Basic Dyes

Basic dyes(These dyes are also known as cationic dyes)

This a class of synthetic dyes , that act as bases and when made soluble in water ,
they form a colored cationic salt , which can react with the anionic sites on
the surface of the substrate. The basic dyes produce bright shades with high
tinctorial values, on textile materials.
Properties of basic dyes Basic Dyes are cationic soluble salts of coloured bases.
Basic dyes are applied to substrate with anionic character where electrostatic
attractions are formed. Basic dyes are not used on cotton as the structures are
neither planar nor large enough for sufficient substantivity or affinity. Basic dyes are
called cationic dyes because the chromophore in basic dye molecules contains
a positive charge. The basic dyes react on the basic side of the isoelectric points.
Basic dyes are salts, usually chlorides, in which the dyestuff is the basic or positive
radical. Basic dyes are powerful colouring agents.It’s applied to wool, silk, cotton and
modified acrylic fibres. Usually acetic acid is added to the dyebath to help the take
up of the dye onto the fibre. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of paper.
Ionic nature:-The ionic nature of these dyes is cationic.
Shade range:-These dyes exhibit an unlimited shade range with high tinctorial
strength, brightness and many colors are having fluorescent properties.
Solubility:-The solubility of these dyes is very good in water ,in the presence of
glacial acetic acid.
Leveling properties:- These dyes have a very high strike rate , therefore leveling is
poor.
Exhaustion :- cationic dyes exhaust at a variable rates, K values are used
todefine the exhaustion characteristics of the cationic dyes. K=1 means the fastest
exhaustion , while K=5 means the slowest exhaustion. So while making the
combination shades the dyes of similar K values must be used.
Affinity:- These dyes shows a very affinity towards wool , silk and cationic dye able
acrylic, but have no affinity towards cellulosics. To dye cellulosics with basic dyes the
material must be treated with suitable mordanting agents.
Fastness properties:- The light fastness is poor to moderate , but wet fastness is
good.
Dyeing mechanism with basic dyes?
Dyeing of acrylic with basic dyes
The most common anionic group attached to acrylic polymers is the sulphonate
group, -SO3-, closely followed by the carboxylate group, -CO2-. These are
either introduced as a result of co-polymerisation, or as the residues of anionic
polymerisation inhibitors. It is this anionic property which makes acrylics suitable for
dyeing with cationic dyes, since there will be a strong ionic interaction between dye
and polymer (in effect, the opposite of the acid dye-protein fibre interaction).
Dyeing of wool
Advantages of Basic Dyes
•High Tinctorial strength
•Moderate substantivity
•Relatively economical
•Wide shade range
•Includes some of the most brilliant synthetic dyes
•Shows good brightness
Limitations of Basic dyes•Poor shade stability
•High acid content
•Coloured backwaters
•Very poor lightfastness
•Preferential dyeing
Modified Basic dyes
These dyes, generally based on the chemistry of basic dyes, have longer molecular
structures than traditional basic dyes, and thus have significantly improved
properties.
Though still cationic in nature, modified basic dyes exhibit improved fibre coverage
and substantivity on many furnishes,making them ideal for dyeing applications.
Lightfastness is also improved considerably over traditional basic dye.

Key advantages over conventional basic dyes:-

•Excellent substantivity
•Better Lightfastness
•Covers all fibres
•Clear backwaters