Mahavir Swami College of Engineering & Technology

Computer Engineering Department

Year : 2019-20
BE 2nd Year (Semester 4th)
Subject : Discrete Mathematics (3140708)
Question Bank
Set Theory:
1) Write the set of all the vowels of English alphabet.
2) Write the set of odd positive integers less than 10.
3) Write the set of positive integers less than 100.
4) Draw a Venn diagram that represents V, the set of vowels in the English alphabet.
5) What is the power set of the set {0, 1, 2}?
6) What is the power set of the empty set?
7) What is the power set of the set {∅}?
8) Show that the Cartesian product B x A is not equal to the Cartesian product A x
B, where A = {1, 2} and B = {a, b, c}.
9) What is the Cartesian product A x B x C, where A = {0, 1}, B = {1, 2}, and C =
{0, 1, 2}?
10) Which of these sets are equal:
{x, y, z}, {z, y, z, x}, {y, x, y, z}, {y, z, x, y}?
11) List the elements of each set where N = {1, 2, 3, …}.
(a) A = {x ∈ N| 3 < x < 9}
(b) B = {x ∈ N| x is even, x < 11}
(c) C = {x ∈ N| 4 + x = 3}
12) Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5}.
(a) Show that A is not a subset of B = {x ∈ N| x is even}.
(b) Show that A is a proper subset of C = {1, 2, 3, . . ., 8, 9}.
13) Let U = {1,2, …, 9} be the universal set, and let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, C= {5, 6, 7,
8, 9}, E= {2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7}, D= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, F = {1, 5, 9}.
 Find: (a) A ∪ B and A ∩ B; (b) A ∪ C and A ∩ C; (c) D ∪ F and D ∩ F.
14) Let U = {1,2, …, 9} be the universal set, and let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, C= {5, 6, 7,
8, 9}, E= {2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7}, D= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, F = {1, 5, 9}.
Find : (a) AC, BC, DC, EC; (b) A\B, B\A, D\E; (c)A ⊕ B, C ⊕ D, E ⊕ F.
15) Show that we can have:
(a) A ∩ B = A ∩ C without B = C;
(b) A ∪ B = A ∪ C without B = C.
16) Prove: B\A = B ∩ AC. Thus, the set operation of difference can be written in
terms of the operations of intersection and complement.
17) Illustrate De Morgan’s Law (A ∪ B)C = AC ∩ BC using Venn diagrams.
18) Prove the Distributive Law:
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C).
19) Write the dual of:
(a) (U ∩ A) ∪ (B ∩ A) = A;
(b) (A ∩ U) ∩ (∅ ∪ AC) = ∅.
Interchange ∪ and ∩ and also U and ∅ in each set equation
20) Prove:
(A ∪ B)\(A ∩ B) = (A\B) ∪ (B\A).
21) Each student in Liberal Arts at some college has a mathematics requirement A
and a science requirement B. A poll of 140 sophomore students shows that: 60
completed A, 45 completed B, 20 completed both A and B. Use a Venn diagram
to find the number of students who have completed:
(a) At least one of A and B;
(b) exactly one of A or B;
(c) neither A nor B.
22) In a survey of 120 people, it was found that: 65 read Newsweek magazine, 20
read both Newsweek and Time, 45 read Time, 25 read both Newsweek and
Fortune, 42 read Fortune, 15 read both Time and Fortune, 8 read all three
magazines.
(a) Find the number of people who read at least one of the three magazines.
(b) Fill in the correct number of people in each of the eight regions of the Venn
diagram in Fig. where N, T , and F denote the set of people who read Newsweek,
Time, and Fortune, respectively.
(c) Find the number of people who read exactly one magazine.
23) Let A = [{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5}, {6, 7, 8}].
(a) List the elements of A;
(b) Find n(A).
24) Determine the power set P(A) of A = {a, b, c, d}.
25) Let S = {a, b, c, d, e, f , g}. Determine which of the following are partitions of S:
(a) P1 = [{a, c, e}, {b}, {d, g}],
(b) P2 = [{a, e, g}, {c, d}, {b, e, f }],
(c) P3 = [{a, b, e, g}, {c}, {d, f }],
(d) P4 = [{a, b, c, d, e, f , g}].
26) Find all partitions of S = {a, b, c, d}.
[Note first that each partition of S contains either 1, 2, 3, or 4 distinct cells.]
Functions:
27) Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Determine whether each relation on X is a function from X
into X.
(a) f = {(2, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (3.2), (4, 4)}
(b) g = {(3, 1), (4, 2), (1, 1)}
(c) h = {(2, 1), (3, 4), (1, 4), (2, 1), (4, 4)}
28) Sketch the graph of: (a) f (x) = x2 + x − 6;
(b) g(x) = x3 − 3x2 − x + 3.
29) Let A = {a, b, c},B = {x, y, z},C = {r, s, t}. Let f: A → B and g: B → C be
defined by: f = {(a, y)(b, x), (c, y)} and g = {(x, s), (y, t ), (z, r)}.
Find: (a) composition function g◦f: A → C; (b) Im(f ), Im(g), Im(g◦f ).
30) Let f : R → R and g: R → R be defined by f (x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = x 2 − 2. Find
the formula for the composition function g◦f .
31) Let the functions f: A → B, g: B → C, h: C → D be defined by Fig. 3-9.
Determine if each function is:
 (a) onto, (b) one-to-one, (c) invertible.

32)

33) Consider functions f: A → B and g: B → C. Prove the following:

(a) If f and g are one-to-one, then the composition function g◦f is one-to-one.
(b) If f and g are onto functions, then g◦f is an onto function.
34) Let f: R → R be defined by f (x) = 2x −3. Now f is one-to-one and onto; hence f
has an inverse function f−1. Find a formula for f−1.
35) Find the cardinal number of each set:
(a) A = {a, b, c, . . . , y, z},
(b) B = {x | x ∈ N, x2 = 5},
(c) C = {10, 20, 30, 40, . . .},
(d) D = {6, 7, 8, 9, . . .}.
36)
37) Find: (a) 25 (mod7); (b) 25 (mod5);
(c) −35 (mod 11); (d) −3 (mod 8).
38) Evaluate modulo M = 15: (a) 9 + 13; (b) 7 + 11; (c) 4 − 9; (d) 2 − 10.
Use a ±M = a(mod M)
39)

40) Evaluate: (a) log2 8; (b) log2 64;

(c) log10 100; (d) log10 0.001.
41) Let a and b be positive integers, and suppose Q is defined recursively as follows:
 (a) Find: (i) Q(2, 5); (ii) Q(12, 5).
(b) What does this function Q do? Find Q(5861, 7).
42) Find the domain D of each of the following real-valued functions of a real
variable:

43) For any n ∈ N, let Dn = (0, 1/n), the open interval from 0 to 1/n. Find:
(a) D3 ∪ D4; (b) D3 ∩ D20; (c) Ds ∪ Dt ; (d) Ds ∩ Dt.
44) Let W = {a, b, c, d}. Decide whether each set of ordered pairs is a function from
W into W.
(a) {(b, a), (c, d), (d, a), (c, d) (a, d)}
(b) {(d, d), (c, a), (a, b), (d, b)}
(c) {(a, b), (b, b), (c, d), (d, b)}
(d) {(a, a), (b, a), (a, b), (c, d)}
45) Let V = {1, 2, 3, 4}. For the following functions f: V → V and g: V → V ,
find:(a) f ◦g; (b), g◦f ; (c) f ◦f :
f = {(1, 3), (2, 1), (3, 4), (4, 3)} and
g = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (4, 1)}
46) Find the composition function h ◦ g ◦ f for the functions in Fig. 3-9.

47) Determine if each function is one-to-one.

(a) To each person on the earth assign the number which corresponds to his age.
(b) To each country in the world assign the latitude and longitude of its capital.
(c) To each book written by only one author assign the author.
 (d) To each country in the world which has a prime minister assign its prime
minister.
48) Let functions f, g, h from V = {1, 2, 3, 4} into V be defined by: f (n) = 6 − n, g(n)
= 3,
h = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 1)}. Decide which functions are:
(a) one-to-one; (b) onto; (c) both; (d) neither.
49) Let functions f, g, h from N into N be defined by f (n) = n + 2, (b) g(n) = 2n;
h(n) = number of positive divisors of n. Decide which functions are:
(a) one-to-one; (b) onto; (c) both; (d) neither; (e) Find h’(2) = {x|h(x) = 2}.
50) Decide which of the following functions are: (a) one-to-one; (b) onto; (c) both;
(d) neither.
(1) f: Z2 → Z where f (n, m) = n − m;
(2) g: Z2 → Z2 where g(n, m) = (m, n);
(3) h: Z × (Z\0) → Q where h(n, m) = n/m;
(4) k: Z → Z2 where k(n) = (n, n).
51) Let f: R → R be defined by f (x) = 3x − 7. Find a formula for the inverse function
f−1: R → R.
52)

53) For each n ∈ N, let Dn = {n, 2n, 3n, . . .} = {multiples of n}.

(a) Find:(i) D2 ∩ D7;(ii) D6 ∩ D8;(iii) D3 ∩ D12 (iv) D3 ∪ D12.
(b) Prove that ∩(Di|i ∈ K) = Ø where K is an infinite subset of N.
54) Find the cardinal number of each set:
(a) {x | x is a letter in “BASEBALL”};
(b) Power set of A = {a, b, c, d, e};
(c) {x | x2 = 9, 2x = 8}.
55)
56) Find: (a) 29 (mod 6); (b) 200 (mod 20); (c) 5 (mod 12); (d) −347 (mod 6);
(e) −555 (mod 11).
57) Find: (a) 3! + 4!; (b) 3!(3! + 2!); (c) 6!/5!; (d) 30!/28!.
58) Evaluate: (a) log2 16; (b) log3 27; (c) log10 0.01.
Counting:
59) A new company with just two employees, Sanchez and Patel, rents a floor of a
 building with 12 offices. How many ways are there to assign different offices to
these two employees?
60) The chairs of an auditorium are to be labeled with a letter and a positive integer
not exceeding 100. What is the largest number of chairs that can be labeled
differently?
61) There are 32 microcomputers in a computer center. Each microcomputer has 24
ports. How many different ports to a microcomputer in the center are there?
62) How many different bit strings of length seven are there?
63) How many different license plates are available if each plate contains a sequence
of three letters followed by three digits (and no sequences of letters are
prohibited, even if they are obscene)?
64) The format of telephone numbers in North America is specified by a numbering
plan. A telephone number consists of 10 digits, which are split into a three-digit
area code, a three-digit office code, and a four-digit station code. Because of
signaling considerations, there are certain restrictions on some of these digits. To
specify the allowable format, let X denote a digit that can take any of the values 0
through 9, let N denote a digit that can take any of the values 2 through 9, and let
Y denote a digit that must be a 0 or a 1. Two numbering plans, which will be
called the old plan and the new plan, will be discussed.
In the old plan, the formats of the area code, office code, and station code are
NYX, NNX, and XXXX, respectively, so that telephone numbers had the form
NYX-NNX-XXXX. In the new plan, the formats of these codes are NXX, NXX,
and XXXX, respectively, so that telephone numbers have the form NXX-NXX-
XXXX How many different North American telephone numbers are possible
under the old plan and under the new plan?
65) Suppose that either a member ofthe mathematics faculty or a student who is a
mathematics major is chosen as a representative to a university committee. How
many different choices are there for this representative if there are 37 members of
the mathematics faculty and 83 mathematics majors and no one is both a faculty
member and a student?
66) A student can choose a computer project from one of three lists. The three lists
contain 23, 15, and 19 possible projects, respectively. No project is on more than
one list. How many possible projects are there to choose from?
67) In a version of the computer language BASIC, the name of a variable is a string
of one or two alphanumeric characters, where uppercase and lowercase letters are
 not distinguished. (An alphanumeric character is either one of the 26 English
letters or one of the 10 digits.) Moreover, a variable name must begin with a letter
and must be different from the five strings of two characters that are reserved for
programming use. How many different variable names are there in this version of
BASIC?
68) How many bit strings of length eight either start with a 1 bit or end with the two
bits 00?
69) A computer company receives 350 applications from computer graduates for a
job planning a line of new Web servers. Suppose that 220 of these people
majored in computer science, 147 majored in business, and 51 majored both in
computer science and in business. How many of these applicants majored neither
in computer science nor in business?
70) How many bit strings of length four do not have two consecutive 1s?
71) A playoff between two teams consists of at most five games. The first team that
wins three games wins the playoff. In how many different ways can the playoff
occur?
72) Suppose that "I Love New Jersey" T-shirts come in five different sizes: S, M, L,
XL, and XXL. Further suppose that each size comes in four colors, white, red,
green, and black, except for XL, which comes only in red, green, and black, and
XXL, which comes only in green and black. How many different shirts does a
souvenir shop have to stock to have at least one of each available size and color
of the T-shirt?
73) How many students must be in a class to guarantee that at least two students
receive the same score on the final exam, if the exam is graded on a scale from 0
to 100 points?
74) What is the minimum number of students required in a discrete mathematics class
to be sure that at least six will receive the same grade, if there are five possible
grades, A, B, C, D, and F?
75) a) How many cards must be selected from a standard deck of 52 cards to
guarantee that at least three cards of the same suit are chosen?
b) How many must be selected to guarantee that at least three hearts are selected?
76) a) How many cards must be selected from a standard deck of 52 cards to
guarantee that at least three cards of the same suit are chosen?
b) How many must be selected to guarantee that at least three hearts are selected?
77) Suppose that a computer science laboratory has 15 workstations and 10 servers.
 A cable can be used to directly connect a workstation to a server. For each server,
only one direct connection to that server can be active at any time. We want to
guarantee that at any time any set of 10 or fewer workstations can simultaneously
access different servers via direct connections. Although we could do this by
connecting every workstation directly to every server (using 150 connections),
what is the minimum number of direct connections needed to achieve this goal?
78) In how many ways can we select three students from a group of five students to
stand in line for a picture? In how many ways can we arrange all five of these
students in a line for a picture?
79) How many ways are there to select a first-prize winner, a second-prize winner,
and a third-prize winner from 100 different people who have entered a contest?
80) Suppose that there are eight runners in a race. The winner receives a gold medal,
the second place finisher receives a silver medal, and the third-place finisher
receives a bronze medal. How many different ways are there to award these
medals, if all possible outcomes of the race can occur and there are no ties?
81) Suppose that a saleswoman has to visit eight different cities. She must begin her
trip in a specified city, but she can visit the other seven cities in any order she
wishes. How many possible orders can the saleswoman use when visiting these
cities?
82) How many permutations of the letters ABCDEFGH contain the string ABC?
83) Each user on a computer system has a password, which is six to eight characters
long, where each character is an uppercase letter or a digit. Each password must
contain at least one digit. How many possible passwords are there?
84) How many different committees of three students can be formed from a group of
four students?
85) How many poker hands of five cards can be dealt from a standard deck of 52
cards? Also, how many ways are there to select 47 cards from a standard deck of
52 cards?
86) How many ways are there to select five players from a lO-member tennis team to
make a trip to a match at another school?
87) A group of 30 people have been trained as astronauts to go on the first mission to
Mars. How many ways are there to select a crew of six people to go on this
mission (assuming that all crew members have the same job)?
88) Suppose that there are 9 faculty members in the mathematics department and 11
in the computer science department. How many ways are there to select a
 committee to develop a discrete mathematics course at a school if the committee
is to consist of three faculty members from the mathematics department and four
from the computer science department?
89) What is the expansion of (x + y)4?
90) What is the coefficient of x12 y13 in the expansion of (x + y)25?
91) What is the coefficient of x12 y13 in the expansion of (2x - 3y)25?
92) How many ways are there to select four pieces of fruit from a bowl containing
apples, oranges, and pears if the order in which the pieces are selected does not
matter, only the type of fruit and not the individual piece matters, and there are at
least four pieces of each type of fruit in the
bowl?
93) How many ways are there to select five bills from a cash box containing $1 bills,
$2 bills, $5 bills, $10 bills, $20 bills, $50 bills, and $100 bills? Assume that the
order in which the bills are chosen does not matter, that the bills of each
denomination are indistinguishable, and that there are at least five bills of each
type.
Propositional and Predicate Logic:
94) Let p be “It is cold” and let q be “It is raining”. Give a simple verbal sentence
which describes each of the following statements: (a) ¬p; (b) p ∧ q; (c) p ∨ q; (d)
q ∨¬p.
95) Find the truth table of ¬p ∧ q.
96) Verify that the proposition p∨¬(p ∧ q) is a tautology.
97) Show that the propositions ¬(p ∧ q) and ¬p ∨¬q are logically equivalent.
98) show that ¬(p ∧ q) ∨ (¬p ∧ q) ≡ ¬p.
99) Rewrite the following statements without using the conditional:
(a) If it is cold, he wears a hat.
(b) If productivity increases, then wages rise.
Recall that “If p then q” is equivalent to “Not p or q;” that is, p → q ≡ ¬p ∨ q.
100) Consider the conditional proposition p → q. The simple propositions q → p, ¬p
→ ¬q and ¬q → ¬p are called, respectively, the converse, inverse, and
contrapositive of the conditional p → q. Which if any of these propositions are
logically equivalent to p → q?
101) Determine the contrapositive of each statement:
(a) If Erik is a poet, then he is poor.
 (b) Only if Marc studies will he pass the test.
102) Write the negation of each statement as simply as possible:
(a) If she works, she will earn money.
(b) He swims if and only if the water is warm.
(c) If it snows, then they do not drive the car.
Note that ¬(p → q) ≡ p ∧¬q
103) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Determine the truth value of each of the following
statements:
(a) (Ǝx Ǝ A)(x + 3 = 10) (c) (Ǝx Ǝ A)(x + 3 < 5)
(b) (∀x Ǝ A)(x + 3 < 10) (d) (∀x Ǝ A)(x + 3 ≤ 7)
104) Determine the truth value of each of the following statements where U = {1, 2, 3}
is the universal set:
(a) Ǝx∀y, x2 < y + 1;
(b) ∀x∃y, x2 + y2 < 12;
(c) ∀x∀y, x2 + y2 < 12.
105) Negate each of the following statements:
(a) Ǝx ∀y, p(x, y);
(b) Ǝx ∀y, p(x, y);
(c) Ǝy Ǝx ∀z, p(x, y, z).
Use ¬∀x p(x) ≡ Ǝx¬p(x) and ¬Ǝx p(x) ≡ ∀x¬p(x)
106) Let p(x) denote the sentence “x+2 > 5” State whether or not p(x) is a
propositional function on each
of the following sets:
(a) N, the set of positive integers;
(b) M = {−1,−2,−3, . . .};
(c) C, the set of complex numbers.
107) Negate each of the following statements:
(a) All students live in the dormitories.
(b) All mathematics majors are males.
(c) Some students are 25 years old or older.
108) Let p denote “He is rich” and let q denote “He is happy.” Write each statement in
symbolic form using p and q. Note that “He is poor” and “He is unhappy” are
equivalent to ¬p and ¬q, respectively.
(a) If he is rich, then he is unhappy.
 (b) He is neither rich nor happy.
(c) It is necessary to be poor in order to be happy.
(d) To be poor is to be unhappy.
109) Find the truth tables for.
(a) p ∨¬q;
(b) ¬p ∧¬q.
110) Verify that the proposition (p ∧ q)∧¬(p ∨ q) is a contradiction.
111) Let A = {1, 2, . . . , 9, 10}. Consider each of the following sentences. If it is a
statement, then determine its truth value. If it is a propositional function,
determine its truth set.
(a) (∀x Ǝ A)( Ǝy Ǝ A)(x +y < 14)
(b) (∀y Ǝ A)(x +y < 14)
(c) (∀x Ǝ A)(∀y Ǝ A)(x +y < 14)
(d) (Ǝy Ǝ A)(x +y < 14)
112) Negate each of the following statements:
(a) If the teacher is absent, then some students do not complete their homework.
(b) All the students completed their homework and the teacher is present.
(c) Some of the students did not complete their homework or the teacher is
absent.
113) Find a counterexample for each statement were U = {3, 5, 7, 9} is the universal
set:
(a) ∀x, x + 3 ≥ 7,
(b) ∀x, x is odd,
(c) ∀x, x is prime,
(d) ∀x, |x| = x
Relations:
114) Given: A = {1, 2},B = {x, y, z}, and C = {3, 4}. Find: A × B × C.
115) Find x and y given
(2x, x + y) = (6, 2).
116) Find the number of relations from A = {a, b, c} to B = {1, 2}.
117) Given A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {x, y, z}. Let R be the following relation from A
to B:
R = {(1, y), (1, z), (3, y), (4, x), (4, z)}
(a) Determine the matrix of the relation.
 (b) Draw the arrow diagram of R.
(c) Find the inverse relation R-1 of R.
(d) Determine the domain and range of R.
118) Let A = {1, 2, 3},B = {a, b, c}, and C = {x, y, z}. Consider the following
relations R and S from A to B and from B to C, respectively.
R = {(1, b), (2, a), (2, c)} & S = {(a, y), (b, x), (c, y), (c, z)}
(a) Find the composition relation R◦S.
(b) Find the matrices MR, MS and MR◦S of the respective relations R, S, and R◦S,
and compare MR◦S to the product MRMS.
119) Consider the relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 2), (4, 4)} on A = {1, 2,
3, 4}.
(a) Draw its directed graph. (b) Find R2 = R◦R.
120) Let R and S be the following relations on A = {1, 2, 3}:
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 3)}, S= {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (3, 3)}
Find (a) R ∪ S, R ∩ S, RC; (b) R◦S; (c) S2 = S◦S.
121) Consider the following five relations on the set A = {1, 2, 3}: R = {(1, 1), (1, 2),
(1, 3), (3, 3)}, ∅ = empty relation S = {(1, 1)(1, 2), (2, 1)(2, 2), (3, 3)}, A × A =
universal relation, T = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3)}
Determine whether or not each of the above relations on A is: (a) reflexive; (b)
symmetric; (c) transitive; (d) antisymmetric.
122) Give an example of a relation R on A = {1, 2, 3} such that:
(a) R is both symmetric and antisymmetric.
(b) R is neither symmetric nor antisymmetric.
(c) R is transitive but R ∪ R−1 is not transitive.
123) Consider the relation R = {(a, a), (a, b), (b, c), (c, c)} on the set A = {a, b, c}.
Find: (a) reflexive(R);
(b) symmetric(R);
(c) transitive(R).
124) Let S = {a, b, c}, T = {b, c, d}, and W = {a, d}. Find S × T × W.
125) Find x and y where: (a) (x + 2, 4) = (5, 2x + y); (b) (y − 2, 2x + 1) = (x − 1, y + 2).
126) Prove: (a) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C); (b) A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C).
127) Consider the relation R = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4)} on A = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
(a) Find the matrix MR of R. (d) Draw the directed graph of R.
(b) Find the domain and range of R. (e) Find the composition relation R◦R.
 (c) Find R−1. (f) Find R◦R−1 and R−1◦R.
128) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4},B = {a, b, c},C = {x, y, z}. Consider the relations R from A to
B and S from B to C as follows:
R = {(1, b), (3, a), (3, b), (4, c)} and S = {(a, y), (c, x), (a, z)}
(a) Draw the diagrams of R and S.
(b) Find the matrix of each relation R, S (composition) R◦S.
(c) Write R−1 and the composition R◦S as sets of ordered pairs.
129) Let R and S be the following relations on B = {a, b, c, d}:
R = {(a, a), (a, c), (c, b), (c, d), (d, b)} and S = {(b, a), (c, c), (c, d), (d, a)}
Find the following composition relations: (a) R◦S; (b) S◦R; (c) R◦R; (d) S◦S.
130) Let R be the relation on N defined by x + 3y = 12, i.e. R = {(x, y) | x + 3y = 12}.
(a) Write R as a set of ordered pairs. (c) Find R−1.
(b) Find the domain and range of R. (d) Find the composition relation R◦R.
131) Each of the following defines a relation on the positive integers N:
(1) “x is greater than y.” (3) x + y = 10
(2) “xy is the square of an integer.” (4) x + 4y = 10.
Determine which of the relations are: (a) reflexive; (b) symmetric;
(c) antisymmetric; (d) transitive.
132) Let R and S be relations on a set A. Assuming A has at least three elements, state
whether each of the
following statements is true or false. If it is false, give a counterexample on the
set A = {1, 2, 3}:
(a) If R and S are symmetric then R ∩ S is symmetric.
(b) If R and S are symmetric then R ∪ S is symmetric.
(c) If R and S are reflexive then R ∩ S is reflexive.
(d) If R and S are reflexive then R ∪ S is reflexive.
(e) If R and S are transitive then R ∪ S is transitive.
(f) If R and S are antisymmetric then R ∪ S is antisymmetric.
(g) If R is antisymmetric, then R−1 is antisymmetric.
(h) If R is reflexive then R ∩ R−1 is not empty.
(i) If R is symmetric then R ∩ R−1 is not empty.
133) Let S = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 18, 19}. Let R be the relation on S defined by “xy is a
square,” (a) Prove R is an equivalence relation. (b) Find the equivalence class [1].
(c) List all equivalence classes with more than one element.
134) Let S = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 9}, and let ∼ be the relation on A × A defined by
(a, b) ∼ (c, d) whenever a + d = b + c.
(a) Prove that ∼ is an equivalence relation.
(b) Find [(2, 5)], that is, the equivalence class of (2, 5).
Partial Ordering:
135) Show that the "greater than or equal" relation (≥) is a partial ordering on the set of
integers.
136) Let R be the relation on the set of people such that x R y if x and yare people and
x is older than y. Show that R is not a partial ordering.
137) In the poset (Z+, |), are the integers 3 and 9 comparable? Are 5 and 7
comparable?
138) Determine whether (3,5) ≺ (4,8), whether (3,8) ≺ (4,5), and whether (4, 9) ≺ (4,
11) in the poset (Z x Z, ≼), where ≼ is the lexicographic ordering constructed
from the usual ≤ relation on Z.
139) Draw the Hasse diagram representing the partial ordering {(a, b) | a divides b} on
{I, 2, 3,4,6,8, 12}.
140) Draw the Hasse diagram for the partial ordering {(A, B) | A ⊆ B} on the power
set P(S) where S = {a, b, e}.
141) Which elements of the poset ({2, 4, 5, 10, 12,20, 25}, I) are maximal, and which
are minimal?
142) Find the lower and upper bounds of the subsets {a, b, c}, {j, h}, and {a, c, d, f} in
the poset with the Hasse diagram shown in Figure.

143) Find the greatest lower bound and the least upper bound of {b, d, g}, if they exist,
in the poset shown in above Figure
144) Find the greatest lower bound and the least upper bound of the sets {3, 9, 12} and
 {1, 2, 4, 5, 10}, if they exist, in the poset (Z+, |).
145) Determine whether the posets represented by each of the Hasse diagrams in
Figure 8 are lattices.

146) Determine whether the posets ({I, 2, 3, 4, 5}, |) and ({ 1,2,4,8, 16}, |) are lattices.
Recurrence Relation:
147) Let {an} be a sequence that satisfies the recurrence relation an = an-l - an-2 for n =
2, 3, 4, ... , and suppose that a0 = 3 and al = 5. What are a2 and a3?
148) Determine whether the sequence {an}, where an = 3n for every nonnegative
integer n, is a solution of the recurrence relation an = 2an-l - an-2 for n = 2, 3, 4, ....
Answer the same question where an = 2n and where an = 5.
149) What is the solution of the recurrence relation

with a0 = 2 and al = 7?
150) What is the solution of the recurrence relation

with initial conditions a0 = 1 and a1 = 6?

151) Find the solution to the recurrence relation

with the initial conditions a0 = 2, al = 5, and a2 = 15.

152) Suppose that the roots of the characteristic equation of a linear homogeneous
recurrence relation are 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, and 9 (that is, there are three roots, the root 2
with multiplicity three, the root 5 with multiplicity two, and the root 9 with
multiplicity one). What is the form of the general solution?
153) Find the solution to the recurrence relation
with initial conditions a0 = 1, a1 = - 2, and a2 = - 1.