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Xanthan Gum

Xanthan Gum
Published in: FCC 11 2S FCC 11 3S
First Published: Prior to FCC 6
Last Revised: FCC 11, Second Supplement

INS: 415
CAS: [11138-66-2]
UNII: TTV12P4NEE [ xanthan gum]

DESCRIPTION

Xanthan Gum occurs as a cream-colored powder. It is a high-molecular-weight


polysaccharide gum produced by a pure culture fermentation of a carbohydrate with
Xanthomonas campestris, purified by recovery with isopropyl alcohol or ethanol, dried, and
milled. It contains D-glucose and D-mannose as the dominant hexose units, along with
D-glucuronic acid and pyruvic acid, and it is prepared as the sodium, potassium, or calcium
salt. The pyruvic acid content of this ingredient is variable depending on the fermentation
process used, and in the case of “reduced-pyruvate” materials may be less than 1.5%. It is
readily soluble in hot or cold water, but it is insoluble in alcohol. Its solutions are neutral.
FUNCTION: Stabilizer; thickener; emulsifier; suspending agent; bodying agent; foam
enhancer
PACKAGING AND STORAGE: Store in well-closed containers.

IDENTIFICATION

• PROCEDURE
Sample solution: Transfer 300 mL of water, previously heated to 80°, into a 400-mL
beaker and stir rapidly with a mechanical stirrer. At the point of maximum agitation, add
a dry blend of 1.5 g of sample and 1.5 g of locust bean gum. Stir until the gums
dissolve, and then continue stirring for 30 min longer. Do not allow the water
temperature to drop below 60°. Discontinue stirring, and allow the solution to cool at
room temperature for at least 2 h.
Control solution: Prepare as described for the Sample solution, but using a 1%
solution of sample and omitting the locust bean gum.
Acceptance criteria: For the Sample solution, a firm, rubbery gel forms after the
temperature of the mixture drops below 40°. No such gel forms in the Control solution.

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ASSAY

• ALGINATES ASSAY, Appendix IIIC


Sample: 1.2 g
Acceptance criteria: 4.2%–5.4% of carbon dioxide (corresponds to 91.0%–117.0% of
xanthan gum), calculated on the dried basis

IMPURITIES

INORGANIC IMPURITIES
• LEAD, Lead Limit Test, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method,
Appendix IIIB
Sample: 10 g
Acceptance criteria: NMT 2 mg/kg
ORGANIC IMPURITIES
• ETHANOL AND ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
EtOH standard solution: 1 mg/mL of ethanol (chromatography grade) in water
IPA standard solution: 1 mg/mL of isopropyl alcohol (chromatography grade) in
water
TBA standard solution: 1 mg/mL of tert-butyl alcohol (chromatography grade) in
water
Mixed standard solution: Pipet 4 mL each of the EtOH standard solution, the IPA
standard solution, and the TBA standard solution into a 125-mL graduated conical
flask, dilute to about 100 mL with water, and mix. The solution contains about 40
μg/mL each of ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol.
Sample: 5g
Sample solution: Disperse 1 mL of a suitable antifoam emulsion, such as Dow-
Corning G-10, or equivalent, in 200 mL of water contained in a 1000-mL 24/40 round-
bottom distilling flask. Add the Sample and shake for 1 h on a wrist-action mechanical
shaker. Connect the flask to a fractionating column, and distill about 100 mL,
adjusting the heat so that foam does not enter the column. Add 4.0 mL of TBA
standard solution to the distillate to obtain the Sample solution.
Chromatographic system, Appendix IIA
Mode: GC
Detector type: Flame-ionization
Column: 1.8-m × 3.2-mm (id) stainless steel, or equivalent; packed with 80- to
100-mesh Porapak QS, or equivalent
Temperatures
Injection port: 200°
Column: 165°
Detector: 200°

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Carrier gas: Helium


Flow rate: 80 mL/min
Injection volume: About 5 μL
Analysis: Inject the Mixed standard solution and separately inject the Sample
solution.
From the chromatogram of the Mixed standard solution, calculate the response
factors for ethanol and isopropyl alcohol:

REtOH = AEtOH/ATBA

RIPA = AIPA/ATBA
REtOH = response factor for ethanol
AEtOH = area of the ethanol peak
ATBA = area of the tert-butyl alcohol peak
RIPA = response factor for isopropyl alcohol
AIPA = area of the isopropyl alcohol peak
From the chromatogram of the Sample solution, calculate the concentrations of
ethanol and isopropyl alcohol in the Sample taken:

EtOH (mg/kg) = (SEtOH × 4000)/(REtOH × STBA × W)

IPA (mg/kg) = (SIPA × 4000)/(RIPA × STBA × W)


SEtOH = area of the ethanol peak
STBA = area of the tert-butyl alcohol peak
SIPA = area of the isopropyl alcohol peak
W = weight of sample taken (g)
Acceptance criteria: NMT 0.075% ethanol and isopropyl alcohol, singly or combined

SPECIFIC TESTS

Add the following:



• ASH (TOTAL), Appendix IIC: Ash (Total)
Acceptance criteria: NMT 16.0%, calculated on the dried basis▲2S (FCC 11)
• LOSS ON DRYING, Appendix IIC: 105° for 2.5 h
Acceptance criteria: NMT 15.0%

Add the following:



• NITROGEN, Appendix IIIC: Nitrogen Determination (Kjeldahl Method)
Acceptance criteria: NMT 1.5%▲2S (FCC 11)
• VISCOSITY DETERMINATION, Viscosity of Cellulose Gum, Appendix IIB
Sample solution: 10 mg/mL of xanthan gum and 10 mg/mL of potassium chloride

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Analysis: Prepare a pair of identical Sample solutions and stir each for 2 h. Determine
the viscosity (V1) of one solution at 23.9°, using a No. 3 spindle rotating at 60 rpm
(Brookfield, or equivalent). Determine the viscosity (V2) of the other solution in the
same manner, but maintain the temperature at 65.6°.
Acceptance criteria
V1: NLT 600 cp
(V1/V2): 1.02–1.45

Please check for your question in the FAQs before contacting USP.

Topic/Question Contact Expert Committee

XANTHAN GUM Kristie Laurvick FI2015 Food Ingredients 2015


Senior Manager, Food Standards
+1 (301) 816-8356

Page Information

• FCC 11 2S - page 1800


• FCC 11 - page 1253
• FCC 10 - page 1353

http://publications.usp.org/ 9/16/2019

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