) (Bar) (Bar) (Litres) Q (m3/sec) H (m) Phdy
(Watt)
1 -0.15 0.2 0 0.35 0.2 0.5 5 10.5 0.00047619 5.10204082 23.809524
2 -0.2 0.25 0.05 0.4 0.3 0.6 5 11.5 0.000434783 6.12244898 26.086957
3 -0.15 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.65 5 10.75 0.000465116 6.63265306 30.232558
4 -0.15 0.35 0.16 0.6 0.5 0.75 5 11.06 0.00045208 7.65306122 33.905967
5 -0.15 0.4 0.15 0.7 0.6 0.85 5 11.97 0.000417711 8.67346939 35.50543
Pumps in Parallel:
ΔP =
Volume Differential Hydraulic
PDelivery,1 PSuction.2 PDelivery,2 POutflow PDelivery,2 - Volume
PSuction,1 Flow rate Head Power
Sr. PSuction,1 Time (Sec)
(Bar)
Phdy
(Bar) (Bar) (Bar) (Bar) (Bar) (Litres) Q (m3/sec) H (m)
(Watt)
1 -0.15 0.35 -0.2 0.35 0.2 0.5 5 7.04 0.000710227 5.10204082 35.511364
2 -0.14 0.45 -0.2 0.45 0.3 0.59 5 7.13 0.000701262 6.02040816 41.374474
3 -0.1 0.55 -0.18 0.5 0.4 0.6 5 7.33 0.000682128 6.12244898 40.927694
4 -0.1 0.6 -0.15 0.6 0.5 0.7 5 8.28 0.000603865 7.14285714 42.270531

2
Fm –II lab

Performance Analysis
90000

80000

70000

60000

50000
∆P (pa)

single pump

40000 series pump

parallel pump

30000

20000

10000

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Q (L/H)

3
FM-II Lab

Fluid Mechanics-II Lab

Performance Analysis of Centrifugal Pumps in Series and Parallel
Configurations

Objectives:
1. To run the two identical centrifugal pumps in series and parallel configurations.
2. To draw the characteristic curves of the pumps.
Apparatus:
Hydraulic Test bench, Centrifugal Pumps Apparatus with Option to Run in Series and
Parallel configurations.

Procedure and Measurements:

Single Pump:
1) The pumps are of identical construction. Any pump can be used for single pump
experiment.
2) Pump 1 is used for the experiment purpose.
3) Adjust the valves to line up pump 1.
4) Take the measurements;
5) Volumetric flow Q as per previous practice.
6) Vary volumetric flow by adjusting the discharge valve and repeat the previous
measuring procedure.

Series Configuration of Pumps:

1) Switch on both pumps with main switch on switchbox.
2) Adjust valve on the apparatus to make series arrangement.
3) Take the measurements
PSuction,1 on the intake side of the pump 1
PDelivery,1 on the delivery side of the pump 1
PSuction,2 on the intake side of the pump 2
PDelivery,2 on the delivery side of the pump 2
P(Outflow )On the outflow.
4) Volumetric flow Q as per previous practice.
5) Vary volumetric flow by adjusting the discharge valve and repeat the previous
measuring procedure.

Parallel Configuration of Pumps:

1) Switch on both pumps with main switch on switchbox.
2) Adjust the valves to make parallel arrangement.
3) Record measured values.
PSuction,1 on the intake side of the pump 1
PDelivery,1 on the delivery side of the pump 1

4
FM-II Lab

PSuction,2 on the intake side of the pump 2

PDelivery,2 on the delivery side of the pump 2
4) Volumetric flow Q as per previous practice.

Sample Calculations:
Single pump:
ΔP = Pdelivery 1 - Psuction1 = 0.6 – (-0.l) = 0.7 bar = o.7 x 10*5 pa
Q = V/ t = ( 5 / 1000 m3) / 9.81 = 0.000509684 m3 s-1
H = ΔP / ρg = o.7 x 10*5 /(1000 x 9.8) = 7.142857143 m
P hyd = ΔP x Q = o.7 x 10*5 x 7.142857143 = 35.67787971 watt
Pump in Series:
ΔP = Pdelivery 2 - Psuction1 = 0.31 – (-0.15) = 0.5 bar =0.5 x 10*5 pa
Q = V/ t = ( 5 / 1000 m3) / 10.5 = 0.0004768 m3s-1
H = ΔP / ρg = 0.5 x 10*5 /(1000 x 9.8) = 5.102 m
P hyd = ΔP x Q =0.5 x 10*5 x 0.0004768 = 23.80 watt
Pump in Parallel:
ΔP = Pdelivery 2 - Psuction1 = 0.35 – (-0.15) = 0.5 bar = 0.5 x 105 pa
Q = V/ t = ( 5 / 1000) /7.04 = 0.0007102 m3 s-1
H = ΔP / ρg = 0.5 x 105 / (1000 x 9.8)
P hyd = ΔP x Q = 0.5 x 105 x 0.0007102 = 35.51 watt

Comments and Discussion:

 During calculation convert bar into pascal and the liter into m3 .
 There are some of the fluctuation in the graph, this is due to little bit
inaccuracy of measuring the readings from apparatus.
 For Head calculations the factor z2-z1 is zero because both of the pumps
are at the same level.
 Pout-flow is little bit differ from the ΔP, because of the major and minor
loses that occur before the gauge inserted just before the exit .

5
FM-II Lab

Multistage centrifugal Pump:

A centrifugal pump containing two or more impellers is called
amultistage centrifugal pump. The impellers may be mounted on the same shaft or on
different shafts. For higher pressures at the outlet, impellers can be connected in series.
For higher flow output, impellers can be connected parallel.

Applications
Water supply and pressure boosting: Pressure boosting in buildings, hotels, residential
complexes, pressure booster stations, supply of water networks, pressure boosting for
industrial water supply. Light industry: Washing and cleaning systems, car washing
facilities fire fighting systems, process water systems, machine tools (cooling
lubricants). Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning: boilers, induction heating, heat
exchangers, refrigerators, cooling towers and systems, temperature control systems.
Irrigation and agriculture: greenhouses, sprinkler irrigation, flood irrigation.
Priming:
Most centrifugal pumps are not self-priming. In other
words, the pumpcasing must be filled with liquid before
the pump is started, or the pumpwill not be able to function.
If the pump casing becomes filled with vapors or gases,
the pump impeller becomes gas-bound and incapable
of pumping.
 Self primed pumps are also available.

Pumps in series:
In this layout the pumps are connected end
to end , delivery of one pump is the suction
of the other. They are used to increase the

6
FM-II Lab

head but the flow rate is the same for every pump operate in series.

Pumps in parallel:
In this layout , the pumps are connected
side by side and work independently, if
one pump is out of order the other work
without disturbing.
This method is used to increase the
volumetric flows but the pressure remain
the same for pumps.

Comparison between series and parallel pump configuration:

 One of the drawback of pump in series is that if one pump is out of order the line
will cut off and the plant should be off down for maintenance purpose.
 Series configuration of pumps is not commonly used in these days.
 Parallel configuration of pumps are prominent and are used commonly in all
industries.
 In this configuration if one pump out of order, the other remain in working
condition and can be repair without disturbing the line in plant.

7
 FM-II lab session III

Submitted To:
Sir Aqib Hussain

Submitted By:
Ali Usman

2014-ME-506
Fluid Mechanics-II Lab

Performance Analysis of a Centrifugal Fan

Objectives:
To obtain the fan characteristic curves for a centrifugal fan operating at constant speed.
Method:
By taking sensor readings over a range of flow rates at constant speed setting.
Apparatus:
1) Armfield FM40 Centrifugal Fan Demonstration Unit
2) Armfield IFD7 Interface Device
Compatible PC running Armfield software

1
2

Procedure Description:
The apparatus consists of a motor driven centrifugal fan mounted on a stainless steel
plinth. Transparent air inlet and air outlet ducts enable the fan volute and the impeller
to be clearly observed. A manually operated adjustable aperture enables the air flow
rate to be varied at constant fan speed. A calibrated orifice plate is used on the
discharge to measure the air flow rate. Electronic sensors measure the pressure head
developed across the fan, the pressure across the orifice plate (and hence the flow rate)
and the air temperature.
The fan speed is accurately controlled by an advanced electronic inverter within the
IFD7 (an essential accessory). This inverter also calculates the torque produced at motor
drive shaft, enabling the power used by the fan to be derived. The IFD7 also provides
the conditioning electronics for the sensors and enables their reading to be displayed on
a computer software. Connections to the IFD7 are a single multi-way connector for
sensors and a connector for the fan motor drive.
The following steps are involved in performing the experiment.

 The fan is turned on from the option available within the software and RPM is set at
the desired value.
 The aperture is manual adjusted from the discharge pipe to adjust the flow rate.
 At each value of flow rate the data is captured using the software.
 Speed can be adjusted to different values to take set of readings at each RPM setting.
 The data is logged in the software.
 Export the data file (in excel) to get the captured data set readings.

Comparison of graph with the graph in Book:

 Graph b/w pressure and air flow is nearly linear

compared with the graph as shown in the
figure.
 Curve for RPM= 1416 is more accurate as
compared to the other two, one of the reason is
that readings for this rpm=1416 are 9. More
readings means good graph.
 The other two curves are also linear as micro-
soft excel verified it by stating linear for each of
the curve.
 The curve for rpm=1487 and 990 are linear, but
due to small number of reading for these cure, the cures are small.

Variations of other parameters i.e efficiency etc with pressure and discharge:

 Comparison b/t Power output and Pressure:

From graph and table, there is direct relation b/w Power out and pressure as linearity of
graph show.
 Comparison b/w efficiency and Pressure:
There is, also, linear behavior b/w the pressure and efficiency , from table one can observe
that as pressure increases the efficiency also linearly increases.
 Most of the parameters in this experiment are in direct relation with each other.
 FM-II lab session-IV

Submitted To:
Sir Aqib Hussain

Submitted By:
Ali Usman

2014-ME-506
Lab session-IV

Fluid Mechanics-II

Operating Characteristics of a Pelton Turbine

Apparatus:
Armfield FM62 Pelton Turbine Demonstration Unit
Armfield FM6X Base Unit
Armfield IFD7 Interface Device
Compatible PC running Armfield software

FM62 Pelton Turbine Unit:

The FM62 is a small-scale Pelton turbine unit, which is designed to be used in
conjunction with the FM6X service unit. A Pelton turbine uses the momentum
transferred from the impact of a jet of water onto its buckets to generate power.
Connects to a PC via the service unit and a USB interface device. The unit consists of
an inlet manifold, which supplies water to a spear valve that allows users to vary the
jet cross section while maintaining the water velocity. The runner itself is mounted
in a clear acrylic enclosure to allow maximum visibility of the workings. Water flows
through a manifold which routes it to a control valve then to a spear valve. The
spear valve adjusts the flow rate without changing the jet velocity. Flow exits the
spear valve and impacts onto the buckets of the Pelton wheel. It then falls back onto
the main reservoir on the FM6X base unit. The unit incorporates a pressure sensor to

1
Lab session-IV

measure the inlet pressure of water in the manifold. This pressure can be accurately
controlled using the software supplied with the service unit.

IFD7 Interface Device:

The interface between the capture units and the user’s computer is provided by the
Armfield IFD7 interface device. This conditions the raw data from the
sensors, digitises the data and transfers it to the computer using USB interface. It
also includes a sophisticated three phase inverter for providing accurate motor
speed control and second drive output all under software control. The interface
device connects with a PC using LabVIEW™ based software to present and record
the data in a way that is straightforward to use and understand for the student, yet
offers a wide range of advanced features and capabilities.

Theory:
Turbine: The turbine is a device which is used to convert pressure or kinetic or
hydraulic energy into mechanical energy which is converted to electric power.
Pelton Turbine:
Pelton turbine is an example of impulse turbine. In an impulse turbine whole of the
pressure head is first converted into kinetic head by means of a nozzle. A spear valve
directs a jet of water at a series of buckets which are mounted on the periphery of a
rotor. As the water existing the spear valve is at atmospheric pressure, the force
exerted on the rotor is entirely due to changes in the direction of flow or water. The
Pelton turbine is therefore associated with considerable changes of kinetic energy
but little changes in pressure energy. The spear valve allows the jet diameter to be
varied which allows the water flow rate to be varied with constant jet velocity. Large
turbines may include more than one spear valve around the periphery of the rotor.
In case of FM62 single spear valve is installed.

The design of Pelton wheel depends upon;

1. No of buckets
2. Angle of buckets
3. Diameter of rotor
4. Diameter of nozzle
Key Terms Used in Experiment:

Volume Flow Rate ‘Q’: The volume flow rate of fluid through the turbine is volume
passing through the system per unit time. This is expressed in litres per minute
(l/min) but converted to cubic meter per second (m3/sec) for further calculations.
Head ‘H’: The term head refers to the elevation of a free surface of water above or
below a reference datum. In the case of a turbine we are interested in the head of

2
Lab session-IV

water passing through the rotor, which of course has a direct effect on the
characteristics of the unit. The inlet pressure sensor of the FM62 measures a gauge
pressure. As the outlet of the turbine is at atmospheric pressure, it can be assumed
that the reading given by P is the pressure difference across the turbine.
Therefore the inlet head H is given by: H=P/ρg
Power Output and Efficiencies: The brake drum of the FM6X is free to rotate but is
restrained by a torque arm which is connected to a load cell. The force measured by
the load cell can be converted into a torque: T=F*r
Where R is the length of the torque arm (0.045m)

The brake power Pb produced by the turbine in creating a torque ‘T’ on the brake at
rotor speed of ‘N’ is given by Pb=2πN/60
The hydraulic power of the fluid is defined by Ph=ρgQH
Therefore the overall efficiency can be defined as:
E = power absorbed by brake/useful fluid power = Pb/Ph x100%
Operating Characteristic of Turbine:
The best way to describe the operating characteristics of a turbine is through the uses
of characteristic curves. The sample curve below shows the interrelation of torque T,
brake power Pb, turbine rotational speed ‘N’ for a given turbine running at constant
fluid flow rate.
It is important to note that the efficiency reaches a maximum value and then falls,
while the torque falls constantly and linearly. In most cases the turbine is used to
drive a generator to produce electricity. The speed of generator is fixed to produce a
given frequency of electricity. The optimum conditions for operation occur when the
maximum turbine efficiency coincides with rotation speed of the generator. As the
load of the generator increases then the flow of water to the turbine must increase
maintain the required speed.

3
FM-II lab

Operating Characteristics of Pelton Turbine:

Brake Flow Inlet Turbin Hydrauli Torqu Efficien

No Speed Brake Brake Pump Pump Pump Pump Pump
Settin Rate Pressur e c e cy
of Force Power Motor Setting Speed Power Efficiency
g Q e Head Power
obs n Fb Pb Torque
[l/min P H Ph T E
[rpm] (N) [W] [Nm] [%] [rpm] [W] [%]
[%] ] [kPa] [m] [W] [Nm] [%]

1 0 13.67 184.2 2998 0.18 18.78 41.96 0.008 2.60 6.2 0.87 85 2890 262.5 16.0
2 5 13.78 183.9 2998 0.25 18.75 42.26 0.011 3.57 8.4 0.89 85 2890 269.5 15.7
3 10 13.56 183.7 2938 0.27 18.72 41.52 0.012 3.80 9.2 0.91 85 2890 274.2 15.1
4 15 13.64 183.4 2879 0.45 18.69 41.68 0.020 6.04 14.5 0.92 85 2890 277.9 15.0
5 20 13.95 184.5 2759 0.55 18.81 42.88 0.025 7.16 16.7 0.89 85 2890 269.0 15.9
6 25 13.84 182.5 2520 0.90 18.61 42.11 0.040 10.68 25.4 0.88 85 2890 266.7 15.8
7 30 14.05 183.4 2097 1.23 18.69 42.93 0.056 12.19 28.4 0.92 85 2890 277.0 15.5
8 35 13.86 183.9 1619 1.73 18.75 42.48 0.078 13.23 31.1 0.92 85 2890 279.3 15.2
9 40 13.92 183.1 1021 2.23 18.66 42.47 0.100 10.72 25.2 0.89 85 2890 270.4 15.7
10 45 13.83 183.7 478 3.01 18.72 42.33 0.135 6.78 16.0 0.88 85 2890 267.1 15.8
11 50 13.75 182.8 0 2.64 18.63 41.91 0.119 0.00 0.0 0.89 85 2890 270.4 15.5

Comments and Discussion:

 Characteristic curves for power, efficiency and torque are smooth with negligible error.
 Graph is very close to the theoretical curves, which shows the apparatus is in good working condition.
 As the rpm increases the characteristic curves smoothly increase and at max value these curves going to decrease, because brake horse power is under
consideration.
 When rpm= 3000 the efficiency of pelton turbine is about zero, this is because of bhp.

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FM-II lab

 From graph, turbine working analysis shows it is in ideal condition.

Operating Characteristics of Pelton Turbine

0.16 35

0.14
30

0.12
25

Efficiency E & Power (W)

Torque T
Torque (Nm)

0.1 [Nm]
20

0.08
Brake
15
Power Pb
0.06
[W]
10
0.04 Efficiency
E [%]
5
0.02

0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

n (RPM)

5
 FM-II lab session-V

Submitted To:
Sir Aqib Hussain

Submitted By:
Ali Usman

2014-ME-506
Fm-II lab

Reaction Turbine (Group2)

No Brake Flow Inlet Speed Force Tare Brake Turbine Hydraulic Torque Brake Efficiency Pump Pump Pump Pump Pump
Setting Rate Pressure Value Force Head Power Power Motor Setting Speed Power Efficiency
Q P n T Fb H Ph T Pb E Torque
[%] [l/min] [kPa] [rpm] [Nm] (Nm) (N) [m] [W] [Nm] [W] [%] [Nm] [%] [rpm] [W] [%]

1 0 19.63 178.0 4617 0.14 0.13 0.01 18.15 58.23 0.000 0.21 0.4 0.91 100 3400 323.6 18.0

2 5 19.82 177.7 4557 0.18 0.13 0.05 18.12 58.71 0.002 1.00 1.7 0.92 100 3400 326.9 18.0

3 10 19.92 178.3 4378 0.24 0.13 0.10 18.17 59.20 0.005 2.17 3.7 0.94 100 3400 334.7 17.7

4 15 19.50 180.3 4139 0.33 0.13 0.20 18.38 58.58 0.009 3.95 6.7 0.91 100 3400 324.2 18.1

5 20 19.19 182.0 3780 0.46 0.13 0.32 18.55 58.20 0.015 5.78 9.9 0.91 100 3400 325.3 17.9

6 25 19.20 184.5 3178 0.73 0.13 0.60 18.81 59.05 0.027 8.96 15.2 0.92 100 3400 327.5 18.0

7 30 18.72 189.0 2157 0.73 0.13 0.60 19.27 58.98 0.027 7.25 12.3 0.97 100 3400 346.8 17.0

8 35 18.09 191.0 1021 1.48 0.13 1.35 19.47 57.59 0.061 6.50 11.3 1.04 100 3400 370.4 15.5

9 40 18.13 191.6 0 1.92 0.13 1.78 19.53 57.90 0.080 0.00 0.0 1.05 100 3400 375.4 15.4

1
Fm-II Lab

Operating charateristic of reaction turbine

0.090 16.00

Efficiency (%)
0.080 14.00
0.070
12.00
0.060
Torque (Nm)

10.00
0.050
8.00
0.040

Brake Power (W)

6.00
0.030
4.00
0.020

0.010 2.00

0.000 0.00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
n (RPM)

Torque Brake Efficiency

Power
T Pb E
[Nm] [W] [%]

Discussion and Comments:

 At the start, when the torque (.080 Nm) is going to decrease by following linear trend,
the efficiency, n(RPM) and brake horse power going to increase approximately in linear
trend.
 When the torque is at its maximum value, in the initial stage, the efficiency and bhp are
at minimum value. Because no power is extracted in the form of bhp.
 At 3200 rpm the efficiency and bhp are at peak value, this is the rpm at which the
reaction turbine is working best.
 By further applying bhp at 3200rpm, the efficiency, torque are going to decrease.
 At 4600 rpm the reaction turbine stops.
 The curves in the graph are nearly similar to the theoretical curves.

2
 FM-II lab session VI

Submitted To:
Sir Aqib Hussain

Submitted By:
Ali Usman

2014-ME-506
Fm-II lab

Propeller Turbine:

Sample Brake Flow Differential Speed Brake Turbine Hydraulic Torque Brake Efficiency
Number Setting Rate Pressure Force Head Power Power
Q P n Fb H Ph T Pb E
[%] [l/min] [kPa] [rpm] (N) [m] [W] [Nm] [W] [%]

1 0 274.1 17.1 2819 0.42 1.74 78.18 0.033 9.80 12.5

2 4 270.4 16.3 2759 0.57 1.66 73.50 0.046 13.26 18.0
3 8 268.4 16.8 2640 0.77 1.71 75.20 0.062 17.01 22.6
4 12 263.4 17.3 2401 1.11 1.76 75.79 0.089 22.34 29.5
5 16 272.3 18.7 2221 1.46 1.91 85.02 0.117 27.26 32.1
6 20 276.3 19.2 1858 2.00 1.96 88.35 0.160 31.16 35.3
7 24 275.4 20.0 1260 2.28 2.04 91.78 0.183 24.10 26.3
8 28 272.5 22.0 598 3.03 2.24 99.98 0.242 15.16 15.2
9 30 266.1 21.1 179 3.70 2.15 93.38 0.296 5.56 5.9

1
Fm-II lab

Characteristic curve of Propeller/Frances

Turbine
0.35 40

Efficiency(%)
0.3 35

30
0.25
Torque (NM)

25
0.2
20 Torque (Nm)
0.15

Brake power (W)

15 Brake power(W)
0.1 Efficiency [%]
10
0.05 5

0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
n (RPM)

Discussion and Comments:

 Propeller (Francis) turbine has more bhp=31.16 W as compared to

Pelton (Impulse) turbine.
 It can operate at higher flow rates =276.3 L/min as compared to
impulse turbine which operate at lower flow rate =14.05 L/min.
 It can operates at smaller turbine head=2.15 m , but impulse turbine
operates at higher turbine head =18.81 m.
 It has higher efficiency (35.3%) at 1885 rpm as compared to impulse
turbine, which has max efficiency (15.8%) at 2758 rpm.
 At 30% brake setting, propeller turbine has 0.269 Nm torque, which is
higher than pelton turbine (0.056Nm).
 Thus, propeller turbine is more efficient than pelton turbine.