NAME : O.

PAVITHRA

REG NO : 191711299

SLOT : B

SUB : SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE AND

MANAGEMENT- METRIC ANALYSIS

CODE : CSE3608

ASSIGNMENT : 2
18. Consider the case study of an Encrypted Database System. Outline and critically evaluate
the necessary ways of improving quality and software metrics.

Identify the possible alternative approaches to software metrics for the above case study.

I Ways of Improving Quality

A. Initial Diagram

B. Flowchart

C. Chart

II Software Metrics

A. Product Quality Metrics

B. Process Quality Metrics

C. Maintenance Quality Metrics

 TOPIC: ENCRYPTED DATABASE SYSTEM

DESCRIPTION:
A smart quality control strategy involves reducing risk, enhancing training, creating better
processes, and making the workplace safer and cleaner for everyone who spends time within
it. For a proven method of enhancing quality control and meeting these various objectives in
your organization, follow these five key tips:

1. Build Proper Processes:

Quality control starts with processes. Without great processes, it's impossible to have good
quality control. The reason is simple: quality control is formulaic. While you can't prevent the
occasional accident, you can prevent systemic oversights and mistakes by conducting a
systematic evaluation of operations and processes, improving them where needed.
Ensure that the right processes are in place, so employees have no doubts about how to do
their job. This upgrade may involve increasing training, enhancing employee guides and
resources and regularly discussing the new standards and expectations. When the processes
are in place to educate and motivate employees, quality control largely takes care of itself.

2. Keep a clean workspace:

Failing to clean up can cause injury and increase the likelihood of errors. You should always
make workplace cleanliness a priority. To do this, clearly post cleanliness standards where all
employees can see them, delegate regularly scheduled cleaning tasks and bring in cleaning
professionals, if needed, to keep the workspace up to par. 
In addition to providing a better workspace for your employees, this clean environment will
help enhance quality control and decrease risk. It will also contribute to making your entire
workspace as safe, efficient and functional as possible.

3. Hold Unscheduled Equipment Use Tests:

An unscheduled equipment use test is like a pop quiz for safety. During an unscheduled
equipment use test, you'll select a group of employees at random and ask them about the
utilization of all relevant machines. During the process, pay particularly close attention to
their adherence to safety measures, since these areas are often the weakest and require the
most improvement.
While this testing may seem like a nit-picky thing to do, it is essential for any workplace
serious about improving its quality control measures and ensuring that all workers are safe
and efficient on the job.

4. Identify Essential Spare Parts:

One commonly overlooked aspect of quality control is ensuring that you have a sufficient
supply of spare parts for the most essential machines in your business. In addition to being a
smart business move (no more product delays while you wait for repair parts to come in), the
initiative helps prevent injuries or accidents that result from worn-out parts, and it
contributes to ensuring that your quality control is always top-notch. 
Identify the spare parts your company most needs, build up a supply of parts, and be sure to
keep them in a safe, appropriate place where they won't be damaged by improper storage.
Once the stock has been built up, let key employees know where it is and what they'll need to
do to access it in the event of a part failure. By helping employees understand that spare
parts are available, and that they don't have to use machines with worn-out parts, you can get
your workforce involved in the push for quality control as well.

5. Ensure Managers are Properly Trained:

Ensure that managers have sufficient delegation, communication and leadership skills to
build and implement these processes. The best starting point here is to make sure you have
proper systems for management training and to verify that all managers are on the same page,
with their focus and attention on quality control. 
Good quality control starts with your managers. Regardless of other steps taken, if your
leaders fail to properly manager their team, the quality control processes are not likely to be
effective. Having an efficient and well-run company requires good managers that practice
essential leader ship skills. 

6.Better Quality Control Creates a Better Workplace:

While improving and enhancing quality control can be a time- and labor-intensive process, it
is a critical compo.nent of running a successful manufacturing company. It can also mean the
difference between a company that succeeds and one that doesn't.
What's more, a focus on quality control demonstrates respect and concern for employees and
can help brand you as an employer that manufacturing specialists want to work for.
A.INITIAL DIAGRAM:
 B.FLOW CHART:

C. CHART:
Quality Management System has the following objectives:

 Improving internal processes

 Lower cost
 Reusability
 Optimum utilization of resources
 Helps in achieving organization goal.
 Data management
 Continuously improved customer satisfaction

2. SOFTWARE QUALITY METRICS:

Software metrics can be classified into three categories −

1.Product metrics − Describes the characteristics of the product such as size, complexity,
design features, performance, and quality level.

2.Process metrics − These characteristics can be used to improve the development and
maintenance activities of the software.

3. Project metrics − This metrics describe the project characteristics and execution.
Examples include the number of software developers, the staffing pattern over the life cycle
of the software, cost, schedule, and productivity.
Some metrics belong to multiple categories. For example, the in-process quality metrics of a
project are both process metrics and project metrics.

Software quality metrics are a subset of software metrics that focus on the quality aspects
of the product, process, and project. These are more closely associated with process and
product metrics than with project metrics.
Software quality metrics can be further divided into three categories −

 Product quality metrics

 In-process quality metrics
 Maintenance quality metrics

1.Product Quality Metrics

This metrics include the following −

 Mean Time to Failure

 Defect Density
 Customer Problems
 Customer Satisfaction

1.Mean Time to Failure:

It is the time between failures. This metric is mostly used with safety critical systems such as
the airline traffic control systems, avionics, and weapons.

2.Defect Density:

It measures the defects relative to the software size expressed as lines of code or function
point, etc. i.e., it measures code quality per unit. This metric is used in many commercial
software systems.

3.Customer problems:

It measures the problems that customers encounter when using the product. It contains the
customer’s perspective towards the problem space of the software, which includes the non-
defect oriented problems together with the defect problems.

4.Customer Satisfaction:

Customer satisfaction is often measured by customer survey data through the five-point
scale −

 Very satisfied
 Satisfied
 Neutral
 Dissatisfied
 Very dissatisfied
Satisfaction with the overall quality of the product and its specific dimensions is usually
obtained through various methods of customer surveys. Based on the five-point-scale data,
several metrics with slight variations can be constructed and used, depending on the purpose
of analysis.
For example −

 Percent of completely satisfied customers

 Percent of satisfied customers
 Percent of dis-satisfied customers
 Percent of non-satisfied customers
Usually, this percent satisfaction is used.

2.In-process Quality Metrics

In-process quality metrics deals with the tracking of defect arrival during formal machine
testing for some organizations. This metric includes −

 Defect density during machine testing

 Defect arrival pattern during machine testing
 Phase-based defect removal pattern
 Defect removal effectiveness

1.Defect density during machine testing:

Defect rate during formal machine testing testing after code is integrated into the system
library is correlated with the defect rate in the field. Higher defect rates found during testing
is an indicator that the software has experienced higher error injection during its
development process, unless the higher testing defect rate is due to an extraordinary testing
effort.
This simple metric of defects per KLOC or function point is a good indicator of quality,
while the software is still being tested. It is especially useful to monitor subsequent releases
of a product in the same development organization.

2.Defect arrival pattern during machine testing:

The overall defect density during testing will provide only the summary of the defects. The
pattern of defect arrivals gives more information about different quality levels in the field. It
includes the following −

-The defect arrivals or defects reported during the testing phase by time interval
e.g., week. Here all of which will not be valid defects.

-The pattern of valid defect arrivals when problem determination is done on the reported
 problems. This is the true defect pattern.
The pattern of defect backlog overtime. This metric is needed because development
organizations cannot investigate and fix all the reported problems immediately. This is a
workload statement as well as a quality statement. If the defect backlog is large at the end of
the development cycle and a lot of fixes have yet to be integrated into the system, the
stability of the system hence its quality will be affected. Retesting regression test is needed to
ensure that targeted product quality levels are reached.

3.Phase -based defect removal pattern:

This is an extension of the defect density metric during testing. In addition to testing, it
tracks the defects at all phases of the development cycle, including the design reviews, code
inspections, and formal verifications before testing.
Because a large percentage of programming defects is related to design problems,
conducting formal reviews, or functional verifications to enhance the defect removal
capability of the process at the front-end reduces error in the software. The pattern of phase-
based defect removal reflects the overall defect removal ability of the development process.
With regard to the metrics for the design and coding phases, in addition to defect rates, many
development organizations use metrics such as inspection coverage and inspection effort for
in-process quality management.

4. Defect removal effectiveness :

This metric can be calculated for the entire development process, for the front-end before
code integration and for each phase. It is called early defect removal when used for the
front-end and phase effectivenessfor specific phases. The higher the value of the metric, the
more effective the development process and the fewer the defects passed to the next phase or
to the field. This metric is a key concept of the defect removal model for software
development.

3.Maintenance Quality Metrics

Although much cannot be done to alter the quality of the product during this phase,
following are the fixes that can be carried out to eliminate the defects as soon as possible
with excellent fix quality.

 Fix backlog and backlog management index

 Fix response time and fix responsiveness
 Percent delinquent fixes
 Fix quality

1.Fix backlog and backlog management index:

Fix backlog is related to the rate of defect arrivals and the rate at which fixes for reported
problems become available. It is a simple count of reported problems that remain at the end
of each month or each week. Using it in the format of a trend chart, this metric can provide
meaningful information for managing the maintenance process.
Backlog Management Index (BMI) is used to manage the backlog of open and unresolved
problems.
$$BMI = \frac{Number \: of \: problems \: closed \: during \:the \:month }{Number \: of \:
problems \: arrived \: during \:the \:month} \times 100\%$$
If BMI is larger than 100, it means the backlog is reduced. If BMI is less than 100, then the
backlog increased.

2.Fix response time and fix responsiveness:

The fix response time metric is usually calculated as the mean time of all problems from
open to close. Short fix response time leads to customer satisfaction.
The important elements of fix responsiveness are customer expectations, the agreed-to fix
time, and the ability to meet one's commitment to the customer.

3.Fix Quality:

Fix quality or the number of defective fixes is another important quality metric for the
maintenance phase. A fix is defective if it did not fix the reported problem, or if it fixed the
original problem but injected a new defect. For mission-critical software, defective fixes are
detrimental to customer satisfaction. The metric of percent defective fixes is the percentage
of all fixes in a time interval that is defective.
A defective fix can be recorded in two ways: Record it in the month it was discovered or
record it in the month the fix was delivered. The first is a customer measure; the second is a
process measure. The difference between the two dates is the latent period of the defective
fix.
Usually the longer the latency, the more will be the customers that get affected. If the
number of defects is large, then the small value of the percentage metric will show an
optimistic picture. The quality goal for the maintenance process, of course, is zero defective
fixes without delinquency.
 3.QUALITY METRICS:The 7 basic quality tools are as follows:
1. Flow Chart
2. Histogram
3. Cause-and-Effect Diagram
4. Check Sheet
5. Scatter Diagram
6. Control Charts
7. Pareto Charts

1.Flow chart:

We all are familiar with “Flowchart” since our school or college days. A flowchart is a
diagram which represents a workflow process, algorithm, or a step by step process connected
by arrows in different directions.

These flowcharts are used for the representation of organizational structures, Login System,
document work process flow, billing transaction flow etc.

Flowchart allows identifying the actual flow of events in a system. It is the step of the process
that will provide information or picture of what the process looks like and throw some light
on the quality issues. Flowchart helps in identifying where exactly the quality issue is in the
process.
2.Histogram:

Histogram is very useful tool to describe a sense of the frequency

distribution of observed values of a variable. It is a type of bar chart that

visualizes both attribute and variable data of a product or process, also

assists users to show the distribution of data and the amount of variation

within a process. It displays the different measures of central tendency

mean, mode, and average. It should be designed properly for those working

into the operation process can easily utilize and understand them. Also, a

histogram can be applied to investigate and identify the underlying

distribution of the variable being explored.

3.Cause and Effect diagrams:Cause–and–effect diagram introduced by Kaoru

Ishikawa helps in identifying the various causes (or factors) leading to an effect (or problem)
and also helps in deriving meaningful relationship between them.

The very purpose of this diagram is to identify all root causes behind a problem.

Once a quality related problem is defined, the factors leading to the causal of the problem are
identified. We further keep identifying the sub factors leading to the causal of identified
factors till we are able to identify the root cause of the problem. As a result we get a diagram
with branches and sub branches of causal factors resembling to a fish bone diagram.
In manufacturing industry, to identify the source of variation the causes are usually grouped
into below major categories:

 People
 Methods
 Machines
 Material
 Measurements
 Environment

4.Check sheet:

The Check sheet is used to collect data and information in an easy format. It increases
accuracy in the data collection process with easy method and format. It significantly reduces
efforts for data collection as well. This data collection is based on actual facts and figures
rather than any imaginary numbers and item.

This data collection methodology produces some sort of output and this output is in a
different data format that is always easy for analysis.

The Check Sheet is typically a list of questions or problems, in a document or spreadsheet.

Check sheet helps the organization to identify the problems that prevent to deliver a quality
product. This list of problems or question needs to be resolved.

The Check sheet is used during the review process, before production validation or in any
other project management activity. It is used to ensure that the necessary pre-requisite has
been completed and all the required steps have been carried out before committing to the
business user about the document or deliverable.
Check sheets are simple forms with certain formats that can aid the user

to record data in an firm systematically. Data are “collected and tabulated” on

the check sheet to record the frequency of specific events during a data

collection period. They prepare a “consistent, effective, and economical

approach” that can be applied in the auditing of quality assurance for reviewing

and to follow the steps in a particular process. Also, they help the user to

arrange the data for the utilization later. The main advantages of check sheets are to be very
easily to apply and understand, and it can make a clear picture of the situation and

condition of the organization. They are efficient and powerful tools to identify

frequently problems, but they don’t have effective ability to analyze the

quality problem into the workplace. The check sheets are in several, three

major types are such as Defect-location check sheets; tally check sheets,

and; defect-cause check sheets

5. Pareto chart (80 – 20 Rule)

Pareto chart is named after Vilfredo Pareto. Pareto chart revolves around the concept of 80-
20 rule which underlines that in any process, 80% of problem or failure is just caused by 20%
of few major factors which are often referred as Vital Few, whereas remaining 20% of
problem or failure is caused by 80% of many minor factors which are also referred as Trivial
Many.
The very purpose of Pareto Chart is to highlight the most important factors that is the reason
for major cause of problem or failure.

Pareto chart is having bars graphs and line graphs where individual factors are represented by
a bar graph in descending order of their impact and the cumulative total is shown by a line
graph.

Pareto charts help experts in following ways:

 Distinguish between vital few and trivial many.

 Displays relative importance of causes of a problem.
 Helps to focus on causes that will have the greatest impact when solved.

6. Scatter diagram:
Scatter diagram or scatter plot is basically a statistical tool that depicts dependent variables on
Y – Axis and Independent Variable on X – axis plotted as dots on their common intersection
points. Joining these dots can highlight any existing relationship among these variables or an
equation in format Y = F(X) + C, where is C is an arbitrary constant.

Very purpose of scatter Diagram is to establish a relationship between problem (overall

effect) and causes that are affecting.

The relationship can be linear, curvilinear, exponential, logarithmic, quadratic, polynomial

etc. Stronger the correlation, stronger the relationship will hold true. The variables can be
positively or negatively related defined by the slope of equation derived from the scatter
diagram.
7. Control Chart (Shewhart Chart):
Control chart is also called as Shewhart Chart named after Walter A. Shewhart is basically
a statistical chart which helps in determining if an industrial process is within control and
capable to meet the customer defined specification limits.

The very purpose of control chart is to determine if the process is stable and capable within
current conditions.

In Control Chart, data are plotted against time in X-axis. Control chart will always have a
central line (average or mean), an upper line for the upper control limit and a lower line for
the lower control limit. These lines are determined from historical data.

By comparing current data to these lines, experts can draw conclusions about whether the
process variation is consistent (in control, affected by common causes of variation) or is
unpredictable (out of control, affected by special causes of variation). It helps in
differentiating common causes from special cause of variation.

Control charts are very popular and vastly used in Quality Control Techniques, Six Sigma
(Control Phase) and also plays an important role in defining process capability and variations
in productions. This tool also helps in identifying how well any manufacturing process is in
line with respect to customer’s expectation.
Control chart helps in predicting process performance, understand the various production
patterns and study how a process changes or shifts from normally specified control limits
over a period of time.
Chart: