Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
May 2009
Leigh Wardle
rev. May 2009
Seminar Outline
History of Port Pavement Design Methods
British Ports Association (1986, 1996)
CIRCLY/APSDS (Mincad Systems, 1990+)
ASCE Port and Intermodal Yard Pavement Design Guide (Draft)
HIPAVE (2005+)
Heavy Duty Industrial Pavement Design Guide
Overview of HIPAVE capabilities
Automation of Vehicle Loads
Automation of Payload Distributions
Parametric and Economic Analysis
Lateral Vehicle Wander
Dynamic Load Factors
Heavy Duty Industrial Pavement Design Guide
Overview
Modelling For Heavy Loads
Asphalt Characterization
Case Studies
Crawford Street intermodal container terminal
(Hamilton, New Zealand).
Workshop Outline
Review of Mechanistic Pavement Design Theory
Layered Elastic Model
Loading
Critical Strains
Performance Criteria – Fatigue and Rutting
Cumulative Damage Factor
Unbound Granular Materials - Sublayering
Heavy Duty Industrial Pavement Design Guide
Introduction to HIPAVE User Interface
Demonstration of job assembly from existing
components
How to modify HIPAVE databases
Workshop exercises
Review workshop exercises
Further Research
History of Port Pavement Design Methods
Development of Mechanistic
Pavement Analysis
Power, HIPAVE 2005++
Sophistication
•Integrated
CIRCLY/APSDS
•Multi-Layer
1995++ •Automatic vehicle loads
•Integrated
•Multi-Layer •Payload distributions
BPA Guide 1988 •Rigorous Wander
•Actual vehicle layouts
•Multi-Layer •mostly automatic
•Pass/Coverage
FAA Guide 1978 •Load equivalency
(ESA’s, PAWL’s)
Single Layer •High manual effort
+ matl. equivalency
Pass/Coverage
Load equivalency
(ESA’s, PAWL’s) Year
Asphalt 1
Granular
Material
Cemented
2
Material
Subgrade 3 3
Count
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2.5 4 6 8.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5
Payload (tonnes)
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Cumulative Damage Factor
(single load case)
n
CDF =
N
n is the number of repetitions of the load
N is the ‘allowable’ repetitions of the response
parameter that would cause failure
Cumulative Damage Factor
If CDF = 1.0
Straddle Carriers
vehicle
Specs
.
XML
Internet
Mincad
webserver
Fork Lift:
Fork Lift: Axle Load vs. Container Mass
8000
7000
6000
5000
Count
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2.5 4 6 8.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5
Payload (tonnes)
Standard Container Weight Distribution
e.g. British Ports Association (1996) - 40 ft containers
Normalized Frequency
Cumulative Proportion
HIPAVE: Standard Payload Distribution
(1988)
(2000)
Lateral Vehicle Wander
0.0004
Taxiway
Frequency
0.0002
Runway
(SD = 1600 mm)
0.0001
0
-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
X (mm) Centreline
Lateral Wander
4500
Xwdel (=100 mm)
4000
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
20
40
60
80
00
80
60
40
20
00
80
60
40
20
00
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
-8
-6
-4
-2
-3
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Sub-base thickness
Wander: Runway Taxiway Docking bay
(SD = 1600 mm) (SD = 800 mm) (SD = 200 mm)
Container
Max. Weight:
41 tonnes
Front tyres
Results - HIPAVE Analysis
Front axle
Results - HIPAVE Analysis
SMA20 layer Damage Factor vs. lateral offset
Front tyres
Results - HIPAVE Analysis
“Spectral” Damage graph: SMA20 layer Damage Factor vs. container load
Rear axle
Front axle
Cost Calculation
+
Automatic Parametric Analysis
=
A new powerful tool for pavement cost
optimization
Cost Calculation
Total Cost
Cost Calculation
T2 = ? Base $60 / m3
T3 = ? Sub-base $20 / m3
Subgrade, CBR = 6
Cost Optimization Case Study
Summary of Results
Minimum Cost
Cost Optimization:
How it works….
Analysed to resolution of 10 mm
Collaborative effort:
Leigh Wardle - Mincad Systems
Ian Rickards - Pioneer Road Services
Pty Ltd (Melbourne, Australia)
John Lancaster – VicRoads
(Melbourne, Australia)
Dr. Susan Tighe
(Dept. Civil Engineering, University of
Waterloo, Canada).
Review of Pavement Design
using Mechanistic Analysis
Mechanistic Pavement Design
DESIGN
TRAFFIC
SUBGRADE
EVALUATION
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
PAVEMENT
MATERIALS
Asphalt 1
Granular
Material
Cemented
2
Material
Subgrade 3 3
Asphalt
Base Course/
Subbase Course
Vertical strain at
top of subgrade Subgrade
CBR = 15
Alternative damage indicators
Asphalt
Tensile strain at
Unbound granular material
base of asphalt
Cemented granular material
Tensile strain at
base of Subgrade
cemented
material
Locations of critical strains
Asphalt 1
Granular
Material
Cemented
2
Material
Subgrade 3 3
F k IK b
N =
H ε
repetitions to failure critical strain
Damage Factor
Ni
where ni is the number of repetitions of the load,
and
Ni is the ‘allowable’ repetitions of the response
parameter that would cause failure.
Cumulative Damage Factor
ni
CDF =
∑N
i
Layered
System
Asphalt
,
critical strain ε
Base Course/
Subbase Course
Subgrade
Allowable
repetitions to failure
b
Performance N = F εI
k
Relationship:
H K
Damage (CDF) = n
N
Heavy Duty Industrial
Pavement Design Guide
Key Design Model Reality Issues?
1400
APSDS Pavement Thickness (mm)
B757
1300
B747
1200
B737
1100 B717
1000 BAe146
900 A300
A320
800
A340
700
B767
600 (subgrade CBR = 6) MD11
500 S i 1
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
S77-1 Method Pavement Thickness (mm) Wardle et al (2001)
Subgrade
Rutting criteria developed from aircraft test pavements:
24
22
b
⎡k ⎤
20 N =⎢ ⎥
18 ⎣ε ⎦
16
b
14
12
10
3 2
8 b = -2.12E-07 E + 0.000838 E - 0.0274 E + 9.57
4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
E (MPa)
Wardle et al (2001)
Subgrade
Rutting criteria developed from aircraft test pavements
Subgrade 0.010000
Compressive
Strain (ε) Roads criterion (e.g. Austroads)
overestimates life
CURRENT by factor of 100 or more!
AUSTROAD
S
Esg 150
Esg 70
Esg 40
Esg 20
0.000100
1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07
Tolerable Repetitions Of Strain
Unbound Granular Materials
(Base and Sub-Base)
Barker-Brabston Sub-Layering
(developed by Barker-Brabston,1975)
as used by FAA and US Defence Design Methods
Barker-Brabston Sub-Layering
Barker-Brabston Sub-Layering:
Example
95 mm Asphalt
102 mm ? Base Course
304 mm ? Subbase
Course
68.9 Subgrade
95 mm Asphalt
102 mm 305 Base Course
152 mm 172
Subbase
Sub-layers
Course
152 mm 119
68.9 Subgrade
Speed of Loading
Temperature
Shell Equation
Typical Modulus (MPa) of Asphalt
Traffic speed (km/h)
k depends on
modulus etc.
F k I 12.0
N = RF
H εK
repetitions to failure horizontal tensile strain at
underside of layer
(Austroads 2004)
Fatigue Criteria: Cement-Treated
12
⎡113 000 0.804 + 191⎤
N = ⎢ E ⎥
⎢ µε ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Austroads 2004
Shell Asphalt Model
N =⎢ ⎥
⎣ Smix µε
0.36
⎦
where µε = maximum tensile strain (in units of microstrain),
Smix = asphalt mix stiffness (MPa)
VB = volume of binder in asphalt mix (%)
Austroads 2004
Fatigue Criteria: Asphalt
k depends on
stiffness etc.
FkI 5.0
N =
H εK (Shell 19xx)
0.50
0.40 Single gear
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Dista nce from Ce ntre line
Conventional model (Isotropic)
Effect of gear interaction- isotropic
Rear gear (4 gears included) Single gear
1.00
0.90
0.80 Front gear (4 gears included)
0.70
0.60
Damage
3
Rear gear (4 gears included)
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Distance from Centreline
Modelled as
Component 2
L en g th , D isp lacem en t mm
M o d u lu s, P ressu re MPa
S train m /m
F o rce N
M o m en t N .m m
Global Coordinate System
Direction of Travel
Centreline of Vehicle
Wheels on axle
Y
O
Z
Coordinate System for Vehicles
0 X
Xmin, Xmax, Xdel
Direction of Travel
X
0
Results points
Results on grid
Ymax Y
Ydel
Ymin
X
0
Vertical strain
Three-dimensional plots:
strain pulse under dual wheels
Vertical strain
HIPAVE Toolbar
Options
Materials
Layered System
Load Groups
Traffic
Job Title
To start a new job
To save a job
To open an existing job
To view/edit Job Title
Demonstration of job assembly
from existing components
A HIPAVE job is defined by
3 blocks of data
Job
Coordinates for
Traffic Spectrum Layered System
Results
The Traffic Spectrum and Layered
System link to
Job
Coordinates for
Traffic Spectrum Layered System
Results
8000
7000
6000
5000
Count
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2.5 4 6 8.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5
Payload (tonnes)
Xmin, Xmax, Xdel
analysis by clicking on
Progress bar - while analysis is running
Cumulative Damage Factor
How to use
Graphics
Options
Damage Factor vs. Distance
Front tyres
Damage Factor vs. Payload
Choose Layer here
Hover mouse over point:
to view data values etc.
Right mouse click to give Graph menu
Export menu:
Can export to Graphics and Text
(Metafile is best for grapics, e.g. Powerpoint,
MS Word)
Exercise 1
Exercise 1:
job assembly from existing components
Job Name: Exercise 1
Job Title: This is Exercise 1
Run Analysis
Exercise 1 - Answers
How to input
Traffic
Spectrums
How HIPAVE handles Traffic
Distributions
Count
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2.5 4 6 8.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5
Payload (tonnes)
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Creating a new Traffic Spectrum
Maximum 20 characters
Maximum 72 characters
Table of Spectrum Components is now empty – we now start adding Components
Choose Vehicle Type Choose Manufacturer
2.5 1000
4.0 200
6.0 300
8.5 200
12.5 100
17.5 1200
22.5 7500
27.5 1000
Click, then enter the Payload and Count.
Standard Payload Distributions
Load Factors
for each axle: 1.5 X
1.2 X
0.8 X
0.5 X
Front
How to Use Wander
3 Wander Options:
3 Wander Options:
No Wander
Wander
Same for all vehicles
Different for each vehicle model
Lateral Wander
4500
Xwdel (=100 mm)
4000
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
20
40
60
80
00
80
60
40
20
00
80
60
40
20
00
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
-8
-6
-4
-2
-3
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0 00
00
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Distance to “Tail”
20
40
60
80
20
00
80
60
40
20
00
-8
-6
-4
-2
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
0
8
6
4
-3
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
∞
Step 2.
Note: Heaviest container weight in range assumed for all containers in range.
Exercise 2 - Loading
Make sure Asphalt is selected Make sure CDF vs. Payload is selected
Step 10.
Make sure Subgrade is selected Make sure CDF vs. Payload is selected
Exercise 3
Exercise 3
Correct answers:
??
Exercise 3b:
Automatic Thickness Design
Exercise 3b - How to use Automatic Thickness Design
1. Change
Thickness
to 800 mm
Exercise 3b - How to use Automatic Thickness Design
1. Tick box
3. Click to re-analyse
Exercise 3b - How to use Automatic Thickness Design
100 mm
100 mm
Step 1.
a. Un-check Design
Thickness….
b. Make sure Calculate Cost
is ticked.
d. Click to re-analyse
a. Tick box
Click to re-analyse
Click to Graph Results
Graph: Total Cost vs. Thickness of Layer No. 3 (the independent variable)
20 700 57.35
10 700 57.35
Graph: Thickness of Design Layer (No. 2) vs. Thickness of Layer No. 3 (the independent variable)
Design dictated by
Subgrade CDF
Preview of
Load Group
Data
Choose Vehicle Type Choose Manufacturer
Rear axle
Equal Axle Loads – e.g. Straddle Carrier
Basic Characteristics
- specified in terms of 4 simple parameters
Wheel Locations
How to create a
Layered System
How to create a Layered System
∞
Maximum 20 characters
Maximum 72 characters
Table of Layers is now empty – we now start adding layers from the top
Layer No. 1 = Asphalt
2. 3.
1.
Layer No. 1 = Asphalt
Layer No. 1 = Asphalt
Layer No. 2 = Base Course
3.
2.
1.
Layer No. 2 = Base Course
Layer No. 3 = Sub-Base Course
3.
2.
1.
Layer No. 3 = Sub-Base Course
Layer No. 4 = Subgrade
3.
2.
1.
Layer No. 4 = Subgrade
Layer No. 4 = Subgrade
Job
Coordinates for
Traffic Spectrum Layered System
Results
Performance Material 1
Relationship 1 (e.g. Asphalt)
Material 2 Layered
(e.g. Granular) System
Performance Material 3
Relationship 3 (e.g. Subgrade)
Material Type
Adding New Performance Data
Click to add Performance data
Enter Performance ID (<=20 chars.)
Enter Title (<=72 chars.)
Enter these values
Adding New Elastic Material Data
Click to add new material
Enter material ID (<=20 chars.)
Enter Title (<=72 chars.)
This box should be ticked.
URL = mincad.com.au/zdm
Includes:
Latest versions of HIPAVE, CIRCLY, APSDS
Heavy Duty Industrial Pavement Design Guide
Workshop Slides
Sample Client Pavement Design Document
References - 1
Austroads (2004). Pavement Design- A Guide to the Structural Design of Road
Pavements. Austroads Publication No. AP-G17/04.
Barker, W. and Brabston, W. (1975). Development of a structural design procedure for
flexible airport pavements. Report No. S-75-17. US Army Corps of Engineers,
Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.
British Ports Association (1986). The Structural Design of Heavy Duty Pavements for
Ports and other Industries, 2nd ed., British Ports Federation, London.
British Ports Association/Interpave (1996). The Structural Design of Heavy Duty
Pavements for Ports and other Industries, 3rd ed., Interpave, Leicester.
Smallridge, M. and Jacob, A. (2001). The ASCE Port and Intermodal Yard Pavement
Design Guide. Ports 2001 Conference: America’s Ports - Gateway to the Global
Economy. April 29–May 2, 2001, Norfolk, Virginia, USA (Collins, T. J. – ed.).
Mincad Systems and Pioneer Road Services (2006). Heavy Duty Industrial Pavement
Design Guide, http://www.mincad.com.au/hdipdg/
Mincad Systems (2006). HIPAVE. http://www.mincad.com.au/HIPAVE.htm
Pereira, A. T. (1977). Procedures for development of CBR design curves. Instruction
Report S-77-1, US Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, Miss.
References - 2
Wardle, L. J. and Oldfield, D. (2005). HIPAVE – A Mechanistic Design Tool for Flexible
Port Pavements. Proc. 2005 Coasts and Ports Australasian Conference, Adelaide,
South Australia 21-23 September 2005.
http://www.mincad.com.au/HIPAVE_Papers.htm
Wardle, L. J., Rickards, I. and Hudson, K. (2005). HIPAVE – A Mechanistic Design Tool
for Heavy-Duty Industrial Pavements. Proc. AAPA Pavements Industry Conf., Surfers
Paradise, Australia.
http://www.mincad.com.au/HIPAVE_Papers.htm
Wardle, L.J. and Rodway, B. (1995). Development and Application of an Improved
Airport Pavement Design Method. ASCE Transportation Congress, San Diego, 22-26
October, 1995. http://www.mincad.com.au/HIPAVE_Papers.htm
Wardle, L.J., Rodway, B. and Rickards, I. (2001). Calibration of Advanced Flexible
Aircraft Pavement Design Method to S77-1 Method. in Advancing Airfield Pavements,
American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001 Airfield Pavement Specialty Conference,
Chicago, Illinois, 5-8 August 2001 (Buttlar, W.G. and Naughton, J.E, eds.), pp. 192-201.
http://www.mincad.com.au/HIPAVE_Papers.htm
Wardle, L.J., Youdale, G. and Rodway, B. (2003). Current Issues For Mechanistic
Pavement Design. in 21st ARRB and 11th REAAA Conference, Cairns, Australia, 18 -
23 May, 2003, Session S32, ARRB Transport Research.
http://www.mincad.com.au/HIPAVE_Papers.htm
Wardle , L., Rickards, I. and Lancaster, J. (2006). HIPAVE - A Tool To Assist In The
Mechanistic Empirical Design Of Heavy Duty Industrial Flexible Pavements. 10th
International Conference on Asphalt Pavements (ISAP), Quebec, Canada, August. 12-
17. http://www.mincad.com.au/HIPAVE_Papers.htm
Pavement Design Workshop
The End