WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT

 determine how to establish sufficient water sources, implement required treatment

facilities, and engineer the distribution system
 In evaluating available water-supply sources, the primary objective is to obtain a source
(or sources) that has acceptable sustainable quantity, the best available quality, and that
is conveniently and economically located near the anticipated point of use.
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) – primary legislation affecting public drinking-water in the
US. Among its requirements are as follows:

 Total coliform – bacteriological monitoring

 Surface water treatment – requires surface water supplies to undergo filtration and
treatment)
 Chemical monitoring – monitoring of Maximum Contaminate Limit MCL of organic and
inorganic chemicals as well as pesticides, herbicides etc.
 Lead and copper

Types of Water Supply

1. GROUND WATER
 Pretty common and one well can supply and serve many houses
 Available nearly everywhere
 Challenge comes from whether sufficient water is available and of potable
standards
 Difficulty also arises from the depth of water table
 Before it can used for consumptive purposes, ground water sources must be
tested for contamination sources such as wastewater effluent, barnyard runoff,
pesticides and fertilizers, landfill areas, and oil and gas fields.
2. SURFACE WATER SUPPLY
 Usually more difficult to develop than ground water supplies
 More open to contamination from pollution, debris, sediments, and water-borne
pathogens
 It can however, be more abundant and have less dissolved-mineral content
 Safe yield – amount of water reasonably counted on for use by the community
during drought conditions
Water Treatment Processes
Pretreatment – any process that conditions the water prior to entering its main treatment facility
Aeration – use of aeration as a means of treatment (waterfall, mechanical aeration, pressured
aerators)
Coagulation – adding chemicals to raw water that cause an almost instantaneous reduction of
the forces that tend to keep particles separated
Flocculation – small particles and colloids form larger particles that can be settled or filtered
Sedimentation – suspended materials begin to settle out of the water because of gravity
Softening – process by which minerals such as calcium and magnesium (other metals and
water constituents) are removed from water
Conventional filtration – passing of water through a porous medium to remove suspended
solids; fundamental processes of water treatment
Membrane technology – use of a semi-permeable membrane that has the capability of
separating substances when a driving force is applied to it
Adsorption – water is brought in contact with a material to which certain specific molecules
adhere to it
Disinfection – is arguably the most important step in making sure that water is safe to drink.
(chlorine, ultraviolet light, ozone) primary and secondary
Corrosion control – control of hazardous metals such as lead and copper
Fluoridation – to reduce tooth decay in children (fluoride, fluorosilic acid, and sodium
fluorosilicate)
Package plants -

EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL

Erosion – the detachment and transport of sediment particles caused by the forces of wind, rain,
ice, and gravity.
Land-disturbing activities, such as logging, mining, farming, and construction, greatly
accelerate the natural erosion process. Such activities denude large areas of vegetation,
loosen and disturb the soil, increase the length and gradient of land slopes and alter the
natural surface-runoff patterns.

Sediment – solid material composed of organic and mineral particles that is in suspension or
transport or has been relocated from its origin.
Erosion-Control Best Management Practices
Erosion controls limit the amount of eroded soil, and sediment controls prevent the release
of the eroded sediment from the site into the natural environment.

1. Site management measures

 Site planning
- to reduce the erosion potential of a site both during and after construction.
However, the first and by far the most effective measure is reducing the
erosion potential of a site. Careful site planning can eliminate many
potential erosion and sedimentation problems by preventing them from
occurring in the first place.
 Limiting denuded areas
 Sequencing of disturbed areas
2. Soil stabilization measures
 Ground covers
- Vegetation such as grass, vines, straws, etc., nets, mats may be used as
ground covers
 Soil binders
- Chemicals and synthetic materials sprayed onto the soil in order to bind
particles together or to protect them from washing away
 Soil bioengineering
- Uses combinations of live vegetation, with or without common structural
practices. Very advantageous
3. Structural measures
 Diversion berms
Compacted earthen berms, stabilized with vegetation or mulch, divert or
intercept runoff. These berms are placed on natural grade
around the perimeter of the denuded area. On the high side
of the denuded area (up-slope), the berms (sometimes referred to as
perimeter dikes) divert runoff around the denuded area to limit the amount of
runoff flowing over it
 Channel conveyance
 Slope drains
Temporary slope drains consist of plastic pipe (flexible
or rigid) or geotextile fabric. The drains are installed on the
face of the slope and anchored securely. At the entrance of
the slope drain, a berm diverts the up-slope-runoff into the
slope drain and keeps the flow from sheeting over the exposed face of the
unstable slope.
 Check dams
 Level spreader
The level spreader is a device that dissipates the energy of the concentrated
flow by converting it into sheet flow. The level spreader is an excavated
depression with a level grade across the face of a stabilized slope.
Concentrated flow enters the level spreader, and when the capacity of the
depression is exceeded, the flow uniformly spills over the lip and down the
slope as sheet flow
Sediment-Control Best Management Practices
 Sediment barriers
 Inlet protection
 Sediment basins
 Sediment traps

CONTRACT DOCUMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS

Contract Documents
 Contains the entire agreement between the owner and the contractor
 Includes the bidding, bonds, liabilities, construction services, financial rights and
responsibilities and etc.
 Legally binding
Contract Drawings
 Drawings prepared by the design professional (architect, engineer, etc.) for bidding
purposes -> design drawings
 Design drawings sealed by design professional and approved by agencies ->
construction drawings
 Once the contract is let -> Contract drawings
 Design Drawings  Construction Drawings  Contract Drawings
 Used to show the contractor graphically what and where to build
 May also show that the design complies with codes and ordinances
Specifications
 Detail in writing the performance of the work and the interrelationships of the contractor,
owner, and engineer
 Contains the instructions affecting the materials, equipment, standards, and
workmanship.
 Must agree and be consistent with the drawings
 Directly affect the cost and quality of the construction.
 Defines the minimum requirements of quality, the tests, and methods of measurement
and payment.

 3 categories:
- Bidding documents – details the procedure and requirements to the
contractors interested in submitting a proposal. For public works, the project
is usually awarded to the lowest responsible. As for private works, the owner
is free to choose any contractor he/she wishes.
- General conditions – also known as general provisions. Addresses the legal
aspects of the arrangement between the contractor and the owner
- Technical section – relates directly to the information on the construction
drawings. Arranged in the order of the way work will be executed. Inclusions:
 1. Description
2. Materials
3. Construction requirements
4. Methods of measurement
5. Basis of payment
 Specific
 Brief
 Uses correct grammar and short sentences
 Specifies standard sizes and patterns when possible
 Do not specify both methods and result
 Do not specify requirements that conflict with each other
 Do not justify a requirement