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LT1
📚 LT1 Readings
Short Conceptual Approach to Philippine History
Recall Notes
2 problems in Philippine 1. Selective memory: In 2016 elections, Roxas was targeted because his
history grandfather was accused of collaboration.
2. Collective forgetting: Election of 1935 Quezon did not run uncontested,
Aguinaldo ran but propaganda made him lose).
Revisionism Trying to distort truth
Important events being Armenian massacre
forgotten
Croatian wars
Mindanao Massacre
Tadhana
Series of books written by historian teachers
Negative connotation because it was owned by Marcos

📌 SUMMARY The most serious issues in Philippine history is selective memory and collective
forgetting. This leads to a distortion of truth in many accounts, or revisionism.

3 Patterns of Historical Development

Before emergence of Modern Filipino
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 Recall Notes
Early traditional Original settlers (before Spain) are our forefathers
communities Dumagats are severely affected by the Kaliwa Dam project but are largely
ignored.
Aytas Negritos) have been excluded and marginalized from history books
after eruption of Mt Pinatubo in 1991.
Americans called Filipinos "niggers" and used Afro-Americans soldiers to fight
us, but most of them transferred to our side against the Whites.
Aytas have oral history of Brian Fagen, who sided with rebels.

Emergence of Islamized Muslims, like Igorots, were never conquered.

Societies In 1987, they proposed 2 major changes in the Philippine flag to include Moros
and Igorots, but this never came to fruition.
Igorot is a Western term: i (dweller) + golot (mountain)
The Spanish caused separation of Muslims from the rest of the Philippines by
casting them as the enemy (think Santiago Matamoros, Killer of Moores).

Terms like majority/minority, pagan/non-pagan are Western

Christianized Isabelo delos Reyes traced the history of Filipino religion:
Communities The idea of evil came with introduction of Christianity (e.g. devil, hell).
Hispanized lowlands) Before that, evil and good did not exist.
This introduced a new framework: Christians (good) vs non Christians (evil,
like Muslims etc).
Syncretism: mixture of religions
Indigenous peoples were not represented in 1987 constitution
Blending of Traditional Old-timer historians Agoncillo, etc) came from Western form of historical
Elements & Western thought (i.e. their basis was the outside).
Democratic Ingredients We are Filipino, but neocolonial (heavily influenced by colonizers).
What is the basis of the
perception that we are a
Filipino nation? Understanding and knowing our history.
Conclusion

1. The three communities Traditional, Islamized, and Christianized) should be

included in the study of history.
2. Separate history of national minorities should be written.
Some minorities can disappear by intermarrying to "give their children a
future," like the Aytas. Without a written history, they may be permanently
forgotten.
3. Role of Filipino Muslims should be recognized.
Problems between Muslims and Christians can be solved by understanding,
not assimilation.
History written with all these would help us solve our history as Filipinos.
Must write from below, not above.

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 📌 SUMMARY We have long excluded minorities from our books and taken a Western approach to
history. But history is what builds our identity as a nation. Thus, we need to give traditional, Muslim,
and Christian communities their proper places in our history.

Overview of events (1872-1902)

From the Philippine Revolution to the Phil-Am War
Recall Notes
1872 Philippine history began in this year
Evolution of Indio → Filipino
Execution of Gomburza followed by a 10 year silence
1882 Propaganda Movement in Spain Rizal, del Pilar)
1894 KKK established
1896 Spark of Revolution
Revolution failed, Manifesto a Algunos Filipinos by Rizal condemned this
Death of Rizal, del Pilar, Lopez-Jaena
KKK divided (factionalism always happens in big organizations)
1897 Magdiwang Bonifacio) believed KKK already served as a government with
a constitution and by-laws.
Magdalo Aguinaldo) believed KKK had ceased to be a secret society and
should become a revolutionary government
.
Tejeros Convention Aguinaldo was voted president while Bonifacio was appointed as Minister of
(March 22, 1897 Interior.
Tirona objected to Bonifacio's position due to his lack of education.
This led Bonifacio to feel like everything was rigged, so he declared the results
null and void and set up his own government in Naik.

Bonifacio's execution No one knows where exactly he was killed (two possible spots)
May 10, 1897 Did his execution really change the course of the Katipunan?
Aguinaldo did not win a single battle until he joined the Americans.

📌 SUMMARY Philippine history truly began in 1872, after the execution of the Gomburza. Things
began to build up until finally a revolution broke out in 1896, but failed. In 1897, the KKK split and
eventually had Bonifacio executed, leaving Aguinaldo in charge.

Truce of Biyak-na-Bato & Betrayal of the Revolution

November 18 - December 14 - December 15, 1987
Recall Notes
Biyak-na-Bato Series of tunnels in Bulacan which Aguinaldo declared his place of government
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 Potential means of escape for Aguinaldo, but he never needed to

1. Expulsion of friars and return of Filipino lands

List of Revolutionary 2. Representation in Spanish Cortes (congress)
Demands in To the Brave 3. Freedom of press and religion
Sons of the Philippines
July 1897 4. Government shall have no power to banish citizens
5. Legal equality for all persons
Revolution shifting to compromise (independence → assimilation).

1. Copied almost entirely from Cuban constitution

Features of the 2. Creation of Supreme Council
Constitution signed on 3. First document to name Tagalog as official language
Nov 1, 1897
4. Freedom of religion, education, press, profession

Republic Betrayed Peace treaty signed between Spanish colonial government and revolutionary
December 1897 forces
Aguinaldo and followers sent to exile in Hong Kong

Role of Pedro Paterno Hispanista (wanted to end this "fatal conflict")

Negotiated between Primo de Rivera and Aguinaldo from August-December
1897
Elite, survived by shifting sides

Provisions of truce Voluntary exile of Aguinaldo and company

Payment of 800K pesos in 3 installments for the whole KKK (for departure to
HK, surrendering arms, and proclaiming amnesty)
Filipinos broke the agreement by not surrendering arms
First 400K was used by Aguinaldo to buy weapons, though Paterno etc wanted
their share

📌 SUMMARY In 1897, Aguinaldo set up a Republic whose demands were already softening from
independence to assimilation. Eventually, a peace treaty was signed between Spain and the
Philippines, which many see as a betrayal. However, neither side kept the truce.

The Arrival of the Americans in the Philippines

A timeline of 1898
Recall Notes
1897 The world was changing, and America was building an empire
1898 TIMELINE
May 1 Battle of Manila Bay
May 17 Aguinaldo returns to Manila
May 24
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 Jun 12 Dictatorial Government
Aug 13 14 Declaration of Independence
Aug 16 Mock battle of Manila
Dec 10 Protocol of Peace signed
Treaty of Paris
Spanish-American War
April 25 Aug 12
"A Splendid Little War" — all planned as early as 1896
Lasted 100 days
Minimal casualties on the American side
American designs on PH Americans gained Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Philippines

The Battle of Manila Bay America's motivation was primarily economic; democracy and Protestantism
May 1, 1898 came later on

Not really in Manila Bay, but in Bay of Cañacao

The War Lovers: William
Randolf Hearst and
Yellow Journalism
Dewey vs Montojo
Americans entered undetected, Spain was defeated
Yellow Journalism: Exaggeration on all accounts
"You furnish the pictures, I'll furnish the war."
2 big publishing companies: Hearst & Pulitzer

📌 SUMMARY The coming of the Americans in 1898 was fully planned, and the battle for the
Philippines was not real. Yellow journalism helped shape public image of the war.

The Malolos Republic: Declaration of Independence

June 12, 1898
Recall Notes
Aguinaldo returns to He intended to kick Spain out for good, never knowing the Americans would
Manila stay.
Dictatorial Government Advised by the Americans to Aguinaldo upon leaving Hong Kong
May 24, 1898 Nullifies Biyak-na-Bato Republic
Note: Cory Aquino also had a "dictatorial" government in 1986
Declaration of
Independence
June 12, 1898 Kawit, Cavite
Apolinario Mabini objected to it, saying it was too early
More important to recognize government to convince foreign powers of
competence and stability of new government
American who signed was representing Dewey, but would later deny this
Threat of Germans
Germany was the only superpower in EU without Asian colony

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 German fleets arrived to take the Philippines when Americans won against the
Spanish, but only meant to scare them
Left eventually

📌 SUMMARY In 1898, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines and set up a dictatorial government as
advised by the Americans (who he did not know would become our next colonizers). Independence
was declared on June 12, which Mabini did not support.

From Dictatorial to Revolutionary Government

June 23, 1898
Recall Notes
Revolutionary Shadow or transitional government
Government Insisted on by Mabini
Provided for the creation of congress and writing of constitution
Features of Congress Election or appointment of delegates from each province
Central government of the new Republic:
President: Emilio Aguinaldo
Department Secretaries
War: Baldomero Aguinaldo
Foreign Affairs: Cayetano Arellano (replaced by Mabini)
Arellano disappeared only to return as first Chief Justice under
American rule
Why Malolos? Bulacan Central Luzon)
To ensure presence of representatives from liberated provinces
But Muslims were not represented at all

Revolutionary Congress Convened September 15, 1898

Appointed 60 delegates
Ratified declaration of independence at Cavite
Civilian, not junta/military
Malolos Constitution
Mabini envisioned Congress as advisory body to president with strong
Executive
Not to frame constitution but to advise and listen to people
Congress did not see it that way
Rift between Mabini and Paterno
2 Groups in Congress
Paterno/Felipe Calderon (who later sided with Americans)
Mabini/Aguinaldo
Highlights of Congress

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 Paterno's constitutional plan was almost copied from Spanish constitution of
1869
Separation of church and state was voted over state religion
Not anti-church, anti-clerical (disagreement, not persecution)

📌 SUMMARY Right after declaring independence in June 1898, Aguinaldo transitioned to a

revolutionary government as advised by Mabini. The Malolos Congress was held in September,
where a constitution was written against Mabini's wishes. Notably, the constitution provided for
separation of church and state.

Filipino-American Hostilities: The Phil-Am War

February 4, 1899 - April 16, 1902
Recall Notes
Newspapers Primary source of information for people at the time
Front pages swayed American public opinion
At first, they were sympathetic to Filipinos
Overtime, Aguinaldo and Filipinos were portrayed badly
Felipe Agoncillo and Sixto Represetntatives of Aguinaldo sent to Washington to meet McKinley
Lopez
Not met as diplomats but as mailmen

Treaty of Paris Felipe Agoncillo and Felix Roxas were not allowed to sit in meetings
Dec 10, 1898 Only between Americans and Spanish

Volunteers From California, Arizona, Kansas, etc.

Came to Philippines to fight since America had no official military

The Evening Bulletin Oct Interview with Agoncillo

29, 1898 Told story of negotiations between Dewey and Aguinaldo
Dewey denied that freedom was promised
General Merritt claims Filipinos incapable of self government
The Salt Lake Herald "Filipinos will fight to the end"
Nov 22, 1898
Dec 3, 1898 Changes in wording from "troops" to "rebels"
"Threatening articles published by native newspapers"
McKinley's "Benevolent
Assimilation" Shows American idology
Proclamation "Manifest Destiny"
Dec 21, 1898
Believed Philippines was destined for the American Dream
"Philippine Insurrection"
How Americans called the war

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 Casualties of war
Feb 4, 1899 - Apr 16,
1902
Viewed as rebellion
Filipinos: 20 000 soldiers + 200 000 civilians
Americans: 4 390 total
Concentration camps/hamleting

📌 SUMMARY In 1898, American newspapers began casting Filipinos in a negative light. Filipino
representatives were snubbed in important meetings. This led up to the war in 1899, where
Filipinos were at a great disadvantage and suffered many casualties.

Manifest Destiny
Subtitle
Recall Notes
Manifest Destiny America is a national called special destiny from God
Think W.A.S.P.s
Allotted by providence
Purveyed by McKinley and Roosevelt
"America is a nation called to a special destiny by God"
Wars of Manifest Destiny Indian Wars (justified White American appropriation of Indian lands)
Mexican Wars First American war fought on foreign soil)
' Spanish American War
Phil-Am War
American Vested
Interests in the Economic (allows access to Chinese market)
Philippines Makes Philippines first line of defense
Protestant missionaries
Tried not to compete with Roman Catholic Church
Focused on places like Cordilleras
Think: Adventist community in Batangas
Mission of America
Benevolent Bring American way of life to Philippines
assimilation)
To be friends, not conquerors
Words amended
In some documents Sovereignty (omitted): Americans did not recognize sovereignty of Philippines
from the Americans Protection: implies being a protectorate (think Guam, Puerto Rico, US Virgin
regarding the Islands) rather than colonizers, more morally acceptable
Philippines) Right of Cession: US having right to PH since Spain officially gave up the
islands to them since the US defeated Spanish

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 📌 SUMMARY The Americans primarily came for economic benefit under the guise of the morally
honorable mission to save and protect the Philippines, allowing us to live our Manifest Destiny—the
American Dream.

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