FY Sem 2 : Elements of Electrical Engineering – (22215)

Sunil Nagare - 9619015411

 Single Phase System

It is a system which generates single alternating voltage by using single winding

alternator

 Poly Phase System

It is a system which generates Poly alternating voltage simultaneously by using Poly

winding alternator
Here, Poly means many & Phase means winding

 Three Phase System

It is a system which generates three alternating voltage simultaneously by using Poly

winding alternator

 Advantages of Poly Phase System over Single Phase System

1. Constant power output: The power delivered by a three phase supply is constant
and that of single phase supply is oscillating.

2. Higher power: For the same copper size output of 3 phase supply is always higher
than single phase supply.

3. Smaller conductor cross section: For given power, cross section area of copper is
smaller as compared to single phase.

4. Magnetic field: Three phase supply has rotating magnetic field and single phase
supply has pulsating magnetic field.

5. Power Handling Capacity: Power handling capacity of three phase supply is three
times more than single phase supply

Module 3: Three Phase Page 1

 FY Sem 2 : Elements of Electrical Engineering – (22215)
Sunil Nagare - 9619015411

 Generation of Three Phase System

Consider armature of alternator divided into three groups as shown in fig. The coils are
named as , & which are mounted on same shaft. . The ends of
each coil are brought out through the slipring & brush arrangement to col lect the induced
emf.

Let , & be the three independent voltages induced in coils ,

& respectively. All are alternating voltages having same magnitude & frequency as
they are rotated at uniform speed & displaced from one other by 120 degree.

 Three Phase Voltage waveform

Module 3: Three Phase Page 2

 FY Sem 2 : Elements of Electrical Engineering – (22215)
Sunil Nagare - 9619015411

 Equations for induced emf are given as

 Phasor Diagram

The phasor diagram of these voltages is shown in fig.

As phasors rotate in anticlockwise direction, we can say that
and

If we add three voltages vertically, it can be observed that the sum of the three voltages at
any instant is zero.

i.e The phasor addition of all the phase voltages at any instant in three phase system is
always equal to zero

Module 3: Three Phase Page 3

 FY Sem 2 : Elements of Electrical Engineering – (22215)
Sunil Nagare - 9619015411

 Symmetrical System

The polyphase system is said to be symmetrical when the emfs of the same frequency in
different phases are equal in magnitude & displaced from one another by equal phase angles.

In three phase system, three voltages are of same magnitude & frequenc y and displaced
from each other by phase angle of 120 degree. Hence, three phase system is also
symmetrical system

 Phase Sequence

The sequence in which the voltages in three phases reach their maximum positive
values is called phase sequence.
For three phase system, the phase sequence is R-Y-B

 Three Phase Load

In Three phase load, three different impedances connected together in star or delta fashion.

Phase Voltage: It is a voltage across any branch of the three phase load

Phase Current: It is a current passing through any branch of the three phase load

Load are connected in two different ways : a) Star b) Delta

 Star connected load :

It consist three different impedances which are connected in such manner that one end of
each impedance is connected together & other three are connected to supply terminals R -Y-B

Module 3: Three Phase Page 4

 FY Sem 2 : Elements of Electrical Engineering – (22215)
Sunil Nagare - 9619015411

In star connected system, relation between phase & line voltage is given as,

relation between phase & line current is given as,

 Delta connected load :

It consist three impedances which are connected such that starting end of one is connected to
terminating end of other, to form a closed loop and there junction points are connected to
supply terminals R-Y-B

In delta connected system, relation between phase & line voltage is given as,

relation between phase & line current is given as,

Module 3: Three Phase Page 5

 FY Sem 2 : Elements of Electrical Engineering – (22215)
Sunil Nagare - 9619015411

 Balanced Load System:

If all phase impedances of the three phase load are exactly identical in respected of
magnitude, phase angle & their nature (i.e. resistive, inductive or capacitive), it is said to be a
balanced three phase load system

Parameters Star Load Delta Load

In STAR Connection, the starting
or finishing ends (similar ends) of
three coils are connected together
Connection to form the neutral point.
A common wire is taken out from
the neutral point which is
called Neutral.
Neutral There is a Neutral or Star Point.
point
In DELTA Connection, the opposite
ends of three coils are connected
together. In other words, the end of
each coil is connected with the
starting point of another coil, and
three wires are taken out from the coil
joints.
No Neutral Point in Delta Connection.

Voltage

Current

Impedance

Power
Factor Pf = Cos ϕ = = =
pf
Active
Power
P (kW)
Reactive
Power
Q (kVAR)
Apparent
Power
S (kVA)

Some other formula:

Module 3: Three Phase Page 6