CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature
As claimed in Information Technology Project Management by Kathy
Schwalbe, systems are sets of interacting components working within an
environment to fulfill some purpose. For example, the human body is a system
composed of many subsystems ---for nervous system, the skeletal system, the
circulatory system, the digestive system, and so on. Systems analysis is a
problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of the system, dividing
to its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems,
opportunities, constraints, and needs.
In the opinion of a book entitled Information Technology Concepts and
Issues by Kenneth C. Laudon, Carol Guercio Traver and Jane P. Laudon the
major reason business firms and other organizations use information technology
is to achieve higher levels of productivity and/or efficiency. Information
technology is having a major impact in productivity in all major business areas. In
offices, information technologies are used to automate tasks and more
importantly, to increase the information and knowledge available to clerical,
sales, and managerial personnel, making their work both higher, quality and
more efficient.
In a book of Management Information Systems by Larry Long stated that
when someone is speaks of an information system today, an automated system
is implied. The elements of the information system are hardware, software,
people, procedures and data. The automated elements do not come into play in
manual systems. People, procedures, and data are combined to create manual
systems. In terms of numbers, the overwhelming majorities of systems in
industry, government and education are still manual. This is true of large
organization with hundreds of computers and of two-person companies. Tens of
thousands of manual systems have been targeted to be upgraded to computer-
based information systems.
 In the opinion of a book entitled Management Information Systems
Concepts, Structure, and Applications by Ellas M. Awad that integration of
computer-based applications is usually based on a master plan that commits
management to MIS development. The plan specifies actions to be taken,
standards, and guidelines for installing an information system. Although users
may develop their own applications on free standing microcomputers, a master
plan can required that such application can be compatible with the organizations
mainframe. Providing diverse applications within integration standard is a trend
that promotes user-machine interface and compatibility of files for use by multiple
users.
As claimed in the book of Information Technology in Business Principles,
Practices, and Opportunities by James A. Senn that today’s general purpose
computer system can perform many different task, moving from one to another in
an instant. For example, because of the versatility of computers, businesspeople
can create drawings and illustrations, write correspondence, prepared detail
financial analysis, do accounts payable and control inventory on the same
system.
Systems compressing the time it takes to do business can increase
efficiency or produce a substantial competitive advantage. The benefits of
speeding up business processes are not limited to service industries; however,
Manufacturing companies have found that responding more quickly offers them
business advantages as well. As the time needed to complete a task is
compressed, the risk of errors is reduced because decisions are made closer to
the time when action is taken. Less risk usually means that businesses need to
be up fewer resources as a precaution against mistakes or poor estimates.
Local Literature
According to the book of Managing Information System Through
Information Technology by Anthony Kirby D. Garcia, M.S. that the main
ingredients of an Information System is the Data. In order for a system to be
considered functional, it should be able to transform data into useful information.
This information should be used by the company to improve business processes,
ultimately helping them achieve corporate goals and objectives. No matter how
good your hardware, software or network infrastructure is, if your system cannot
provide the information needed by the organization, it is useless.
As stated in article HR Innovations in the Planet of the Apps by Ernie O.
Cecilia the HR innovations over the years have changed the purpose of HR
systems, from “systems of record to systems of engagement.” HR technology
today makes it simple to seamlessly update employees’ status, know their
benefits and monitor their usage, locate teammates and resource persons for
their jobs, and take courses. Once upon a time, these were all paper-based
processes. Now, all these can be done without having to log into the HR system,
as they are all online and part of one’s daily work routine.
Automation, like most new labor-saving technologies, has an effect of
raising the comparative advantage and value of jobs that only humans can do,
thus, instead may add new jobs more than it displaces. The economics is simple,
only humans can determine the extent of the use-value of goods and services
and the jobs associated with its production. If the demand of the use-value of a
good or service increases as overall income increases, then automation that
displaces labor and reduces cost and exchange-value (price) shall increase
consumption and create room for investment to create new jobs and production
of more goods and services, according to the Automation and The Prospects of
Economic Development by Joselito T. Sescon of Ateneo De Manila University.
According to the article in BusinessTips.ph entitled 4 Benefits of Adopting
Automation in Manufacturing that Automated systems can allow manufacturing
companies to produce two to three times their usual output in the same amount
of time. Additionally, these systems can be left running for long periods,
sometimes even overnight, without requiring an operator to step in after each
completed task. Removing lag time between jobs can mean many hours saved
per day, resulting in more finished batches. More importantly, though, automation
frees up your employees’ time, allowing them to focus on more productive
pursuits such as developing ways to improve efficiency on the floor or tweaking
processes to maximize each production run.
 Monitoring is a systematic collection and analysis of information for an
individual activity. It is widely used in organizations like schools, to keep
track of the day-to-day operations. However, there are times when the forms
are not available. Hence, the submission of the day to day monitoring
becomes a problem for most of the faculty. In this study, therefore, the
researcher develops an online day to day monitoring system to assist the
faculty for an easy and on-time submission of the day-to-day monitoring. It will
also help the college dean to check quickly and monitor the submitted day to day
monitoring forms because it is accessible anytime, anywhere, as stated in an
article Online Day to Day Monitoring System for Lyceum of the Philippines
University by Irene L. Balmes.
Foreign Studies
As stated in a research paper Automated recording and Monitoring
System Thesis in the website of Bartleby Writing that technology is rapidly
changing our world, it has permitted man not only store his knowledge, but to
organize, manipulate, and modify it systematically. Organizations nowadays are
adapting to office automation systems. Most schools use automated systems to
lessen their problems in their system. Yet, there are still problems that the school
cannot avoid such as storing of the student’s records in their scholarship
programs. Some files are inevitably misplaced or lost because of the manual
recording process.
According to Employee Management System by Kancho Dimitro Kanchev
of Vanjo University that the process of constructing systems is not so simple. It
involves a mutual development of application program and database. The
application program is actually the preach between the user and the databae,
where the data is stored. Thus, the well-developed application program and
database are very important for the reliability, flexibility and functionality of the
system.
A research studies entitled Employee Management System by Mweemba
Simaanya stated that Employees are the backbone of any company therefore
their management plays a major role in deciding the success of an organization.
Employees Management Software makes it easy for the employer to keep track
of all records. This software allows the administrator to edit employees, add new
employees, transfer/promote/terminate employees. Each employee in the
database is associated with a position can be added and edited when need
arises. A flexible and easy to use Employee Management software solution for
small and medium sized companies provides modules for personnel information
management thereby organization and companies are able to manage the crucial
organization asset – people.
According to the Student Monitoring System Development in the website
of www.ukessay.com, software has been evolving in the last couple of years,
catching up with advances of software in the rest of the IT world. Mainly due to
the advantages of learning more and more institutions are inventing to new
technologies to accommodate their learners. This moved educational software
from traditional small client application connecting to central databases, to lighter
applications accessible from multiple clients.
Local Studies
According to the unpublished research paper entitled Computerization of
Employees Record by Fermin T. Estares, Joji C. Cruz, Arnel M. Domasing and
Teodorico C. Antonino that the company had its useful system in monitoring and
arranging employees files per department although it is manually prepared but it
is too risky and not efficient enough to monitor, to organize and to secure
employees files. They spend a lot of time instead of doing and accomplishing
other office work. The HRD personnel can hardly conduct an inspection or an
audit of employees files, because it were not centralized. The files were
separated from every department and compiled manually and if the company
conduct a screening for qualified employees, which they had to promote, they
have to open every files of the department to update it and to know who should
be recommended to promote.
In computerization and centralization of employees’ files it increases the
accessibility of filling and monitoring of files such as: date hired, date of birth and
other important documents of the employee. It really lessen time, effort and most
especially it lower down company’s labor cost and it grant a convenient and fast
work.
A Proposed Computerized Enrollment/Record System for Kalumpang
Elementary School by Dan Ian Saguil, Minunette Canares, Shiela Marie Rivera,
Carmelito Soriano and Johnathan Macapagal stated that since high technology
for information gathering and recording is very in demand and the only
permanent and inevitable thing in this world is change, the school should adopt a
computerized system because it will lessen their time and effort in doing such
transactions. Computerized will also solve the slow processing of their system.
The school should adopt a computerized enrollment system so that there
will be easy recording of files and information of students that will be kept in a
database. This will lessen the expenses of the school, since we all know that a
public school is managed by the government thus it has a low budget.
According to A Computerized Enrollment System for University of Rizal
System, Binangonan by Fritz Neil A. Antazo, Lynde O. Cobian, Kent Jerome E.S.
Pastrano and Lyka Mae P. Saavedra that system will act as the maintenance that
may help to maintain the standard as well as the stability of the school. It also
help the school to sustain the efficiency and accuracy of the normal
management. It can protect and secure important files and information. It may
also provide record for the students. The organization will benefit the system as a
whole and might serve as the first step to maintain or to improve their standard
and stability.
A proposed Computerized Enrollment System of Don Antonio De
Zuzuaregui Sr. Memorial Academy by Jepmy Chrisna E. Barnuevo, Mamilyo T.
Casta, Marissa C. Espenida and Rosiell L. Tindoy said that the organization need
a computerized enrollment based system for the improvement of the enrollment
system to save a lot of time, effort and money. By the computerized based
enrollment system the organization would have a low risk of delay. It is also
become easier to input records and files to avoid difficulties in the future in file
handling and to remain the security of all the files.
 As stated by Proposed Employee’s Information and Payroll System for
Redgold Forwarder Incorporation by Angel Nangilit and Maria Luisa Volchez that
as the company built another branches nationwide, they encounter several
problems in terms of the information system. The staff used manual system that
results to give inaccurate information. There is also certain instance that the files
of the employee were missing.
The main objective of the system is to design a build up software that will
improve the existing system and will also enhance the skills of the users in
exploring the new advanced features of the system. The computerized system
will give accurate result compared to the manual system.