t -.

,·•- ..... • ·;
- .,t • • . .---::-. • .::::-,. = ...-.�:-•, ....:.•--•: ·:.-1 �: ·...

Hydrology
,.
Q.1 The study of water in artificial or natural reservoir Q.8 The silt factor f5 and mean particle size mp,
falls under the branch of hydrology known as according to Lacey, are related as
(a) limnology (b) meteorology (a) f5 = 1.76 mp (b) f5 = 1.76(mp)2
(c) potamology (d) anthopology
(c) fs = 1.76.jm; (d) fs = 1.76mp ✓
Q.2 The chemical that is found to be most suitable
as water evaporation inhibitor is Q.9 As per the recommendations of the ISi (NBS),
(a) ethyl alcohol (b) methyl alcohol the shape of a lined canal is
(c) cetyl alcohol (d) butyl alcohol (a) trapezoidal (b) semicircular
(c) parabolic (d) elliptic
Q.3 lsohyetal method gives accurate mean areal
depth of rainfall Q.10 The values of W-index and <!>-index are almost
(a) in a plain country the same with
(b) in a gently sloping basin (a) very wet condition
(c) in an undulating country (b) extreme dry condition
(d) when the precipitation includes snowmelt. (c) normal wet condition
(d) normal dry condition
Q.4 Symon's rain gauge is
(a) weighing type gauge Q.11 The two air masses are separated by a boundary
of discontinuity. This boundary is called a
(b) tipping-bucket gauge
(a) front (b) lapse
(c) non-recording gauge
(c) equator (d) level
(d) float recording gauge
Q.12 A lysimeter is used to measure
Q.5 The mean velocity of flow in a channel may be
(a) infiltration
obtained by measuring velocity of flow below the
(b) evaporation
free surface at
(c) evapotranspiration
(a) 0.6 times the depth
(d) radiation
(b) 0.1 times the depth
(c) 0.2 times the depth Q.13 The maximum rainfall depth of 300 mm in 24 hours
(d) 0.4 times the depth has a return period of 100 years. The probability
of 24 hours rainfall equal to or greater than
Q.6 A hydrograph produced by continuous effective
300 mm occuring at least once in 10 years is
rainfall at constant rate for indefinite period is
given by
called
(a) (0.99) 10 (b) 1 -(0.99) 10
(a) H-hydrograph (b) B-hydrograph 100
(c) (0.9) (d) 1 -(0.9) 100
(c) S-hydrograph (d) M-hydrograph
Q.14 A 6 hours storm had 4 cm of rainfall and the
Q.7 Base flow of a stream is
resulting run-off was 2 cm. If <I> index remains at
(a) the annual minimum flow in a stream
the same value, the run-off due to 10 cm of rainfall
(b) the flow unaffected by works of man
in 12 hours in the catchment is
(c) the delayed snowmelt reaching a stream
(a) 4.5 cm (b) 6.0 cm
(d) the delayed ground water flow reaching a (d) 9.0 cm
(c) 7.5 cm
stream

. ..J
 I
.,. I
I
I 335 I
,
.>re..am \\,.....,,c,haoes
T not have any base flow
The correct sequence of these step is I
Q· 15 c..::O::":�,
'" . . fl lS ; cai;ed ,.
___, OS(enn:a! stream (a) 3, 2, 1 and 4 (b) 2, 3, 4 and 1 I
ii::.•
(d) 4, 3, 2 and 1
•
,a) �•er:rdtent s ream (c) 3, 1, 2 and 4 I
:_ �1efa: stream Q.23 Probability of a 10 year flood t9 occur at least I
\"--..
"'<=! cf he above
(

• "''
\v '
-. '
once in the next 4 year is I
.. me derr'.and line drawn from ridg (a) 25% (b) 35%
_16 e in a flow I
na-.::::s .xve does not intersect the curve agai (c) 50% (d) 65%
n, I
� � �1,:-.a+e s that Q.24 If a 4 hour unit hydrograph of a certain basin has
a) de:r'.and cannot be met by inflow I
a peak ordinate of 80 m3/s, the peak ordinate of a
tb) reseNOir \Vas not full at the beginning 2 hour unit hydrograph for the same basin will be I
,c oo.'h (a) and (b) (a) equal to 80 m3/s I
of the above
(b) greater than 80 m3/s I
(c) less than 80 m3/s
Q. 17 M�i<.:ngha.'TI method of flood routing is I
(a) reser' ir rrn.,<ting method (d) between 40 m3/s to 80 m3/s
(b) :a.'lnel routing method I
Q.25 Match List-I (Name of scientist) with List-I I
(c) ydrau::c method of flood routing I
(Contribution to field of hydrology) and select
(a) , :e of the above I
the correct answer using the codes given below
Q.18 1. Er.ear reservoir, storage varies linearly with the lists: I
(a) "';:ne (b) inflow rate List-I I
(") o:..:tr, w rate (d) none of the above A. Dalton I
B. Snyder
Q.19 c· ....h.arge per unit drawdown at a well is called I
C. Blaney criddle
(a) spec:.:c storage
D. Sherman I
, ) spec:.:c y:eid
(c) specrf:c capacity List-I I I
(d) none of the above 1. Unit hydrograph I
2. Evaporation
020 r:at is the probability of a flood equal to or I
3. Empirical flood formula
g eater than 25 years flood occuring twice in the
:-
4. Synthetic unit hydrograph I
r:·::xt three years? 5. Consumptive use equation I
24 72 Codes: I
'2} - (b)
'� 5--
<'.;J 3125 A B C D I
72 24 (a) 2 3 5 1
(c) (d) --
15625 I
,< 15625 (b) 1 4 3 2
I
"J..✓

0.21 Tr-.e dr;1Jble mass analysis is adopted to (c) 2 4 5 1

(&) f:"stirn:::te the missing rainfall data. (d) 1 3 4 5 I
(b) obi.a.in intensities of rainfall at various duration. I
Q.26 An accurate estimate of average rainfall in a
(c) cr,eck for consistency of data. I
Id) obtain the amount of storage needed to particular catchment area can be obtained by
(a) arithmetic mean method I
maintain a demand pattern.
(b) isohyetal method I
0.22 Tr� fol
,:
lo-1ving steps are involved in arriving at a (c) norrrial ratio method
uni y hydrograph: (d) Tl1iessen method
1. Estimating the surface run-off in depth.
2. Estimating the surface run-off in volume. Q.27 If 'p' is the precipitation, 'a' is the area represented
3. Separation of base flow. by a rain gauge, and 'n' is the number of rain
4- Dividing surface run-off ordinates by depth gauges in a catchment area, then the weighted
of run-off. mean rainfall is
 (a) r.ap3 a Q.34 Which one of the following correctly defines
(b) r. p
r.cl n aquiclude?
p r.aps (a) A saturated formation of earth material which
(c) r.a (d)
r.a r.a3
not only stores water but also yields it in
sufficient quantity.
Q.28 Depth-Area-Duration curves of precipitation are
(b) A formation through which only seepage is
drawn as
possible and thus the yield is insignificant
(a) minimizing envelopes through the appropriate
compared to an aquifer.
data points
(c) A geological formation which is neither porous
(b) m aximizing envelopes through the
nor permeable.
appropriate data points (d) A geological formation which is essentially
(c) best fit mean curves through the appropriate
impermeable to the flow of water.
data points
(d) best fit mean straight lines through the Q.35 Which one of the following defines Aridity Index
appropriate data points (AI)?
PET -AET
Q.29 The yield of a well depends upon (a) A x 100
I= PET
(a) permeability of soil
PET
(b) area of aquifer opening into the wells (b) Al= x 100
AET
(c) actual flow velocity
AET
(d) all of the above (c) Al= x 100
PET
Q.30 Water present in an artesian aquifer is usually AET - PET
(d) Al = x 100
(a) at sub atmospheric pressure AET
(b) at atmospheric pressure (where AET = Actual Evapotranspiration and PET
(c) at 0.5 times of the atmospheric pressure = Potential Evapotranspiration)
(d) above atmospheric pressure
Q.36 Which one of the following is not a major type of
Q.31 Depth-Area-Duration curves would seem to storm precipitation?
resemble (a) Frontal storm (b) Air mass storm
(a) arcs of circle concave upwards with duration (c) Orographic storm (d) Continental storm
increasing outward
Q.37 What is the Probable Maximum Precipitation
(b) first quadrant limbs of hyperbolae with
(PMP)?
duration increasing outward
(a) Projected precipitation for a 100 year return
(c) third quadrant limbs of hyperbolae with
period
duration decreasing outward
(b) Maximum precipitation for all past recorded
(d) first quadrant limbs of hyperbolae with
storms
duration decreasing outward
(c) Upper limit of rainfall, which is justified
Q.32 The performance of a well is measured by its climatologically
(a) Specific capacity (d) Effective precipitable water
(b) Specific yield
Q.38 What is 'Hydrological Cycle'?
(c) Storage coefficient
(a) Processes involved in the transfer of moisture
(d) Permeability coefficient
from sea to land
Q.33 The moving average of annual precipitation (b) Processes involved in the transfer of moisture
record is carried out to determine from sea back to sea again
(a) Trend (c) Processes involved in the transfer of water
(b) Annual mean from snowmelt in mountains to sea
(c) Extreme annual variation (d) Processes involved in the transfer of moisture
( d) Extreme seasonal variation from sea to land and back to sea again
,

ombrometer (pluviometer) is used to measure 0.46 A stilling well is requ ired when the stage
Q.39
(a) soil moisture stress of a plant measurement is made by employing
(b) rainfall depth (a) Bubble gauge
(c) leaf area
(b) Float gauge recorder
(d) root zone depth
(c) Vertical staff gauge
surface joining the static levels in several
Q.40 The (d) Inclined staff gauge
non-pumping wells penetrating a continuous
confined aquifer represents Q.47 Wading technique is used:
(a) Water table surface (a) To determine velocity of sea waves during
(b) Capillary fringe Tsunami
(c) Piezometric surface of the aquifer (b) To determine thickness of canal lining in
(d) Physical top surface of the aquifer alluvial soils
(c) To measure the volume of dredging material
Q.41 A n unconfined aquifer of porosit y 35%,
in harbours
permeability 40 m/day and specific yield of 0.15
has an area of 100 km2. If the water table falls (d) To determine velocity of flow in shallow
uniformly throughout the aquifer area by 0.2 m streams
during a drought, the volume of water lost from Q.48 Steep rise in the flow-mass cuNe during a certain
storage is period indicates:
(a) 1.5 Mm3 (b) 3.0 Mm3
(a) Very high evaporation losses during that
(c) 7.0 Mm3 (d) 8.0 Mm3
period
Q.42 Penman's equation is based on (b) Flash floods during that period
(a) energy budgeting only (c) Sudden spurt in irrigation demand during that
(b) Energy budgeting and water budgeting period
(c) Energy budgeting and mass transfer (d) Sudden rise in demand for water to meet
(d) Water budgeting and mass transfer hydropower generation
Q.43 How is the average velocity along the vertical in Q.49 Which one of the following constitute the basic
a wide stream obtained? assumption of Unit Hydrograph theory?
(a) By averaging the velocities at 0.2 and 0.8 (a) Non-linear response and time invariance
depth from surface.
(b) Non-linear time variance and linear response
(b) By measuring velocity at 0.6 depth below the
(c) Linear response and linear time variance
surface.
(c) By measuring velocity at half the depth. (d) T ime invariance and linear response
(d) By measuring velocity at 0.1 times the depth a.so If the base period of a 6-hour hydrograph of a
below the surface. basin is 84 hours, then a 12 hours unit hydrograph
Q,44 Maximum possible discharge from a small derived from this 6 hour unit hydrograph will have
catchment corresponding to a particular rainfall a base period of
intensity is independent of which one of the (a) 72 hours (b) 78 hours
following? (c) 84 hours (d) 90 hours
(a) Soil moisture conditions
(b) Drainage characteristics of catchment Q.51 A 3-hour sto rm on a sm all dra
ina ge ba sin
(c) Area of the catchment pro du ce d rai nfa ll int en sit ies
of 3.5 cm /hr,
(d) Duration of the rainstorm 4.2 cm/hr and 2.9 cm/hr in suc
cessive hours. If
Q .45 Cali the surface runoff du e to the
bration of a current meter for use, in channel storm is 3 cm, then
flow measurement is done in a the value of <j>-index will be
(a) wind tunnel (b) water tunnel (a) 2·212 cm/hr (b) 2.331 cm/hr
(c) towing tank (d) flume (c) 2.412 cm/hr (d) 2.533 cm/hr
Q.52 Which on e of the following
cha rac teristics
describes a watershe d system
in system's
parlance?
(a) Linear
(b) Non-linear
(c) Linear and time-invariant
(d) Non-linear and time-variant
Q.53 A 6-hour storm with hourly intensities of 7, 18,
25, 12, 10and 3mm per hour produced a run-off
of 33 mm. Then the o-index is
(a) 7 mm/h (b) 3 mm/h
(c) 10 mm/h (d) 8 mm/h
Q .54 A catchment area of 90 hectares has a run-off
coefficient of 0.4. A storm of duration larger than
the time of concentration of the catchment and
of intensity 4.5 cm/hr creates a peak discharge
rate of
(a) 11.3 m3 /s (b) 0.45 m 3/s
(c) 450 m3/s (d) 4.5 m 3 /s
Q.55 Clark's method aims at which one of the
following?
(a) Developing an IUH due to a instantaneous
rainfall excess over catchment
(b) Developing stage-discharge relationship
(c) Measurement of infiltration
(d) Flood routing through channels
Q.56 Kirpich equation is used to determine which one
of the following?
(a) Run-off from a given rainfall
(b) Base time of a unit hydrograph
(c) Time of concentration in run-off hydrograph
(d) None of the above
Q.57 A catchment of area 200 ha has a runoff coefficient
0.5. A storm of duration larger than the time of
concentration of the catchment and of intensity
3.6 cm/h causes a peak discharge of
(a) 5 m3/s (b) 10 m3/s
(c) 100 m /s
3
(d) 360 m3/s
Q.58 The shape of the recession limb of a hydrograph
depends on
(a) basin as well as storm characteristics
(b) storm characteristics only
(c) basin characteristics only
(d) base flow only
Q.59 An S-cur✓e hydrograph has been obtained for
catchments of 270 km2 from a 3 hour unit
hydrograph . The equiiibrium discharge for the
S-curve is
(a) 750 m =/s (b) 277.8m3/s
'
(c) 250 m = /s
(d) 187m3/s
Q.60 An urban area is located in plains having "average
climatic conditions·.The impervious area thereof
for which drainage must be provided is 3.6 ha
and the design rainfall intensity is 2.0 cm/hr. The
drains will be designed for a runoff of
(a) 0.05 m 3 /s (b) 0.10 m 3is
(c) 0.20 m /s
=
(d) 0.40 m 3/s
Q.61 The rainfall on 5 successive days in a catchment
was 2, 7, 8. 4 and 3 cm . If the <I> index for the
storm is 3cm/day, the total direct run-off volume
generated from a 195km 2 catchment is
(a) 19.5 M m3 (b) 23.4 M m 3
(c) 15.6 M m 3 (d) 32.5 M m 3
Q.62 If the direction of advance of a storm is the same
as the direction of the resulting runoff in the
drainage basin, such runoff will generally
(a) Be more than the 'rational' run-off through a
short time
(b) Result in increased infiltration through a short
time
(c) Be less than the 'rational' runoff through a
short time
(d) Result in increased evaporation, as also
transpiration, loss
Q.63 S-Curve Hydrograph is the hydrograph
(a) producing 1 cm of runoff over the basin
(b) of flow from a 1 cm intensity rain of infinite
duration
(c) having a volume of 1 cm3
(d) of the total storm duration in any single storm
rainfall
Q.64 Surface Runoff represents total water
(a) flowing in surface channels after the rainfall .
(b) obtained after deducting from rainfall water
what has infiltrated and/or evapor_ated, from
the total rainfall .
(c) excluding the base flow in surface channels
after the rainfall.
(d) flown (or flowing) through all channels over a
specified period of time .
 probability of a 10 year flood to occur at least
Q. 65 (c) cases where shifting control exists
once in the next 4 years is
(d) cases where back-water effect is present
(a) 25% (b) 35%
(c) 50 % (d) 65% Q.73 A bridge has an expected life of 50 years and is
designed for a flood magnitude of return period
ndard Project Flood is
Q.66 The Sta 100 years. What is the risk associated with this
(a) d erived from the prob able maxi mum hydrologic design?
precipitation in the region (a) 1 - (0 .99)50 (b) (0.5 ) 50
(b) derived from the severemost meteoro-logical (c) (0.99)50 (d) (0. 99)100
conditions anywhere in the country
(c) the flood with return period of 1000 years Q.74 For a given storm, other factors remaining same,
{d) the same as the probable maximum flood (a) basins with large drainage densities give
smaller flood peaks
Q.67 Consider the following statements: (b) low drainage density basins give shorter time
1. A 100 year flood discharge is greater than a bases of hydrographs
50 year flood discharge. (c) the flood peak is independent of the drainage
2. 90% dependable flow is greater than 50% density
dependable flow. (d) basins having low drainage density give
3. Evaporation from salt-water surface is less smaller peaks in flood hydrographs
than that from fresh-water surface.
Q. 75 Which one of the following flood routing methods
Which of these statements are correct?
involve the concepts of wedge and prism
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
storages?
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1 , 2 and 3
(a) Coefficient method
Q.68 In a linear reservoir, the (b) Muskingum method
(a) volume varies linearly with elevation (c) Pul's method
(b) outflow rate varies linearly with storage (d) Lag method
(c) storage varies linearly with time Q.76 The design flood commonly adopted in India for
(d) storage varies linearly with inflow rate barrages and minor dams is
Q.69 The trap efficiency of a reservoir is a function of (a) Probable maximum flood
(a) inflow into the reservoir (b) A flood of 50 -100 years return period
(b) ratio of inflow to storage capacity (c) Peak flood
(c) ratio of reservoir capacity to inflow (d) Standard project flood or a 100-year flood,
(d) reservoir capacity whichever is higher

Q.70 A culvert is designed for a peak flow OP on the Q. 77 The radius of influence is
basis of rational formula. If a storm of the same (a) radius of the main well
intensity as used in the design and twice the (b) distance from the wall of main well to the point
duration occurs, then the resulting peak discharge of zero draw down
will be (c) distance from the centre of main well to the
(a) O (b) Oj2 point of zero draw down
P
(d) none of these
(c) ✓2 O P (d) 20P
Q.78 Due to flood routing
Q.71 The probability that a 100 year flood is equalled
(a) Peak of the hydrograph (of flood) gets
or exceeded, at least once in 100 years is
reduced in size but occurs earlier in time
(a) 99% (b) 64%
(b) Peak of the hydrograph of flood gets reduced
(c) 36% (d) 1%
in size but gets delayed in time
0.72 The slope area method is extensively used in (c) Peak of the hydrograph is increased in size
(a) development of rating curve and time of base of hydrograph is incre�sed
(b) estimation of flood discharge based on high- (d) Peak of the hydrograph is decreased in size
water marks and time of base of hydrograph is decreased
Q.79 Inglis formu la is used for estimating flood Q.89 The areal characteristics of a rain stor m are
discharge for:
represented by a
. (a) The catchment basins of former Bombay (a) DAD curve (b) Hyetograph
Presidency
(c) Mass curve (d) Double mass curve
(b) The catchment basin of old Hyderabad state
(c) The Madras Catchment basins Q.90 Cyclonic precipitation is caused by lifting of an
(d) England Catchments air mass due to
(a) pressure difference
Q.80 An instantaneous unit hydrograph is a
hydrograph of: {b) temperature difference
(a) Unit duration and infinitely small rainfall excess (c) natural topographical barriers
(b) Infinitely small duration and of unit rainfall (d) all of the above
excess Under the same conditions, which of the following
Q.91
(c) Zero effective precipitation
shapes of water surface will give the highest rate
(d) Zero frequency
of evaporation?
Q.81 The value of W- index as compared to <!>-index is: (a) Flat water surface
(a) Less (b) More (b) Convex water surface
(c) Much more (d) Equal (c) Concave water surface
Q.82 The variation of rainfall between two sections in (d) Independent of shape of water surface
lsohyetal method is assumed : Q.92 The area between the isohyets 45 cm and 55 cm
{a) Linear (b) Parabolic is 100 square km and between 55 cm and 65 cm
(c) E!liptical (d) Non - linear
is 150 square km. The average depth of annual
Q.83 The number of peaks in a hydrograph may be: precipitation over the above basin of 250 square
(a) One only (b) Two only km will be cm.
(c) More than two (d) All of the above (a) 50 (b) 55
Q.84 T e average yield from the stream may be (c) 56 (d) 60
determined by : Q.93 A current meter is used to measure the
{a) Hydrograph (a) velocity of flow of water
(b) Flow duration curve
(b) depth of flow of water
(c) Pc,wer duration curve
(c) discharge
(d) Mass curve
(d) none of the above
Q.85 Which is the ocJd one in the following?
(a) Hai.I (b) Sleet Q.94 The unit hydrograph due to a storm may be
(c) Srow (d) Rain obtained by dividing the ordinates of the direct
run-off hydrograph by
Q .86 Tl e ltr)!Jth of stre:irn 11er unit area is known as (a) direct run-off volume
(a) ov&r11ow dr;ns1ty (t>) cjr,3inago density
(b) period of storm
(c) stream frequency (d) avcrno0 density
(c) total rain! all
Q.87 According to Oicken's formula for o"tim:1tintJ (ci) none of the above
floods, the peak dis JtW!JG is proportional to
(a) A (t>) A 112 Q. 95 S-hydrograpt-, is used to obtain unit hydrograph of
(c) A2t3 (d) A'i/4 (n) sl1ortor duration frorn longer duration.
Where A = area of the catchment (t>) longer duration from shorter duration.
(c) bott1 (a) and (b)
Q.88 Wliich of the following is a norHocording
(cl) none of the above
raingauge?
(a) Symon's raingauge Q.96 If dis the depth of the aquifer through which
(b) Tipping bucket type raingauge water is flowing, then the relation ship between
(c) Weigl1ing type raingauge permeability k and transmissibility Tis given by
(d) Floating type raingauge
 (a) T = kd (b) T = kid 0.105 The theory of infiltration capacity was given by

(c) T = ✓kd (d) k = ✓Td (a) Merril Bernard

(b) W.W. Horner
An artesian aquifer is the one where
Q.97 (c) Le-Roy K.Shermen
(a) wate r surfac e unde r the grou nd is at
atmospheric pressure. (d) Robert E.Horten
(b) ate r is unde r pres sure betw ee n two
w 0.106 Shrouding is provided in
impervious strata.
(a) cavity type tube wells
(c) water table serves a upper surface of zone (b) slotted type tube wells
of saturation.
(c) strainer type tube wells
(d) none of the above
(d) perforated type tube wells
ll
0_98 A deep we 0.107 The infiltration capacity during rain storm, is
(a) is always deeper than a shallow well.
(b) has more discharge than a shallow well. considerably reduced due to
(c) is weaker structurally than a shallow well. (a) surface detention
(d) both (a) and (b). (b) soil moisture
(c) washing of fine particles
Q. 99 A repelling groyne is aligned (d) all of the above
(a) pointing upstream
(b) pointer downstream Q.108 According to Robert E. Horton, the equation of
(c) perpendicular to bank infiltration capacity curve, is
(d) parallel to bank (a) f = fc (to - fc)ekt
(b) f = t, - ({0 - f c)ekt
Q.100 A hyetograph is a graphical representation of kt
(c) f = ft + ({0 - fc)e-
(a) rainfall intensity and time
(d) f = f c + (t o - f c)e
kt
(b) rainfall depth and time
(c) discharge and time Q.109 Rain simulators are used for the determination of
(d) cumulative rainfall and time (a) evaporation (b) precipitation
(c) run off (d) infiltration capacity
Q.101 In India, which of the following is adopted as
standard recording raingauge? Q.110 The equation P- Q = Te <!>index for determining the
(a) Symon's raingauge infiltration capacity, was suggested by
(b) Tipping bucket type (a) Horton (b) Horner
(c) Natural syphon type (c) Llyod (d) Bernard
(d) Weighing bucket type
Q.111 Precipitation includes
0.102 Water contains (a) rain (b) snow
(a) one hydrogen atom and one oxygen atom
(c) hail (d) all of these
(b) two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
(c) one hydrogen atom and two oxygen atoms Q.112 Relative humidity is the ratio of actual vapour
(d) two hydrogen atoms three oxygen atoms pressure to the saturation vapour pressure
0.103 Hydrology is the science which deals with (a) at the same temperature
(a) rain water (b) at the same pressure
(b) river water (c) in the same volume
(c) sea water (d) in the atmosphere
(d) surface and underground water
Q.113 Absolute humidity in air
0.104 Unit Hydrograph theory was enunciated by (a) decreases at higher altitudes
(a) Merril Bernard (b) increases at higher altitudes
(b) W.W. Horner (c) remains constant at all altitudes
(c) Le-Roy K.Shermen
(d) none of these
(d) Robert E.Horten
�=-�-------� -�--
(b) 77 mm
Q.114 Non-recording rain gauges (a) 75 mm
(c) 79 mm (d) 81 mm
(a) collect the rain whose volume is measured
by means of graduat_ed cylinders period in India is take n as I
0_ 122 The rainfall cycle
(b) collect the rain which is directly measured (a) 20 years (b) 25 years I
by means of graduated cylinders in (c) 30 years (d) 35 years
centimetres of water depth
statement from the following:
(c) are generally used in hilly terrain a.123 Pick up the correct
(d) are cylindrical used in hill terrain (a) Index of wetness
I
Actual rainfall in a year at a place
J.115 Indian Meteorological department uses the = Normal rainfall of that place
standard gauges whose collectors have
I
apertures of (b) Normal annual rainfall is obtained by taking
(a) 50 or 100 sq. cm area the mean of the annual rainfall over a period I
(b) 100 or 150 sq. cm area of 35 years I
(c) 100 or 200 sq. cm area (c) Index of wetness gives an idea of the w etness
1
( d) 250 or 500 sq. cm area of the year annual averag e val u e, the
particular year is said to be an average year I
) . 116 Consumptive use of a crop during growth, is the
(d) All the above
amount of I
(a) interception (b) transpiration Q.124 The recurrence interval (R.I.) of 20 cm rai n storm I
(c) evaporation {d) all the above at a place is 5 years.
(a) The place will definitely have 20 cm rain storm I
).117 The specifications of most commonly used
1
after every five years.
standard gauges in India, are
(b) The place may have 20 cm rain storm after
(a) 200 sq. cm collector and 4 litres bottle I
every five years.
(b) 100 sq. cm collector and 2 litres bottle
(c) The place may have 20 cm rain storm within I
(c) 200 sq. cm collector and 10 litres bottle
a set of 5 years twice.
(d) 100 sq. cm collector and 4 litres bottle I
(d) None of these
J.118 The standard height of a standard rain gauge, is I
Q.125 Sharp crested weirs are generally used
(a) 10 cm (b) 20 cm 1
(a) for large flows
(c) 30 cm (d) 50 cm
(b) for small flows I
Q.119 A recording type rain gauge (c) for streams carrying high sediment loads I
(a) produces a mass curve of rain fall (d) for rivers carrying floating debris
(b) records the cumulative rain I
0.126 The critical depth in a channel can be produced
(c) is sometimes called integrating rain gauge I
or continuous rain gauge (a) by raising the bottom of the channel
(b) by decreasing the width of the channel
(d) all the above
(c) by increasing the width of the channel
I
Q.120 If a gauge is installed perpendicular to the slope, (d) both (a) and (b)
its measurement is reduced by multiplying I
0.127 Evaporation losses depend upon
(a) sine of the angle of inclination with vertical I
(b) cosine of the angle of inclination with vertical (a) area of the water surface and depth of th0
(c) tangent of the angle of inclination with vertical water I
(d) calibration coefficient of the gauge (b) nature of precipitation and type of vege tati�n I
(c} hum idity, wind velocity and atmospheric
Q.121 The respective storm totals at three surrounding I
temperature
stations A, Band Care 110, 90 and 70 mm. If (d) all the above I
the normal annual precipitation amounts at
0-128 Dicken's formula for efUI
,1
stations X, A, 8 and C are respectively 1000 high flood estimate, is u s
1100, 1200 and 1250 mm, the estimated stor� only for the catchments in
precipitation at Xis (a) Southern India (b) Northern India
(c) Eastern India
(d) Western India
 �gh flood estimates the average value of
129
Q.137 Bernard's disbiblrtion graph is a plot of time on
0- the c onstant C in Dicken's formula Q = CA314, is X-axis and
(a) 6.5 (b) 8.5 (a) run off on the y-axis
(c) 9.5 (d) 11.5 (b) total run off on the y-axis
he best instrument for measuring the velocity (c) percentage of total surface run off on y-axis
Q. 1 30 T . (d) percentage of total surface run off during
of a stream flow Is uniform time intervals on y-axis
(a) pitot tube (b) Price's current meter
(c) surfa ce float (d) sub-surface float Q.138 The quantity of water retained by the sub-soil
against gravity, is known
_ F estimate of high floods in fan-shaped
0 131 or the (a) yield (b) porosity
catchment, the formula used is (c) specific yield (d) specific retention
(a} Dicken's formula (b) Ryve's formula
Q.139 If the grain size of soil increases
(c) Inglis formula (d) none of these
(a) surface area decreases
Q.132 If p and A are the perimeter and area of a (b) specific retention decreases
drainage basin, its compactness coefficient, is (c) specific yield increases
(d) all the above
(a) ri (b) p
2nA 2nA
�Dfo x(1.8T +42)which is
100
Q.140The equation V=
p p3
(c) (d) -
2JnA n3 A used for determining the velocity of ground water
flow in metres per day is known as
Q.133 Pettis formula Q = C(P.8)514 cumecs, is based
(a) Meinzer's formula (b) Slichter's formula
upon
(c) Darcy's formula (d) Hazen formula
(a) rainfall and drainage area
(b) run off and drainage area Q.141 lsopiestic lines are the contours
(c) drainage area and its shape (a) drawn to represent water table
(d) drainage area (b) drawn to represent piezometric heads
(c) drawn to piezometric heads
0.134 For predicting floods of a given frequency, the (d) none of these
best reliable method is
Q.142 Levees and flood walls,
(a) Unit hydrograph method
(a) are designed to carry unbalanced water load
(b) Gumbel's analytical method are designed with adequate dimensions
(b)
(c) California method (c) are means of controlling floods
(d) None of these (d) are never provided free-boards
0.135 Pick up the correct statement from the following: Q.143 Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
(a) The specified duration of unit hydrograph, is answers using the codes given below the lists:
called unit duration List-I List-II
(b) A unit hydrograph for a particular unit duration A. Rainfall intensity 1. lsohyets
may be utilised of evaluating the run off B. Rainfall excess 2. Cumulative rainfall
hydrographs of other storms of like durations C. Rainfall averaging 3. Hyetograph
(c) the number of unit hydrographs for a given D. Mass curve 4. Direct runoff
basin, is theoretically infinite hydrograph
(d) all the above Codes:
Q - 136 The best unit period of a unit hydrograph, is equal A B C D
(a) 1 3
to basin lag divided by 2 4
(b) 3 4 1 2
(a) 2 (b) 3 {c) 1 2 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
4
{d) 3 4 2 1
4 The number of revolutions of a current meter in
50 seconds were found to be 12 and 30
corresponding to the velocities of 0.25 and
0.46 m/s respectively. What velocity (in m/s)
would be indicated by 50 revolutions of that
current meter in one minute?
(a) 0.42 (b) 0.50
(c ) 0.60 (ct) 0.73
Q. 146 An isolated 3-h rainfall event on a small catchment
produces a hydrograph peak and point of
inflection on the falling limb of the hydrograph at
7 hours and 8.5 hours respectively, after the start
of the rainfall. Assuming, no losses and no base
flow contribution, the time of concentration
(in hours) for this catchment is approximately
(a) 8.5 (b) 7.0
(c) 6.5 (d) 5.5

45 Match List-I (contains parameters) with List-II Q.147 The Muskingum model of routing a flood through
(methods/instruments) and select the correct a stream reach is ex pressed as 0 2 = K0 12 + K1
answer using the code given below the Lists: /1 +K 0 1, where K , K and K2 are the routing
2 0 1

List-I coefficients for the concerned reach, /1 and 12

are the inflows to the reach, and 0 1 and 0 2 are
A. Streamflow velocity
the outflows from the reach corresponding to time
B. Evapo--transpiration rate
steps 1 and 2 respectively. The sum of K0 , K1
C. Infiltration rate and K2 of the model is
D. Wind velocity (a) - 1 (b) - 0.5
List-II (c) 0.5 (d) 1
1. Anemomenter
Q.148 The type of flood routing (Group-I) and the
2. Penman's method
equation(s) used for the purpose (Group-II) are
3. Horton's method given below.
4. Current meter Group-I
Codes: P. Hydrologic flood routing
A B C D Q. Hydraulic flood routing
(a) 1 2 3 4 Group-II
(b) 4 3 2 1 1 . Continuity equation
2. Momentum equation
(c) 4 2 3 1
3. Energy equation
( d) 1 3 2 4
(a) P-1; 0-1, 2 and 3
(b) P-1; 0-1 and 2
(c) P-1 and 2; 0-1
(d) P-1 and 2; 0-1 and 2
 ·- I
. . --. -- ··- -- ..... -�-�- :1
··.· _,,. ..,,. ,c--,
. �. ' ...
.. . ,. .�------ �- - -... -.
-·. .,,
. r.

--
�
- - .... .,.·
. . ·.:
, ..• ,.,.• ......_,.,·� �C·'••:.""; ,.;,·•,.:�•- ..
Hydro ��gy , ....
\

. . :-... ,· •. '",

--- � .._
I
�- ::. -·
- ·- ____ ,_ . .--� -�' -- • -.... --·' ·<: �:.,..,, • -,_-

(a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c)

1.
(a) I
(a) 10. 11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (a)
g,

17, (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (b) I
(b) (c) (a) I
(c) 26. 27. 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (d) 31. (b) 32.
25,
(a)
I
33, (a) 34. (d) 35. 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (c)
42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. 48. (b)
I
4 1. (b) (d)

49. (d) 50. (d) 51. (d) 52. (c) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (c)
58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (c) 61. (a) 62. (a) 63. (b) 64. (b)
I
57. (b)

(c) I
65. (b) 66. (b) 67. 68. (b) 69. (c) 70. (a) 71. (b) 72. (b)

73. (a) 74. (d) 75. (b) 76. (d) 77. (c) 78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (b) I

(a) (c) (a) (b) (a) I

81. (a) 82. 83. 84. 85. (d) 86. 87. (d) 88.

89. (a) 90. (a) 91. (b) 92. (c) 93. (a) 94. (d) 95. (c) 96. (a)
I
97. (b) 98. (b) 99. (a) 100. (a) 101. (b) 102. (b) 103. (d) 104. (c)
I
105. (d) 106. (b) 107. (d) 108. (c) 109. (d) 110. (a) 111. (d) 112. (a)
I
113. (a) 114. (b) 115. (c) 116. (d) 117. (a) 118. (c) 119. (d) 120. (b)

121. (b) 122. (d) 123. (d) 124. (b) 125. (a) 126. (d) 127. {d) 128. (b) I

129. (d) 130. (b) 131. (c) 132. (c) 133. (a) 134. (a) 135. (d) 136. (c) I
I
137. (d) 138. (d) 139. (d) 140. (d) 141. (c) 142. (d) 143. (b) 144. (c)

145. (c) (b)

I
146. (d) 147. (d) 148.

I
I

I
I
 - -- - -- - __ _ I
m (a)
Lirnnology is the study of inland waters. This
includes the study of lakes, ponds rivers, springs
and wetlands (in Greek limne means lake).
Ell (c).
To reduce the evaporation loss a thin chemical
film can be applied over tr1e water surface. This is
the only feasible method available for reduction
of evaporation of reservoirs upto moderate size.
Certain chemical such as cetyl alcohol
(hexadecanol) and stearyl alcohol (octadedcanol)
form monomolecular layers on a water surf ace.
These layers act as evaporation inhibitors, by
preventing the molecules to escape past them.
Cetyl alcohol is found to be the most suitable
chemical for the use as an evaporation inhibitor.
m
(c)
An isohyet may be defined as a line joining
locations having equal rainfall. lsohyets are drawn
by the method of simple interpolation of average
value of precipitation similar to the level contours.
Drawing isohyets is some extent a skilled job.
)
While drawing isohyets , one may consider the
topographical effect. Since rain gauges outside
the area having hydrologic homogeneity is
considered.
Hence isohyetal method is more accurate.
m
(c).
The non-recording gauge extensively used in India
is the Symon's gauge. It consists of a circular
collecting area of 12. 7 cm diameter connected to
a funnel. Recently, the Indian Meteorological
department (IMO) has changed over to the use of
fibreglass reinforced polyster raingauges, which
is an improvement over the Symon's gauge.
DI ca>.
In shallow streams of depth upto 3.0 m, the
velocity measured at 0.6 times the depth of flow
below the water surface is taken as the average
velocity in the vertical.
Explanations 3 -_ _:: - --
In the moderately deep streams the velocity is
observed at two points i.e. at 0.2 and 0.8 times
the depth of flow below the free surface.
+ Vo.a
v =
Vo2
2
m (c)
The S hydrograph is defined as a hydrograph
observed at a catchment outlet, when the excess
precipitation uniformly distributed over the entire
catchment occurs for a period which tends to
infinity.
The resulting hydrograph resembles the letter S. 1
Hence it is called S hydrograph. • \
m (a)
The delayed flow that reaches a stream essentially
as groundwater flow is called base flow. In the
annual hydrograph of a perennial stream, the base
flow is easily recognised as the slowly decreasing
flow of the stream in rainless period.
m
(a)
A front is the interface between two distinct air
masses. Under certain favourable conditions when
a warm air mass and cold air mass meet, the
warmer air mass is lifted over the colder one with
the formation of a front. The ascending warmer air
cools adiabatically with the consequent formation
of clouds and precipitation.
m (c)
A lysimeter is a special watertight tank containing
a block of soil and set in a field of growing plants.
The plants grown in the lysimeter are the same as
in the surrounding field. But lysimeter studies are
time-consuming and expensive.
m
(b)
The probability of rainfall equal to or greater than
= Risk
( 1)n = 1- ( 1- 1 )10
= 1- 1-
T 100
10
= 1 -(0.99)
el (I>):

1tr ati on
2 1
rate =- =- cm/hour
m {b) �
No rmaI ratio method is used for estim ating
l n 1
•,
6 3 missing annual precipitation value at a station
tlon run-o ff= 10 - 4 = cm
fnfiltra 6 when the annual precipitation and normal annual
precipitation at neighbouring stations are known.
a, ,c1 '
N', e pnerrna! stream 1s tne one which does not
. ' In calculating average rainfall in a catchment area
arithmetic mean method is very crude method and
r,ave any base flow_ con trib utio n. The annual it is rarely used. Thiessen-polygon method of
hydrograph of such rivers shows series of short calculating the average precipitation is superior
aura•ion spikes marking flash flows in response to the arithmetic average method as some
to storm. The stream becomes dry soon after the
weighted is given to the various stations on a
end of storm flow. Most of the rivers in arid zones
rational basis. The isohyetal method is superior
are of the ephermal kind.
to other methods (arithmetic mean and thiessen)
Cl (cf}. when stations are large in number.

P= _
1
25
1
q=1--
25
m {c)
Weighted mean rainfall can be calculated
:. Probabi!ity of flood equal to or greater than according to Theissen Polygon method also called
as Weighted Area Method.
25 years flood occuring twice in the next three
years=pxpxq El (b).
1 1 1) 24 The maximum depth area curve for a given
( 1-
= 25 X 25 X 25 = 15625 duration O is prepared by assuming the area
distribution of rainfall for smaller duration to be
£I (cl similar to the total storm. The procedure is then
If the conditions relevant to the recording of a repeated for different storms and the envelope
raingauge station have undergone a significant curve of maximum depth area for duration O is
d',ange during the period of record, inconsistency obtained. A similar procedure for various values
would arise in the rainfall data of that station. The of O results in a family of envelope curves of
maximum depth vs area, with duration as the
checrjng for inconsistency of a record is done by
third parameter. These curves are called DAD
doub:e mass curve technique.
curves.
El (b)
The probability of occurrence of a flood at least
m (d)
Yield of a well means the discharge from the well
once in next n years is given by excavated through given aquifer
p = 1 - qn Q = nva A= KiA
where
p = 1-(1-;r n is porosity
'>'there Tis recurrence interval = 10 years va is actual flow velocity of ground water
A is area of the aquifer opening into the wells
K is permeability of soil
P = 1-(1-yf
=1 - (0.9) 4 "'0.35 El (d)
In Artesian aquifer or Confined aquifer the water
E?I (b) present is usually above atmospheric pressure
As the duration of unit hydrograph decreases, the as it is confined between two impermeable stratas
intensity
of rainfall increases. Hence the peak thus preve nting it from any expos ure to
Ordinate of ater
2 hour unit hydrograph will be gre atmospheric pressure.
than tr· ,e peak of
4 hour unit hydrograph
 sity of

m B ase d o n Al anomaly, the inten

shortage . fied as follows:
(b)�. cu ltural dro ught is classi
agn •
aly Seven·ty class
Al a n om
mild an.d
1-25
m o derate an·d
26-50
s evere an.d
?EIJ

m (d)
. · A rain or sn ow event that
orograp h 1c storm· , ..
ed by, :ift:ng
nificantly enhanc
results fram, Or is sig
. mountain barrier.
of an air mass over a
. o ca lle d an "or dinary·
Typical DAD curves Air M as s Sto rm als
ers torm tha t is genera!ly
thunderstorm, is a thund
None of the option represents the actual DAD . The lifting source.
curves , so Option (b) - is closest. weak and usually not severe

m
{a)_
Specific capacity is the discharge per unit
drawdown of a well and it measures efficiency of
a well. All other parameters like specific yield,
storage coefficient and permeability coefficient are
used for water bearing formation.
El ca1·
A moving average plot, in which the average value
of precipitation of three or five consecutive time
intervals is plotted at the mid-value of the time
interval is useful in smoothening out the variations
and bringing out the trend.
in thu nde rs torm
wh ich is a cru cia l fac tor
of uneven
development, is usua lly the resu lt
heating of the surface, though they can be induced
by weather fronts and other low-level boundaries
associated with wind convergence.
Frontal thunderstorms occur along the boundaries
of weather fronts (e.g. cold front).
El cc1
The Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) may
be defined as the maximum depth of precipitation
for a given duration that may p ossibly occur on
a given catchment at any time of the year. Hence

El {d)
such a prec ipita tio n w o uld resu lt from the
possible seve rest storm that may resu from the
lt
Aquifer is a saturated formation of earth material
wors t poss ible com bina tions o f hydr gical
which not only stores water but also yields it in olo
sufficient quantity. e .g. unconsolidated deposits conditions in the are a.
of sand and gravel. Probable Maximum Flood (PMF)
is the extreme flood
Aquitard is a formation through which only seepage that is physically possible in
a region as a result of
is possible and thus the yield is insignific ant eve�e 0st com bin atio
� � ns , inc lud ing rar e
compared to an aquifer e.g. sandy clay unit. ombinations of meteorolog
Aquifuge is a geological formation which is neither ical and hydrological
fa�tors. The PMF is us
porous nor permeable e.g. massive compact rock ed in situa tio ns where the
failure of the structure
without any fracture. would result in loss of life
Aquic lude is geolo gical forma tion which is and c taStrophic da
� ma ge and as such complete

m
essentially impermeable to the flow of water security from poten
tial floods is sought
although it may contain large amounts of water .
(b )
due to its high porosity e.g. clay.
So in terms of yield , Aquife r > A quit ard Precipitatio n is
> expressed in terms of
Aquiclude > Aquifuge. tOWh.ICh rai. nfall the depth

m
Water would stand
the rai.n were col on an area if all
.
le cted on it. .
( a) c ollected and The precipitation 1s
me asured i·n a ra1ng
The departure of Al from its corresponding norm such as plu v1. ome auge . Terms
al ter, ombrometer
value is known as Al anomaly, represents mois are also someti_ m and hyetometer
ture es used t0 des1 gnat
e a raingauge.
 �-=
1i · t� ,.,..., ;s a fr.r.·.g
tank called towing tank. o-mr.g ce,.; ,., · ·- .

..:I
P (c};; channel containing still wa!er 'N�t'1 a.rra. � �
:-- r :s
Piezometric surface . • , '. ' , ·:..; c: '� �r. Sif.�
Q under non-pumping well for moving a carnage :ong.tud'
t .--.--------------------
IG:,. • ., •�

,. '""' �o �'
at constant speed. The curre:1. tr;ew, •·
,

calibrated is mounted on the carriz:;;e 'Ni;:h :;he

-��
-
rotating element immersed to a spec- ;.E;<J. �-
" rir-�-F1;

in the water body in the tank. The carrizg.e :<- tr:eri

Piezometric surface
under pumping well
towed at a predetermined constant speed ( vj a',
the corresponding average 'la.Jue of revd....::t:ar.:s
per second (NJ of the instrurr.errt deterr:-.:. ;ed_ Tr:is
experiment is repeated over the CC.'T;p;e& range

m
Impervious rock of velocities and a best-fit !in.ear reiat�':h in ., :ic
form of the equation v = aN5 + b v/nere a, b a:e
(b)_ constants of the current meter.
·--: Volume lost = SY x Drawdown x Area
= 0.15 X 0,2 X 100 X 106 m3 Cl (b)
= 3 x 106 m3 = 3 Mm3 The Float-operated stage recorder is t'� rr�

m (c)
Penman's Equation is based on a combination of
common type of automatic stage recorder i 1 :se.
In this a float operating in a stiHing weH is b?.Ja:-iced
by means of a counterweight over the pulfey of a
both energy budgeting and mass transfer recorder.
approach. To protect the float from debris and to reduce the

m ( b) _
The velocity profile shows how the average
water surface wave effects on the recording �j:'.:ng
wells are provided in all float-type stage reCDrder
installations.
velocity is usually at 0.6 times the total depth from
the water surface, or 0.4 times the total depth from
the bottom of the channel. This is why, in shallow
m (d)
The current meter is held at the requisite depth
channels ( < 2.5 ft or < 0. 75 m), current meter below the surface of the stream vertically by a:1
measurements are made at four tenths of the total observer who stands in the water. This techniq ;e
depth (from the bottom). is known as Wading and is used to determ:ne the

-
velocity of flow in shallow stream s.

m
0
Average Average
£ 0.1 velocity profile
g. 0.2 (b)
,, 0.3
� Flow mass curve is a plot of the cumuiat
.9 0.4 ive
5 disc har ge volu me aga inst time p lo tted
0 0. in
C: 0.6
chronological order, the slope of the
·u 0.7
point represents rate of flow at tha
ma ss at any
0.8
C:
t instant, so
0.9 flash flood during a period will sho
1.0 w steep rise in
the flow mass curve.

m
1.0 2.0 3.0
Velocity (m/sec)
{d )
II (c) Tim� invariance and linea
basic ssu mptio n s
r re sp on se are the two
The relation between the stream velocity and � of UH-the o r y. Oth e r
r evolutions per second of the current meter assumptions are:
is
called the calibration equation The calibratio (i) Rai fall exce ss
. n � oc cur s unif ormly over the
equation is unique to each instrum basin
ent and is
determined by towing the instrument (ii) Th d .Istnbutio
in a special � n of storm over the ba sin
uniform. is
El<dt.'
The 12-hr Unit Hydrograph will be obtained by
m (a)
Clark's method, also known as Time-area
adding the ordinates of 6-hr and ordinates of 6-hr histogram method aims at developing an IUH due
UH lagged by 6-hr and then dividing the ordinates to an instantaneous ra infall excess over a
by 2. So the base period for 12 hr UH will be, catchment. It is assumed that the rainfall excess
84 + 6 = 90 hr. first undergoes pure translation and then
Base period of derived UH attenuation. The translation is achieved by a travel
time-area histogram and the attenuation by routing
Ta = ta + (�-1) xd = ta + (0- o') the results of the above through a linear reservoir
at the catchment outlet.
where
ta is base period of known UH
0 is duration of derived UH
El c,>
Kirpich equation is an empirical relation used for
dis duration of known UH. the estimation of the time concentration. It is given
El (d)"' as
tC = 0.01947 L077 5 03as
-
Total rainfall = 3.5 + 4.2 + 2.9 = 10.6 cm
where tC = time of concentration in minutes
Effective rainfall = 3 cm
L = maximum length of travel of water (m)
Infiltration = 10.6 -3 = 7.6 cm
t.h
Assuming infiltration to occur for three hours. S = slope of the catchment =
t8 = 3 hrs
T
t:..H = difference in elevation between the most
76 remote point on the catchment outlet.
<j>-index = · = 2.53 cm/hr

m (d).
3
m (b)
As per rational formula , the peak value of
Total rainfall = 7 + 18 + 25 + 12 + 3 = 75 mm discharge is expressed as
Effective rainfall = 33 mm OP= KAi
Infiltration = 65 - 33 = 42 mm
3 6 X 10-2
Assuming t8 = 6 hrs = 0.5 X 200 X 104 X ·
3600
42
<1>= =7 mm/hr = 10 m3/s

m
6
It is greater than 3 mm/hr and 7 mm/hr (c):
So for 4 hour the infiltration would be
The climatic factors control the rising limb and
42-10 = 32 mm
the recession limb is independent of storm
32 characteristics, being determined by catchment
Index = - =8 mm/hr
4 characteristics only.

El (d).
Op = kiA/36
m (c)
The equilibrium discharge is expressed as
where
Op is Peak discharge in m3/s Os = A x 104 m3 /h
0
i is intensity in cm/hour where A is area of catchment in km2 and O is
A is Area in ha duration in hours.
_ 0.4 x4.5x90
0p- = 4_ 5 m3/s 0 = 270 X 104
36 s 3
If area is in km2 and intensity in mm/hr, then = 90 x 104 m 3/h
kiA 90x104 3
0P (m3/s) = - = m /s = 250 m3/s
3.6 3600
 The value of k increases with higher return period.
f!l(c)'. runoff, Q is given by
The So flood magnitude for 100 year return period is
1 more than that of 50 year return period.
Q= k.p.A
36 % dependable flow means number of times the
K = 1 (impervious) given discharge is equalled or exceeded.
1 100
0= -x1x2x3.6 % Dependability=
36 Return period
= 0.2 m3/sec 90% dependable flow has lesser return period
while , 50% dependable flow has higher return
Cl (a)
Total direct runoff
period. So, 90% dependable flow is less than 50%
dependable flow.
= (7 - 3) + (8 - 3) + (4 - 3) When a solute is dissolved in water, the vapour
= 10 cm pressure is less than that of pure water and hence
So.Volume generated causes a reduction in the rate of evaporation.
10
= -x195x106 m3
100
m (b) ..
For linear reservoirS = kQ
= 19.5 x 106 m3=19.5 Mm3

m
The storage varies linearly with outflow discharge,
or outflow rate varies linearly with storage.
(b)
$-curve hydrograph is the hydrograph of flow from
a 1 cm intensity rain of infinite duration.
m (c)_·
Trap efficiency increases with increase in ratio of

C! (b) reservoir capacity to inflow. Therefore to minimize

sediment accumulation in a reservoir, the capacity
According to water balance,
to inflow ratio should be kept minimum possible.
Runoff + Evapotranspiration + Infiltration/ It implies that reservoir should be constructed in
Recharge= Precipitation stages.

C! (b)
Pro:JG.bi:ity corresponding to 10 year return period
m (a)
Rational formula QP = kiA.
is There is no term for duration of rainfall in the rational
1 formula so peak discharge will not change.
P = - =0.1
10
Tr1e prob�biiity of flood occurring at least once rm (b)
.in 4 y<;;c;rs is The probability corresponding to 100 years return
period
= 1 -(1 - PY,: 1 - 0.9 4 = 0 3439 ""35%

a {b)
The flood that would rnsull from a suvore
P=--=0.01
1
100
Tt10 probability of ttie flood exceeding at least once
in 100 years is
combination of rneteornlogical and hy<Jmloyical
factors that are reasonal)ly applicat,lo to 1110 R = 1 - ( 1 _ P) 100 = 1 _ 0,99100
region Extremely rare coml)in::1tions of fc1ctors i1<e = 0.634 = 64%
excluded.
III (b)
rm (c) Wtion it is n ot possible
measurement especially during
to ma ke dir ect
For a return period r, the magnitude of flood is given floods, slope-area
meth0d is a most commonly use
by equation of hydrologic frequency analysis as d indirect method
of measur em ent. In this met
X r = x+ka hod disc har ge is
computed on the basis of a unifo
rm flow equation
 involving channel characteristics, water surface
profile and a roughness coefficient. The drop in
m (a>.:
124A
water surface profile for a uniform reach of channel Inglis formula, OP = '.::::'.123'J'A
"'10.4+ A
represents losses caused by bed roughness.
This is suitable for Western Ghat and Maharashtra
Discharge is calculated using Manning's equation
Region. Maharashtra was earlier kno wn as
is used in this method.
Bombay presidency.
El ca>:
Risk= Probability of flood being exceeded at least Cl <b>'
once over a period of n years. · When the rainfall duration Tis made infinitely small
( T ➔ 0). This limiting case of a unit hydrograph
5() produced by a rainfall of unit rain fall excess in
= 1-(1- � r = 1-(099)
1 zero hour time is called an instantaneous unit

m (d).
Drainage density is the ratio of total length of
hydrograph (IUH)

r-
stream channels to the area of catchment. Large
drainage density creates quick flowing off or runoff I

down the channel hence gives a faster response

I

t
I
I

Instantaneous unit hydrograph

I
·:.J
(shorter time base) and high peak discharge. /

m
T= 0 I/-
-'
',,

(1)
.s:::.
/ \

(b).
I \
0 I \
V)

Wedge and prism storage concept is used in

I \
I \
I '

............_--
I '

channel routing using Muskingum method. //

',

-------
I

m (d).
Time➔

For permanent barrages and minor dams with

capacity less than 60 Mm 3 design flood
El <a>'�
W-index is always less than <!>-index
recommended is SPF or flood with a return period
W<<!>
of 100 years whichever gives higher value.
Hence option (a) is correct.
m (b)
m {a)j

The variation of rainfall between two sections rn

isohyetal method is assumed linear. If p1 and p2
,,,--
--- I �t!:nuation are the isohytels then
8, , '-
- II ''
/ I '

� +P2
L.
I
(1) J
I \ Pavg =
2
I \
', outflow
I '
�
(Assuming linear variation)

m
',
... ... _,

(c)'
Time
The shape of hydrograph dep end s on the
Flood routing is an important technique necessary shape
of catchment and rainfall pattern.
for the complete solution of flood problems. When
a flood passes through a reservoir, its peak Q
_
reduc�s and it requires bigger times base. The
_
reduc�1on in peak flow is called attenuation and
delay in occurrence of peak is called 'lag'. Using
flood routing lag and attenuation can be
Catchment
determined. outlet
Time
 ____ ______Jl�3:��.:S
£1 (a)'.
____
• Weighing type
The area of hydro�raph gives the total discharge • Floating type
(in m ). To determine effective rainfall, the area of In the catchment, at least 10% raingauges should
3

hy drograph is divided by the area of catchment. be of recording type.

II (d).
m ( a)
In many hydrological studies involving estimation
H ail, sleet and snow are the Frozen (ice) form of
precip itation. Whe reas rain is liquid form of of severe floods, it is necessary to have information
precipitation. of the maximum amount of rainfall of various
durations occuring over various sizes of areas.
Hence rain is odd one.
T he development of relationship, between

II (b)
The length of stream per unit area is known as
maximum depth-area-duration for a region is
known as DAD analysis and forms an important
aspect of hydro-meteorological study.
drainage density. The severemost rainstorms that have occurred in
L the region under the area are considered. lsohyetal
Dd= - A maps and mass cuNes of a the storm are compiled
Where, L = Total length of the perennial or and depth-area-duration cuNe of a given duration
intermittent stream in the basin of the storm is prepared.
Maximum depth for a given storm decreases with
El (d)- the area. For a given area the maximum depth
increases with duration.
Following methods are used to find out the peak
flood discharge:
(i) Rational method:
m (a)
Answer (b) is correct for convective precipitation
1 and answer (c) is correct for orographic.
Q = -kPA
p 36 C
this method is applicable for small size
catchment in which area is less than 50 km 2 .
m (b)-

(ii) Deccan's formula:

Q
p
= CA3l4
this is suitable for North and Central India.
(iii) Ryve's flood formula: Concave water surface Assumed convex water surface
(generally not exists)
Q = CA2l3
p During reservoir planning the V-shaped reservoir
this is suitable for South India. is preferred over flat surface to reduce the
(iv) Inglis formula: evaporation losses because in concave surface
124A � 3-JA the losses are less as compared to the convex
0 = 12
P ../10.4+ A surface.
this is suitable for Western Ghat and Maharashtra
Region.
rm (c)
According to lso- hyetal method,
Hence option (d) is correct.
Average precipitation is given by,
13 . (a)'. p c1 ;P,)A, +el,; Pa )A,
The raingauges can be classified as:
avg =
1. Non-recording type: A,+�
• Symon's raingaue
2. Recording type:
p ( 45; 55)100 + ( 55; 65) X 150
avg = = 56 cm
• Tipping bucket type 100 + 1 0
5
 1

al<�{
The most commonly used instrument in
m (a)__

Bank
hydrometry to measure the velocity at a point in
the flow cross-section is the current meter. It
consists of a rotating element which rotates due
--
to the reaction of the stream current with angular
velocity proportional to the stream velocity. Repelling groyene
A typical relationship for current meter is given
by, Bank
v = aN5 + b

-
where, v = Stream velocity in m/s
a, b = Constants of the current meter
Ns = Revolution per second of the current -
meter Attracting Gryone

m {dl-.
A unit hydrograph is defined as the hydrograph m (a)
A hyetograph is a plot of a intensity of rainfall
of direct run-off resulting from one unit depth
against the time interval.
(1 cm) of rainfall excess occuring uniformly over
the basin and at a uniform rate for a specified It is usually represented as a bar chart. The area
duration (Ohours). under a hy etograph repres ents the total
precipitation received in the period.
Thus the unit hydrograph is obtained by dividing
the ordinates of direct run-off hydrograph by
'rainfall excess'.
Im (b)
£lei�,
Transmissibility is the product of the coefficient 104.5°
of permeability and the thickness of the acquifer.
T= Kx d
It has the dimension of m2 /s.
Water (H2O) is a polar inorganic compound.

m
It is also known as transmissivity.

13 (b) (d)·.

Ground surface Hydrology is a science dealing with the properties,

distribution and circulation of water on the surface

PiezometricJ
_______ ¥ --------- Impermeable
of land, in the soil, in the underlying rocks and in
the atmo sphe re, particularly with resp ect to
surface strata precipitation and evaporation.

t
Confined Well t
Permeable
m (c)'
The problem of predicting the flood hydrograph
acquifer strata
resulting from a known storm in a catchment has
mLtaaea.::a w.UQSR.I ss anw:zzr.�.L �!!Ji received consideration attention and large number
When an aquifer is sandwiched between two of methods are proposed to solve this problem
impermeable layers, it is known as artesian or and of them most popular and widely used method
confined aquifer. The aquifer will be under is the unit hydrograph method. This method was
pressure. first suggested by Sherman in 1932.
 ______
_______.:._
• Drizzle: These are the fine spri nk le of
t

dl )ftration rate is higher at the beginning. It goes numerous water droplets of size less than
on reducing
with respect to time and finally
it 0.5 mm and intensity less than 1 mm/hr.
· atta ins ste ady rate. • Glaze: When rain or drizzle comes in contact
Horton has suggested the following equation for with cold ground at around 0 C, the water
°

the curve. drops freeze to form an ice coating.

ft = fc + (fo - fc) e-kt • Sleet: Thes e are froz en rain dro ps of
where, ft = Infiltration rate at time t transparent grains which forms when rain falls
f0 = Initial infiltration rate through air at subfreezing temperature.
fc = Final infiltration rate • Hail: It is a showery precipitation in the form
k = Rate constant of irregular pellets or lumps of ice of size more
t = Time than 8 mm.
Val ue of k is normally betwee n 2 to 5.
11D (a):
II (b)�
When the lowering of the tubewell is complete, it
Relative humidity is the ratio of actual vapour
pressure to saturated vapour pressure for that
is kept suspended from the top of the bore hole temperature, and is generally denoted by 'h' and
and clean sand or properly designed cleaned in terms of percentage.
shrounding gravel is dropped in the bore hole. Naturally, it is always less than 100.
The coarse sand or shrouding material filled to at
Thus, h = -x100
e
least 1Oto 15 m above the top of the upper strainer. Bs

Im (ct)--
The infiltration capacity of an area is dependent
rm (c)'
Recently, the Indian Meteorological Department
on a large number of factors, some of them are: (IMO) has changed the use of Symon's raingauges
• Characteristics of the soil to the use of fibreglass reinforced polyster
(Texture, porosity and hydraulic conductivity) raingauges. These comes in different
• Condition of the soil surface. combinations of collector and bottle. The collector
• Current moisture content. is in two sizes having areas of 200 and 100 cm2 .
• Vegetative cover.
• Soil temperature. ml (b).
If the normal precipitation vary 10% ' then p is
m (d)
This is a small plot of land, of about 2 m x 4 m
estimated by weighing the precipitation at the
X

various stations by the ratios of norm al annu al

size, is provided with a series of nozzles on the precipitation.
longer side with arrangements to collect and In this method, missing value of precipitation )
(Px
measure the surface run-off rate. Using the water can be given by,
budget equation involving the volume of rainfall, p =
infiltration and run-off, the infiltration rate and its (R �
N.r Pm)
m N1 + N2 + ... +-
variation with time is estimate d.
x

(-2.!Q_
Nm
p = 1000 + 90 70
1 00 )
1111 .(d).. X 3 1 1200 1250
+
Forms of precipitation: Px = 77 mm
• Rai
n: It is the precipitation in the form of water
drops of size 0.5 mm to 6 mm.
a (d)_
!he_critical depth of flow for rectangular channe
• Sn l
ow: Snow consists of ice crystals which
Is given by,
usually combines to form flakes. Fresh snow
has a density varying from 0.06 to
0.15gm/cm3_
( 2)1/3
Ye = 9_
g
 where, q - Discharge per unit width For circular basin,
Area, A= nr 2
q =
a
Q

where, B = Width of channel and Perimeter, P 1 = 21tr

0 = Discharge flowing through channel 1

P = 21t� = 2fim I
Thus critical depth ( Yc) depends on the width of
I
the channel (B). Compactness coefficient I

ma
p p I
(d ) = -= I
P, 2 An
The rate of evaporation depends on I
• Vapour pressure at the water surface and air
EC! (dl into two
I
I
above. In hycjrology the groundwater is divided
• Air and water temperature . pmt . Tt1e part that drains under the
influence of I
• Wind speed . gravity 1s called as specific yield and
part that is
I
I
• Atmospheric pressure . retained as a f i lm on the soil surface
in very small
I
• Quality of water. openings is ca!ied as specific rete
ntion . I
• Size of water body, etc . I

mJ (b) EC! ( c) I
I
For a current meter,
Dicken's formula➔ Northern & Central India V = aN5 + b I
Ryve's formula➔ Southern India For V= 0.25 m/s I
arshtra
lnglish's formula➔ Western Ghat's & Mah NS= 12 I
... (i) I
mJ (d), 0.25 = 12a + b
NS= 2D
I

According to Oicken's formula, 0.46 = 30a + b ... (ii)

Q = CA3l4 Solving eq. (i) and (ii), we get,
where, Q= Flood discharge in m /s
3
a= 0.01167 I
2
A = Area of catchment in km b = 0.11 I
11
C= Constant, its value ranges from I
For 50 revolutions in one minute, I
to 20 for plain areas :. Number of revolutions in 50 seconds

a
I
50x50 I
(c)-� = = 41.67
a watershed is the 60 I
Coefficient of compactness of I
to the perimeter of
ratio of perimeter of watershed :. Velocity indicated, I
a of the watershed .
circular area, which equals the are V= aN5 + b I
= 0.01167x41.67+0.11 I
p = 0.596 = 0.60 I

m
I
I
(d ) _
I
In a small catchment, I
Circular drainage basin of peak flow
Actual drainage basin with same area
Time of concentration = Lag time I
= 7.0 - 1.5 = 5.5 hr I
Compactness coefficient
ge basin = .E_ I
Perimeter of actual draina I
aiange basin p1
= Perimeter of circular dr I
circular drainage basin .
where, p1 = Perimeter of I
I