Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Categorised By Subject
Ruth Nieuwenhuis
RCSLT Adviser in Aphasia
Lecturer/Practitioner
Email: rnieuwenhuis@uwic.ac.uk
Contents
Contents page 2
Introduction 3
Major textbooks on aphasia 4
The history of aphasia therapy 7
Assessment of aphasia 8
National Service Frameworks/Policy Documents 9
Impairment approaches to aphasia therapy
x Cognitive neuropsychological: general 10
x Auditory comprehension 11
x Word retrieval and production 12
x Reading 16
x Writing 17
x Sentence processing 19
Psychosocial approaches to aphasia therapy
x Psychosocial issues 20
x Aphasia friendly literature 26
x Insights of people with aphasia, their carers and 26
colleagues
x Quality of life issues 28
x Supported conversation, conversational coaching, and 30
conversational partners
Treatment approaches/packages 32
Functional communication 35
Conversational analysis/interaction 38
Group therapy 42
Aphasia and bilingualism 44
Aphasia and computers 45
Primary progressive aphasia 47
Outcome measures/efficacy 48
What is therapy? 50
Useful groups/websites 51
Welcome to the January 2005 edition of the ‘Aphasia Reading List’. The project
developed after my initial, informal attempt to create a useful database for students
and colleagues. This updated version contains several new components. There are
now sections on different types of impairment-based therapy, further useful websites,
National Service Frameworks and Policy Documents, and even references on the
elusive concept, ‘What is Therapy?’
The Reading List deliberately contains academic and lay material. It also has
references to texts aimed at the person with aphasia and their carer(s). This wider
range offers aphasia therapists an overview of material which might be useful in
clinic. However, none of the content has been critically appraised. For a more
rigorous analysis, readers should consult the Royal College of Speech and Language
Therapists (RCSLT) Clinical Guideline on Aphasia (Taylor-Goh, 2004).
Moreover, other features of the original list still apply. The classification is purely
personal, reflecting my own interpretation. The material is not exhaustive (I had to
stop somewhere!) and there may be inadvertent errors or omissions for which I
apologise. Some sections are longer than others. Individuals will still need to contact
experts in different fields for specialist information about specific topics. Due to time
constraints, I have not produced an alphabetical list this time.
As before, some of the categories may overlap. Issues relevant to the ‘psychosocial
approach’ to aphasia therapy, for example, may also surface within the section on
‘functional communication’. Therefore, if you are interested in a particular topic (for
example, ‘assessment’), it may be worthwhile skimming through the various sections
in which you think it might arise
Finally, scores of people contacted me after production of the original 2004 version.
They gave comments and suggestions for further editions. I would like to thank all of
these individuals for their help. I have tried to include their ideas in the updated 2005
version wherever possible. The challenge ahead is to produce this material in an
aphasia-friendly form – so that those with aphasia may access it as well. In the
meantime, happy reading!
Reference
Ruth Nieuwenhuis
Lecturer/Practitioner
Centre for Speech and Language Therapy, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, and
Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust
Contact Address: School of Health and Social Sciences, Centre for Speech and
Language Therapy, UWIC, Western Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF5 2YB
Tel: 029 2041 6879
Email: rnieuwenhuis@uwic.ac.uk
x Basso, A. (2003). Aphasia and its Therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
x Byng, S., Swinburn, K. and Pound, C. (1999). The Aphasia Therapy File.
Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
x Byng, S.,Pound, C. and Lindsay, J. (Eds.). (2004). The Aphasia Therapy File.
Volume 2: Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
x Code, C. (Ed.). (2004). PALPA: Ten Years After: Aphasiology 18 (2) (Special
Issue). £29.95.
x Parr, S., Byng, S. and Gilpin, S. with Ireland, C. (1997). Talking About
Aphasia: Living with Loss of Language after Stroke. Milton Keynes: Oxford
University Press.
x Pound, C., Parr, S., Lindsay, J. and Woolf, C. (2000). Beyond Aphasia:
Therapies for Living with Communication Disability. Bicester: Speechmark
x Kalne, E., Reinhold, N., Brand, M. and Kessler, J. (2003). The aphasia check
list (ACL); A new instrument for aphasia diagnostics. Forum Logopadie, 17
(3), 18-23.
x O’Halloran, R., Worrall, L., Toffolo, D., Code, C. and Hickson, L. (2004).
IFCI: Inpatient Functional Communication Interview. Speechmark
x Code, C. (Ed.). (2004). PALPA: Ten Years After: Aphasiology, 18 (2), (Special
Issue).
x Howard, D. (2003). Single case, group studies and case series in aphasia
therapy. In Papathanasiou, I. and De Bleser, R. (Eds.). The Sciences of
Aphasia: From Therapy to Theory. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Pp. 245-258.
Auditory Comprehension
x Hoen, M., Golembiowski, M., Guyot, E., Deprez, V., Caplan, D. and
Dominey, P. F. (2003). Training with cognitive sequences improves syntactic
comprehension in agrammatic aphasics. NeuroReport, 14 (3), 495-499.
x Maneta, A., Marshall, J. and Lindsay, J. (2001). Direct and indirect therapy for
word sound deafness. International Journal of Language and Communication
Disorders, 36 (1), 91-106.
x Morris, J., Franklin, S., Ellis, A. W., Turner, J. E. and Bailey, P. (1996).
Remediating a speech perception deficit in an aphasic patient. Aphasiology,
10, (2): 137-158.
x Shindo, M., Kaga, K. and Tanaka, Y. (1991). Speech discrimination and lip
reading in patients with word deafness or auditory agnosia. Brain and
Language, 40, 153-161.
x Best, W., Herbert, R., Hickin, J., Osborne, F. and Howard, D. (2002).
Phonological and orthographic facilitation of word retrieval in aphasia:
Immediate and delayed effects. Aphasiology, 16, 151-168.
x Bird, H., Franklin, S. and Howard, D. (2002). ‘Little words’ – not really:
Function and content words in normal and aphasic speech. Journal of
Neurolinguistics, 15, 209-237.
x Fawcus, M., Kerr, J., and Whitehead, S. (1993). Aphasia Therapy in Practice:
Expression. Bicester: Speechmark Publishing Ltd.
x Herbert, R., Best, W., Hickin, J., Howard, D., and Osborne, F. (2003).
Combining lexical and interactional approaches to therapy for word finding
deficits in aphasia. Aphasiology, 17(12), 1163-1186.
x Hickin, J., Best, W., Herbert, R., Howard, D. and Osborne, F. (2002).
Phonological therapy for word finding difficulties: A re-evaluation.
Aphasiology, 16 (10-11,) 981-999.
x Howard, (1995). Lexical anomia: Or the case of missing lexical entries. The
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48, 999-1023.
x Marshall, J., Pound, C., White-Thomson, M. and Pring, T. (1990). The use of
picture/word matching tasks to assist word retrieval in aphasic patients.
Aphasiology,4, 167-184.
x Marshall, J., Chiat, S., Robson, J. and Pring, T. (1996). Calling a salad a
federation: An investigation of semantic jargon 2 Verbs. Journal of
Neurolinguistics, 9, 251-260.
x Martin, N., Fink, R., & Laine, M. (2004). Treatment of word retrieval deficits
with contextual priming. Aphasiology, 18(5-7), 457-471.
x Martin, R. C., Miller, M., & Vu, H. (2004). Lexical-semantic retention and
speech production: Further evidence from normal and brain-damaged
participants for a phrasal scope of planning. Cognitive Neuropsychology,
21(6), 625-644.
x Nickels, L. A. and Howard, D. (2000). When the words won’t come: relating
impairments and models of spoken word production. In Wheeldon, L. R.
(Ed.). Aspects of Language Production. Hove: Psychology Press. Pp. 115-142.
x Robson, J., Pring, T., Marshall, J. and Chiat, S. (2003). Phoneme frequency
effects in jargon aphasia: A phonological investigation of nonword errors,
Brain and Language, 85 (1), 109-124.
x Spencer, K. A., Doyle, P. J., McNeil, M. R., Wambaugh, J. L., Park, G. and
Carroll, B. (2000). Examining the facilitative effects of rhyme in a patient with
output lexical damage. Aphasiology, 14, 567-584.
Reading
x Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P. and Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading
aloud – dual route and parallel-distributed approaches. Psychological Review,
100, 589-608.
x Coltheart, M., Rastle, K., Perry, C., Landon, R. and Ziegler, J. (2001). DRC: A
dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud.
Psychological Review, 108, 204-256.
Writing
x Beeson, P.M., Rising, K. and Volk, J. (2003). Writing Treatment for Severe
Aphasia; Who Benefits? Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research,
46 (5), 1038-1060.
x Destreri, N. D., Ferina, E., Albaroni, M., Pomati, S., Nichelli, P. and Mariani,
C. (2000). Selective uppercase dysgraphia with loss of visual memory of letter
forms: a window on the organization of graphomotor patterns. .Brain and
Language, 71, 353-372.
x Fawcus, M., Kerr, J., Williams, R. and Whitehead, S. (1993). Aphasia Therapy
in Practice: Writing. Bicester: Speechmark Publishing Ltd.
x Robson, J., Pring, T., Marshall, J., Morrison, S. and Chiat, S. (1998). Written
communication in undifferentiated jargon aphasia: A therapy study.
International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 33,305-
328.
Sentence Processing
x Berndt, R. S., Wayland, S., Rochon, E., Saffron, E. and Schwartz, M. (2000).
Quantitative Production Analysis: A Training Manual for the Analysis of
Aphasic Sentence Production. Hove: Psychology Press.
Psychosocial Issues
x Bakheit, A. M. O., Barrett, L., & Wood, J. (2004). The relationship between
the severity of post-stroke aphasia and state self-esteem. Aphasiology, 18(8),
759-764.
x Brumfitt, S. (1993). Losing your sense of self: What aphasia can do.
Aphasiology, 7, 569-575.
x Brumfitt, S. and Sheeran, P. (1999). VASES: The Visual Analogue Self Esteem
Scale. Bicester: Speechmark Publishing Ltd.
x Byng, S.,Pound, C. and Lindsay, J. (Eds.). (2004 ). The Aphasia Therapy File.
Volume 2: Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
x Byng, S., Pound, C. and Parr, S. (2000). Living with aphasia: A framework for
interventions. In Papathanasiou, I. (ed.). Acquired Neurogenic
Communication Disorders. London: Whurr Publishers Ltd. Pp. 49-75.
x Chapey, R., Duchan, J. F., Elman, R. J., Garcia, L. J., Kagan, A., Lyon, J. G.
and Simmons-Mackie, N. (2001). Life participation approach to aphasia: A
statement of values for the future. In Chapey, R. (ed.). Language Intervention
Strategies in Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Communication Disorders.
Fourth Edition. Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Pp. 235-
245.
x Forster, A., Smith, J., Young, J., Knapp, P., House, A. and Wright, J. (2002).
Information provision for stroke patients and their caregivers. Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4.
x Ireland, C.M. (1996) 100 years on from Freud’s On Aphasia : From patient to
counsellor. In Code,C. and Muller, D. (Eds.). Treatment and Aphasia from
Theory to Practice. Whurr :London. Pp. 29-43.
x Ireland, C.M. and Wooten, G. (1996) Time to talk: Counselling for people
with dysphasia. Disability and Rehabilitation 18 (11): 585-591.
x Kagan, A. (2003). Aphasia centres and community: More than just the sum of
parts. In Parr, S., Duchan, J. and Pound, C. Aphasia Inside Out: reflections on
Communication Disability. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Ch. 5. Pp.41-
50.
x Marshall, J., Atkinson, J., Thacker, A. and Woll, B. (2003). Is Speech and
Language Therapy meeting the needs of language minorities? The case of deaf
people with neurological impairments. International Journal of Language and
Communication Disorders, 38 (1), 85-94.
x Parr, S., Duchan, J. and Pound, P. (2003). Aphasia Inside Out: Reflections on
Communication and Disability. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.
x Parr, S., Paterson, K. and Pound, C. (2003). Time please! Temporal barriers in
aphasia. In Parr, S., Duchan, J. and Pound, P. (2003). Aphasia Inside Out:
Reflections on Communication and Disability. Maidenhead, UK: Open
University Press. Ch. 12. Pp. 127-144
x Pound, C. (1998). Therapy for life: Finding new paths across the plateau.
Aphasiology, 12 (3), 222-227.
x Pound, C. (1999). Learning to listen and helping to tell. Speech and Language
Therapy in Practice, Autumn.
x Pound, C., Parr, S., Lindsay, J. and Woolf, C. (2000). Beyond Aphasia:
Therapies for Living with Communication Disability. Oxon, UK: Winslow
Press Ltd.
x Servaes, P., Draper, B., Conroy, P. and Bowring G. (1999). Informal carers of
stroke patients: Stresses and interventions. Aphasiology, 13 (12), 889-928.
x Torney, A. and Crozier, E. (2000). Aphasia in the high street. RCSLT Bulletin,
June, 13-14.
Aphasia-Friendly Literature
x Eames, S., McKenna, K., Worrall, L. and Read, S. (2003). The suitability of
written education materials for stroke survivors and their carers. Topics Stroke
Rehabil., 10 (3). 70-83.
x Parr, S., Pound, C., Byng, S. and Long, B. (1999). The Aphasia Handbook.
London: Connect Press.
x Triandafilou, J. S. (2003). Reading for life: A book club for individuals with
aphasia. ASHA, Leader, 8 (14), 21.
x Byng, S., Pound, C. and Hewitt, A. (2004). (Eds.). Living with Severe
Aphasia: The Experience of Communication Impairment after Stroke. London:
City University.
x Clarke, H. (2003). Doing less, being more. Togher, T. (2003). Do I have green
hair? ‘Conversations’ in aphasia therapy. In Parr, S., Duchan, J. and Pound,
C. Aphasia Inside Out:Reflections on Communication Disability. Maidenhead:
Open University Press. Ch. 8. pp. 80-90.
x Hale, S. (2002). The Man Who Lost His Language. London: Allen Lane, The
Penguin Books Ltd.
x Khosa, J. (2003). Still life of a chameleon: Aphasia and it’s impact on identity.
In Parr, S., Duchan, J. and Pound, C. Aphasia Inside Out: Reflections on
Communication Disability. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Ch. 2. Pp.
10-20.
x Parr, S., Duchan, J. and Pound, P. (2003). Aphasia Inside Out: Reflections on
Communication and Disability. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.
x Parr, S., Byng, S., Gilpin, S. and Ireland, C. (1997). Talking About Aphasia:
Living with Loss of Language After Stroke. Buckingham: Open University
Press.
x Code, C. (2003). The Quantity of Life for People with Chronic Aphasia.
Neuropsychol-Rehabil., 13 (3), 379-90.
x Hilari, K., Byng, S., Lamping, D. L. and Smith, S. C. (2003). The Stroke and
Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39: Evalutaion of acceptability, reliability and
validity. Stroke, 34 (8), 1944-1950.
x Hilari, K., Wiggins, R. D., Roy, P., Byng, S. and Smith, S. C. (2003).
Predictors of health-related quality of Life (HRQL) in people with chronic
aphasia. Aphasiology, 17 (4), 365-381.
x Ross, K. B. and Wertz R. T. (2003). Quality of life with and without aphasia.
Aphasiology, 17 (4), 355-364.
x Holland, A.L. (1998) Why can’t clinicians talk to aphasic adults? Comments
on supported conversation for adults with aphasia : methods and resources for
training conversational partners. Aphasiology, 12 (9): 844-847.
x Le Dorze,G., Julien, M., Genereux, S., Navennec C., Laporte, D., and
Champagne, C. (2000) The development of a procedure for the evaluation of
communication occurring between residents in long-term care and their
caregivers. Aphasiology, 14 (1): 17-51.
x Panton, L., Rayner, H., Marshall, J. and Code, C. (2003). Letters to the Editor.
Re: Training volunteers as conversation partners for people with aphasia.
Helen Rayner and Jane Marshall. International Journal of Language and
Communication Disorders, 38 (3), 315-7.
x Purcell, M., McConkey, R., and Morris, I. (2000) Staff communication with
people with intellectual disabilities: the impact of a work-based training
programme. International Journal of Language and Communication
Disorders. 35 (1): 147-158
x Byng, S., Swinburn, K. and Pound, C. (Eds.). (1999). The Aphasia Therapy
File. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
x Byng, S., Pound, C. and Lindsay, J. (Eds.). (2004 ). The Aphasia Therapy File.
Volume 2: Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
x Fawcus, M., Kerr, J., and Whitehead, S. (1993). Aphasia Therapy in Practice:
Expression. Bicester: Speechmark Publishing Ltd.
x Fawcus, M., Kerr, J., Whitehead, S. and Williams, R. and (1993). Aphasia
Therapy in Practice: Writing. Bicester: Speechmark Publishing Ltd.
x Fawcus, M., Kerr, J., Whitehead, S. and Williams, R (1993). Aphasia Therapy
in Practice: Comprehension. Bicester: Speechmark Publishing Ltd.
x Fawcus, M., Kerr, J., Whitehead, S. and Williams, R (1993). Aphasia Therapy
in Practice: Reading. Bicester: Speechmark Publishing Ltd
x Katz, R. C., Hallowell, B., Code, C., Armstrong, E., Roberts, P., Pound, C.
and Katz L. (2000). A multinational comparison of aphasia management
practices. International Journal of Communication Disorders, 35, 303-324.
x Lyon, J.G. (1995) Drawing: Its value as a communication aid for adults with
aphasia. Asphasiology, 9, 33-50.
x Pulvermuller, F., Neininger, B., Elbert, T., Mohr, B., Rockstroh, B., Koebbel,
P. and Taub, E. (2001). Constraint-induced therapy of chronic aphasia after
stroke. Stroke, 32 (7), 1621-6.
x Powell, T. and Malia, K. (2003). The Brain Injury Workbook: Exercises for
Cognitive Rehabilitation. Bicester: Speechmark Publishing Ltd.
x Sachett, C., Byng, S., Marshall, J., and Pound, C. (1999) Drawing together:
evaluation of a therapy programme for severe aphasia. International Journal
of Language and Communication Disorders, 34, 265-290.
x Lyon, J.G. (1995) Drawing its value as a communication aid for adults with
aphasia. Asphasiology, 9, 33-50.
x Lyon, J. (2000). Finding, defining and refining functionality in real life for
people confronting aphasia. In Worrall, L. and Frattali, C. M. (Eds.).
Neurogenic Communication Disorders: A Functional Approach. New York:
Thieme Medical Publishers Inc. Pp. 137-161.
x Sachett, C., Byng, S., Marshall, J., and Pound, C. (1999) Drawing together:
evaluation of a therapy programme for severe aphasia. International Journal
of Language and Communication Disorders, 34, 265-290.
x Worrall, L., McCooey, R., Davidson, B., Larkins, B. and Hickson L. (2002).
The validity of functional assessments of communication and the
activity/participation components of the ICIDH-2: Do they reflect what Really
happpens in real life? Journal of Communication Disorders, 35 (2), 107-137.
x Hickin, J., Best, W., Herbert, R., Howard, D. and Osborne, F. (2001)
Treatment of word retrieval in aphasia: Generalisation to conversational
speech. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 36,
(Supplement) 13-18.
x Lesser, R., & Algar, L., 1995, Towards combining the cognitive
neuropsychological and the pragmatic in aphasia therapy. Neuropsychological
Rehabilitation, 5, 67-92.
x Lock, S., Wilkinson, R., Bryan, K., Maxim, J., Edmundson, A., Bruce, C. and
Moir, D. (2001) Supporting Partners of People with Aphasia in Relationships
and Conversations (SPPARC). Int., J. of Language and Communication
Disorders, 36, (supplement) 25-30.
x Osborne, F., Hickin, J., Best, W. and Howard, D. (1998) Treating word-
finding difficulties – beyond picture naming. International Journal of
Language and Communication Disorders, 33, 208-213.
x Togher, L., Hand, L. and Code, C. (1997). Measuring service encounters with
the traumatic brain injury population. Aphasiology, 11 (4-5), 491-504.
x Elman, R. J. (2001). The internet and aphasia: Crossing the digital divide.
Aphasiology, 15 (10/11), 395-899.
x Elman, R. J., Parr, and Moss, B. (2003). The internet and aphasia: Crossing
the digital divide. In Parr, S., Duchan, J. and Pound, C. Aphasia Inside Out:
reflections on Communication Disability. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Ch. 10. Pp. 103-116.
x Wade, J., Mortley, J. and Enderby, P. (2003). Talk about IT: Views of people
with aphasia and their partners on receiving remotely monitored computer-
based word finding therapy. Aphasiology, 17 (11), 1031-1056.
x Wade, J., Petheram, B. and Cain, R. (2001). Voice recognition and aphasia:
Can computers understand aphasic speech? Disability and Rehabiliation, 23
(14), 604-613.
x Kertesz, A., Davidson, W., McCabe, P., Takagi, K. and Munoz, D. (2003).
Primary Progressive Aphasia: Diagnosis, varieties and evolution. Journal of
the International Neuropsychological Society, 9 (5), 710-19.
x Douglas, J., Brown, and Barry, S. (2004). The evidence base for the treatment
of aphasia after stroke. In Reilly, s., Douglas, J. and Oates, J. Evidence Based
Practice in Speech Pathology. London: Whurr Publishers Ltd. Ch. 3. Pp. 37-
58.
x Greener, J., Enderby, P and Whurr, R. (2003). Speech and language therapy
for aphasia following stroke. The Cochrane Library (Oxford), No. 2.
x Paolucci, S., Antonucci, G., Pratesi, L., Traballesi, M., Lubich, S. and Grasso
M. G. (1998). Functional outcome in stroke inpatient rehabilitation: Predicting
no, low and high response patients. Cerebrovascualar Diseases, 8 (4), 228-
234.
x Reilly, S., Oates, J. and Douglas, J. (2003). Evidence Based Practice in Speech
Pathology. London: Whurr Publishers Ltd.
x Whurr, R., Lorch, M. and Nye, C. (1992). A meta-analysis carried out between
1946-1988 concerned with the efficacy of speech and language therapy
treatment for aphasic patients. European Journal for Disorders of
Communication, 27, 1-18.
x Ferguson, A. (1999). Learning in aphasia therapy: It’s not so much what you
do but how you do it! Aphasiology, 13, 125-132.
x Morris, J., Howard, D. and Kennedy, S. (2004). The value of therapy: What
counts. In Duchan, J. F. and Byng, S. (Eds.). Challenging Aphasia Therapies:
Broadening the Discourse and Extending the Boundaries. Hove and New
York: Psychology Press. Ch. 9. Pp. 134-157.
x Ability Hub
www.abilityhub.com: Ability Hub focuses on assistive technology for those
who find using a computer difficult or even impossible. The website directs
you to adaptive equipment and alternative methods available for accessing
computers.
x Aphasia Help
www.aphasiahelp.org/: This has useful information and a website for people
with aphasia. Features include information about stroke and aphasia and a
penpal section with the option of searching for other people with aphasia. The
site is easily navigable and very straightforward to read. For those with vision
difficulties, the text style can be changed.
Contact Address:
Becky Moss at:
Connect
16 - 18 Marshalsea Road
London
SE1 1HL
x Connect
www.ukconnect.org: ‘Connect’ is a national charity whose vision is a world
where communication disability is not a barrier to opportunity and fulfillment.
It works with people with communication disability to find new ways of
‘talking’ and new ways of living. ‘Connect’ believes the best way to support
people living with communication disability is through an integrated
programme of therapy, education and research.
x Communication Matters
www.communicationmatters.org.uk: Communication Matters is the UK
Chapter of the International Society for Augmentative and Alternative
Communication (ISAAC). It focuses on the needs of those with complex
communication difficulties.
- Clinical Governance
www.doh.gov.uk/clinicalgovernance
- Patient confidentiality
www.doh.gov.uk/confiden/index.htm
- NHS plan
www.doh.gov.uk/nhsplan/
www.doh.gov.uk/nnhsind.htm
x Different Strokes
http://www.differentstrokes.co.uk/: Different Strokes is a registered charity
providing a unique, free service to younger stroke survivors throughout the
UK.
x Pictures Speak
http://www.picturesspeak.com/: Pictures Speak works in partnership with
local speech and language therapists to set up training courses for their staff to
learn how to support communication.
x Speakability
www.speakability.org.uk: ‘Speakability’ is a national charity that supports
people living with aphasia and their carers. It influences individuals,
organisations and statutory bodies to improve services for people living with
aphasia, and raises funds to support these aims.
x Speech Matters
http://www.speechmatters.org/: Speech Matters is a creative voluntary
organization working to promote quality of life and opportunity for adults who
have become aphasic. It works in partnership with people with aphasia, carers
and staff members.