the speed at which words are spoken PUBLIC SPEAKING must be adapted to the type of audience with which a form of communication wherein one delivers a message or the speaker communicates speech in front of an audience The manner of communicating with small children may be significantly different from the manner of SKILLED PUBLIC SPEAKER communicating with adults. has the ability to get across his/her message effectively to Maintaining a moderate speed of speaking is wise an interested audience and through such, the audience can enough to enable listeners to follow the presentation arrive at a good decision and grasp the message more clearly. may influence people’s outlook and character can also be changed once in a while for emphasis
STYLES AND STRATEGIES 4. PAUSE
play an important role to achieve the power to influence the temporary stop in the vocal delivery which your audience to act and do something serves as a good purpose allows the listeners some time to process the COMPONENTS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING information proper knowledge of such will result to an efficient and allows the speaker to recall something that he/she effective speech delivery might have forgotten about the presentation It is important to know when to pause. EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE DELIVERY requires the use of both audible and visible codes 5. ANIMATION If there is a deficiency in the content, effective vocal and the liveliness of the voice physical delivery may still save the performance. The speaker’s ability to animate his/her voice will definitely make the presentation dynamic. ELEMENTS OF VOCAL DELIVERY: 1. PITCH 6. VOCAL CLARITY the highness or lowness of the tone of the voice Proper pronunciation It is important to know when to raise or lower the The speaker must be able to utter the words properly tone of your voice. and clearly. must be varied He/she must avoid disruptive speech sounds such as “uh,” “well,” “uhm,” and “you know.” 2. VOLUME the loudness or the softness of the sound 7. VOCAL QUALITY Modulating is different from shouting. the distinct characteristic of one’s voice It is important to know when to speak louder or It can be thin, hoarse, hinky, rough, airy, etc. softer. can be improved and even changed The speaker must be sensitive enough to notice It is important for the speaker to explore the beauty whether or not his/her voice is audible. of his/her own voice, know its strengths and weaknesses, and optimize it to his/her advantage. Knowing when to move to and from must be clear to PHYSICAL DELIVERY: every speaker. 1. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS Moving too much and aimlessly: very distracting not showing appropriate facial expression will lead to The speaker moves only when making or failure of effectively delivering the message/speech emphasizing a point. must be reflective of the message they wish to Movement must be limited especially in formal express to the audience settings such that it reinforces the message instead of distracting its presentation. 2. EYE CONTACT Observe timing The eyes must be directed to the audience. Move smartly Looking directly at the audience will make them feel that they are significant part of the presentation. 6. APPEARANCE Effective eye contact will establish connection with How a speaker looks can make the audience the audience. interested and pay attention to the presentation Dress appropriately for both your audience and 3. GESTURES occasion. Too much of these might be an overkill. Avoid flashy jewelry. Too little of these will make the presentation dull. A little makeup for women and a clean haircut for It is imperative that speakers consider the size of the men will definitely be appealing. audience to identify whether or not their gestures must involve: PREPARATION FOR A BETTER SPEECH A. Only the fingers Some of the interrelated components, the speaker, the occasion, B. Only the wrist and audience are very important things to consider. C. Extended to the use of the elbow or the The gathering of materials is also significant. shoulder Putting hands inside the pocket: acceptable to 1. THE SPEAKER project a casual look BUT may cause the speaker to What should you do prior to delivering your speech? look uncertain or awkward. A. Draw from your personal experience. B. Make use of your hobbies. 4. POSTURE C. Use the knowledge you gained from high school Good posture does not have to be very stiff nor to be and college. too relaxed. D. Pick a topic regarding current events. A too relaxed posture may make the speaker appear E. Choose a controversial topic. to be lousy or even arrogant. Good posture: standing straight and tall, both feet 2. OCCASION flat and slightly apart, chin up, shoulders relaxed, A. TIME charming smile The audience may have different moods and Just do it naturally. feeling according to the time the speech is delivered. 5. MOVEMENT Thoughts before meal: food Afternoon: drowsiness Evening: too much expectation An outline serves as an overview to give focus and B. PLACE attention to some of the topics that need more The place of gathering may be a factor in the details, or at each balance the information in each success of your speech. category. Consider the venue of your speaking Major idea engagement Secondary idea The speech will need to be adjusted Supporting material according to the venue. C. PROGRAM 2. CREATING THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SPEECH Your role in the program will determine the Two major considerations: length of your speech. 1. Getting the attention of the audience Major speaker: more time to speak 2. Stating the topic and speech purpose clearly Introducing a guest speaker: not longer than that of the speaker To get the audience’s attention, establish and show the following: 3. THE AUDIENCE 1. Significance of your subject The message is intended for the audience. 2. Humor The audience’s attention should be focused on the 3. Illustration, comparison, or quotation topic of your speech. 4. Stimulating statement/provocative question Consider your audience’s common characteristics. 5. Common bond with your audience The interest of the audience will depend on their age 6. The occasion or purpose of the meeting and gender. 7. Sincere compliment Teenagers: popular fashions and celebrities Older ones: professional growth and financial success To clarify the topic and purpose, discuss the following: 4. GATHERING OF MATERIALS 1. Your point or purpose of the speech Done after knowing the purpose of your speech 2. Your plan to develop your topic Sources: A. YOURSELF AS THE SPEAKER 3. COLLATION AND INTEGRATION OF MATERIALS (BODY Think about your own ideas and OF THE SPEECH) experience regarding the topic. Present some supporting materials that will help B. MORE MATERIALS clarify and prove the major ideas in your speech. Interview some experts who are more knowledgeable about the topic. 4. CREATING THE CONCLUSION C. LIBRARY In creating the summary, you need to reiterate the Make sure to take note of the sources and intention of your speech. organize them as well. You can end your speech by: 1. Stating a famous quotation ORGANIZING THE SPEECH CONTENT 2. A comparison 1. CREATING A SPEECH OUTLINE 3. An illustration 4. A restatement of your major ideas 2. RELAX AND SPEAK NATURALLY. WHY DO WE FEAR PUBLIC SPEAKING? Before speaking, make sure that you are in the right Stage fright (trembling hands and knees) position. People who deliver speeches look at themselves as the Start just as soon as the audience is prepared to center stage (BDO, Seidman, & LLP, 2009). listen. Seeing the crowd enables their anxiety to grow even stronger. 3. USE THE LANGUAGE EFFECTIVELY. Fear of looking foolish, particularly when they stumble in Use more precise and concise words in expressing their delivery. your ideas. Go over your speech repeatedly until you have HOW TO OVERCOME STAGE FRIGHT? absorbed its message. (BDO, Seidman, & LLP, 2009) 1. Be prepared. 4. BE CAREFUL IN ARTICULATION AND 2. Keep on practicing. PRONUNCIATION. 3. Relax before speaking. Avoid mispronouncing word and cutting off syllables. Consult a dictionary in case of unfamiliarity. SOME STRATEGIES TO CONTROL TENSION (Agravante & Buenaventura, 1999) 5. AVOID NERVOUS FILTERS AND SLANG WORDS. 1. Think of presenting your message, not yourself. Intensely prevent nervous filters, code switching, 2. Be prepared. and slang words. 3. Relax. Take several deep breaths. 4. Try to be physically and mentally active. 6. SHOW PASSION AND SINCERITY. 5. Act confident and you’ll be confident. Be audience-centered. 6. Use gestures and movement. Show concern and courtesy to the audience.
Take mistakes as a challenge and discover 7. USE NONVERBAL SIGNS.
alteration techniques. Use your movement, gestures, and facial expressions to add interest and emphasis. PREPARATION FOR ORAL DELIVERY: Avoid unnecessary movements to avoid distracting (BDO, Seidman, & LLP, 2009) your audience.
1. USE YOUR VOICE PROPERLY. 8. BE PREPARED.
Your voice reflects you character, personality, and Bring a small, clean, and comprehensible note card familiarity with the subject. to serve as a guide while speaking. Properly handle the volume and your speed in Practice your speech continually until you have speaking. gained enough confidence to face the audience. Consider vocal variety. Do not use filters in case of pauses because the Lesson 2: Speeches According to Purpose audience might doubt the speaker’s expertise on the subject. In delivering a speech, know its purpose. Knowing such is essential for relaying the message effectively to the audience so that they may arrive to a better understanding, thus influence the Written to persuade or convince your audience of the people’s rational thinking. validity of your argument. Involves persuading someone to change their opinion or The four basic types of speeches (to inform, to take into account some elements that have not really been demonstrate, to persuade, and to entertain) are NOT mutually considered before exclusive of one another. You may inform the audience by Arranged to hopefully cause the audience to accept all or persuading them to act on the information. part of the expressed view Usually the most difficult to deliver INFORMATIVE SPEECH (to inform) Credibility Serves to provide interesting and factual information to the Demonstrate expertise, evidence, and knowledge of you audience subject To deliver the information, the message must be delivered Present factual information, statistics combined with clearly to the audience. personal experience to make your argument more Examples: lecture, sales report believable Main elements: (KKI) Passion 1. Knowledge Convey the subject with confidence, passion, and conviction Expertise and knowledge of the subject is shown to appeal to the audience’s emotions when the information is adequately enough. Know your audience. ENTERTAINING SPEECH (to entertain) 2. Key Points Sole purpose: to have your audience enjoy the presentation Repeat all key points to ensure knowledge retention. (laugh, relax, enjoy, and laugh their heads off) 3. Interest Has the nature to transmit a feeling of pleasure and Convey your speech with confidence. goodwill to the audience Include unusual facts about the subject. The speaker must be gracious, genial, good natured, and relaxed DEMONSTRATIVE SPEECH (to demonstrate) How? (1) Tell jokes, (2) tell funny stories, and (3) Written to explain and show people a step-by-step overdramatize an anecdote. instruction on how to do something Guidelines: Involves various types of visual aids to ensure effectiveness 1. Choose an appropriate topic. of the instructions The topic should NOT be too dense, complicated or Examples: how to write a speech, how to bake a cake heavy because your audience came to have a good Elements: (ITK) time. 1. Instructions 2. Enjoy yourself. Clear and concise Enjoying yourself will let your audience enjoy your 2. Task Breakdown presentation as well. The task must be understandable. Be confident and enjoy. Presented in a logical way, step-by-step 3. Keep it simple. 3. Key Points Your presentation should be easy to follow. This must be emphasized including safety issues. Do not make it hard for your audience to keep up with you mentally. PERSUASIVE SPEECH (to persuade) 4. Make it visceral. Use vivid word pictures. The opportunity to assess is also an opportunity to restate Vivid word pictures will enable your audience to use any idea or concept (that the audience seems to have their wild imagination so that your presentation will trouble grasping) more clearly. not be dull and boring. You can add a short explanation for words that seem to be unfamiliar to your audience. Also, you may provide a Lesson 3: Speeches According to Delivery concrete example to illustrate the idea. Always clarify an important concept. SPEECH DELIVERY Advantages: (1) promotes the audience’s perception of the One of the most important aspect in delivering a speech speaker to be knowledgeable and credible; (2) your aside from the preparation of the speech audience is likely to pay better attention to the message as Entails research, organization, outlining, and practicing it is engaging both verbally and nonverbally; (3) eye Delivery – a result of the combination of two kinds of contact; and (4) the outline helps the speaker to remember communication (verbal and nonverbal) the important points. You can mess your entire speech up by reading it word for Disadvantage: requires a great deal of preparation for both word. verbal and nonverbal components One of the major reasons of public speaking: to learn ways Adequate preparation cannot be achieved the day before to connect with one’s audience and to increase confidence the schedule of the delivery of the speech. in doing so SPEAKING FROM A MANUSCRIPT IMPROMPTU SPEAKING Manuscript speaking – the word-for-word iteration of a The presentation of a short message without advance written message preparation The speaker maintains his/her attention on the printed page Often occur when someone is asked to say a few words or except when using visual aids. give a toast on a special occasion Advantage: the exact repetition of original words Informal, conversational settings Errors: mispronunciation of a word or stumbling over a Example: self-introduction complex sentence structure Advantages: spontaneous and responsive in an animated Disadvantages: (1) an uninteresting way to present; (2) the group context presentation tends to be dull especially in the absence of Disadvantage: little or no time to contemplate the vocal expression and gestures; (3) does not make room for message’s central theme eye contact with the audience; and (4) requires an interest Result of the disadvantage: the message may be on the message prior to delivery. disorganized; listeners may find it difficult to follow However, with practice, a speaker can achieve a conversational tone and give the impression of speaking EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEAKING extemporaneously while using an autocue device. The presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed The success of this medium [autocue device] depends on speech two factors: Spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes 1. The speaker is already an accomplished public speaker Using notes can establish and maintain eye contact with the who has learned to use a conversational tone while audience through which the speaker may assess how well delivering a prepared script. they understand the speech as it progresses. 2. The speech is written in a style that sounds conversational. It is important to know the length of this speech SPEAKING FROM MEMORY First: What the award is and why the whole presentation is Memorized speaking – the rote recitation of a written important speech that the speaker has committed to memory Second: Explain what the recipient/awardee has As for speeches, memorization can be useful when the accomplished in order for the award to be message needs to be exact and the speaker does not want bestowed/awarded to be confined by notes. Highlight the recipient’s work Vocal cue – the subtle but meaningful variations in speech delivery (may include the use of pitch, tone, volume, and SPEECH OF DEDICATION pace) Delivered when a new store opens, a building is name after Advantages: (1) enables the speaker to maintain eye someone, or a new library is completed contact with the audience; and (2) the speaker can move Designed to highlight the importance of the project and freely around the stage and make gestures with his/her those whom the project has been dedicated hands in the absence of notes. Disadvantages: (1) the presentation may be flat and TOAST uninteresting in the absence of vocal cue, gesture, and Designed to congratulate or appreciate facial expression; (2) the possibility of speaking in a Congratulating someone for an honor getting married monotone or a sing-song that fails to emphasize the most Appreciating someone for what they have done important points; (3) the possibility of losing your place and Remembering what people have accomplished in life starting to ad lib which may indicate that something is wrong; and (4) it will be extremely difficult to find your SPEECH OF FAREWELL place and keep going in case you go completely blank. Allows someone to say goodbye to a part of his/her life as he/she will move on to the next chapter that awaits him/her Lesson 4: Speeches According to Special Occasions Graduating from college and entering the work force Leaving your current job SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECH Given during a ceremony or a ritual that observes formality SPPECH OF PROMOTION and etiquette Imparts an important, often galvanizing message to an audience SPEECH OF INTRODUCTION May also recognize others for their contributions to your Should be a complete speech (clear introduction, body and success introduction Offer guidance to other students Introduction: think of a hook that will make your audience Look to the future become interested in the upcoming speaker Body: about the speaker’s topic, his/her qualifications, and ROAST why the audience should listen Done using wit, satire, and sarcasm Conclusion: generally designed to welcome the speaker to Normally intended to poke fun at someone in an intelligent the lectern (audience) yet fun way Malice should NEVER be the intention of this speech SPEECH OF PRESENTATION Given to accompany a prize or honor DRAMATIC SPEECH A speech of some duration addressed by character Any form of communication between two or more individual Usually performed on stage with characters on play or role- people who interact and/or influence each other via playing a story separate computers through the Internet or a network 1. MONOLOGUE connection using social software A long uninterrupted speech delivered by a character Does NOT include the methods by which two computers to other characters on stage communicate 2. SOLILOQUY How people communicate via computers A character, alone on stage, reveals private thoughts Promotes self-discipline that the audience is allowed to overhear Requires one to take responsibility for their own learning 3. ASIDE Includes structure projects and open projects (messy but A brief remark that a character makes to the authentic problem solving) audience rather than to other characters Provides tools that are useful in promoting collaborative 4. DIALOGUE learning activities that can mediate communication between The playwright’s (author) main tool for developing learners characters and furthering the plot Allows students, in groups, to collaborate with each other in More on conversation between two characters an exchange of opinions, experiences, and interpretations of course content INSPIRATIONAL SPEECH Examples: Goal: to elicit an emotional state within an audience 1. Emails 2. Mailboxes SPEECH OF GOODWILL 3. Shared network group folders Both informative and persuasive 4. Discussion boards (or fora/forums) Persuading your audience to be in favour of you and who or 5. Frequently updated hyperlinked webpages what to represent Highlight shared values, customs, beliefs, and morals TYPES OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION Goodwill – an intangible asset that is made up of the favour of an individual or organization 1. ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION Three basic types: (1) public relations, (2) justification, and Independent of real-time (3) apology Comprised of activities (viewing webpage, composing an email, watching a video clip, downloading a file) Lesson 5: Computer-Mediated Communication Benefits: (1) opportunities to think about course content; (2) to address a diverse set of topics in TRADITIONAL CLASSROOM SETTING more depth that can be done in class or in Places the teacher at the center of all activities asynchronous environment; (3) allows students to Teacher: transmitter of knowledge and orchestrator of conceptualize a topic from multiple viewpoints and to student interaction contribute to each other’s understanding The teacher monitors students’ progress while providing (Weasenforth et al., 2002) input on how to solve a particular task May hinder “reflection and facilitative interaction” PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN ASYNCHRONOUS CMC: A. The levels of participation are usually very poor with CMC. COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION B. Frequent posts to the discussion boards are needed to D. Some students cannot jump in because they are slow maintain an interest in the boards. In case the level of typists. participation drops below a certain degree, no further E. Responses get out of consequence. postings take place. F. Failing to provide a platform for all students to participate C. Checking the discussion boards for posts requires learning equally implicitly censors some of the participants. to incorporate an additional activity to one’s routine which often means people don’t take part. HOW CAN WE SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS? D. Its nature encourages people to giver participation a lower A. Have a prepared set of questions, subjects to discuss, and a priority. fixed order for the students to respond in. B. Allow a certain “open time” for students to chat with each HOW CAN WE SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS? other to let students practice and deal with their A. A combination of a discussion board and a mailbase unfamiliarity with the technology. B. Make the discussion time-dependent so that participants C. Provide an opportunity for students who are more familiar cannot procrastinate. with the technology to introduce some of the abbreviation C. Regularly structure the discussion threads. and emoticons used in chat to their less experienced peers. D. Cut and paste discussion threads that diverge or repeat D. Explain the procedure for participation (sequenced discussions elsewhere, so that each thread corresponds to comments or responses). one topic. E. Impose order on the discussion when required. The E. Identify specific points within the threads to prompt lecturer’s role in a chat includes that of a moderator and particular discussions, eliciting answers to specific he/she can make use of the upper case to make his/her questions. point more forcefully.
2. SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION WHICH CMC SHOULD WE USE?
Occur concurrently between two or more users The main factor in selecting a CMC medium: Should the including such real-time applications (chat rooms, communication be synchronous or asynchronous? instant messaging) The decision should be based on the following criteria: allow users to interact simultaneously through text, A. Can all of the participants meet at the same time? audio, and video with other users located anywhere B. Is the activity time-dependent? If so, use the in the world synchronous medium. examples: chat, instant messaging C. Are the participants part-time students/spread across time zones? PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN SYNCHRONOUS CMC: D. Is the subject matter one which requires in-depth A. Multiple threads of discussion are created which become too analysis and response?If so, use theasynchronous difficult to follow for some students who are communicating medium. in another language other than their first language (mother tongue). THE USE OF CMC B. Students on a slow connection always lag slightly behind in Educators often categorize the use of instructional CMC in the discussion. three ways: C. The discussion tends to lose focus because of many side 1. For conferencing discussions 2. Informatics 3. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) Informatics (repositories or maintainers of organized information) include library OPACs, interactive access to remote databases, program/data archive sites, campus- wide/wide-area information systems, and information managers.