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Abstract: The Processes of optimization of oil wells involve an objective function that maximizes the
commercial price and minimizes the production cost. For the solution of this type of problem, in the
last decade the evolutionary technologies have demonstrated to be an effective and efficient tool. In
this work is presented an Evolutionary System to improve the performance of the Industrial
Production in petroleum wells that require gas lift (LAG). The system must optimize an objective
composed by two criteria: to maximize the production of oil and to minimize the flow of gas
injection, based on the restrictions of the process and the operational cost of production.
Key-words: Problem of optimization, evolutionary computation, wells by artificial gas lift, model of
production of well.
These new solutions generate a new objective function of the problem in question.
population of individuals replacing the Every individual of the population represents
previous one [5]. a potential solution of the problem. Initially,
the population is generated randomly, and
The Evolutionary Algorithms (AE) are robust then it evolves by means of operators', which
and effective methods for the resolution of include recombination of individuals,
problems of optimization. In [6] is presented crossings and mutations. This evolution is
an example of application in the Petroleum guided by a strategy of selection of the
Industry, for the development of the concept individuals most adapted to the resolution of
" intelligent fields ", in which it is used for the problem, according to their values of
the analysis and interpretation of a great "fitness". The Fig.1 presents a generic
quantity of information, combined with scheme of an AE. The intention of the
neural networks. In [7], a concept of Selection is to emphasize in the most capable
industrial automation for control and individuals of the population, hoping that
optimization of the production of their children have a "fitness" better than that
hydrocarbon based on genetic algorithms is of the parents. The crossing combines several
presented. individuals to generate new individuals, and
the Mutation is a random process where a
So, in this work we propose a system for the gene is replaced by other for produce a new
optimization of wells using the Evolutionary genetic structure. The Replacement is a
Algorithms, specifically for wells that need process that substitutes individuals of the
gas lift (LAG). In this case we have population (normally the worst) for the new
determined two objectives to optimize: individuals created (normally the best). As
maximize the production of hydrocarbons soon as a new population has been produced,
and minimize the gas injection, which the "fitness" of the individuals in the new
generates a zone of negotiation that allows population can be determined and restarts the
finding the ideal production. The process.
optimization system is composed of one
phase (component) of well model generation
(using techniques of Mass and Energy Begin (P(0))
Balance) and one phase (component) of generation=0
Test (P(0))
optimization of the productive process for the
While (no CriterionStop) do
identified scenario. This paper is structured as Father = Selection (P(generation))
follows: Theoretical aspects about Sons = Operadores de Reproduccion
Evolutionary Algorithms and the Production (Father)
Process of well are presented in Section 2. NewPop = Replacement (Suns,
The design of the Evolutionary Optimization P(generation))
System is presented in Section 3, while the generation ++
results are shown in Section 4. The paper
Fig. 1. Scheme of an AE
ends with conclusions.
2.2 Gas Lift Method
2. Theoretical Framework The Gas Lift method consists of injecting gas
at an established pressure at the lower part of
2.1 Evolutionary Algorithms the well pipe’s fluid column, at different
The Evolutionary Algorithms (AE) simulate depths, with the purpose of decreasing its
the process of natural evolution [4]. They weight, thus helping the reservoir fluids rise
consist of an iterative technology that applies from the bottom of the well to the surface.
operators over a set of individuals of the That way, in the wells exploited by the Gas
population with the intention of improving Lift method the gas is continuously injected
their "fitness", a measure related to the into the well in order to mix with the fluids of
the well and reduce the density of the fluid pressure-production rate ratio is called
column, thus decreasing the difference in “Inflowr” of reservoir energy and “Outflow”
pressures between the bottom-hole and the of energy of the surface installation. Finally,
surface. from the intersection of these curves the
The production curve of a well that produces production well model is obtained starting
by the gas injection method (see Fig. 2) from the nodal analysis [2].
indicates that as the Gas Lift Flow increases The field implantation of this GL method
(GLF, expressed “mpcdg” thousands of gas needs an instrumentation and control
cubic feet days), the production rate (Qprod, arrangement. For that, the measurement and
expressed “BNPD” Daily Production Net control of the following variables are required
Barrels) also increases until reaching its (see Fig. 3): Gas Lift Flow ( GLF ),
highest value (Stable Region), such that
Production Rate ( Q prod ), Gas Lift Pressure
additional increases in the injection will cause
a decrease in the production (Unstable ( GLP ), Gas Lift Differential Pressure
Region) [1,2]. ( GLDP ), Casing Pressure ( CHP or Pg ,inj ),
and Production Tubing Pressure ( THP or
Pthp ). Also, there are other variables that
could be considered for embellishing the
characterization of the process, such as
bottom-hole pressure ( Pwf ) and temperature
( T f ), which let us identify the conditions of
the hydrocarbon production zone.
injection rate ( Qiny ). In order to do that, the production pipe. This is described by the
method called Nodal Analysis [1, 2] is used. following restrictions:
Thus, a simple gas lift model is proposed: the
oil and gas “Inflow” of the reservoir is c ρ (P − P ) si P 〉 P
modeled by the use of the productivity index g g ,iny T ,iny g ,iny T ,iny
From (1), (2) and (3) the mathematical model The restrictions are contextualized in the
that describes the behavior of a well by gas operational scenarios and the reservoir
lift is obtained: conditions. We assume that: Pws is a
constant, due to the slow dynamics of the
Qprod =
( )
2
)
Qo* Pthp + Pg,iny − ((Qiny / Civ )2 ) / ρg + 0,125 − 1,266 reservoir; and Pwf is lower than the pressure
1,25
of the reservoir. From the well model we
(4) establish the maximum production capacity
that a reservoir can contribute Q prod , max , and
Reservoir
Table 1. Values of the Variables for each Operational Scenario 2umber of individuals: random: between 2
and 10. 2umber of generations: 25, Objective
function: equation (5), including its respective
Operational Qprod,max Q inj , min Q inj , max P wf Pwf restrictions. Crossover operator: single point
, min , max
cross with 0.7 probability. Mutation operator:
Scenario
random with 0.03 probability. Space for
search: a population of individuals was
gathered with the set of values allowed to
Under- 235 291 681 410 1100
variables Pthp and Pg ,inj , according to the
operational scenario identified in the previous
injected
phase (the specific values for the variables
Qiny ,min , Qiny ,max , Pwf ,min , Pwf ,max
for the
2ormal 244 682 793 200 630
restrictions of the equation (5), depend on the F
operational scenario (see Table 1)). That
means, the population of individuals will be
specific to the operational scenario identified
Over- 250 764 818 10 300 in the previous phase, so that the genetic
injected algorithm may establish the optimum value of
the equation (5) for that operational scenario.
To evaluate the equation (5), the equations
(3) and (4) are required. By optimizing (5),
the optimum value of production and
3.3. Third Phase: Resolution of The injection is established in the current
Problem of Optimization using Genetic operational scenario.
Algorithm
800
capacity of the reservoir “inflow” and
“outflow” is known, in order to establish the
600
gas injection ( Qinj ) required. With the value
400
200
of ( Qiny ) the production rate ( Q prod ) can be
0 calculated, using equation (4).
180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260
Rate of Production (BNPD)
900
700
from the installation, equation (3) is used, 600
300
with a fixed density, as it will not change the 200
Bottom Pressure
1200
Curve of Production
1000
300
800
Rate of Production (BNPD)
250
Bottom Pressure
600
200
400
200 150
0 100
500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
-200
Rate of Injection (mpcndg)
50
0
Fig. 7. Curve “Outflow” of Installation 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
Table 2. Results Obtained. than the one of 596,6 mpcndg (1,64892 b/d),
but more gas flow is required. In this case,
the profit differential is 165141 Bs/d, which
Pthp Pg ,inj Qinj Qprod Gana indicates that this case could be interesting
( Bs / d ) (more optimum) because it better combines
(psi) ( psi) (mpcndg) (b/ d)
the two costs.
170,4 1109,8 619,1 230,2 29544303 The Production Model obtained by using the
Characterization of the GL Process using
Nodal Analysis allows predicting the
production rate the well can produce. Similar
172,5 1226,3 689,1 233,7 29959487
results are obtained with commercial
applications], which are used for modeling
and optimizing the behavior of a well. These
4.2 Second and Third Phases: models show the behavior from the “inflow”
Optimization using Genetic Algorithm variables of the reservoir and surface pipe
flow for any fluid. In our case, the Intelligent
The Genetic Algorithm was applied for one System allows obtaining similar results at
of the operational scenarios identified in the reservoir and wellhead levels. The advantage
previous phase (normal). The final population of our well model is related to the fact that it
given by the Genetic Algorithm for that is implanted at wellhead level and not at a
operational scenario is shown in Table 2 (an distant computer (which would generate
delays in the decision making processes).
individual is the value of ( Pthp ) and ( Pg ,inj )
specified on a row of that table, which
objective is the value of Pr ofits of that row). The production of the GL method was
That is, the optimum values of that optimized in terms of the integrated subsoil
operational scenario of the variables Tubing and surface information, which will allow
Pressure ( Pthp ) and Casing Pressure ( Pg ,inj ), minimizing costs and guaranteeing the best
distribution of the injecting gas maximizing
shown in Table 2, are used in the models of the production of oil. The subsoil-surface
gas injection well and in the objective integrated approach is innovative in the sense
function, giving the results of Qinj , Q prod that it integrates the reservoir/wellhead
and Pr ofits shown in the same Table 2. infrastructure behavior. This is done through
an objective function, with the respective
restrictions of the process, which allows
According to the results of the Table 2, the
contextualizing such objective function in the
production system presents an optimum
operational scenario and the reservoir
behavior at a gas injection rate of about 596,6
conditions identified in the supervision
mpcndg, with an associated production of
scheme. The genetic algorithm establishes the
232,06 b/d, a casing pressure of 1022 psi and
optimum production and the gas injection
production pipe of 170 psi. On the other
value for the identified operational scenario
hand, for a gas flow of 619,1 mpcndg its
from the relationship of the two costs of the
production rate is 230,21 b/d, generating a
productive process: reduce the production
smaller profit and greater consumption of gas
costs and optimize the gas injection.
with respect to the case of 596,6 mpcndg.
Regarding the gas flow of 689,1 mpcndg, a
production of 233,71 b/d is expected, higher