evsjv mvwnZ¨ 1 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷

evsjv mvwnZ¨
40Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgwbvwi
bZzb wm‡jev‡mi Av‡jv‡K cÖkœ we‡kølY cÖkœ I mgvavb
01. EY©bvf kãwU w`‡q eySvq
wewmG‡mi bvg K. wUKwUwK
Uwc‡Ki bvg
35Zg 36Zg 37Zg 38Zg 40Zg L. †Z‡j‡cvKv
cÖvPxbhyM M. DB‡cvKv
Ph©vc` 2 - 2 1 2 N. gvKomv DËi N
ga¨ hyM
gnvfviZ 1 - - - - e¨vL¨v : EY©bvf – EY©v bvwf‡Z hvi
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ 1 - - 1 - (gvKomv)
g½j Kve¨ 1 - - - - 02. Ph©vc‡` †Kvb ag©g‡Zi K_v Av‡Q?
c`vejx - - 2 1 1
K. Lªxóag©
‡jvK mvwnZ¨ - - 1 2 1 L. c¨vMwbRg
Rxebx mvwnZ¨ - 1 - - 1 M. •Rbag©
bv_ mvwnZ¨ - - 1 - - N. †e․×ag© DËi N
‡ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb 1 - - - -
AvivKvb ivRmfvq evsjv mvwnZ¨ 1 1 - 1 - e¨vL¨v : Ph©vc` 1907 gv‡j
KweMvb - 1 - - - gnv‡gvncva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x
hyMmwÜKvj - 1 - - - †bcv‡ji ivRMÖš’vMvi †_‡K 1907
AvaywbK hyM mv‡j Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| 1916 mv‡j
‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR - 1 - 1 - nicÖmv` kv¯¿x KZ…©K m¤úv`bvq
Bqs‡e½j - 1 - - 1 KjKvZvi Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`Õ
Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi 1 - - 1 - †_‡K ÔnvRvi eQ‡ii cyivY ev½vjv
‡eMg †iv‡Kqv - - - 1 - fvlvq ‡e․×Mvb I †`vnvÕ bv‡g
Rmxg D``xb - 1 - 1 1 MÖš’vMv‡i cÖKvwkZ K‡ib| A_©vr
kvgmyi ivngvb - - 1 1 - Ph©vc‡`i †e․×a‡g©i K_v D‡jøL
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg - 2 1 1 1 i‡q‡Q|
`xbeÜz wgÎ - - - 1 1 03. DwjøwLZ‡`i g‡a¨ †K cÖvPxbhy‡Mi
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 2 2 1 2 2 Kwe bb?
ûgvqyb Kwei - - - 1 - K. Kvýcv`
cÖg_ †P․ayix 1 2 - 1 - L. jyBcv`
gybxi †P․ayix - 1 - 1 - M. kvwšÍcv`
mÄq fÆvPvh© - - - 1 - N. igbxcv` DËi N
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë 1 1 - 1 2
e¨vL¨v : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbKv‡ji
Kvq‡Kvev` - - 1 - -
GKgvÎ wb`k©b Ph©vc`| ZvB Ph©vc‡`i
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq - 1 1 - 2
KweMY cÖvPxbhy‡Mi Kwe| Ph©vc‡`I
gxi gkviid †nv‡mb - 1 1 - - c`KZ©vMY c` (KweZv) iPbv Ki‡Zb
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb - - 1 - - e‡j Zv‡`i m¤§vb m~PK cv`bvg ejv
ûgvqyb AvRv` - - 1 - -
n‡Zv| cv`  cv| D‡jøL‡hvM¨
‣mq` gy¯Ídv wmivR - - 1 - - c`KKZ©vMY n‡jb- jyBcv, Kvýcv,
‡gvZvnvi †nv‡mb †P․ayix - - 1 - - keicv (mei), kvwšÍcv, fzmyKzcv,
‡mwjg Avj `xb - - 1 - - ‡X¸bcv, †Wv¤^xcv, Kz°yixcv, mincv,
‣mq` kvgmyj nK - 1 - - - Zš¿xcv, gnxaicv, K¼bcv, jvox‡Wv¤^xcv|
Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn - 1 - - - mwVK DËi igbxcv`|
kIKZ Imgvb - 1 - - -
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 2 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
wewmG‡mi bvg 07. AvaywbK evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi cÖeZ©K
Uwc‡Ki bvg
35Zg 36Zg 37Zg 38Zg 40Zg K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
Rxebvb›` `vk - 1 - - - L. c¨vixPvu` wgÎ
AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm 1 - - - - M. Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
Uª¨v‡RwW bvUK 1 - - - - N. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Æªvcva¨vq DËi N
‡kL Iqvwn` 1 - - - - e¨vL¨v : evsjv Dcb¨vm iPbvq cÖ_g
Zv‡iK gvmy` 1 - - - - cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb fevbxPiY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq|
‡mv‡gb P›` 1 - - - - AevOvwj n¨vbv K¨v_wib g¨v‡jÝ 1852
mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq 1 - - - - mv‡j iPbv K‡ib cÖ_g evsjv jÿYvµvšÍ
wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y 1 - - - - evsjv Dcb¨vm ÔdzjgwY I KiæYvi
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 1 - - - - weeiYÕ| G Dcb¨v‡m D‡V Av‡m wLªó agx©q
gvngy`yj nK - - - - 1 DcvL¨vb| †m Kvi‡Y GwU mv_©K gh©v`v
g`b‡gvnb ZK©vj¼vi - - - - 1 jvf K‡iwb| evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi ¯ªóv
Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq - - - - 1 c¨vixPvu` wgÎ KviY wZwb cÖ_g evOvwj
evsjv fvlvweÁvbx I fvlv welqK MÖš’ - 2 - 1 wn‡m‡e 1958 mv‡j iPbv K‡ib cÖ_g
gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm - - - - 1 evsjv Dcb¨vm ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ|
nvmvb AvwRRyj nK - - - - 1 mvay I K_¨ fvlvi wgkª‡Yi Kvi‡Y G
cwÎKv 1 1 1 - 1 Dcb¨vmwUI mv_©K n‡Z cv‡iwb| 1865
‡Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î GKB cÖkœ `ywU K¨vUvMwi‡Z †djv‡bv n‡q‡Q|**** mv‡j ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq KZ©„K iwPZ
evsjv Dcb¨vm iPbvq cÖ_g mv_©KZv jvf
04. DwjøwLZ †Kvb iPbvwU cyuw_ mvwn‡Z¨i AšÍM©Z bq? Kivq evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi RbK wn‡m‡e
K. gqgbwmsn MxwZKv L. BDmyd Ry‡jLv ew¼g P›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq‡K AwfwnZ Kiv
M. cÙveZx N. jvBjx gRby DËi K nq| GKB Kvi‡Y Zv‡K AvaywbK evsjv
Dcb¨v‡mi cÖeZ©K ejv nq|
e¨vL¨v : Aviwe, D`y©, dviwm I wnw›` fvlvi wgkÖ‡Y iwPZ GK ai‡bi we‡kl
†kÖYxi evsjv mvwnZ¨| AvVv‡iv †_‡K Dwbk kZK ch©šÍ Gi e¨vwßKvj| G 08. ÔÔwKš‘ Avi‡¤¢i c~‡e©I Avi¤¢ Av‡Q|
mvwn‡Z¨i iPwqZv Ges cvVK DfqB wQj gymjgvb m¤úª`vq| welq I im mܨv‡ejvq `xc R¦vjvi Av‡M
wePv‡i cyuw_ mvwnZ¨‡K QqwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v K. †ivgvw›UK mKvj‡ejvq mj‡Z cvKv‡bv|ÕÕ –
cÖYqKve¨, L. R½bvgv ev hy×Kve¨, M. bex-AvDwjqvi RxebxKve¨, N. evK¨Øq †Kvb iPbv n‡Z D×Z?
‡j․wKK cxi cvuPvwj, O. Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm Ges P. mgKv‡ji NUbvwgwkÖZ K. ‡b․KvWzwe
Kve¨| jvBjx-gRby, cÙveZx, BDmyd-‡Rv‡jLv cyuw_ mvwn‡Z¨i AšÍM©Z| L. †Pv‡Li evwj
mwVK DËi gqgbwmsn MxwZKv| M. †hvMv‡hvM
05. RxebxKve¨ iPbvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ : N. †k‡li KweZv DËi M
K. dwKi Mixeyjøvn L. binwi PµeZ©x e¨vL¨v : ÔÔAvR 7B Avlvp| Awebvk
M. wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB N. e„›`veb `vm DËi N †Nvlv‡ji Rb¥w`b| eqm nj ewÎk| †fvi
†_‡K Avm‡Q Awfb›`‡bi †UwjMÖvg, Avi
e¨vL¨v : e„›`veb `vm evsjv fvlvq kÖx‣PZb¨ †`‡ei cÖ_g Rxebx MÖš’/ dz‡ji ‡Zvov| MíUvi GBLv‡b Avi¤¢|
ÔkÖx‣PZb¨ fvMeZÕ iPbv K‡ib| ÔÔwKš‘ Avi‡¤¢i c~‡e©I Avi¤¢ Av‡Q|
06. ‣eòe c`vejxi mv‡_ †Kvb fvlv m¤úwK©Z? mܨv‡ejvq `xc R¦vjvi Av‡M mKvj‡ejvq
K. mܨv fvlv L. Awa fvlv mj‡Z cvKv‡bv|ÕÕ (-‡hvMv‡hvM) iex›`ªbv_
M. eªReywj N. ms¯‥…Z DËi M VvKz‡ii †hvMv‡hvM Dcb¨vm †_‡K Av‡jvP¨
evK¨Øq Pqb Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v : •eòe c`vejxi AwaKvskB iwPZ n‡q‡Q eªReywj bv‡g GK K„wÎg 09. gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm †KvbwU?
wgkÖ Kwe fvlvq| g~jZ •gw_wj I evsjv wgwkÖZ GB gayi mvwnwZ¨K fvlvq K. GKwU Kvj †g‡qi K_v
iwPZ c`vejx †_‡K RbmvaviY aviYv K‡i‡Q †h, e„›`ve‡bi ivavK…ò m¤¢eZ L. †ZBk b¤^i •ZjwPÎ
G fvlv‡ZB K_v ejZ| ZvB eª‡Ri eywj A‡_© eªReywj GB KvíwbK e¨vL¨v M. AvqbvgwZi cvjv
†`qv nq| wgw_jvi Kwe we`¨vcwZ eªReywj fvlvq c` iPbv Ki‡Zb| N. BQvgwZ DËi K
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 3 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
e¨vL¨v : evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× wb‡q wjwLZ Dcb¨vm Mirror" bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| Gi cÖavb PwiÎ : bxj
ÔGKwU Kv‡jv †g‡qi K_vÕ iPbv K‡i‡Qb K_vwkíx gvae| `xbeÜz wgÎ bxjKi mv‡ne‡`i exfrm
Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| †ZBk b¤^i ‣ZjwPÎ iPbv AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvwnbx GB bvU‡Ki gva¨‡g Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
K‡ib AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`| BQvgZx iPbv K‡ib GB bvU‡K bxjKi‡`i cvkweK Drcxo‡bi h_v_©B `cY©
n‡q D‡VwQj| ev¯Íe wPÎ iƒcvq‡Yi d‡j †m Avg‡j
wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| bxjKi‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii weiæ‡× †`ke¨vcx cÖej
10. Kvj eid Dcb¨vmwUi welqe¯‘ Kx? Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ nq| evsjvi wewfbœ A‡j cÖRviv
K. †ZfvMv Av‡›`vjb L. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi we‡`ªvnx n‡q I‡V| GB bvUKwU‡K Uncle Tom’s
M. gyw³hy× N. †`kfvM DËi N Cabin Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v : gvngy`yj nK iwPZ ÔKvj eidÕ Dcb¨vmwUi 14. mKv‡j DwVqv Avwg g‡b g‡b ewj, mvivw`b Avwg ‡hb
welqe¯‘ 1947 mv‡j ‡`kfvM| Jcb¨vwmK G Dcb¨v‡m fvj n‡q Pwj| PiY`ywUi iPwqZv †K?
†`kwefv‡Mi d‡j mvaviY RbM‡Yi ü`q‡Piv AvZ©bv` K. PÐxPiY wek^vm
Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Abyi fvjevmv, Rxeb Avgvi †evb L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
(gyw³hy× wfwËK), †hLv‡b LÄbv cvwL, wbivc` Z›`ªv M. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
Zvui Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨vm| N. g`b‡gvnb ZK©vj¼vi DËi N
11. XvKv cÖKvk mvßvwnK cwÎKvwUi m¤úv`K †K? e¨vL¨v : mKv‡j DwVqv Avwg g‡b g‡b ewj, mvivw`b
K. K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi Avwg ‡hb fvj n‡q Pwj| PiY `ywU g`b‡gvnb ZK©vj¼vi
L. ivgvb›` P‡Ævcva¨vq iwPZ ÔAvgvi cYÕ KweZvi|
M. kvgmyi ivngvb 15. Rmxg DÏx‡bi iPbv †KvbwU?
N. wmKv›`vi Avey Rvdi DËi K K. hv‡`i †`‡LwQ
e¨vL¨v : XvKv ‡_‡K cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g evsjv msev`cÎ| L. c‡_-cÖev‡m
GwU 1861 mv‡ji 7 gvP© cÖKvwkZ nq eveyevRv‡ii M. Kvj wbiewa
Ôev½vjv hš¿Õ †_‡K| cwÎKvwUi cÖ_g m¤úv`K wQ‡jb Kwe N. fwel¨‡Zi evOvwj DËi K
K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi| cÖevmx cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb
ivgvb›` P‡Ævcva¨vq, •`wbK evsjv cwÎKvi m¤úv`K e¨vL¨v : hv‡`i †`‡LwQ (1952), VvKzi evwoi Avw½bvq
wQ‡jb kvgmyi ivngvb Ges mgKvj cwÎKvi m¤úv`K (1961), ¯§„wZcU cjøxKwe Rmxg D`&`xb KZ…©K iwPZ
wQ‡jb wmKv›`vi Avey Rvdi| ¯§„wZK_v| c‡_ cÖev‡m Abœ`vk¼i ivq, Kvj wbiewa-
Avwbmy¾vgvb Ges fwel¨‡Zi evOvjx iPbv K‡ib Gm
12. Rxeb¯§„wZ Kvi iPbv? Iqv‡R` Avjx|
K. Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
L. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 16. ÔwKš‘ gvbyl¨ KLbI cvlvY nq bv|Õ Dw³wU †Kvb
M. wefzwZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Dcb¨v‡mi?
N. †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb DËi L K. iex›`ªbv‡_i †Pv‡Li evwj
e¨vL¨v : ÔRxeb¯§„wZÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ¯§„wZK_v| Ab¨vb¨ L. kirP‡›`ªi c‡_i `vex
M. kIKZ Imgv‡bi µxZ`v‡mi nvwm
¯§„wZK_vmg~n AvZ¥cwiPq, ‡Q‡j‡ejv| ÔAvZ¥PwiZÕ
Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi KZ…©K iwPZ AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK N. ew¼gP‡›`ªi ivRwmsn DËi N
eY©bvag©x Amgvß iPbv| wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi e¨vL¨v : ÔwKš‘ gbyl¨ KLb cvlvYI nq bv|Õ evsjv
AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv ÔZ…Yv¼ziÕ| K_vmvwn‡Z¨i Dcb¨vm kvLvq cÖvP¨ I cvðvZ¨ fvev`‡k©i
13. `xbeÜz wg‡Îi bxj`c©Y bvUKwU Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` †mZz eÜb K‡ib ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq| Zvi iwPZ
K‡ib †K? ÔivRwmsnÕ Dcb¨v‡mi bqbewýI eywS R¦wjqvwQj (wØZxq
K. c¨vixPvu` wgÎ L. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë cwi”Q`) – Gi †kl evK¨ GwU|
M. cÖg_ †P․ayix N. w؇R›`ªjvj ivq DËi L 17. Bqs †e½j †Mvôxfz³ wQ‡jb †K?
e¨vL¨v : bxj `c©Y bvUKwU †ifv‡iÛ †Rgm& jO Gi K. Aÿq Kzgvi `Ë
cÖKvkbvq 1861 mv‡j gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë KZ…©K A L. G›Uwb wdiw½
Native QÙbv‡g Bs‡iRx‡Z "The Indigo planting M. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
N. KvwjcÖmbœ wmsn DËi M
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
e¨vL¨v : 1840 mv‡j mvaviY Áv‡bvcvwR©Kv mfvi mf¨
ZvwjKvq gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi mncvVx c¨vixPvu` wgÎ,
wK‡kvixPvu` VvKzi, †Mvwe›` `Ë, c¨vixPiY miKvi,
Áv‡b›`ª‡gvnb VvKz‡ii bvg cvIqv hvq| wZwb 1843
mv‡j wLªó ag© MÖnY Ki‡j wn›`y K‡jR Z¨vM K‡ib|
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi ÔG‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv (1860)Õ
t Bqs †e½j‡`i PwiÎ ms‡kva‡bi Awfjv‡l iwPZ| GwU
iPbvi Kvi‡Y wZwb Bqs †e½‡ji †ivlvb‡j gy‡L c‡ob|
18. Ôwe‡`ªvnx KweZvÕ ‡Kvb mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq?
K. 1923 L. 1921
M. 1919 N. 1918 DËi L
e¨vL¨v : KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi RbwcÖq KweZv Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ
iPbv Kiv nq 1921 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m| Z‡e
KweZvwU cÖKvk Kiv nq 1922 mv‡ji 6 Rvbyqvwi
ÔweRjxÕ cwÎKvq| Avgv‡`i g‡Z, GB cÖkœwUi mwVK
DËi †bB| ï× DËi 1922 mvj| wKš‘ cÖkœc‡Îi
Dc‡i c„ôvq ejv n‡q‡Q, cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi 4wU Dˇii g‡a¨
GKwU mwVK DËi i‡q‡Q| ZvB Avgv‡`i g‡Z, wcGmwm
ÔLÕ AckbwU‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
19. ÔAv¸b cvwLÕ Dcb¨vmwU Kvi?
K. ivnvZ Lvb
L. nvmvb AvwRRyj nK
M. †mwjbv †nv‡mb
N. Bg`v`yj nK wgjb DËi L
e¨vL¨v : Av¸b cvwL (2006) nvmvb AvwRRyj n‡Ki
Dcb¨vm| Zvui cÖ_g Dcb¨vm ÔkvgyKÕ|
20. GKz‡k †deªæqvwiÕi weL¨vZ MvbwUi myiKvi †K?
K. myaxi mvnv
L. myaxb `vm
M. AvjZvd gvngy`
N. AvjZvd gvgyb DËi M
e¨vL¨v : Avgvi fv‡q i‡³ iv½v‡bv, GKz‡k †deªæqvwi MvbwUi
MxwZKvi Ave`yj Mvddvi †P․ayix Ges myiKvi AvjZvd
gvngy`| MvbwU 1952 mv‡ji 21‡k †deªæqvwii †cÖÿvc‡U
iwPZ nq|
39Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cÖkœ I mgvavb
01. gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm ÔAv¸‡bi cikgwbÕ Kvi iPbv?
K. ûgvq~b Avn‡g` L. kIKZ Imgvb
M. •mq` kvgmyj nK N. AvgRv` †nv‡mb DËi :K
e¨vL¨v : gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm ÔAv¸‡bi cikgwbÕ iPbv
K‡ib ûgvq~b Avn‡g`| ûgvq~b Avn‡g‡`i
gyw³hy×wfwËK Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨vmmg~‡ni bvg n‡jv- k¨vgj
Qvqv, †Rvmbv I Rbbxi Mí, m~‡h©i w`b, †m․if,
wbe©vmb, Awbj evMPxi GKw`b cªf„wZ|
4 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
[g‡b ivLyb : Awbj evMPx wbe©vm‡b m~‡h©i w`‡bi e‡`․j‡Z
†Rvmbvi k¨vgj Qvqvq †m․if Lyu‡R †cj]
02. ‡eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡m‡bi iwPZ MÖš’ †KvbwU?
K. cÙveZx L. cÙ‡MvLiv
M. cÙivM N. cÙgwY DËi M
e¨vL¨v : †eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ iwPZ MÖ‡š’i bvg
ÔcÙivMÕ (Dcb¨vm)| ÔcÙivMÕ beb~i cwÎKvq wg‡mm
Avi Gm †nv‡mb bv‡g †jLv nZ| †eMg †iv‡Kqvi
Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡š’i bvg n‡jv- gwZPyi (‡m․iRMr, †Wwjwmqv
nZ¨v), myjZvbvi ¯^cœ, Ae‡ivaevwmbx BZ¨vw`|
03. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ †KŠZzK bvUK †KvbwU?
K. RvgvB evwiK L. weevn-weåvU
M. wn‡Z-wecixZ N. •eKz‡Éi LvZv DËi N
e¨vL¨v : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ †K․ZzK bvUK Ô‣eKz‡Éi
LvZvÕ| ‡R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ †K․ZzK bvUK Ôwn‡Z-
wecixZÕ| ÔRvgvB evwiKÕ bvgK cÖnmbwUi iPwqZv
`xbeÜz wgÎ| Ôweevn weåvUÕ (1884) cÖnmbwUi ¯ªóv
Ag„Zjvj emy imivR|
04. Rxebvb›` `vk‡K ÔwbR©bZvi KweÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ
K‡i‡Qb †K?
K. eyׇ`e emy L. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
M. •mq` kvgmyj nK N. weòz †` DËi K
e¨vL¨v : Rxebvb›` `vk‡K ÔwbR©bZvi KweÕ wn‡m‡e
AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb cÂcvЇei GKRb Kwe, cÖvewÜK,
bvU¨Kvi, MíKvi, Abyev`K, m¤úv`K I mvwnZ¨
mgv‡jvPK eyׇ`e emy|
05. gxi gkviid †nv‡mb iwPZ MÖš’ n‡”Q
K. Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvj
L. û‡Zvg c¨vuPvi bKkv
M. KwjKvZv Kgjvjq
N. MvRx wgqvi e¯Ívbx DËi N
e¨vL¨v : ÔMvRx wgqvui e¯ÍvbxÕ (1899) gxi gkviid
†nv‡mb iwPZ AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv| Ôû‡Zvg c¨vuPvi
bKkvÕ Kvjx cÖmbœ wmsn iwPZ e¨½-we`ªæcvZ¥K mvgvwRK
iPbv| ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ c¨vixPvu` wgÎ iwPZ cÖ_g
evsjv Dcb¨vm| ÔKwjKvZv KgjvjqÕ nj fevbxPiY
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ KjKvZvi BwZnvm welqK MÖš’|
06. ÔLbvi ePbÕ Gi g~jfve Kx?
K. ï× Rxebhvcb ixwZ
L. mvgvwRK g½j‡eva
M. iv‡óªi cwiPvjbv bxwZ
N. †j․wKK cÖYqm½xZ DËi L
e¨vL¨v : evsjv mvwnZ¨ cÖvPxbhy‡Mi m„wó e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv
nq Ges Qov RvZxq Gme iPbv‡K †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i Avw`
wb`k©b wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| G †`‡ki AvenvIqv I
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 5 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
K…wl m¤úwK©Z eû wewPÎ AwfÁZvi iƒcvqY N‡U‡Q Lbvi 35-38Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿvi
eP‡bi gva¨‡g| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ bxwZK_v I eû`k©x
Dc‡`k cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, Lbvi eP‡bi cÖkœ I mgvavb
welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ mvgvwRK g½j‡eva cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| Ph©vc`
07. Ô‡e`všÍ mviÕ I Ô‡e`všÍ MÖš’Õ Kvi iPbv? → Ômvܨ fvlvÕ †Kvb mvwnZ¨ K‡g©i m‡½ hy³? DËi: Ph©c`
K. †MvjKbv_ kg©v L. ivgivg emy (38Zg wewmGm)
M. ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq N. g„ZzÄq we`¨vj¼vi → W±i gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn m¤úvw`Z Ph©vc` welqK MÖ‡š’i
e¨vL¨v : Ô‡e`všÍ MÖš’Õ I Ô‡e`všÍ mviÕ MÖš’ `y¦BwU iPbv K‡ib bvg Kx? DËi: Buddhist Mystic Songs.(37Zg
ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g cÖeÜ MÖš’ wewmGm)
Ô‡e`všÍ MÖš’Õ (1815), ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi cÖ_g iPbv| → ÔPh©vPh©wewbðqÕ Gi A_© Kx? DËi: †KvbwU AvPiYxq,
GQvovI wZwb ÔmngiY welqK cÖeZ©K I wbeZ©‡Ki Avi †KvbwU bq| (37Zg wewmGm)
m¤^v`Õ (1818) Ges Ô†Mv¯^vgxi iwPZ wePviÕ (1818) → me‡P‡q †ewk Ph©vc` cvIqv †M‡Q †Kvb Kwei? DËi:
bvgK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zvui iwPZ Ô†M․oxq e¨vKiY evsjv Kvýcv| (36Zg wewmGm)
fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g evOjv e¨vKiY MÖš’| wZwb cÖ_g evOvwj → evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hy‡Mi wb`©kb †KvbwU? DËi:
whwb 1830 mv‡j ZrKvjxb gyNj ev`kv wØZxq AvKei †`vnv‡Kvl| (35Zg wewmGm)
KZ…©K ÔivRvÕ Dcvwa wb‡q Bsj¨vÛ hvb|
08. Ôevab nvivÕ KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi †Kvb ai‡bi iPbv? kÖxK…ò KxZ©b Kve¨
K. Dcb¨vm L. bvUK → MVbixwZ‡Z ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨ g~jZ- DËi: bvUMxwZ|
M. KweZv N. ågY Kvwnbx DËi K (38Zg wewmGm)
e¨vL¨v : we‡`ªvnx Kwe ÔKvRx bRiæj BmjvgÕ †gvU wZbwU → ÒZv¤^yj ivZzj nBj Aai ci‡kÓ Gi A_© Kx? DËi:
Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡ib| Dcb¨vm wZbwUi bvg Ôg„Zz¨ÿzav †Vvu‡Ui ci‡k cvb jvj nj (35Zg wewmGm)
(1930), ÔKz‡nwjKvÕ (1931), ÔevuabnvivÕ (1927)|
ÔevuabnvivÕ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg iwPZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm| g½j Kve¨
GwU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g c‡Îvcb¨vm| Dcb¨vmwUi → g½j Kv‡e¨i Kwe bb †K? DËi: `vï ivq| (35Zg
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ : byiæj û`v, iweDj, gby, iv‡eqv, wewmGm)
gvneyev, †mvwdqv| Ôg„Zz¨ÿzav Dcb¨v‡m gqgbwms‡ni
wÎkvj GjvKvi mvaviY gvby‡li RxebwPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| c`vejx
09. ¯^vaxbZv c`K cÖvß e¨w³Z¡ n‡jb → Ôwe`¨vcwZÕ †Kvb ivRmfvi Kwe wQ‡jb? DËi: wgw_jv|
K. •mq` Avjx Avnmvb (38Zg wewmGm)
L. •mq` kvgmyj nK → k„½vi im‡K •eòe c`vewj‡Z Kx im e‡j? DËi: gayi
M. kvgmyi ingvb im| (37Zg wewmGm)
N. hZxb miKvi DËi e¨vL¨v jÿ¨ Kiæb → kv³c`vejxi Rb¨ weL¨vZ- DËi: ivgcÖmv` †mb|
e¨vL¨v : Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb 1991 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ (37Zg wewmGm)
AmvaviY Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| ‡jvKmvwnZ¨
1991 mv‡j Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb QvovI giûg bv‡qe
my‡e`vi kvn Avjg (gi‡YvËi weRqx), µxov‡Z Ges → ÔP›`ªveZxÕ Kx? DËi: Kve¨| (38Zg wewmGm)
cÖ‡dmi †gv. Bbœvm Avjx, weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡Z ¯^vaxbZv → ÔAvgvi N‡ii Pvwe c‡ii nv‡ZÕ- MvbwUi iPwqZv †K?
c`K jvf K‡ib| 2000 mv‡j 10 Rb e¨w³Z¡‡K DËi: jvjb kvn&| (37Zg wewmGm)
RvZxq Rxe‡b Zv‡`i AmvaviY Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ Ô¯^vaxbZv → Ôc~e©e½ MxwZKvÕi †jvKcvjvmg~‡ni msMÖvnK †K? DËi:
c`KÕ m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ Kiv nq, hv‡`i g‡a¨ me¨mvPx P›`ªKzgvi †`| (37Zg wewmGm)
mvwnwZ¨K •mq` kvgmyj nK mvwn‡Z¨ Ô¯^vaxbZv c`KÕ
jvf K‡ib| 2010 mv‡j 10 Rb e¨w³Z¡ Ges 1wU Rxebx mvwnZ¨
cÖwZôvb‡K RvZxq Rxe‡b Zv‡`i we‡kl Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ → ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †Kvb ag©cÖPviK-Gi cÖfve
Ô¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‥viÕ m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ Kiv nq; hv‡`i g‡a¨ Acwimxg? DËi: kÖx‣PZb¨‡`e| (36Zg
hZxb miKvi wkÿvq AmvaviY Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv
wewmGm)
cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
bv_ mvwnZ¨
→ Ô‡Mviÿ weRqÕ Kve¨ ‡Kvb ag©g‡Zi Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b
†jLv? DËi: bv_ag©| (37Zg wewmGm)
‡ivgvwÈK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb
→ ÔKcvjKzzÛjvÕ †Kvb cÖK…wZi iPbv? DËi: †ivgvÝg~jK
Dcb¨vm| (35Zg wewmGm)
AvivKvb ivRmfvq evsjv mvwnZ¨
→ ‡`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lvb ‡Kvb A‡ji Awaevmx
wQ‡jb? DËi: PÆMÖvg| (38Zg wewmGm)
→ Ô†ZvndvÕ Kve¨wU †K iPbv K‡ib? DËi: AvjvIj|
(36Zg wewmGm)
→ Ônß cqKiÕ Kvi iPbv? DËi: •mq` AvjvIj| (35Zg
wewmGm)
KweMvb
→ G›Uwb wdwiw½ Kx RvZxq mvwn‡Z¨i iPwqZv? DËi:
KweMvb| (36Zg wewmGm)
hyMmwÜKvj
→ ga¨hy‡Mi †kl Kwe fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi KZ mv‡j
g„Zy¨eiY K‡ib? DËi: 1760| (36Zg wewmGm)
‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR
→ ‡K ‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri wkÿK wQ‡jb? DËi:
ivgivg emy| (38Zg wewmGm)
→ ÔivRv cÖZvcvw`Z¨ PwiÎÕ MÖš’wUi cÖ‡YZv? DËi: ivgivg
emy| (36Zg wewmGm)
Bqs‡e½j
→ ÔBqs †e½jÕ †Mvôxi gyLcÎiƒ‡c †Kvb cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ
nq? DËi: Ávbv‡š^lY| (36Zg wewmGm)
Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
→ ‡KvbwU we`¨vmvM‡ii AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK †jLv? AvZœPwiZ|
(38Zg wewmGm)
→ ‡KvbwU Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii AvZ¥Rxebx? AvZ¥PwiZ|
(35Zg wewmGm)
‡eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb
→ ‡iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡m‡bi ÔgwZPziÕ †Kvb ai‡bi
iPbv? DËi: cÖeÜ| (38Zg wewmGm)
Rmxg D``xb
→ ‡KvbwU Rwmg D`&`x‡bi iPbv? DËi: VuvKzievwoi
AvwObv| (38Zg wewmGm)
6 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ ‡KvbwU Rwmg D`&`x‡bi bvUK? DËi: †e‡`i †g‡q|
(36Zg wewmGm)
kvgmyi ivngvb
→ gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ Kve¨MÖš’ †KvbwU? DËi: e›`x
wkwei †_‡K| (38Zg wewmGm)
→ |ÔAvmv‡`i kvU©Õ KweZvi †jLK †K? DËi: kvgmyi
ivngvb| (37Zg wewmGm)
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
→ KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi ÔAwMœ-exYvÕ Kv‡e¨i cÖ_g KweZv
†KvbwU? DËi: cÖj‡qvjøvm| (38Zg wewmGm)
→ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Zvi KweZvq ÔKvjvcvnvoÕ‡K ¯§iY
K‡i‡Qb †Kb? DËi: cÖPwjZ ag© I ms¯‥vi-we‡Ølx
wQ‡jb e‡j| (37Zg wewmGm)
→ ‡KvbwU KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi iPbv bq? DËi: evjyPi|
(36Zg wewmGm)
→ ‡KvbwU KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi Dcb¨vm? DËi:
Kz‡nwjKv| (36Zg wewmGm)
`xbeÜz wgÎ
→ `xbeÜz wg‡Îi Ôbxj `c©YÕ bvUKwU cÖ_g †Kv_v †_‡K
cÖKvwkZ nq? DËi: XvKv| (38Zg wewmGm)
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
→ ‡KvbwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Kve¨MÖš’? DËi: †kl †jLv|
(38Zg wewmGm)
→ ÔP›`iv Pwi‡Îi ¯ªóv ‡K? DËi: iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| (38Zg
wewmGm)
→ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Kve¨ cÖKvwkZ nq KZ
mv‡j? DËi: 1910| (37Zg wewmGm)
→ wb‡Pi †Kvb PwiÎ `ywU iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔN‡i evB‡iÕ
Dcb¨v‡mi? DËi: wbwL‡jm-wegjv| (36Zg wewmGm)
→ ÔGKLvwb †QvU †ÿZ Avwg GKjvÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Kvb
KweZvi PiY? DËi: †mvbvi Zix| (36Zg wewmGm)
→ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii c~e©cyiæ‡li Aw`emwZ †Kv_vq wQj?
DËi: Lyjbvi `wÿY wWwn| (35Zg wewmGm)
→ ‡KvbwU iex›`ª iPbvi AšÍM©Z bq? DËi: ÒAwMœMÖvmx
wek^Îvwm Rv¸K Avevi AvZ¥`vbÓ| (35Zg wewmGm)
ûgvqyb Kwei
→ Ôb`x I bvixÕ Dcb¨v‡mi iPwqZv †K? DËit ûgvqyb
Kwei| (38Zg wewmGm)
cÖg_ †P․ayix
→ ÔexiejÕ †Kvb †jL‡Ki QÙ bvg? DËit cÖg_ ‡P․ayix|
(38Zg wewmGm)
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 7 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ ÔmeyRcÎÕ cÖKvwkZ nq KZ mv‡j? DËi: 1914| ‣mq` gy¯Ídv wmivR
(36Zg wewmGm)
→ wb‡Pi †KvbwU ågYmvwnZ¨ welqK MÖš’ bq? DËi: Pvi → ‣mq` gy¯Ídv wmiv‡Ri MÖš’ †KvbwU? DËi: AjxK gvbyl|
Bqvix K_v| (36Zg wewmGm) (37Zg wewmGm)
→ Ô‡Zj byb jvKwoÕ Kvi iwPZ MÖš’? DËit cÖg_ †P․ayix| ‡gvZvnvi †nv‡mb †P․ayix
(35Zg wewmGm)
→ Ôag© mvaviY †jv‡Ki ms¯‥…wZ, Avi ms¯‥…wZ wkwÿZ gvwR©Z
gybxi ‡P․ayix †jv‡Ki ag©Õ- ‡K e‡j‡Qb? DËi: ‡gvZvnvi †nv‡mb
→ gybxi †P․ayixi ÔgyLiv igYx ekxKiYÕ GKwU- DËi: †P․ayix| (37Zg wewmGm)
Abyev` bvUK| (38Zg wewmGm)
→ gywbi †P․ayixi Abyw`Z bvUK †KvbwU? DËi: gyLiv igYx
‡mwjg Avj `xb
ekxKiY| (36Zg wewmGm) → evsjv`‡k ÔMÖvg w_‡qUviÕ-Gi cÖeZ©K †K? DËi:
mÄq fÆvPvh© ‡mwjg Avj `xb| (37Zg wewmGm)

→ Ôc~e©vkvÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb? DËi: mÄq fÆvPvh©| ‣mq` kvgmyj nK

(38Zg wewmGm) → gyw³hy× welqK bvUK- DËi: cv‡qi AvIqvR
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë cvIqv hvq| (36Zg wewmGm)

→ KZ mv‡j Ô‡gNbv`ea Kve¨Õ cÖKvwkZ nq? DËi: 1861| Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn
(38Zg wewmGm)
→ ÔAvwg wKse`šÍxi K_v ejwQÕ KweZvwU Kvi †jLv? DËi:
→ ‡KvbwU gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi cÎ Kve¨? DËi: Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn| (36Zg wewmGm)
exi½bv| (36Zg wewmGm)
Kvq‡Kvev` kIKZ Imgvb
→ Kwe Kvq‡Kvev` iwPZ Ôgnvk¥kvbÕ Kv‡e¨i HwZnvwmK → ‡KvbwU kIKZ Imgv‡bi iPbv bq? DËi: ‡fRvj|
cUf‚wg wQj- DËi: cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy×| (37Zg (36Zg wewmGm)
wewmGm) Rxebvb›` `vk
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq → ‡KvbwU Dcb¨vm bq? DËi: KweZvi K_v| (36Zg
→ ÒcÖ`xc wbwfqv †MjÓ- G weL¨vZ eY©bv †Kvb Dcb¨v‡mi? wewmGm)
DËi: ew¼gP‡›`ªi ÔKcvjKzÛjvÕ| (37Zg wewmGm) AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm
→ wb‡Pi †h Dcb¨v‡m MÖvgxY mgvR Rxe‡bi wPÎ cÖavb¨ jvf
K‡iwb- DËi: mxZvivg| (36Zg wewmGm) → Ôwgwji nv‡Z †÷bMvbÕ MíwU Kvi †jLv? DËi:
AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm (35Zg wewmGm)
gxi gkviid †nv‡mb
Uª¨v‡RwW bvUK
→ ÒgvZ„fvlvq hvnvi fw³ bvB †m gvbyl b‡nÓ- Dw³wU
Kvi? DËi: gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi| (37Zg wewmGm) → evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g Uªv‡RwW bvUK †KvbwU? DËi:
→ Ôwelv`wmÜzÕ GKwUÑ BwZnvm AvkÖqx Dcb¨vm| (36Zg K…òKzgvix| (35Zg wewmGm)
wewmGm)
‡kL Iqvwn`
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb
→ ÔcÖv‡Yi evÜe †i eywo nBjvg †Zvi Kvi‡Y|Õ MvbwUi
→ fvlv Av‡›`vjb wfwËK cÖ_g cwÎKvi m¤úv`‡Ki bvg MxwZKvi †K? DËi: †kL Iqvwn`| (35Zg wewmGm)
Kx? DËi : nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb| (37Zg wewmGm)
Zv‡iK gvmy`
ûgvqyb AvRv`
→ ÔgvwUi gqbvÕ PjwP‡Îi wbg©vZv †K? DËi: Zv‡iK gvmy`|
→ ÔA‡j․wKK Bw÷gviÕ MÖ‡š’i iwPqZv †K? DËi : ûgvqyb (35Zg wewmGm)
AvRv`| (37Zg wewmGm)
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 8 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
‡mv‡gb P›`ª evsjv fvlv
→ wb‡Pi †Kvb mvwnwZ¨K AvZZvqxi nv‡Z XvKvq g„Zz¨eiY B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv (cÖvq cuvP nvRvi eQi c~‡e©)
K‡ib? DËi: ‡mv‡gb P›`ª| (35Zg wewmGm)
mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq
kZg ‡KšÍg
→ wb‡¤œv³ †Kvb Dcb¨v‡m evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×vËi mg‡qi cÖvPxb
wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q? DËi: mybxj M‡½vcva¨v‡qi Ôc~e©- ga¨ fviZxq
wn›`y Avh© → fviZxq →
cwðgÕ| (35Zg wewmGm) Avh© fvlv
fvlv Avh© fvlv
wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y ga¨ fviZxq Avh© fvlv
→ ûwjqv KweZv Kvi iPbv? DËi : wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y| (35Zg
wewmGm)
cvwj cÖvK…Z Acåsk
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
→ ÔAmgvß AvZ¥RxebxÕ Kvi iwPZ MÖš’? DËi: e½eÜz †kL mvaviY
gvMax (W. mybxwZKzgvi) gvby‡li
gywReyi ingvb| (35Zg wewmGm) ‡M․ox cÖvK…Z (W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn) gy‡Li fvlv
gnvfviZ
→ ‡`ª․c`x †K? DËi : gnvfvi‡Z cuvP fvB‡qi GKK ¯¿x|
(35Zg wewmGm) gvMax/‡M․ox Acåsk e½-Kvgiƒcx
evsjv fvlvweÁvbx I fvlv welqK MÖš’
→ gynv¤§` Avãyj nvB iwPZ aŸwbweÁvb welqK MÖ‡š’i bvg
Kx? DËi: aŸwbweÁvb I evsjv aŸwbZË¡| (37Zg Amwgqv evsjv fvlv
wewmGm) AvaywbK hy‡M c‡`¨i `ywU fvlv ixwZ i‡q‡QÑ mvay I PwjZ ixwZ|
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm welqK MÖš’mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †KvbwU  mvayixwZ : bvgKiYÑ ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (Ô†e`všÍÕ
W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni †jLv? DËi: evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i MÖ‡š’)
K_v| (37Zg wewmGm)  (AwfRvZ/m¤£všÍ‡`i fvlv)
cwÎKv  PwjZ ixwZi cÖeZ©K : cÖg_ †P․ayix
→ ÔK‡jøvjÕ cwÎKvi cÖ_g m¤úv`‡Ki bvg wK? DËit  evOvwj RvwZ †hgb msKi Rbmgwó †Zgwb evsjv
`x‡bkiÄb `vk| (37Zg wewmGm) fvlvI msKi fvlv|
→ nwibv_ gRyg`vi m¤úvw`Z cwÎKvi bvgÑ DËi:  W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn-Gi g‡Z evsjv fvlvi D™¢e
MÖvgevZ©v cÖKvwkKv| (36Zg wewmGm) 650 wLª./ mßg kZ‡K|
→ ÔmgvPvi `c©YÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb- DËi: Rb K¬vK  W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z Ñ 950 wLª./
`kg kZvãx
gvk©g¨vb| (35Zg wewmGm)
evsjv mvwnZ¨ cÖkœ: evsjv fvlvi Aw`¯Í‡ii w¯’wZKvj †KvbwU? DËi: `kg
‡_‡K PZz`©k kZvãx| (14Zg wewmGm)
evOvwj RvwZ
evsjv fvlvweÁvbx I fvlv welqK MÖš’
Aw÷ªK ‡Mvôx→ Aw÷ªK + `ªvweo→ Avh© (Bivb) -
(†g‡mvc‡Uwgqv) `ªvweo Avh fvlv weÁvbx MÖš’
bv_vwb‡qj eªvwm n¨vj‡nW A Grammar of the
(g‡½vjxq/‡fvUPxbxq) evOvwj RvwZ Bengali Language
eZ©gvb : Mv‡iv, ‡KvP,wÎcyiv, PvKgv, ivReskx ivg‡gvnb ivq †M․oxq e¨vKiY
‡g․h© I ¸ß es‡ki kvmb (300 wLª.c~e© 500) ch©šÍ W. gynv¤§` ev½vjv e¨vKiY, ev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë [24Zg
Avh©KiY N‡U| knx`yjøvn wewmGm], evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Kv_v [37Zg wewmGm]
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 9 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB fvlv I mvwnZ¨, aŸwbweÁvb I cÖ_g evsjv w_mivm ev A‡kvK gy‡Lvcva¨vq [23Zg
evsjv aŸwbZË¡ [37Zg wewmGm] mgv_©K kã Awfavb wewmGm]
mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq fvlv cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY e½fvlvwfavb (1817) ivgP›`Ö kg©v we`¨vevMxk
myKzgvi †mb fvlvi BwZe„Ë e½fvlvwfavb (1839) iv‡gk¦i ZK©vj¼vi
W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK e¨vKiY gÄyix, gbxlv gÄylv
gwbiæ¾vgvb fvlvZË¡ Abykxjb evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi kãZË¡, evsjv fvlv cwiPq evsjv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlvi Awfavb W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn
gyivix‡gvnb †mb fvlvi K_v evsjv GKv‡Wwg mswÿß evsjv Awfavb Avng` kixd [22Zg]
RM`xk P›`ª †Nvl AvaywbK evsjv e¨vKiY evsjv GKv‡Wwg Bs‡iwR-evsjv Awfavb wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx
gn¤§` `vbxDj nK fvlvZ‡Ë¡i bvbv cÖm½, fvlvi cÖwgZ evsjv evbvb Awfavb Rvwgj †P․ayix
K_v mgKvjxb evsjv fvlvi Awfavb Avey BmnvK
b‡ib wek^vm evsjv D”PviY Awfavb HwZnvwmK Awfavb gbRyiæi ingvb
AvwRRyj nK AvaywbK fvlvZ‡Ë¡i ¯^iƒc I
cÖhyw³ weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
Aveyj Kvjvg gÄyi †gv‡k©` AvaywbK fvlvZË¡ 01. cÖ_g evsjv Ôw_mivmÕ ev mgv_©K k‡ãi Awfavb msKjb
gybxi †P․ayix evsjv M`¨ixwZ K‡ib- DËi : A‡kvK gy‡Lvcva¨vq| (23Zg wewmGm)
ûgvqyb AvRv` Zzjbvg~jK HwZnvwmK 02. evsjv GKv‡Wwgi Ôevsjv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlvi AwfavbÕ
fvlvweÁvb m¤úv`bv †K K‡ib? DËi : gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn|
iv‡g›`ª my›`i w·e`x kã K_v (evwZjK…Z 24Zg wewmGm)
kvRvnvb gwbi ev½vjv e¨vKiY 03. Ôevsjv GKv‡Wwg mswÿß evsjv AwfavbÕ Gi m¤úv`K
RM`xk P›`Ö †Nvl AvazwbK evsjv e¨vKiY †K? DËi : Avng` kixd| (22Zg wewmGm)
Rvwgj †P․azix evbvb I D”PviY
evsjv wjwc
♂ cÖvPxb I AvaywbKKv‡ji evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g BwZnvm fviZxq wjwc → o eªvþx wjwc
MÖš’ Ôevsjv fvlv I ev½vjv mvwnZ¨ welqK cÖ¯ÍveÕ (1873)
iPbv K‡ib cwÛZ ivgMwZ b¨vqiZœ| Òe½fvlv I mvwnZ¨ o L‡ivôx wjwc
(1896) iPbv K‡ib W. `x‡c›`ª ‡mb| eªvþx wjwc → o cwðgv wjwc
[14Zg wewmGm] o ga¨ fviZxq wjwc
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ o c~e©x wjwc
01. Ôev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„ËÕ †K iPbv K‡ib? DËi : W. c~e©x wjwc → o evsjv wjwc I eY©gvjv
gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn| (24Zg wewmGm) ☼ mKj fviZxq wjwc eªvþx wjwc n‡Z m„wó|
02. Ôfvlv cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiYÕ †K iPbv K‡ib? DËi : ☼ mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j Gi cÖPjb N‡U|
mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq| (22Zg wewmGm) ☼ GKv`k-Øv`k kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ c~e©x wjwc †_‡K evsjv
03. Ôevsjv fvlvi BwZe„ËÕ Kvi iPbv? DËi : W. gynv¤§` wjwci D™¢e|
knx`yjøvn| (21Zg wewmGm) ☼ evsjv fvlvi Avw` ¯Í‡ii w¯’wZKvj `kg n‡Z PZz©`k kZvãx|
☼ †mb hy‡M evsjv wjwci MVbKvh© ïiæ n‡jI cvVvb hy‡M Zv
evsjv Awfavb †gvUvgywU ¯’vqx AvKvi aviY K‡i|
Awfavb m¤úv`K weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
evOjv cZz©wMR Awfavb cvw`ª g‡bvGj `v Avmmy¤úmvD
(1743 wLª.) 01. evsjv wjwci Drm Kx? DËi : eªvþx wjwc (14Zg
Vocabulary di÷vi wewmGm)
(evsjv- Bs‡iwR kã‡Kvl) evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i hyMwefvM
evsjv fvlvi Awfavb DBwjqvg †Kix evsjv mvwnZ¨
(1815 wLª.)
kãgÄyix (ev½vjv Awfavb) Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi cÖvPxb hyM ga¨hyM AvaywbK hyM
e½xq kã‡Kvl nwiPiY e‡›`vcva¨vq (650-1200) (1201-1800)
* GKgvÎ wb`k©b Ph©vc`| (1200-1350) AÜKvi hyM
(1801ÑeZ©gvb)
(17 60-1860)
(1932-1951) hyM mwÜÿY/Aeÿq hyM
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hyM
Ph©vc`
gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` [33Zg wewmGm] iwPZ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb
hy‡Mi GKgvÎ wbf©i‡hvM¨ HwZnvwmK wb`k©b ÔPh©vc`Õ g~jZ
GKwU Mv‡bi msKjb| ‡e․× ag©g‡Zi [40Zg wewmGm] D‡jøL
_vKv GB MÖš’wU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbZg MÖš’ I cÖ_g KweZv
msKjb bv‡gI cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Ph©v k‡ãi A_© ÔAvPiYÕ|
cyuw_ Avwe®‹vi :
→ 1882 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÔSanskrit Buddhist
Literature in Nepal’ MÖ‡š’ ivRv iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ
me©cÖ_g †bcv‡ji †e․×Zvwš¿K mvwn‡Z¨i K_v cÖKvk
K‡ib|
→ iv‡R›`ªjvj wg‡Îi ci ZviB c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i †bcv‡j
cuyw_ msMÖ‡ni †Póvq hvb gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x|
wZbevi wZwb †bcv‡j hvb, 1887-98 wLª÷v‡ã 2(`yB)
evi Ges †klevi 1907 wLªóv‡ã|
→ gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x [17Zg wewmGm] †bcv‡ji
ivRMÖš’vMvi (i‡qj jvB‡eªix) [28Zg wewmGm] †_‡K
1907 mv‡j [30Zg I 34Zg wewmGm] Ph©vc` Avwe®‥vi
K‡ib|
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x cyuw_ mvwnZ¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wM‡qwQ‡jb
wZeŸZ I †bcv‡j|
Ph©vc` evsjvi evB‡i cvIqvi KviY:
→ evsjvi cvj es‡ki ivRviv wQ‡jb ‡e․× a‡g©i| Zv‡`i
Avg‡j Ph©vMxwZKv¸‡jvi weKvk N‡UwQj| cvj es‡ki
ciciB evsjv‡`‡k evsjvq †c․ivwYK wn›`yag© I
eªþvY¨ms¯‥vi ivRag© wn‡m‡e M„nxZ nq, d‡j †e․×
wm×vP‡h©iv G †`k †_‡K weZvwoZ nq| GgbwK †mb
ivRv‡`i cÖZv‡ci Kvi‡YB evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡i wM‡q
Zv‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv Ki‡Z n‡qwQj|
bvgKiY I cÖKvk:
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi Avwe®‥…Z cuyw_i bvg ÔPh©¨vPh©¨wewbðqÕ|
→ Ph©vc‡`i cÖvß cuyw_‡Z D‡jøLK…Z ms¯‥…Z UxKvKvi
gywb`‡Ëi gZvbymv‡i GB c`msMÖ‡ni bvgÑ Avðh©Ph©vPq|
→ W. cÖ‡eva P›`ª evMPx ÔPh©vðh©wewbðqÕ bv‡gi cwiKíbv
K‡ib|
→ KxwZ©P›`ª gywb`‡Ëi UxKvi wZeŸwZ Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb
ÒPh©vMxwZ‡Kvle„wËÓ bv‡g|
→ AvaywbK cwÐZM‡Yi Abygvb †h cuyw_wUi bvg wQj
Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvl Ges Gi ms¯‥…Z UxKvi bvg
ÔPh©¨vðh©¨wewbðqÕ|
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi aviYv wQj wZwb Ph©vMxwZ msMÖ‡ni g~j
cuyw_B (UxKv mn) Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ mKj cwÐZB
10 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
cieZ©xKv‡j G wel‡q GKgZ †h, kv¯¿x gnvkq KZ©„K
msM„nxZ cyuw_wU Avm‡j e„wË ev UxKvi|
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi evsjv I ms¯‥…Z
wefv‡Mi (18 Ryb 1921) cÖwZôvZv †Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb|
→ 1916 wLª. (1323 evsjv) nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi KZ©„K
m¤úv`bvq KjKvZvi Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`Õ †_‡K
ÔnvRvi eQ‡ii cyivY ev½vjv fvlvq †e․×Mvb I †`vnvÕ
bv‡g MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq|
Ph©vc‡`i fvlv weZK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv :
→ 1920 mv‡j weRqP›`ª gRyg`vi cÖ_g Ph©vc‡`i fvlv
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
→ Ph©vc‡`i fvlvq cÖfve i‡q‡Q wnw›`, Amwgqv, Dwoqv,
Acåsk (‣gw_jx) cÖf…wZ fvlvi| ZvB Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi
fvlvwe`ivI Zv‡`i fvlvi mvwnZ¨ e‡j `vex K‡ib| G
†_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ 1926 mv‡j W. mybxwZKzgvi
P‡Ævcva¨vq ÔOrigin and Development of
Bengali Language (ODBL)’ bvgK weL¨vZ MÖ‡š’
Gi fvlvZvwË¡K •ewkó¨ cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| hvi
ga¨‡g cÖgvwYZ nq Ph©vc` evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbZg
wb`k©b|
→ 1927 mv‡j W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn Ph©vc‡`i ag©gZ
m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zuvi Ph©vc` m¤úwK©Z
M‡elYv MÖš’ ÔBuddhist Mystic songs’ [37Zg
wewmGm]|
→ 1938 mv‡j W. cÖ‡evaKzgvi evMPx KZ©„K Ph©vi wZeŸwZ
Abyev` cÖKvwkZ nq|
→ 1946 mv‡j W. kwkf~lY `vk¸ß Ph©vMxwZi AšÍ©wbwnZ
Z‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨v cÖKvk K‡ib|
Phv©c‡`i iPbvKvj :
→ evsjvi cvj es‡ki ivRviv †e․× wQ‡jb| Zv‡`i Avg‡j
Ph©vMxwZKv¸‡jvi weKvk N‡UwQj| ivûj mvsK…Z¨vqb Gi
g‡Z cvj ivRv ag©cv‡ji mg‡q jyBcv` Ges mincv`
eZ©gvb wQ‡jb|
→ W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z Ph©vi iPbvKvj 650-1200
(mßg n‡Z Øv`k kZvãx) wLª÷vã ch©šÍ|
→ W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Gi g‡Z, `kg n‡Z Øv`k
kZvãx| (950-1200 wLª.)
Ph©vc‡`i fvlv :
1907 mv‡j nicÖmv` kv¯¿x †bcv‡ji ivRMÖš’vMvi †_‡K †h cyuw_
msMÖn K‡ib Zv n‡jv Ph©vPh©¨wewbðq, mincv‡`i (kin eRª
kv¯¿x) ‡`vnv‡Kvl [35Zg wewmGm] I K…òvPv‡h©i (Kvýcv‡`i)
†`vnv‡Kvl Ges WvKvY©e GB PviwU MÖ‡š’i mgš^q| G‡`i g‡a¨
GKgvÎ Ph©¨vPh©¨wewbðqB cÖvPxb evsjvq †jLv, Ab¨ wZbwU
evsjvq bq ms¯‥…Z Acåsk fvlvq iwPZ|
→ W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn g‡Z Ph©vi fvlv‡K cÖvPxb evsjv
wKsev cÖvPxb e½Kvgiƒcx fvlv ejvB m½Z|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 11 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ Ph©vc‡`i fvlv‡K †KD †KD mܨvfvlv ev mvܨ fvlv → W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z ÔkeicvÕ evsjv‡`‡ki †jvK
e‡j‡Qb| wQ‡jb|
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x G fvlv m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, Av‡jv → Ph©vc‡`i c`KZ©v n‡jI jvox‡Wv¤^xcvi GKwU c‡`i K_v
Avuavwi fvlv KZK Av‡jv, KZK AÜKvi, LvwbK eySv D‡jøL _vK‡jI Zvi c`wU †bB|
hvq, LvwbK eySv hvq bv| hvnviv mvab fRb K‡ib, → †klc` iPwqZv wn‡m‡e mincv`‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
ZvnvivB †m K_v eywS‡eb, Avgv‡`i eywSqv KvR bvB| G
Kvi‡Y Ph©vi fvlv mܨvfvlv [38Zg wewmGm]| Ph©vc‡`i c`msL¨v :
→ Ph©vc‡`i cÖvß cuyw_‡Z 51 wU c` wQj| Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU
Ph©vc‡`i ZË¡ : Ph©vc` †e․× mnwRqv m¤úª`v‡qi mvab (11 msL¨K) c` UxKvKvi e¨vLv K‡ibwb|
m½xZ| → Avevi cuyw_‡Z K‡qKwU cvZv bó nIqvq wZbwU m¤ú~Y©
(24, 25 I 48 bs) c` Ges GKwU (23) c‡`i
Ph©vc‡`i Q›` : GwU gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| Gi fvlvixwZ †klvsk cvIqv hvqwb| ZvB cuyw_‡Z me©m‡gZ mv‡o
K_¨| G‡Z ms¯‥…Z cR&SwUKv Q‡›`i cÖfve Av‡Q| †QPwjøkwU c` cvIqv †M‡Q|
Ph©vc` †Kvb A‡ji Dcfvlv? → 23 bs c‡`i 6wU cOw³ cvIqv †M‡Q evwK 4wU cOw³
W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Ph©vc‡`i fvlv‡K cwðge‡½i cvIqv hvqwb| Gi iPwqZv fzmyKzcv| ZvB A‡b‡K e‡j
Dcfvlv g‡b K‡ib| _v‡Kb 46.60wU c` cvIqv hvq|
Ph©vi cÖ_g c` iPwqZvÑ jyBcv
Ph©vc‡`i cO&w³ 24 bs c`wUi iPwqZvÑ Kvýcv
ÔAvwj Gu Kvwj Gu evU iæ‡Üjv| 25 bs c`wUi iPwqZvÑ Zš¿xcv
Zv †`wL Kvý wegbv fBjvÕ (Kvýcv)
48 bs c`wUi iPwqZvÑ Kz°yixcv (2, 20, 48)
ÔKgj gay wcwZwe †avKBb †fvgiv|Õ (gxbbv_ ev
gr‡m¨›`ªbv_) → Ph©vc‡`i Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk msL¨K c` iPbv
gxbbv‡_i Ph©vc‡` †Kvb c` bvB| Z‡e 21 bs c‡`i K‡ib Kvýcv [35Zg wewmGm]| wZwb ‡gvU 13wU c`
UxKvq PviwU cO&w³i D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| iPbv K‡ib| wKš‘ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x KZ…©K 12wU c`
w`emwn eûox KvDB Wi fvA/ msM„nxZ nq| c`¸‡jv 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 18, 19,
ivZx fB‡j Kvgiƒ RvA| (Kz°zixcv) 36, 40, 42, 45, 24|
→ fzmyKzcv-Gi c`msL¨v 8wU| msL¨vi w`K †_‡K wØZxq
Ph©v iPwqZvMY : c`KZ©v| fzmyKzcv wb‡R‡K evOvwj e‡j cwiPq †`b
→ Ph©vc‡` †gvU 50wU c‡`i 23 Rb c`KZ©vi bvg cvIqv [30Zg wewmGm]| wZwb wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb- ÔAvwg fzmyKz
hvq| AviI GKRb c`KZ©vi bvg Av‡Q wKš‘ Zvi c`wU evOvjx njvg e‡jÕ| W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z Ph©vc‡`i
†bB| †mwU ai‡j Ph©vi msL¨v 51wU Ges c`KZ©v 24 AvaywbK ev me©‡kl c`KZ©v- ÔfzmyKzcvÕ|
Rb| W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vc‡` c‡`i msL¨v → Ph©vc‡`i c`KZ©vi c‡`i msL¨v-
50wU| W. myKzgvi †m‡bi g‡Z, Phv©c‡` c‡`i msL¨v c`KZ©v c‡`i c`KZ©v c‡`i
51wU| msL¨v msL¨v
→ c`KZ©vMY c` (KweZv) iPbv Ki‡Zb e‡j Zv‡`i Kvýcv 13wU Avh©‡`e, K¼bcv, K¤^jv¤^I, 1wU
fzmyKzcv 8wU ¸Ðwicv, PvwUjcv, Rqb›`x,
m¤§vb m~PK cv`bvg ejv n‡Zv| cv`  cv| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Wv¤^xcv, †XÐYcv, Zš¿xcv,
mincv 4wU
c`KKZ©vMY n‡jb- jyBcv, Kvýcv, keicv (mei), Kz°wicv 3wU ZviKcv, `vwoKcv, avgcv,
kvwšÍcv, fzmyKzcv, ‡X¸Ycv, †Wv¤^xcv, Kz°yixcv, mincv, jyBcv 2wU weiæevcv, exYvcv, f`ªcv,
Zš¿xcv, gnxaicv, K¼bcv, jvox‡Wv¤^xcv| keicv 2wU gnxaicv
→ W. nicÖmv`kv¯¿x I AwaKvs‡ki g‡Z Ph©vc‡`i Avw` kvwšÍcv 2wU ‡gvU c‡`i msL¨v 50wU
KweÑ jyBcv [29Zg wewmGm] (1, 29 bs c` 2 wU iPbv
K‡ib)| KviY wZwb cÖ_g c`wUi iPbv K‡i‡Qb| jyBcv → Ph©vc‡` †gvU 6wU cÖev` evK¨ cvIqv hvq| cÖev`mg~‡ni
iwPZ Ph©vc‡`i cÖ_g c`wU nj- ÔKvAv Ziæei cv we c`KZ©vi bvgmn ewY©Z nj-
Wvj/ PÂj PxG ‣cVv Kvj|Õ c` c`KZ©vi cÖev`evK¨ I A_©
→ W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z Avw` KweÑ keicv (28, bs bvg
50 bs c` 2 wU iPbv K‡ib) (cÖvPxb Kwe) 6 fzmyKzcv AvcYv gvs‡mu nwiYv •eix
(nwi‡Yi gvsmB Zvi kÎæ)
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
32 kincv nv‡Zi Kv¼b gv †jvD `vcb
(nv‡Zi KvuKb †`Lvi Rb¨ `c©Y
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv)
33 ‡XÐYcv nvwoZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekx
(nvwo‡Z fvZ ‡bB, A_P cÖwZw`b
†cÖwgKiv G‡m fxo K‡i|)
33 ‡XÐYcv `ywnj `ya wK †e‡È mvgvq
(‡`vnb Kiv `ya wK ev‡U cÖ‡ek
Kiv‡bv hvq?)
39 kincv ei myb †Mvnvjx wKgy `yV¨ ej‡›`u
(`yó Miæi †P‡q k~b¨ †Mvqvj fvj)
44 K¼Ycv Avb Pvn‡šÍ Avb webav
(Ab¨ Pvwn‡Z Ab¨ webó)
→ ÔUvjZ †gvi Ni bvwn ci‡ekxÕ, ÔnvwoZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ
Av‡ekxÕ GB cOw³ `ywU Øviv `vwi`ª¨wKøô Rxe‡bi wPÎ
A¼b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. DwjøwLZ‡`i g‡a¨ †K cÖvPxbhy‡Mi Kwe bb? DËi:
igbxcv`| (Ack‡bi Ab¨vb¨iv- Kvýcv`, jyBcv`,
kvwšÍcv` h_vµ‡g Ph©vc‡`i 13wU, 2wU Ges 2wU K‡i
c` iPbv K‡ib|)
02. ga¨hy‡Mi Kwe bb †K? DËi : Rqb›`x| Ack‡bi evKx
Kwe¸‡jv ga¨hy‡Mi wQ‡jb| (34Zg wewmGm)
03. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AÜKvi hyM ej‡Z DËi : 1201-1350|
(34Zg wewmGm)
04. ‡Kvb Kwe wb‡R‡K evOvwj e‡j cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb? DËi :
fzmyKzcv| (30Zg wewmGm)|
05. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Avw` Kwe †K? DËi : jyBcv| (29Zg
wewmGm)
06. ÔPh©vc`Õ Avwe®‥…Z nq KZ mv‡j? DËi : 1907| (30Zg
I 34Zg wewmGm)
07. Ph©vc` †Kvb Q‡›` †jLv? DËi : gvÎve„Ë| (33Zg
wewmGm)
08. Ph©vc` Avwe®‥…Z nq †Kv_vq †_‡K? DËi : †bcv‡ji
ivRMÖš’kvjv †_‡K| (28Zg wewmGm)
09. evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g Kve¨ msKjb Ph©vc‡`i Avwe®‥viK?
DËi : W±i nicÖmv` kv¯¿x| (17Zg wewmGm)
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hyM
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi ïiæ 1204 wLª÷v‡ã BLwZqvi DwÏb
†gvnv¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwRi AvMg‡bi gva¨‡g ïiæ Ges
1757 mv‡j cjvkxi hy‡×i gva¨‡g †kl n‡jI Gi e¨wß aiv
nq 1201 †_‡K 1800 mvj ch©šÍ| ga¨hy‡Mi GB mgqUv
gymwjg kvmK‡`i kvm‡bi AvIZvq nIqvq wewfbœ kvmKe‡M©i
f~wgKv Av‡jvwPZ Ges mgv‡jvwPZ|
12 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
evsjvq gymwjg kvmb I mvwn‡Z¨ Zv‡`i f~wgKv we‡ePbv
Ki‡Z ‡M‡j ga¨hyM‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
ʘ ZzwK© hyM (1201-1350 wLª÷vã) ZzwK© kvmK‡`i
mg‡q evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi cwijwÿZ nq|
ʘ myjZvwb hyM (1351-1575 wLª÷vã) evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZvq cvVvb myjZvb‡`i f~wgKv
Ab¯^xKvh©| W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb GB mgq‡K Ô‡M․oxq
hyMÕ e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb KviY †M․o‡K †K›`ª
K‡i evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk cwijwÿZ nq| evsjv
Abyev` mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ bvg
ÔAvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn| Zvui c„ô‡cvlKZvq
wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB ÔgbmvweRqÕ Ges •RbyÏxb
ÔimyjweRqÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
ʘ gyNj kvmbvgj (1576-1757 wLª÷vã)
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hyM
ga¨hy‡Mi 1201-1350 mvj ch©šÍ mgq‡K fvlvweÁvbxiv
ÔAÜKvi hyMÕ ev Ôeܨv hyMÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| W.
ûgvqyb AvRv` Zvui Ôjvj bxj `xcvejxÕ M«‡š’ (c…ôv 17)
wj‡L‡Qb- Ô1200 †_‡K 1350 ch©šÍ [34Zg wewmGm] mg‡qi
g‡a¨ iwPZ †Kvb mvwnZ¨ K‡g©i cwiPq cvIqv hvq bv e‡j
ZzwK© kvmK‡`i G-mgqUv‡K ejv nq ÔAÜKvi hyMÕ| cwЇZiv
G mgqUv‡K wb‡q A‡bK †f‡e‡Qb, A‡bK Av‡jvPbv
K‡i‡Qb, wKš‘ †KD AÜKvi mwi‡q †dj‡Z cv‡ib wb| G
mgqwUi w`‡K ZvKv‡j ZvB †Pv‡L †Kvb Av‡jv Av‡m bv,
†Kej Avuavi XvKv Pviw`K|Õ
wKš‘, IqvwKj Avn‡g` Zvui Ôevsjv mvwn‡Z¨i
czive…ËÕ (c…ôv- 105) MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡Qb- Ôevsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Kw_Z
ÔAÜKvi hzMÕ †gv‡UB mvs¯‥…wZK eܨv‡Z¡i hzM wQj bv| ag©-
wk¶v, wkí PP©vi `vwqZ¡ hv‡`i Dci b¨¯Í wQj, Zviv mxwgZ
AvKv‡i n‡jI wk¶v mvwnZ¨ PP©vq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| Z‡e wK
wn›`z wK gzmjgvb †KD †jvKfvlv evsjv‡K MÖnY K‡ib wb|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i wb`k©b bv _vKvi GUvB g‚L¨ KviY|Õ
KviY :
→ 1201 gZvšÍ‡i 1204 mv‡j ZzK©x RvwZi AwabvqK
Bmjvg ag©vej¤^x BLwZqvi DwÏb web eLwZqvi LjRx
wn›`y kvmK j²Y †mb‡K civwRZ K‡i gymwjg kvmb
cÖwZôv K‡ib| gymjgvb kvm‡bi m~Îcv‡Z †`‡k
ivR‣bwZK AivRKZvi Abygvb K‡i †Kvb †Kvb cwÛZ
G mgq‡K evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hyM wn‡m‡e wPwýZ
K‡i‡Qb| G †`ok eQ‡i evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i †Kvb wb`k©b
bv cvIqv †M‡jI ms¯‥…Z mvwn‡Z¨i wb`k©b cvIqv hvq|
G‡Z A‡b‡Ki gZwe‡iva †`Lv hvq| KviY, G mg‡q
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i e¨vcK wb`k©b cvIqv bv †M‡jI Ab¨vb¨
fvlvq mvwnZ¨ m„wói wb`k©b _vKv‡Z AÜKvi hy‡Mi
Acev‡`i AmviZv cÖgvwYZ nq|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
→ G mg‡qi cÖ_‡gB cÖvK…Z wc½‡ji gZ cÖvK…Z fvlvi
MxwZKweZv MÖš’ msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| ivgvB cwÛZ iwPZ
k~b¨cyivY, WvK I Lbvi ePb, njvq~a wgkÖ iwPZ †mK
ï‡fv`qv-Gi AšÍM©Z cxi gvnvZ¥¨ÁvcK cÖf…wZ G mg‡qi
evsjv mvwnZ¨ m„wói bZzb wn‡m‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
k~b¨c~ivY
ivgvB cwÐZ iwPZ ag©c~Rvi kv¯¿MÖš’| ag©xq Z‡Ë¡i MÖš’Ñ
M`¨c`¨ wgwkÖZ P¤úyKve¨| G MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z Ôwbićbi D®§vÕ ev
Ôwbićbi i殧vÕ KweZvwU †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq †h, Zv ZzwK©
gymjgvb KZ©„K e½weR‡qi c‡ii, AšÍZ ·qv`k kZvãxi
†k‡li w`‡Ki iPbv| G‡Z †e․× I wn›`y a‡g©i K_v Av‡jvwPZ
n‡q‡Q|
‡mK ï‡fv`qv
ivRv j²Y †m‡bi mfvKwe njvq~a wgkª iwPZ †mK ï‡fv`qv
ms¯‥…Z M‡`¨c‡`¨ †jLv P®úyKve¨| MÖš’wU ivRv j²Y †mb I
†kL RvjvjyÏxb Zve‡iwRi A‡j․wKK Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ|
‡mK ï‡fv`qv A_©vr †k‡Li †M․ie e¨vL¨vB GB cywmÍKvi
D‡Ïk¨|
☼ ‡Kvb mgq‡K evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ÔAÜKvi hyMÕ ejv nq?
DËi- 1201-1350| (34Zg wewmGm)
☼ Ôk~b¨c~ivYÕ †K iPbv K‡i‡Qb? DËi : ivgvB cwÐZ
(32Zg wewmGm)
kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kve¨
ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g wb`k©b A_ev cÖ_g Kve¨ eo– PÐx`v‡mi
[29Zg wewmGm] (ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kwe) me©Rb ¯^xK…Z I LvuwU
evsjv fvlvq iwPZ ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ (†P․Ï kZK-c‡bi kZK)
Kve¨| GwU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i wØZxq Kve¨| ga¨hy‡Mi G ‡kÖô
wb`k©bwUi m¤ú‡K© wb‡P eY©bv Kiv nj
→ GKK Kwei iPbv wn‡m‡e kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g Kve¨| kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ GKRb iPbv
K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ Ph©vc` PweŸkRb iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
→ cuyw_ Avwe®‥vi : 1909 wLª. (1316 e½vã) emšÍiÄb ivq
(Dcvwa: weØØjøf) cwðge‡½i euvKzov †Rjvi KuvwKj¨v
MÖv‡g GK M„n¯’ evwoi †Mvqvj N‡ii wU‡bi Pvjvi wbP
†_‡K Ah‡Zœ iwÿZ G Kve¨ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b
GB czuw_wU 243/1, AvPvh© cÖdzjø ivq †ivW¯’ e½xq
mvwnZ¨ cwil‡`i czuw_kvjvq iw¶Z Av‡Q|
→ •eòe gnvšÍ kÖxwbevm AvPv‡h©i †`․wnÎÑ eskRvZ
†`‡e›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq Gi AwaKv‡i G MÖš’wU iwÿZ
wQj|
→ cuyw_wUi cÖ_gw`‡Ki `ywU cvZv Ges †k‡li cvZvwU wQj
bv| cyuw_i 452 c„ôvi gv‡Si 45 c„ôvI cvIqv hvqwb|
13 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
mvaviY ixwZ Abyhvqx cuyw_i cÖ_g w`‡K †`eZvi cÖksmv,
Kwei cwiPq I MÖš’bvg D‡jøwLZ nq Ges †kl w`‡Ki
cvZvq cuyw_i iPbvKvj I wjwcKvj wjwLZ _v‡K| cÖ_g
I †kl Ask LwÐZ _vKvq Kwei AvZ¥cwiPq I iPbvKvj
†jvKPÿzi Avov‡jB †_‡K hvq|
→ 1916 mv‡j (1323 evsjv) emšÍiÄb iv‡qi m¤úv`bvq
KjKvZv Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`Õ †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq|
→ kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i Kwei cwiPq : kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨
iPbv K‡ib eo– PÛx`vm| Bnv Zvi Dcvwa| Zvi cÖK…Z
bvg AbšÍ eo–qv ev AbšÍ eovB|
→ Kwei Kvj: m¤úv`K emšÍiÄb iv‡qi msM„nxZ Z_¨g‡Z,
1386 †_‡K 1400 wLª. †Kvb GK mgq| W. gynv¤§`
knx`yjøvni g‡Z, 1370-1433 wLª|
→ W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, kÖxK„òKxZ©‡bi wjwc
1436-1520 wLª. A‡cÿv cÖvPxb Ges Zv 1340-1440
wLª. g‡a¨ iwPZ|
→ cuyw_i bvgKiY: cuyw_‡Z cÖvß GKwU wPiKzU Abymv‡i GB
Kv‡e¨i cÖK…Z bvg kÖxK…òm›`f©|
→ kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ †gvU 13 (†Zi) L‡Ð wef³Ñ Rb¥
LÐ, Zv¤^yj LÐ, `vb LÐ, †b․Kv LÐ, fviLÐ, QÎ LÐ,
e„›`veb LÐ, Kvwjq`gb LÐ, hgybv LÐ, niLÐ, evbLÐ,
eskxLÐ I ivav wein|
→ kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ LwÐZ c`mn †gvU c‡`i msL¨v
418wU| cyuw_i wjwc wZb nv‡Zi †jLv| 418 wU c‡`i
g‡a¨ Kwei fwbZv Av‡Q 409wU‡Z| Zvi g‡a¨ eo–
PÐx`vm fwbZv 291wU, PÐx`vm fwbZv 111wU Ges AbšÍ
fwbZv 7wU|
→ W. Avng` kixd GB Kve¨‡K kÖxK…ò avgvwj bv‡g
AwfwnZ K‡ib|
→ MVbixwZ‡Z ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨ g~jZ- ÔbvUMxwZÕ|
[38Zg wewmGm]
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i bvgKiY
czuw_‡Z cÖvß GKwU wPiKzU Abzmv‡i GB Kv‡e¨i cÖK…Z bvg nj
ÒkÖxK…òm›`f©Ó| wKš‘ m¤úv`K Kv‡e¨ K…òjxjv m¤úwK©Z
welqe¯Íz †`‡L bvgKiY K‡ib ÒkÖxK…òKxZ©bÓ| Zvui e³e¨
wQj, Òczuw_i Av`¨šÍnxb LwÐZvs‡k Kwei †`kKvjvw`i K_v
`‚‡i _vKzK, czuw_i bvg ch©šÍ cvIqv hvq bvB|Ó
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i PwiÎ cwiwPwZ
→ cÖavb PwiÎ : ivav, K…ò I eovB| GB wZb Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨
ivav‡K †K›`ª K‡iB Kv‡e¨i AvL¨vb e¯‘i weKvk N‡U‡Q|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 14 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ ivav : †c․ivwYK Kvwnbxi g‡a¨ ivav n‡jv gvbevZ¥vi ‣eòe mvwnZ¨
cÖZxK †h cigvZ¥v‡K cvevi Rb¨ mvivÿY e¨vKzj| wKš‘ c` ev c`vejx : c` ev c`vejx ej‡Z ‡e․× ev •eòexq M~p
eo– PÐx`vm Gi kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ ivav PwiÎ Aciƒc wel‡qi we‡kl m„wó [22Zg wewmGm]| •eòe c`vejx ivav I
my›`ix GK bvix †Mvqvjvi N‡i hvi Rb¥| evj¨Kv‡j K…‡òi AvKl©Y-weKl©‡Yi wewPÎ Abyf~wZ m¤^wjZ GK cÖKvi
bcyslK Aci GK †Mvqvjv Av‡qb †Nv‡li mnxZ Zvi Mvb| ‣eòe mvwnZ¨ wZb cÖKvi- K. Rxebx mvwnZ¨, L.
we‡q nq| ivavi `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©Y Kiv nq Av‡qb †Nv‡li •eòekv¯¿ Ges M. c`vejx|
wcwmgvi Dci| wZwbB ivav K…‡òi m¤úK© m„wó‡Z
mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib| ‣eòe c`vejx
→ K…ò : †c․ivwYK Kvwnbxi g‡a¨ K…ò n‡jv cigvZ¥v ev o ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i †kÖô dmj •eòe c`vejx|
¯ªóv| wKš‘ eo– PÛx`v‡mi kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ K…ò n‡jb o •eòe c`vejx •eòe mgv‡R ÔgnvRb c`vejxÕ Ges
my`k©b GK ivLvj hyeK| •eòe c`KZ©vMY ÔgnvRbÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
→ eovB : eovB n‡jb ivav K…ò †cÖgjxjvi `~Z| [28Zg o •eòe g‡Z ¯ªóv I m„wói g‡a¨ †cÖ‡gi m¤úK© we`¨gvb|
wewmGm] •eòe ag©gZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h wewPÎag©x mvwn‡Z¨i m„wó
n‡q‡Q Zv‡K Ô•eòe mvwnZ¨Õ bv‡g wPwýZ Kiv nq|
PÐx`vm mgm¨v
o evsjvq cÖPwjZ c`vejxi `ywU my¯úó fvM i‡q‡Q hvi
o PÐx`v‡mi c`vejx `xN©w`b a‡i cÖPwjZ _vK‡jI GKwU •PZb¨ c~e©eZ©x Kwe‡Mvôx we`¨vcwZ I PÛx`vm
GKvwaK PÐx`vm m¤úwK©Z PÐx`vm mgm¨vi D™¢e n‡q‡Q Ges AciwU •PZb¨ cieZ©x weKvk jvf|
1916 wLª. (1323 evsjv mb) emšÍiÄb ivq weØØjøf o •eòe mvwn‡Z¨i DcRxe¨ Z_v •eòe c`vejxi DcRxe¨
m¤úvw`Z kÖxK…òKxZ©b cÖKv‡ki ci †_‡K| ivav K…‡òi †cÖgjxjv - k„½vi im (gayi im)| [37Zg
o W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn I nicÖmv` kv¯¿x wZbRb PÐx`v‡mi wewmGm]
K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡QbÑ eo– PÐx`vm, wØR PÐx`vm I Øxb
PÐx`vm| G‡`i g‡a¨ kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i eo– PÐx`vm weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
me‡P‡q cÖvPxb| 01. cÖkœ: k„½vi im‡K •eòe c`vewj‡Z Kx im e‡j? DËi :
o Z‡e mKj cwÐZM‡Yi gZvgZ Abymv‡i PviRb gayi im| (37Zg wewmGm)
PÐx`v‡mi m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| 02. cÖkœ: c` ev c`vejx ej‡Z Kx eySvq? DËi : †e․× ev
‡R‡b ivLyb •eòexq a‡g©i M~p wel‡qi we‡kl m„wó| (22Zg
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv PÐx`vm wewmGm)
c`vejxi wØR PÐx`vm ☼ ga¨hy‡Mi ag©cÖPviK kÖx •PZb¨‡`‡ei (1486-1533)
cvjvMv‡bi `xb PÐx`vm Avwef©v‡ei d‡j evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hyM bZzb m¤ú‡`
mnwRqvcš’x ivMvwZ¥Kv c‡`i PÛx`vm mg„× n‡q I‡V| Zv‡K †K›`ª K‡i ga¨hy‡Mi wewfbœ
eo– PÐx`v‡mi Agi Dw³ ¯Íi/ce© Gi Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q|
Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨, Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB|Õ ☼ W. AwmZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq : ga¨hyM‡K PviwU c‡e© fvM
(21Zg wewmGm) K‡i‡Qb -
cÖ_g ce© : cÖvK •PZb¨ hyMÑ PZz`©k I cÂ`k kZvãx
wØZxq ce© : •PZb¨ hyMÑ †lvok kZvãx
ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwnZ¨ Z…Zxq ce© : DËi •PZb¨hyMÑ mß`k
PZz_© ce© : Aóv`k kZvãx
‡g․wjK ‣eòe c`vejx
kÖx •PZb¨‡`e
mvwnZ¨ Rxebx mvwnZ¨ kÖx •PZb¨‡`e 1486 wLª. 18B
ga¨hy‡Mi †deªæqvwi kwbevi beØx‡c Rb¥MÖnY
evsjv g½j Kve¨ K‡ib Ges 1533 wLª. cyix‡Z gviv
mvwnZ¨ hvb| •PZ‡b¨i evj¨ bvg wQj
‡jvKmvwnZ¨
Abyev` wbgvB| †`ne‡Y©i Rb¨ bvg nq
mvwnZ¨ bv_mvwnZ¨ †Mviv ev †M․iv½| Zvi cÖK…Z bvg
wQj Ôwek^¤¢iÕ| mbœ¨vm MÖn‡Yi ci
gwm©qv kÖxK…ò•PZb¨ ms‡ÿ‡c •PZb¨ bv‡g
cwiwPZ nb|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
24 ermi eq‡m wZwb Kv‡Uvqvi †Kke fviZxi Kv‡Q mbœ¨vm
MÖnY K‡ib Ges ÔkÖx‣PZb¨Õ bv‡g L¨vZ nb|
evsjv fvlvq kÖx‣PZb¨ †`‡ei cÖ_g Rxebx MÖš’/KvR-
e„›`veb `v‡mi kÖx‣PZb¨ fvMeZ
evsjvq •PZb¨ †`‡ei wØZxq RxebxMÖš’ †jvPb `v‡mi
•PZb¨g½j
•PZb¨‡`‡ei Rxebx cÖ_v‡K KoPv bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv
nq|
kÖx‣PZb¨‡`e evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ GKwU cO&w³ bv wj‡LI Zvi bv‡g
GKwU hy‡Mi m„wó n‡q‡Q| •PZb¨hyM 1500-1700 wLª÷vã|
☼ cÖkœ : ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †Kvb ag©cÖPviK-Gi
cÖfve Acwimxg? DËi : kÖx •PZb¨‡`e| (36Zg
wewmGm)
☼ Kvi iPbv? DËi : Ávb`vm| (26 Zg wewmGm)
‣PZb¨ c~e©eZ©x c`KZ©v
Rq‡`e
evsjv c`vejx‡Z cÖfve ivLv evi kZ‡Ki ms¯‥…Z Kwe Rq‡`e
Gi weL¨vZ iPbv ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`gÕ Gi g~j DcRxe¨ ÔivavK…‡òi
†cÖgjxjvÕ|
we`¨vcwZ
c`vejxi cÖ_g Kwe [22Zg wewmGm] eªReywj fvlvq [7g
we‡RGm I 40Zg wewmGm] c` iPwqZv ev eªReywj fvlvi
cÖeZ©K wgw_jvi Kwe [28Zg I 38Zg wewmGm] we`¨vcwZ
ev½vwj bv n‡qI (AevOvwj Kwe) A_ev evsjvq KweZv iPbv
bv K‡iI evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ GK Awe¯§iYxq bvg| Zvui Dcvwa
KweKÉnvi| wZwb •gw_j †KvwKj I Awfbe Rq‡`e bv‡g L¨vZ
wQ‡jb| AZ¨šÍ gh©v`vevb GB Kwei Dw³-
ÔG mwL nvgvwi `y‡Li bvwn Ii|
G giv fv`i gvn fv`i
k~b¨ gw›`i †gvi|Õ
eªReywj
•eòe c`vejxi AwaKvskB iwPZ n‡q‡Q eªReywj bv‡g GK
K„wÎg wgkÖ Kwe fvlvq [21Zg wewmGm]| g~jZ •gw_wj I
evsjv wgwkÖZ GB gayi mvwnwZ¨K fvlvq iwPZ c`vejx †_‡K
RbmvaviY aviYv K‡i‡Q †h, e„›`ve‡bi ivavK…ò m¤¢eZ G
fvlv‡ZB K_v ejZ| ZvB eª‡Ri eywj A‡_© eªReywj GB
KvíwbK e¨vL¨v †`qv nq|
PÐx`vm (PZz`k©x kZ‡Ki †kl fvM)
evsjv fvlvq •eòe c`vejxi Avw` iPwqZv evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i
cÖ_g gvbeZvev`x Kwe PÐx`vm|
ÒGgb wcixwZ Kfz bvwn †`wL ¯Íwb|
civ‡b civY evÜv Avcbv Avcwb|Ó
15 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cO&w³ :
Kj‡¼i Wvwj gv_vq Kwiqv Avbj †fRvB N‡i|
‡Zvgvi jvwMqv Kj‡¼i nvi Mjvq cwi‡Z myL|
mevi Dci gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dci bvB
mB †Kg‡b awie wnqv
Avgvi euayqv Avb evwo hvq
Avgvi AvwObv w`qv|
`yûu †Kv‡i `yûu Kvu‡` we‡”Q` fvweqv
Ava wZj bv †`wL‡j hvq †h gwiqv|
mB †K ïbvBj k¨vg bvg|
‣PZb¨ cieZ©x c`KZ©v
Ávb`vm (†lvok) : mvaK PÐx`v‡mi fvewkl¨ Ávb`vm wQ‡jb
GKRb Kwe| Zvui weL¨vZ cO&w³-
Ôiƒc jvwM AuvwL Sz‡i ¸‡Y gb fi|
cÖwZ A½ jvwM Kv‡›`, cÖwZ A½ ‡gvi \
wnqvi cik jvwM wnqv †gvi Kv‡›`
civY- wcixwZ jvwM w_i bvwn ev‡Ü|Õ
my‡Li jvwMqv G Ni evwÜjyu Ab‡j cywoqv †Mj|Õ
‡Mvwe›` P›`ª `vm : wZwb we`¨vcwZi Abymvix (fvewkl¨ ejv
nq) wQ‡jb| m½wZ mvaK (bvUK) (1535-1613)|
gymjgvb c`KZ©v : †kL Kwei (cÖ_g),
Avdevj †kL dqRyjøvn,•mq` gyZ©Rv, Kwei
†kL, Avãyj Iqvwn`, ‡kL Rvjvj|
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. ‣eòe c`vejxi mv‡_ †Kvb fvlv m¤úwK©Z? DËi :
eªReywj| (40Zg wewmGm)
02. ga¨hy‡Mi Kwe bb †K? DËi : Rqb›`x (wZwb cÖvPxb
hy‡Mi GKgvÎ wb`k©b Phv©c‡`i 46 bs c‡`i iPwqZv
A_©vr cÖvPxb hy‡Mi Kwe)| (Ack‡b _vKv eo– PÐx`vm,
†Mvwe›``vm, Ávb`vm cÖ‡Z¨‡KB ga¨hy‡Mi c`vejxi Kwe
wQ‡jb|) (34Zg wewmGm)
03. ÔeªReywjÕ ej‡Z wK †evSvq? DËi : •gw_wj fvlvi GKwU
Dcfvlv| (21Zg wewmGm)
04. Ôc`vewjÕi cÖ_g Kwe †K? DËi : PÐx`vm (22Zg
wewmGm)
05. Ômevi Dci gvbyl mZ¨, Zvnvi Dci bvBÕ †K e‡j‡Qb?
DËi : PÛx`vm| (21Zg wewmGm)
06. kv³c`vejxi Rb¨ weL¨vZ - DËi : ivgcÖmv` †mb
(37Zg wewmGm)
Rxebx mvwnZ¨
kÖx •PZb¨‡`e I Zvi KwZcq wk‡l¨i RxebKvwnbx Aej‡¤^b
GB Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i m„wó| Z‡e Gi g‡a¨ •PZb¨ RxebxB
cÖavb|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
→ •PZb¨‡`‡ei Rxebx MÖš’‡K ÔKoPvÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
→ •PZb¨‡`‡ei cÖ_g Rxebx MÖš’ ms¯‥…Z fvlvq iwPZ| cÖ_g
Rxebx †jLK gyivwi ¸ß| gyivwi ¸‡ßi KoPv bv‡g
cwiwPZ Kv‡Ri cÖK…Z bvg kÖx kÖx K…ò‣PZb¨ PwiZvg„Z|
→ evsjv fvlvq kÖx‣PZ‡b¨i cÖ_g RxebxKve¨ e„›`veb `v‡mi
[40Zg wewmGm] kÖx‣PZb¨-fvMeZ| Kwe e„›`veb`vm‡K
•PZb¨jxjvi e¨vm ejv n‡q‡Q|
†jvPb`vmÑ •PZb¨g½j †Mvwe›``v‡miÑ KoPv
Rqvb›`Ñ •PZb¨g½j A‣ØZ AvPvh©
K…ò`vm KweivRÑ ‣PZb¨ Pzovgwb`vmÑ †M․iv½
PwiZvg„Z weRq
→ evsjv fvlvq me©v‡cÿv Z_¨eûj kÖx‣PZb¨ Rxebx Kve¨
Ô‣PZb¨PwiZvg„ZÕ K…ò`vm KweivR KZ…©K iwPZ nIqvq
Zvu‡K •PZb¨ Kv‡e¨i †kÖô Kwe ejv nq|
KoPv
•PZb¨‡`‡ei RxebxMÖš’‡K ÔKoPvÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
KoPvi A_©I GB ey¨rcwËi AbyiƒcÑ Lmov iPbv, ¯§viK
wjwc, mswÿß e³e¨| KoPv‡K w`bcwÄ ev †ivRbvgPv wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv P‡j|
g½j Kve¨
♂ ga¨hyMxq GK †kÖwYi ag©welqK AvL¨vb Kv‡e¨i bvgB
Ôg½jKve¨Õ KviY g½jKve¨ ¯^‡cœ †`ex KZ…©K Av‡`k
jv‡fi gva¨‡g iwPZ nq| W. `x‡bk P›`ª †m‡bi g‡Z G
mvwnZ¨ avivi Kwe 62 Rb|
♂ cÖKvi‡f` : g½jKve¨ cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi| (‡c․ivwYK
g½j I †j․wKK g½j)|
♂ Ask 5wU : e›`bv, AvZ¥cwiPq, †`eLÐ, gZ©¨LÐ,
kÖæwZdj| ‡Kvb †Kvb g‡Z g½j Kv‡e¨i welqe¯‘ 4wU
As‡k wef³| h_v- e›`bv, AvZ¥cwiPq, †`eLÐ Ges
biLÐ I AvL¨vwqKv|
♂ g~javiv : gbmv, PÛx, Abœ`vg½j| Z‡e gbmv I PÐx
†`eZvi cÖfve †ewk [7g we‡RGm]|
♂ AcÖavb kvLv- 2wU : ag©g½j, wkeg½j/ KvwjKvg½j|
♂ g½j Kv‡e¨i Kwe : Kvbv nwi`Ë, bvivqY‡`e, gvwbK
`Ë, fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi, gyKz›`ivg PµeZx© cÖgyL
e¨w³eM©|
♂ g½j Kv‡e¨i Kwe bb †K? DËi : `vï ivq| [Ack‡b
_vKv Kvbv nwi`Ë, gvwbK `Ë, fviZP›`ª g½j Kv‡e¨i
Kwe| [40Zg wewmGm]
gbmvg½j
Avw`Kwe Kvbv nwi`Ë ‡kÖô Kwe bvivqY‡`e
PwiÎ Pvu` mI`vMi [23Zg wewmGm] (†`eZv-
we‡ivax PwiÎ), †eûjv, jwL›`i, mbKv
16 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ gbmvg½‡ji Kwe 22 Rb| G‡`i GK‡Î evBk¨v ejv
nq|
g‡b ivLyb :
weRq¸ß cÙc~ivY
wecÖ`vm gbmvweRq
→ g½jKv‡e¨i g‡a¨ c«vPxbZg kvLv|
→ mc© †`ex gbmvi Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ g½jKve¨|
→ cÖavb PwiÎÑPuv` mI`vMi, mbKv, †eûjv, jwL›`i,
gbmv|
→ Avw` KweÑ Kvbvnwi `Ë (Rb¥ gqgbwmsn †Rjvi
bv›`vBj Dc‡Rjvi wms‣ij `Ëevwo‡Z)|
→ †kÖô Kwe- Kwe bvivqY †`e|
→ †gvU 22 Rb Kwei bvg cvIqv hvq| G‡`i GK‡Î
evBk¨v ejv nq| (msKwjZ M«š’ ÔevBkvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ)|
→ KweMYÑ Kvbvnwi `Ë, bvivqY †`e, weRq ¸ß, wecÖ`vm
wcwcjvB, wØR eskx`vm, †KZKv`vm †¶gvb›`|
→ GB Kv‡e¨i Kwe wØR eskx`vm evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i c«_g
gwnjv Kwe P›`«veZxi wcZv|
→ bvivqY †`e iwPZ gbmvg½j- cÙcyivY|
→ weRq ¸ß iwPZ gbmvg½jI- cÙcyivY (1896 mv‡j)|
→ weRq ¸‡ßi iPbvKvj- AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kv‡ni
kvmbvg‡j|
→ weRq ¸‡ßi Rb¥- evsjv‡`‡ki ewikvj †Rjvi ‣Mjv
M«v‡g (c«vPxb bvg- dyj-k«x)|
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ c«_g Bs‡iwR mv‡ji c«Pjb K‡ib- weRq ¸ß|
→ GKgvÎ cwðge½xq Kwe- †KZKv`vm †¶gvb›` (Kve¨-
Ô†KZKvcyivY)|
→ wkeg½j Kve¨ avivi †kÖô Kvwnbx iPwqZv- iv‡gk¦i
PµeZ©x (MÖ‡š’i bvg- wke-KxZ©b)|
→ wkevqb ev wkeg½j Kv‡e¨i KweMY- ivgK…ò ivq, k¼i
KweP›`Ö, iv‡gk¦i fÆvPvh©, wØR Kvwj`vm, wØR gwYivg,
webqjþY|
→ ‣PZb¨g½j, †Mvwe›`g½j, mvi`vg½j MÖš’¸‡jvi mv‡_
g½j kãwU D‡jøL _vK‡jI G¸‡jv g½jKve¨ bq|
→ KvwjKvg½j Kv‡e¨i KweMY- kÖxai KweivR,
mvwewi`Lvb, †Mvwe›` `vm, ivgcÖmv` †mb|
→ we`¨vmz›`‡ii †cÖgKvwnbx Aej¤^‡b KvwjKvg½j Kve¨
iwPZ|
→ ÔKvwjKvg½jÕ ev Ôwe`¨vmz›`iÕ Kv†e¨i Avw` KweÑ Kwe K¼
(wcZv- ¸YivR, gvZv- ¸YeZx)| Kwe K¼ Gi Rb¥¯’vb-
wK‡kviM‡Äi iv‡R¨k¦ix b`xi Zx‡i wecÖMÖv‡g|
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ kv³MxwZ avivi cÖeZ©K- ivgcÖmv` †mb|
→ ÔKweiÄbÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv- ivgcÖmv` †mb (gnvivR
K…òP›`Ö Kwe‡K ÔKweiÄbÕ Dcvwa w`‡qwQ‡jb)|
→ kxZjvg½j Kv‡e¨i Avw` Kwe- wbZ¨vb›` PµeZ©x|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
→ mvi`vg½j Kv‡e¨i Kwe ivRwms‡ni Kve¨ MÖ‡š’i bvg-
fviZxg½j|
→ m‚h©‡`eZvi Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ nq- m‚h©g½j Kve¨|
→ gbmv g½‡ji Ab¨Zg Kwe ivgRxe‡bi m‚h©g½j Kv‡e¨i
bvg- Avw`Z¨-PwiÎ|
→ wØR KgjvKvšÍ iwPZ M½vg½j Kv‡e¨i bvg- M½vi
c¨vPvjx|
→ `zM©vcÖmv` gzLzwU iwPZ M½vg½j Kv‡e¨i bvg- M½vfw³
Ziw½bx|
→ ‡M․wig½j Kv‡e¨i Ab¨Zg Kwe- c…_¡xP›`Ö|
→ c…_¡xP›`Öi Kv‡e¨i bvg- f‚lÛx ivgvqY|
→ e¨vwai Awa‡`eZv cÂvb‡bi c‚Rv cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ iwPZ
Kve¨- cÂvbbg½j Kve¨|
→ cÂvbbg½j Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv- wØR iNzb›`b|
PÐxg½j
Avw`Kwe gvwbK `Ë
‡kÖô Kwe gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x (Dcvwa- Kwe K¼b)
PwiÎ Kvj‡KZz, dzjøiv, abcwZ mI`vMi, jnbv,
Lyjøbv|
→ PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨i Kvwnbx `yB L‡Û wef³- Av‡¶wUK LÛ
I ewYK LÛ|
→ Av‡¶wUK L‡Û ewY©Z n‡q‡Q- Kvj‡KZzi Kvwnbx|
→ ewYK L‡Û ewY©Z n‡q‡Q- abcwZi Kvwnbx|
→ cÖavb PwiÎÑ Kvj‡KZz, dyjøiv, fuvo– `Ë, abcwZ
mI`vMi, jnbv, Lyjøbv|
→ Avw`Kwe- gvwbK `Ë (AÜ I †Lvuov wQ‡jb)|
→ cÖavb ev †kÖô KweÑ gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x|
→ Kwe gzKz›`ivg Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib- ea©gvb †Rjvi `vgzb¨v MÖv‡g|
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i c«_g VM PwiÎ- fvuoy`Ë|
→ ÔwcwcwjKvi cvLv nq gwievi Z†iÕ Dw³KvixÑ dyjøiv;
PÛxg½‡j|
→ Ô¯^fve KweÕ ejv nq- Kwe wØR gvae‡K|
→ me©vwaK Rbwc«q Kwe- "KweK¼Y" gyKy›`ivg PµeZ©x
→ ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gvbe i‡mi c«_g I GKgvÎ
m«óv- gyKy›`ivg PµeZ©x|
→ gyKy›`iv‡gi wcZv Ges gvZv- ü`q wgk« Ges ‣`eKx|
→ gyKy›`ivg PµeZ©x‡K "KweK¼Y" Dcvwa †`b- †gw`bxczi
†Rjvi Aoiv MÖv‡gi Rwg`vi iNybv_ ivq|
ag©g½j
Avw`Kwe gq~i fÆ
‡kÖô Kwe Nbivg PµeZ©x
PwiÎ ag©g½‡ji Kvwnbx `yB fv‡M wef³|
→ jvD‡m‡bi Kvwnbx
→ ivRv nwikP‡›`ªi Kvwnbx
17 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
o ag©VvKyi bvgK cyiæl †`eZvi gvnvZ¥¨ c«Pv‡ii Rb¨ iwPZ|
o cÖ†YZvÑ iƒcivg PµeZ©x|
o Avw` KweÑ gqyi fÆ (Kve¨- nvK›` cyivY)|
o iPwqZvÑ gqyi fÆ, Avw` iƒcivg, †Ljvivg PµeZ©x,
k¨vg cwÛZ, Nbivg PµeZ©x, biwmsn emy|
o ag©g½‡ji PwiÎmg‚n Ñ jvD†mb, nwið›`ª, Kc©‚i
†mb,gnvg` cvÎ|
o Kve¨ wef³- 2wU cvjvq (ivRv nwið‡›`«i Mí I
jvD‡m‡bi Mí)|
Abœ`vg½j
cÖavb Kwe : fviZP›`ª ivq ¸YvKi
fviZP›`ª ga¨hy‡Mi me©‡kl Kwe
PwiÎ : wnivgvwjbx, Ck¦i cvUbx
→ Abœ`v †`exi Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b wZbwU L‡Ð iwPZ|
→ PÐx I Abœ`v Awfbœ- GKB †`exi `zB bvg|
→ cÖavb PwiÎÑ Ck¦ix cvUbx, nxiv gvwjbx|
→ Avw` Kwe/ cÖavb Kwe/ ga¨hz‡Mi me©‡kl I †kÖô Kwe [6ô
we‡RGm]/ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i 1g bvMwiK Kwe- fviZP›`Ö
ivq ¸YvKi|
→ 1752 mv‡j ivRv K…òP‡›`Öi c…ô‡cvlKZvq Zvui mfvKwe
fzimyU ciMYvi cvÐzqv MÖv‡gi fviZP›`Ö ivq¸YvKi
ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Gi Rb¨ gnvivR K…òP›`Ö
Zvu‡K Ôivq¸YvKiÕ Dcvwa †`b|
→ ÔmZ¨ cx†ii cuvPvwjÕ MÖ†šÕi iPwqZvÑ fviZP›`Ö ivq
¸YvKi|
→ Zuvi iwPZ ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kve¨ cÖ_g gz`ªY K†ibÑ
M½vwK†kvi fÆvPvh©, 1816 wLª÷v†ã|
→ Ôgvbwmsn fevb›` DcvL¨vbÕ, ÔbMv÷KÕ Ges ÔM½v÷KÕ
Kve¨MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv- fviZP›`Ö ivq¸YvKi|
→ ÔPÐxbvUKÕ bvU‡Ki iPwqZv- fviZP›`Ö ivq ¸YvKi|
→ iex›`Öbv_ fviZP‡›`Öi Kve¨‡K ÔivRK‡Éi gwYgvjvÕi
mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvK‡ii cOw³
Avgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡a fv‡Z - Ck^ix cvUbx KZ…©K
PÐx‡`eZv‡K ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kv†e¨ [17Zg I 23Zg wewmGm]
bMi cywo‡j wK †`evjq Govq|
g‡š¿i mvab wKsev kix‡ii cvZb|
Òeoi wcixwZ evwji euva|
ÿ‡Y nv‡Z `wo, ÿ‡Y Puv`Ó
g‡b ivLyb :
ʘ KvwjKvg½j ev we`¨vmy›`‡ii Avw`KweÑ Kwe K¼
ʘ mvwewi` Lvb wj‡L‡QbÑ we`¨vmy›`i, imyj weRq
ʘ ivg cÖmv` †mbÑ KweiÄb| be ivRv K…òP›`ª Zv‡K
ÒKweiÄbÓ Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 18 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
gwm©qv mvwnZ¨ †jvKmvwnZ¨
gwm©qv K_vwU Aviwe, hvi A_© †kvK cÖKvk Kiv| Aviwe
mvwn‡Z¨ gwm©qvi D™¢e bvbv ai‡bi †kvKven NUbv †_‡K Qov Mvb ev MxwZKv ev K_v auvav cÖev`
n‡jI c‡i Zv Kvievjv cÖvšÍ‡i wbnZ Bgvg †nv‡mb I Ab¨vb¨ †jvKMxwZ †jvKMxwZKv
knx`‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i †jLv KweZv gwm©qv bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ
nq| Aviwe mvwnZ¨ †_‡K gwm©qv Kve¨ dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ ¯’vb iƒcK_v DcK_v eªZK_v
cvq| fvi‡Z †gvNj Avgj kvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡j G‡`‡k dviwm
fvlvq gwm©qv cÖPwjZ nq| GiB avivevwnKZvq evsjv fvlvq bv_ mvwnZ¨ gqgbwmsn c~e©e½
MxwZKv MxwZKv
gwm©qv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖPjb|
Qov
→ evsjv gwm©qv mvwn‡Z¨i Avw` Kwe †kL dqRyjøvn| wZwb †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbZg m„wó Qov| Qov¸‡jv we‡kl †Kvb
iPbv K‡ib ÔRqb‡ei †P․wZkvÕ (1570)| e¨w³i m„wó e‡j g‡b Kiv hvq bv, Gi m„wói wcQ‡b mgwó
→ PÆMÖvg A‡ji [38Zg wewmGm] †`․jZ DwRi evnivg g‡bi cÖfve Kvh©Ki| Qovi Q›` evsjv KweZvi cÖvPxbZg
LvbÑR½bvgv Q›`| Qovi Q›` ¯^ivNvZ ev k^vmvNvZ cÖavb Q›`| c‡e©i Avw`
→ nvqvr gvgy`ÑR½bvgv| ¯^‡i k^vmvNvZ c‡o e‡j GB bvg †`qv n‡q‡Q| G‡K †j․wKK
→ gyn¤§` LvbÑ hy×-weMÖn welqK ÔR½bvgvÕ / g³zj †nv‡mb Q›`I ejv nq|
Kve¨ (1635) (me©v‡cÿv cÖvPxb- R½bvgv) †kÖô
Mvb ev †jvKMxwZ
Kvievjv m¤^Üxq MÖš’|
†Kvb ARvbv †jvKKwe KZ©„K iwPZ we‡kl we‡kl fve
→ gwm©qv avivi wn›`y Kwe ivuavigb †MvcÑ ÔBgvgM‡Yi Aej¤^‡b iwPZ †hLv‡b †Kvb Kvwnbx _v‡K bv eis Zv †jvK
†K”QvÕ, ÔAvdrbvgvÕ| mgv‡R MxZ n‡q P‡j G‡m‡Q Zv †jvKMxwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
→ ÔKvwk‡gi jovBÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv KvRx ‡kiivR Ges
Ônvwbdvi jovBÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv Avãyj nvwKg| cUzqv cwðge‡½i cwðg mxgvšÍeZ©x KwZcq †Rjvi
wPÎKi ev cUzqv‡`i m½xZ| Zviv †`e‡`exi
bv_ mvwnZ¨ wPÎ A¼b K‡i Mvb †M‡q Zv weµq KiZ| G
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi bv_a‡g©i Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ m½x‡Zi welqe¯‘ wQjÑ K…òjxjv ivgvqY I
AvL¨vwqKv Kve¨ bv_ mvwnZ¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ| †e․× a‡g©i m‡½ gbmvg½j|
•ke ag© wg‡k G ag©g‡Zi DrcwË| wke n‡jb Avw`bv_ Ges fv`y cwðge‡½i mxgvšÍeZ©x †Rjvi Kzgvix‡`i g‡a¨
Zvi wkl¨ gxbbv_ ev gr‡m¨›`ªbv_ n‡jb bv_ a‡g©i cÖwZôvZv| fv`ª gv‡m fv`ycyRvi MxZ| cÖK…wZ e›`bv Gi
bv_ mvwnZ¨ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ MxwZKv ev e¨vjvW wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ| welqe¯‘|
1878 wLª. cÖ_gevi RR© Aveªvnvg wMÖqvimb iscyi †_‡K Szgyi Avw`evmx‡`i (muvIZvj) Mvb|
msM„nxZ GKwU MxwZKv ÔgvwbKP›`ª ivRvi MvbÕ w`‡q GwkqvwUK M¤¢xiv DËie½ (PvucvBbeveMÄ)| Gi welqe¯‘ wke|
†mvmvBwUi Rvb©v‡j cÖKvk K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j DËi I c~e© fvIqvBqv iscyi I Zvi Av‡kcv‡kÑ Gi welqe¯‘ †cÖg|
e‡½i wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K gqbvgZxi Mvb (fevbx `vm), Rvwi Mvb c~e© gqgbwmsnÑ Gi welqe¯‘ ivavK…‡òi †cÖg
†MvcxPu‡›`ªi Mvb (ïKyi gvngy`), †MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm BZ¨vw` Gi welqe¯‘|
bv‡g GKB Kvwnbx wfwËK cyuw_ Avwe®‥…Z n‡q‡Q hv †_‡K bv_ fvwUqvjx b`-b`x c~Y© gqgbwmsn A‡ji eªþcyÎ b‡`i
mvwn‡Z¨i cwiPq jvf Kiv hvq| DËi-c~e© w`‡Ki Mvb|
m¤úv`bv Kwe Kve¨ gyn¤§` gbmyi DÏxb wQ‡jb weL¨vZ †jvKMxwZ msKjb
Ave`yj Kwig †kL dqRyjøvn †Mviÿ weRq (37Zg) ÔnvivgwYÕ-Gi cÖavb m¤úv`K|
W. cÂvbb gÛj fxg †mb ‡MvL©weRq MxwZKv
GK ‡kÖwYi AvL¨vbg~jK †jvKMxwZ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ MxwZKv
†jvKmvwnZ¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ| Bs‡iRx Ballad [26Zg wewmGm] kãwU
Rbmvavi‡Yi gy‡L gy‡L cÖPwjZ Muv_v Kvwnbx, Mvb, Qov, cÖev` divwm Ballet ev b„Z¨ kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Ballad ej‡Z
BZ¨vw` [28Zg wewmGm] ‡jvKmvwnZ¨ ejv nq| AviI mn‡R AvL¨vbg~jK †jvKm½xZ‡K eySvq| MxwZKv Kvwnbx cÖavb
ejv hvq, †Kvb m¤úª`vq ev Rb‡Mvôxi AwjwLZ mvwnZ¨B MwZkxj †jvKm½xZ‡K eySvq|
†jvKmvwnZ¨| †jvKmvwnZ¨ gy‡L gy‡L cÖPvwiZ _v‡K e‡j Zv‡Z
cÖvPxb‡Z¡i wb`k©b _v‡K bv| Z‡e G¸‡jv AwZ cÖvPxb Kv‡ji ☼ Ballad Kx? DËi : MxwZKv| (26Zg wewmGm)
m„wó|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
gqgbwmsn MxwZKv
W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi D‡`¨v‡M evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K
†h me MxwZKv msM„nxZ n‡qwQj Zv KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq
KZ©„K Ôgqgbwmsn MxwZKvÕ, Ôc~e©e½MxwZKvÕ bv‡g Pvi L‡Ð
1923 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| c~e© gqgbwmsn (†b·Kvbv,
wK‡kviMÄ, gqgbwmsn) A‡ji mvaviY RbmgvR †KvP,
Mv‡iv, nvRs, ivReskx cÖf…wZ gvZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡Ri •ewkó¨
gqgbwmsn MxwZKvq cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| gqgbwmsn AÂj
‡_‡K msM„nxZ MxwZKvi bvg-
o gûqv : wØR KvbvB o ivgvqY : P›`ªveZx
o gjyqv : P›`ªveZx o iƒceZx : AÁvZ
o Kgjv : wØR Bkvb o `myy¨ ‡Kbviv‡gi cvjv
o ‡`Iqvbv gw`bv : gbmyi : P›`ªveZx
eqvwZ o we`¨vmy›`i : KweK¼
→ gqgbwmsn MxwZKv we‡k^i 23wU fvlvq Abyw`Z nq|
→ KjKvZv wek^we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK `x‡bkP›`ª †mb
gqgbwmsn MxZ I cvjv¸‡jv msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ ¯’vbxq hyeK
ÔP›`ªKzgvi †`Õ †K wb‡qvwRZ K‡ib| [37Zg wewmGm]
→ 1923 mv‡j W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi m¤úv`bvq KjKvZv
wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K Ô•ggbwmsn MxwZKvÕ bv‡g cÖ_g
cÖKvwkZ nq|
→ gûqv cvjvi cÖavb PwiÎ gûqv, b‡`i Pvu`|
→ gqgbwmsn MxwZKvi DcvL¨vb- RqP›`ª P›`ªveZx|
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. Ôc~e©e½ MxwZKvÕi †jvKcvjv mg~‡ni msMÖvnK †K? DËi :
P›`ªKzgvi †`| (37Zg wewmGm)
02. ÔgûqvÕ cvjvwUi iPwqZv - DËi : wØR KvbvB| (26Zg
wewmGm)
c~e©e½ MxwZKv
c~e©e½ MxwZKv bv‡g cwiwPZ MxwZKv¸‡jvi wKQz c~e©
gqgbwmsn †_‡K Ges Aewkó MxwZKv †bvqvLvjx, PÆMÖvg
AÂj †_‡K msM„nxZ G mKj MxwZKvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
ÒwbRvg WvKv‡Zi cvjvÕ, ÔKvdb †PvivÕ Ô†P․ayixi jovBÕ,
Ô†fjyqvÕ cvjvq bvix ü`‡qi AvwZ© cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
K_v ev †jvKK_v ev †jvKKvwnbx
M‡`¨i gva¨‡g Kvwnbx ewY©Z n‡j Zv‡K †jvKK_v
(FolkLore) e‡j| †jvKK_vq Dcv`vb •ewPΨag©x|
gvbeRxe‡bi wewPÎ AwfRvZI †hgb G‡Z iƒcvwqZ n‡q I‡V,
†Zgwb †ivgvÝag©x Kíbvi weKvkI G‡Z ¯’vb cvq| †Kvb †Kvb
Kvwnbx‡Z Rxe‡bi myL-`ytL, Avb›`-‡e`bvi wPÎ, †Kv_vI
Rxe‡bi †QvULvU Am½wZ, †Kv_vI Abvwej †K․ZzK i‡mi
mÂvi, †Kv_vI bxwZcÖPviÑ G ai‡bi e³e¨ †jvKK_vq jÿ¨
Kiv hvq| we‡k^i mKj †`‡kB iƒcK_v RvZxq Kvwnbxi cÖPjb
19 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
i‡q‡Q| G‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Fairy tale ejv nq| Aev¯Íe,
A‡j․wKK I Awek^vm¨ NUbvejx Gi DcRxe¨| Avie¨
Dcb¨v‡mi Mí GB †kÖYxi| cÖ‡Z¨K †jvKK_vi GK ev
GKvwaK †g․wjK DwÏó welq _v‡K| Zv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Motif
ejv nq|
iƒcK_v
iƒcK_vi gva¨‡g GK ARvbv inm¨gq RM‡Zi wewPÎ Kvwnbx
†kÖvZvi Kv‡Q cwi‡ewkZ nq| †f․‡MvwjK gvcKvwV‡Z †m me
iv‡R¨i †Kvb cwiPq _v‡K bv| A‡j․wKK I Awek^vm¨ NUbv
G‡Z fxo K‡i|
`wÿYviÄb wgÎÑ VvKzi `v`vi Szwj, VvKzigvi Szwj
D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi ivqÑ UzbUzwbi eB
DcK_v : cïcÿxi PwiÎ Aej¤^‡b †hme Kvwnbx M‡o
D‡V‡Q †m¸‡jvi bvg DcK_v|
eªZK_v : evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ A‡ji †g‡qjx eª‡Zi
m‡½ m¤úwK©Z Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b eªZK_v bv‡g GK ai‡bi
†jvK K_vi weKvk N‡U‡Q|
cÖev`
→ cÖev` ej‡Z †evSvq gvby‡li `xN©Kv‡ji AwfÁZvi
GKwU mswÿß Awfe¨w³|
→ cÖev‡` Av‡Q Ávb I mZ¨ cÖPv‡ii cÖ‡Póv, Av‡Q
e³e¨‡K imvZ¥K K‡i cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ mshZ
kãweb¨vm| ZvB cÖev` n‡”Q Kv‡e¨i Nbxf~Z wbh©vm ev
Kve¨KwYKv|
→ Ôhw` _v‡K eÜzi gb MvO cviB‡Z KZÿY?Õ GKwU
cÖev`|
avuavu
auvavu wRÁvmv Ges †m m‡ei DËi `v‡bi gva¨‡g eyw×e„wËi
cwiPq cvIqv hvq| Ôeb †_‡K †eiæj wU‡q †mvbvi †Uvci
gv_vq w`‡qÕ GKwU avuauvi D`vniY| AviI wKQz avuavui
D`vniY- ÔnvZ bvB cv bvB, †`‡k ‡Nv‡i, Afve co‡j gvbyl
Abvnv‡i g‡iÕ; ÔwZb Aÿ‡i bvg hvi R‡j evm K‡i gv‡Si
Aÿi KvuUv w`‡j D‡o †h‡Z cv‡iÕ; ÔAv‡Q hZ, Avm‡e ZZ,
Zvi A‡a©K, A‡a©‡Ki A‡a©K, Zzwgmn k‡ZK fvBÕ|
Abyev` mvwnZ¨
c‡bi kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© Kwe K…wËevm KZ©„K ms¯‥…Z ivgvq‡Yi
e½vbyev‡`i gva¨‡g Abyev` mvwn‡Z¨i m~ÎcvZ N‡U|
evsjv‡`‡k Avh© mf¨Zvi m¤úªmvi‡Y ms¯‥…Z fvlvq ag©kv¯¿
Kve¨ I bvUKvw` iwPZ nq| ms¯‥…Z iwPZ ivgvqY, gnvfviZ,
fvMeZ I Ab¨vb¨ cyivY MÖš’ mvwn‡Z¨i †kÖôZg wb`k©b wn‡m‡e
evOvwj‡K wegy» K‡i‡Q|
ivgvqY :
 ms¯‥…Z Kwe evj¥xwK (iZœvKi) ms¯‥…Z fvlvq [6ô
we‡RGm] ivgvqY iPbv K‡ib|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 20 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
 ivgvqY Avw` gnvKve¨| wkím¤§Z I Avj¼vwiK  evsjv fvlvq gnvfviZ Kv‡e¨i cÖ_g Abyev`K Kwe
Kve¨K…wZ iƒ‡c ivgvqYB cÖ_g Kve¨| wQ‡jb ÔKex›`ª ci‡gk¦iÕ| Zvui Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg
 ivgvqY gnvKv‡e¨ Avh© mf¨Zv I ms¯‥…wZi me©vZ¥K ÔcivMjx gnvfviZÕ [31Zg wewmGm]| c„ô‡cvlK
weKv‡ki iƒc dz‡U D‡V‡Q| wQ‡jb civMj Lvu|
 ivgvqY cÖ_g evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib K…wËevm ISv  DcRxe¨ welq- †K․ie I cvЇei M…nweev` Ges
(ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Abyev`)| Ab~w`Z bvg ÔivgvqYÕ| Kzi懶Πhz‡×i c‚e©vci NUbvewj| Kziæ‡ÿ‡Îi hy× 18
 wbZ¨vb›` AvPvh© (A™¢yZvPvh©) iwPZ A™¢~Z Avðh© w`b e¨vcx P‡jwQj|
ivgvqYK_v (A™¢~Z ivgvqY)  gnvfvi‡Zi †kÖô evsjv Abyev`K Kvkxivg `vm|
 ivgvq‡Yi PwiÎ :  kÖxKib›`x Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg ÒQzwULvbx gnvfviZÓ|
ivg GB DcvL¨v‡bi bvqK| weòzi mßg AeZvi Awfgby¨ AR©yb I myf`ªvi exicyÎ, gnvhy‡× Pµe~¨‡n
ivg wQ‡jb ivRv `ki_ I Zvui ‣R¨ôv gwnlx wbnZ nb|
†K․kjvi •R¨ô I wcÖqZg cyÎ| AR©yb ‡`eivR B‡›`ªi eiRvZ cvÐz I KzšÍxi Z…Zxq
mxZv iv‡gi wcÖqZgv cZœx Ges ivRv Rb‡Ki cyÎ, whwb we‡k^i †kÖô abya©i wn‡m‡e MY¨ nb|
cvwjZv Kb¨v| mxZvi Aci bvg RvbKx| Ak^Ìgvgv ¸iæ †`ªvYvPvh© I K…cxi Agi cyÎ I `y‡h©va‡bi
wZwb weòzcZœx j²xi AeZvi| wgÎ|
nbygvb wKw®‥ܨv iv‡R¨i GK evbi| wZwb wk‡ei KY© m~h©‡`‡ei eiRvZ AweevwnZv KzšÍxi avwg©K
AeZvi Ges iv‡gi Av`k© f³| `vbexi cyÎ|
j²Y iv‡gi åvZv| KzšÍx KzšÍx †fv‡Ri cvwjZv Kb¨v I cvÐzi ¯¿x| Gi
iveY j¼vi ivÿmivR| wZb cyÎ- hywawôi, fxg I AR©yb|
`ki_ A‡hva¨vi ivRv I iv‡gi wcZv| Zvui wZb MvÜvix MvÜviivR mye‡ji Kb¨v I a„Ziv‡óªi
cZœx : †K․kj¨v, •K‡Kqx I mywgÎv| ivg ag©civqY cZœx|
e¨ZxZ Aci wZb cyÎ : fiZ, j²Y I `ytkvmb kZ‡K․i‡ei 2q †K․ie, `y¨Zmfvq †`ª․c`xi
kÎæNœ| e¯¿niY K‡ib|
ʘ ivgvq‡Yi mswÿß Kvwnwb : ivgvqY mvZwU KvÐ ev L‡Ð `y‡h©vab a„Zivóª I MvÜvixi †R¨ô †K․ie cyÎ, M`vhy‡×
wef³| h_v : Avw`KvÐ ev evjKvÐ, A‡hva¨vKvÐ, cvi`k©x I Ab¨Zg LjPwiÎ|
AiY¨KvÐ, wKw®‥ܨvKvÐ, my›`iKvÐ, j¼vKvÐ ev hy×KvÐ ‡`ªvYvPvh© Kziæ ivRKzgv‡ii A¯¿wkÿK eªvþY ¸iæ,
I DËiKvÐ| GB mßKv‡Ð iv‡gi RxebK_v Ak^Ìgvgvi wcZv|
KvjvbyµwgKfv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| †`ª․c`x cvÂvjivR `ªæc‡`i Kb¨v I cÂcvЇei
GKK cZœx [35Zg wewmGm], Gi m¤§vb
P›`ªveZx : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gwnjv Kwe| wZwb iÿv‡_© gnvhy× msNwUZ nq|
wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| W. `x‡bk P›`ª †mb Gi a„Zivóª wewPÎexh© I Aw¤^Kvi AÜ cyÎ, hvi kZcyÎ
g‡Z 1550 wLª. wZwb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges Zvi wcZv †K․ie bv‡g cwiwPZ|
gbmvg½j iPwqZv Kwe wØR eskx`vm| AvbygvwbK cÂ`k bKzj Awk^bxKzgv‡ii eiRvZ gv`ªxi cyÎ 4_© cvÐe,
kZ‡Ki ‡k‡l A_ev †lvok kZ‡Ki cÖ_‡g P›`ªveZx ivgvqY Awm Pvjbvq cvi`k©x|
[9eg we‡RGm] iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| P›`ªveZx ivgvqY QvovI
cvÐz wewPÎexh© I Aw¤^Kvi cyÎ, hvi cvuP cyÎ cvÐe
gqgbwmsn MxwZKvi ÔgjyqvÕ I Ô`my¨ †Kbviv‡gi cvjvÕ MxwZKv
bv‡g cwiwPZ|
`ywU iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb|
we`yi Aw¤^Kvi `vmxi ag©Ávbx cyÎ, cvÐe I
g‡b ivLyb : †K․i‡ei m¤ú‡K© KvKv nb|
c„w_exi RvZ gnvKve¨ -4wU| ivgvqY, gnvfviZ, e¨vm‡`e gnvfvi‡Zi iPwqZv gnvb Fwl, a„Zivóª I
BwjqW, I‡Wwm cvÐz GiB JimRvZ|
fxg ceb‡`‡ei eiRvZ wØZxq cvÐe, gnvhy‡×
gnvfviZ : `y‡h©vab‡K nZ¨v K‡ib|
 gnvfviZ K_vwUi A_© nj fiZ es‡ki gnvb fx®§ gnvivR kvšÍby I M½v‡`exi exi cyÎ|
DcvL¨vb| hywawôi a‡g©i eiRvZ †R¨ô cvÐe, avwg©KZv I
 K…ò ‣Øcvqb ‡e`e¨vm gnvfviZ gnvKve¨ iPbv mZ¨ev`xZvi Rb¨ L¨vZ|
K‡ib| gnvfviZ eªvþY¨ev`x‡`i RvZxq gnvKve¨| kKzwb MvÜviivR mye‡ji cyÎ KcU `y¨Z µxovq
 ‡e`e¨vm iwPZ gnvKve¨ ÒgnvfviZÓ cÖvPxb I cvi`k©x Ab¨Zg LjPiwÎ, †K․ie‡`I
ga¨hyMxq fviZ‡Kvl| civgk©`vbKvix gvgv|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 21 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
kj¨ cvÐzi ¯¿x gv`ªxi åvZv I cvÐe‡`i gvgv, gymjgvb KweM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖvPxbZg Kwe kvn gyn¤§` mMxi
`y‡h©va‡bi Qjbvq hy‡× †K․iecÿ MÖn‡Y eva¨ PZ©y`k kZ‡Ki †k‡l ev cÂ`k kZ‡Ki cÖ_‡g BDmyd-
nb| Ry‡jLv Kve¨ iPbv Kivi gva¨‡g GB avivi cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
kÖxK…ò emy‡`e I †`eKxi Aóg cyÎ, fMevb weòzi ‡lvj kZK :
Aóg AeZvi, RM‡Z ag©iÿv †nZz Avwef©~Z
nb|
o †`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lv: jvBjx gRby
mZ¨eZx kvšÍbyi 2q cÿ, grm¨MÜv bv‡g cwiwPZ,
o gyn¤§` Kexi: gaygvjZx
cy‡Îi bvg- wPÎv½`v I wewPÎexh©| o kvn evwi` Lvb: nvwbdvÑKqivcix, we`¨vmy›`i,
mn‡`e Awk^bxKzgv‡ii eiRvZ gv`ªxi cyÎ †kl cvÐe, imyj weRq
†R¨vwZlwe`¨vq cvi`k©x| o †`vbvMvRx †P․ayix: mqdzjgyjyKÑ ew`D¾vgvj
Ab¨vb¨ PwiÎ K…cvPvh©, N‡UvrKP, `ªæc`, ejivg, weivU, m‡Zi kZK :
kvšÍby| o kvn gyn¤§` mMxiÑ BDmyd †Rv‡jLv
dviwm ‡_‡K evsjvq Abyev` o †`․jZ KvRxÑ mZxgqbv I †jviP›`ªvbx
BDmyd -‡Rv‡jLv (g~j MÖš’ : kvn gyn¤§` mMxi, Ave`yj o AvjvIjÑ cÙveZx
BDmyd Iqv RyjvBLv) nvwKg, Mixeyjøvn o †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKziÑ P›`ªveZx
jvqjx- gRby (g~j MÖš’ : ‡`․jZ DRxi evnivg Lvb, o Ave`yj nvwKgÑ jvjgZx mqdzjgyjyK, Kvievjv I
jvBjv Iqv gvRbyb) gyn¤§` Lv‡qi| knibvgv|
R½bvgv dwKi Mixeyjøvn o bIqvwRm LvbÑ ¸‡j eKvIjx
b~ibvgv Ave`yj nvwKg m‡Zi kZK :
¸‡j eKvIjx bIqvwRm Lvb, gynv¤§` gyKxg o gyn¤§` gyKxgÑ g„MveZx
nv‡Zg ZvB mv`Zzjøvn, ‣mq` nvgRv o †kL mv`xÑ c`vgwjøKv|
mßcqKi, wmKv›`ibvgv, mqdzjgyjK- AvjvIj o ‣mq` myjZvb- bexesk
ew`D¾vgvj, †Zvndv (bxwZKve¨),
kvn gyn¤§` mMxi
wn›`x cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb ‡_‡K evsjvq Abyev` W. gzn¤§` Gbvgzj nK Zvu‡K PÆMÖv‡gi Awaevmx e‡j we‡ePbv
Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg mZxgqbv I ‡jviP›`ªvbx K‡i‡Qb| kvn gznv¤§` mMxi AvbzgvwbK 13-14 kZ‡Ki
g~j MÖ‡š’i bvg Kwe mvab iwPZ Ô‣gbvmZÕ (cÂ`k kZ‡K) Kwe| gzmwjg Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ wZwbB
Abyev`K cÖ_g I wØZxq LÐ : AvjvIj cÖvPxbZg|
Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg cÙveZx
g~j MÖ‡š’i bvg gvwjK ‡gvnv¤§` Rvqmx iwPZ BDmyd †Rv‡jLv
Òc`ygverÓ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gymjgvb Kwe/cÖvPxbZg gymjgvb Kwe
Abyev`K AvjvIj [12Zg I 29Zg wewmGm] wMqvm DwÏb AvRg kv‡ni
Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg gaygvjZx ivRKg©Pvix kvn gyn¤§` mMxi †M․‡oi myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb
g~j MÖ‡š’i bvg gbSb iwPZ Òga~gvwjbxÕ AvRg kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j (1389-1411 wLÖ.) ÔBDmyd-
Abyev`K gynv¤§` Kexi, •mq` nvgRv, †Rv‡jLvÕ [12Zg wewmGm] Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Kve¨wU cÂ`k
gynv¤§` Pzni, kv‡Ki gynv¤§` kZvãxi cÖ_g `k‡K iPbv Kiv n‡qwQj e‡j Abzgvb Kiv
nq|
☼ cÖkœ : ÔcivMjx gnvfviZÕ L¨vZ MÖ‡š’i Abyev`‡Ki bvg
Kx? DËi : Kex›`ª ci‡gk^i| (31Zg wewmGm) ☼ evB‡ejцKviAvb kix‡di •bwZK-DcvL¨vb Aej¤^‡b
Biv‡bi gnvKwe †di‡`․mx Ges mydx Kwe Rvgxi g~j
Kvwnbx cjøweZ K‡i BDmyd-Ry‡jLv bv‡g Kve¨ iPbv
‡ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb K‡iwQ‡jb|
ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i gymjgvb KweM‡Yi me‡P‡q ☼ kvn gyn¤§` mMx‡ii Kv‡e¨ †cÖgi‡m ag©evYxi cwie‡Z©
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb †ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb| BDmyd Ry‡jLv, †cÖgi‡m gvbeevYx cÖPvi gyL¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q|
jvqjx-gRby, nvwbdv Kqivcix, mqdzjgyjyK-ew`D¾vgvj
kvn gyn¤§` mMxi e¨ZxZ BDmyd-†Rv‡jLv Kv‡e¨i Ab¨vb¨
cÖf…wZ Kv‡e¨i Kvwnbx dviwm MÖš’ †_‡K Ges ¸‡j eKvIjx,
iPwqZv n‡”Qb Ave`yj nvwKg, Mixeyjøvn, †Mvjvg
mZx gqbv I †jviP›`ªvbx, cÙveZx, gaygvjZx cÖf…wZ Kv‡e¨i
mvdvZDjøvn, mv‡`K Avjx I dwKi gyn¤§`|
Kvwnbx dviwm, wnw›` Aviwe MÖš’ †_‡K msM„nxZ| evsjvi
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 22 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ → AvivKvb ivRmfvi Kwe I Zv‡`i m„ó evsjv mvwnZ¨mg~n
01. ÔBDmyd †Rv‡jLvÕ cÖYqKve¨ Abyev` K‡i‡Qb †K? DËi : m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡j:
kvn gyn¤§` mMxi| (23Zg wewmGm) AvjvIj (1607-1680 wLª÷vã)
02. cÖvPxbZg evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe †K? DËi : kvn gynv¤§` AvivKvb ivRmfvi †kÖô Kwe wQ‡jb gymwjg Kwe AvjvI‡ji
mMxi| (29Zg wewmGm) Rb¥ wb‡q gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q-
→ W. gynv¤§` Gbvgyj n‡Ki g‡Z, PÆMÖv‡gi
‡`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lvu nvUnvRvix _vbvi †Rveiv MÖv‡g|
wZwb PÆMÖv‡gi d‡Znvev` ev Rvdivev` Gi Awaevmx wQ‡jb|
1560 wLª. KvQvKvwQ mg‡q wbRvg kvn myi KZ©„K †`․jZ → W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, eZ©gvb dwi`cyi
DwRi Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ n‡qwQ‡jb| cxif³ evnivg Lv‡bi ‡Rjvi Rvgvjcy‡i|
cÖK…Z bvg Avmv DÏxb| mvwnZ¨Kg© : ‡Zvndv (bxwZKve¨) [31Zg I 36Zg wewmGm],
cÙveZx (Ab~w`Z cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb), Kvwk‡gi jovB,
jvBjx-gRby : Kwe †`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lvb iwPZ mqdzjgyjyK-ew`D¾vgvj, nßcqKi [35Zg wewmGm] cÖf…wZ|
jvBjx-gRby Kve¨ dvimx Kwe Rvgxi jvBjx-gRby bvgK
Kv‡e¨i fvevbyev`| gi`b
→ ÔbmxibvgvÕ Zvui weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’|
bIqvwRm Lvb
¸‡j eKvIqvjx : G Kv‡e¨i iPwq_v wn‡m‡e bIqvwRm Lvb ‡Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKzi
L¨vwZgvb nb| †kL B¾Zzjøvn bv‡g R‣bK evOvwj †jLK Kwe AvjvI‡ji c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e cÖwmw× jvf K‡ib|
1722 wLªóv‡ã dviwm fvlvq iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb hv wnw›` †_‡K ‡Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKz‡ii Drmv‡n AvjvIj ÔmqdzjgyjyK
fvlvšÍwiZ| ew`D¾vgvjÕ iPbv K‡ib| wZwb ‡ivmv½ iv‡R¨i cÖavbgš¿x
cO&w³ wQ‡jb| ÔP›`ªveZxÕ Kve¨ [38Zg wewmGm] ‡Kv‡ikx gvMb
VvKz‡ii Ab¨Zg mvwnZ¨Kg©|
‡h m‡e e‡½‡Z Rwb¥ wns‡m e½evYx|
‡m me Kvnvi Rb¥ wbY©q b Rvwb| ‡`․jZ KvRx (1600-1638 wL÷vã)
(Ave`yj nvwK‡gi e½evYx) AvivKvb ivRmfvi Avw`Kwe Ges AvivKvb ivRmfvi cÖ_g
‡`kx fvlv we`¨v hvi g‡b b Ryqvq evOvwj Kwe †`․jZ KvRx m‡Zi kZ‡K PÆMÖv‡gi ivDRv‡b
wbR †`k Z¨vMx †Kb we‡`k b hvq| Rb¥MÖbnY K‡ib| ‡j․wKK Kvwnbxi cÖ_g Kwe ev Avw`
(Ave`yj nvwK‡gi e½evYx) iPwqZv ‡`․jZ KvRx [27Zg wewmGm]| Kwei me‡P‡q
‡Z Kv‡R wb‡ew` evsjv Kwiqv iPb| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg ÔmZx gqbv I ‡jviP›`ªvbxÕ|
wbR cwikÖ‡g †Zvwl Avwg me©Rb| bvwqKvi evigv‡mi myL-`yt‡Li eY©bv‡K Ôevigvm¨vÕ e‡j|
(Ave`yj nvwKg) → mZxgqbv I †jvi P›`ªvbx : PwiÎ : †jvi, gqbvgZx,
P›`ªvbx| Kve¨wU Amgvß †i‡LB wZwb gviv hvb| Zvi
AvivKvb ivRmfvq evsjv mvwnZ¨ g„Zz¨i wek ermi c‡i 1659 wLª. AvjvIj Kv‡e¨i
→ mß`k kZ‡K AvivKv‡b mg„× mvwnZ¨ m„wó n‡qwQj| †klvsk ÔAvb›`eg©v- iZbKwjKvÕ bv‡g iPbv K‡i Zv
AvivKvb‡K evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †ivmvs ev †ivmv½ bv‡g D‡jøL m¤ú~Y© K‡ib|
Kiv n‡q‡Q| gnvKwe AvjvIj (1607-1680)
→ evsjv‡`‡k gymjgvb AwaKv‡i Avmvi c~‡e© AvivKv‡b iPbvi bvg g~j †jLK/Drm Av‡`óv AvgvZ¨ iPbvKvj
gymjgvb‡`i AvMgb N‡U Ges GKB mg‡q PÆMÖvg cÙveZx gvwjK gynv¤§` gvMb VvKzi 1651
A‡jI e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U| d‡j ag©xq e܇bi gva¨‡g Rvqgxi c`ygver
GB `yB A‡ji Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ Nwbô †hvMv‡hvM iZbKwjKv - kÖxgšÍ myjvqgvb 1659
wQj| Avb›`eg©v
mqdzjgyjyK Av‡jd jvqjv gvMb VvKzi I 1658
→ AvivKv‡b evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ `ywU aviv jÿYxq| GKwU ag©xq ew`D¾vgvj •mq` gymv
welq m¤úwK©Z Ges AciwU ag©wbi‡cÿ †ivgvw›UK mßcqKi wbRvgx MÄfx •mq` gynv¤§` Lvb 1663
cÖYqKv‡e¨i aviv| †Zvndv BDmyd M`v kÖxgšÍ myjvqgvb 1664
→ AviKvb ivRmfvi Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ gnvKwe AvjvIj, wmKv›`ibvgv wbRvgx MÄfx gRwjm beivR 1673
†`․jZ KvRx, †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKzi, Ave`yj Kixg ivMZvjbvgv †g․wjK iPbv
†Lv›`Kvi, gi`b, kg‡ki Avjx D‡jøL‡hvM¨| c`vejx †g․wjK iPbv
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
cÙveZx : cÙveZx Kwe AvjvI‡ji cÖ_g I †kÖô Kve¨|
AvjvIj 1651 wLª. AvivKvbivR mv` Dgv`vi Avg‡j gvMb
VvKz‡ii Av‡`‡k cÙveZx Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| cÙveZxÑ
†cÖgg~jK HwZnvwmK Kve¨| PwiÎ : wmsn‡ji ivRKb¨v
cÙveZx, wPZ‡ii ivRv iZœ‡mb, w`jøxi m¤ªvU AvjvDÏxb
wLjwR| কবফ াঅরা঑লরয ঩দ্মাফতী কালেয একটি া঄ন্তযা :
Ô‡cÖg we‡b fve bvB fve we‡b im
wÎf~e‡b hvnv †`wL †cÖg ûb‡Z (n‡Z) ek
hvi n~‡` Rwb¥‡j †cÖ‡gi A¼zi
gyw³ cvBj †m †cÖ‡gi VvKzi|Õ
cÙveZxi iƒc eY©bv L‡Ð Kwe e‡j‡Qb-
Òi³ Drcj jv‡R RjvšÍ‡i •e‡m|
Zv¤^yj (cvb) ivZzj ‣nj Aai ci‡k|Ó [35Zg wewmGm]
(A_© - ‡Vvu‡Ui ci‡k cvb jvj nj|)
‡R‡b ivLyb
cÙveZx (Kve¨)Ñ AvjvIj
cÙv, †gNbv, hgybv (Dcb¨vm)
cÙveZx (bvUK)Ñ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b
cÙ†MvL&iv (Mí)ÑKvRx bRiæj
cÙveZx (mgv‡jvPbvg~jK)Ñ •mq` Avjx Avnmvb
cÙivM (Dcb¨vm)Ñ †eMg †iv‡Kqv
cÙvcvi (bvUK) Ñ Rmxg D``xb
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. Ô‡ZvndvÕ Kve¨wU †K iPbv K‡ib? DËi : AvjvIj|
(36Zg wewmGm)
02. Ônß cqKiÕ Kvi iPbv? DËi : AvjvIj| (35Zg
wewmGm)
03. ÔZv¤^yj ivZzj nBj Aai ci‡kÕ-A_© Kx? DËi : †Vuv‡Ui
ci‡k cvb jvj nj| (35Zg wewmGm)
04. Kwe AvjvI‡ji Rb¥¯’vb †Kv_vq? DËi : PÆMÖv‡gi
†Rveiv MÖv‡g| (29Zg wewmGm)
05. AvjvI‡ji Ô‡ZvndvÕ †Kvb ai‡bi Kve¨? DËi :
bxwZKve¨| (31Zg wewmGm)
06. wnw›` Ôc`ygverÕ Aej¤^‡b ÔcÙveZxÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv-DËi
: AvjvIj| (17Zg wewmGm)
Aeÿq hyM/ hyMmwÜÿY (1760-1860)
1760 wLª. ga¨hy‡Mi me©‡kl Kwe fviZP‡›`ªi g„Zz¨i [36Zg
wewmGm] ci n‡Z 1860 mv‡j AvaywbKZvi h_v_© weKvk
cÖKvk c~e© ch©šÍ GB `yB hy‡Mi ga¨eZ©x GKkZ eQi evsjv
Kv‡e¨i †Zgb †Kvb DrKl©c~Y© m„wó ev m„wóm¤¢v‡ii •ewPΨ I
cÖvPzh© cwijwÿZ nqwb| ga¨hyM Gi †kl Avi AvaywbK hy‡Mi
ïiæi GB mgqUzKz‡K Aeÿq hyM ejv nq| Aeÿq hy‡M ‡Kvb
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ evsjv mvwnZ¨ iPbv bv nIqvi KviY:
23 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ 1757 mv‡j cjvkxi hy‡× evOvwji †h fvM¨ wech©q
N‡UwQj Zvi cÖfv‡e RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©Î GK Amy¯’
cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq|
→ 1765 mv‡j jW© K¬vB‡fi †`Iqvbx jvf I •ØZ kvm‡bi
Kzd‡j 1770 mv‡j wQqvˇii gš^šÍi evOvwj Rxeb‡K
G‡Kev‡iB wech©¯’ K‡i †`q|
→ 1793 mv‡j wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í I m~h©v¯Í AvBb Gi d‡j
ivq‡Z ev f~wgnxb K…l‡K cwiYZ nq|
Aeÿq hy‡Mi GKgvÎ Kwe cÖwZwbwa wQ‡jb Ck^iP›`ª ¸ß| G
Rb¨ Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß‡K hyMmwÜÿ‡Yi Kwe ejv nq| Zvui m„ó
weL¨vZ cOw³-
ÔKZiƒc †¯œn Kwi, †`‡ki KzKzi awi,
we‡`‡ki VvKzi †dwjqvÕ
Avcbv‡K eo e‡j eo †mB bq,
†jv‡K hv‡i eo e‡j eo †mB nqÕ
wn›`y mgv‡R KweMv‡bi iPwqZv KweIqvjv Ges gymjgvb
mgv‡R wgkÖ fvlvixwZi cuyw_ iPwqZv kv‡qi-Gi Avwef©ve N‡U|
KweMvb
KweMvb I kv‡q‡ii D™¢e N‡U AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© Ges
Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© [12Zg wewmGm]| KweMvb `yB c‡ÿi
weZ‡K©i gva¨‡g AbywôZ nZ| `yB `‡ji g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvB
Gi •ewkó¨| GK`j †h wel‡q Mvb MvB‡e †m Mvb †kl n‡j
Aci `j Zvi Mvb MvB‡e Ges Mvb iPbv I MvIqv‡Z
DrK…óZi `jwUB weRqx n‡e| Dcw¯’Z eywׇZ gy‡L gy‡L •Zwi
K‡i KweZvq DËi w`‡q hvIqvi •ewkó¨ GB †kÖwYi Mv‡b
cwijwÿZ nq| fviZP‡›`ªi g„Zz¨Kvj †_‡K Ck^iP›`ª ¸‡ßi
RxebKvj ch©šÍ GB ga¨eZ©x mg‡qi mvwnZ¨ RMr‡K
KweMv‡bi RMr ai‡jI Gi we‡kl †M․i‡ei hyM 1730 †_‡K
1830 wLª. ch©šÍ| KweIqvjv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb-
‡MvuRjv ¸B (Kwe Mv‡bi cÖ_g Kwe) [33Zg wewmGm],
ivgemy, †fvjv gqiv [12Zg wewmGm], fevby †e‡b, niæ
VvKzi, †Kóv gywP, G›Uwb wdwiw½ [36Zg wewmGm], ivmy-
b„wmsn, wbZvB •eivMx, kÖai K_K, bxjgwY cvUbx,
ivgmy›`i m¨vKiv ejivg •eòe cÖgyL e¨w³eM©|
‡R‡b ivLyb :
→ G›Uwb wdwiw½ : wZwb wQ‡jb RvwZ‡Z cZ©yMxR|
→ Kwe Mv‡bi RbK nviæ VvKz‡ii Mvb msMÖn K‡ibÑ
Ck^iP›`ª ¸ß|
→ KweMv‡bi ivavK…ò welqK Mvb‡K e‡jÑ gvjmx|
Uàv Mvb
KweMv‡bi mgmvgwqKKv‡j KjKvZv I kniZjx‡Z UàvMvb
bv‡g ivM-ivwMbx mshy³ GK ai‡bi I¯Ívw` Mv‡bi cÖPjb wQj|
A‡b‡KiB aviYv, Uàv Mvb †_‡KB AvaywbK evsjv
MxwZKweZvi m~ÎcvZ| Uàv Mv‡b ivavK…‡òi bvg D‡jøL
_vK‡jI Zvi AwaKvskB †j․wKK †cÖ‡gi MxZ| wbayevey ev
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 24 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
ivgwbwa¸ß evsjv UàvMv‡bi RbK| UàvMvb †_‡KB AvaywbK dKxi Mixeyjøvn
MxwZ KweZvi m~ÎcvZ| o cyuw_ mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K I RbwcÖq Kwe wQ‡jb
Òbvbvb †`‡ki bvbvb fvlv| dwKi Mixeyjøvn
webv ¯^‡`kx fvlv cy‡i wK Avkv\Ó o Kve¨ : BDmyd †Rv‡jLv, Avgxi nvgRv (cÖ_g
Ask) R½bvgv, †mvbvfvb, mZ¨cx‡ii cuyw_|
`vkiw_ ivq : ÔcuvPvwj Mv‡biÕ kw³kvjx Kwe|
•mq` nvgRv
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ o Kve¨ : gaygvjZx; Avgxi nvgRv (wØZxq Ask)
01. G›Uwb wdwiw½ Kx RvZxq mvwn‡Z¨i iPwqZv? DËi : [14Zg wewmGm], •R¸‡bi cuyw_, nv‡Zg ZvB|
KweMvb| (37Zg wewmGm) ‡gvnv¤§` Lvb
02. KweIqvjv I kv‡q‡ii D™¢e N‡U KLb? DËi : AvVvi o Kve¨ : gKZzj †nv‡mb (me©v‡cÿv cÖvPxb R½bvgv
kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© I Ewbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a©| (33Zg 1646), me©‡klÑ knx‡` Kvievjv|
wewmGm)
03. Kwe Mv‡bi cÖ_g Kwe †K? DËi : †MuvRjv cyU (‡MvuRjv weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
¸uB)| (33Zg wewmGm)
04. KweMvb iPwqZv Ges MvqK wn‡m‡e Giv Df‡qB 01. Ô†`vfvlx cyuw_Õ ej‡Z wK eySvq? DËi : AvÂwjK fvlvq iwPZ
cwiwPZ- DËi : ivg emy Ges †fvjv gqiv| (12Zg cuyw_| (22Zg wewmGm)
wewmGm) 02. ÔAvgxi nvgRvÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib †K? DËi : dKxi Mixeyjøvn|
(14Zg wewmGm)
cuyw_ mvwnZ¨ 03. cyuw_ mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbZg †jLK? DËi : •mq` nvgRv| (11Zg
Aóv`k kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© Aviwe-dviwm kã wgwkÖZ GK wewmGm)
ai‡bi we‡kl fvlvixwZ‡Z †h me Kve¨ iwPZ n‡qwQj Zv WvK I Lbvi ePb
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m cuyw_ mvwnZ¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ| WvK I Lbvi ePb‡KÑ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbhy‡Mi m„wó e‡j
→ ‡KD †KD GB †kÖwYi Kve¨‡K Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi we‡ePbv Kiv nq Ges Qov RvZxq Gme bgybv‡K
cÖvPzh©c~Y© e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Ò†`vfvlx cuyw_Ó bv‡g AwfwnZ †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i Avw` wb`k©b wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Qov
K‡i‡Qb| GB Kv‡e¨i iPwqZvMY Òkv‡qiÓ bv‡g cwiwPZ RvZxq Gme iPbvq G‡`‡ki AvenvIqv I K…wl m¤úwK©Z eû
wQ‡jb| wewPÎ AwfÁZvi iƒcvqY N‡U‡Q| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ bxwZK_v I
→ Aóv`k kZvãxi cÖvi‡¤¢ †gvNj kvm‡bi †klw`‡K G eû`kx Dc‡`k cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| Wv‡Ki I Lbvi eP‡bi
†`‡k dviwm fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i e¨vcK cÖfve c‡o| welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ HK¨ _vK‡jI Wv‡Ki eP‡b †R¨vwZl I
→ G mg‡q Bivb †_‡K G †`‡k AvMZ wkqv‡`i gva¨‡g †ÿÎZ‡Ë¡i I gvbe-Pwi‡Îi e¨vL¨v cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|
dviwm ms¯‥…wZiI weKvk N‡U| W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi g‡Z WvK I Lbvi eP‡bi iPbv
→ Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z ûMwj mxgvšÍ A‡j fzimyU-gv›`vi‡b Kvj : Aóg-Øv`k kZK|
eo Luv MvRx ev BmgvBj MvRxi cxV¯’vb‡K †K›`ª K‡i evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ‡jLKe„‡›`i c„ô‡cvlK
GB mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk N‡U|
c„ô‡cvlK mgmvgwqK Kwe mvwnwZ¨K
welqe¯‘ Abymv‡i cuyw_ mvwnZ¨‡K wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡e wef³ Kiv hvqÑ jÿY †mb njvq~a wgkÖ, Rq‡`e, kiY
01. cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb RvZxq Kve¨ : BDmyd-†Rv‡jLv, ivRv K…òP›`ª gvMb VvKzi, fviZP›`ª
mqdzjgyjyK-ew`D¾vgvj, jvqjx-gRby, ¸‡j-eKvIjx, euvKzov ivq, iNybv_ ivq gyKz›`ivg PµeZx©
cÙveZx| gnvivR beK…ò Kweqvj nviæ VvKzi
02. hy× m¤úwK©Z Kve¨ : R½bvgv, Avgxi-nvgRv wMqvmDwÏb Avhg kvn kvn gyn¤§` mMxi
03. cxi cuvPvjx : MvRx-Kvjy P¤úveZx, mZ¨cx‡ii cuyw_| civMj Lvb, QzwU Lvb kÖxKi b›`x (Kex›`ª ci‡gk^i)
04. Bmjvg ag©, BwZnvm, bex-AvDwjqvi Rxebx I wewfbœ †kikvn gvwjK gyn¤§` Rvqmx
AvPvi-Abyôvb m¤úwK©Z Kve¨ : Kvmvmyj Avw¤^qv, nvRvi AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn Kvbvnwi `Ë, iƒc †Mv¯^vgx
gmjv kÖx •PZb¨ †`e e„›`veb `vm
bvwmi DwÏb bmir kvn Kex›`ª ci‡gk^i
ʘ cÖkœ : DwjøwLZ †Kvb iPbvwU cyuw_ mvwn‡Z¨i AšÍM©Z bq?
iæKb DwÏb evieK kvn gvjvai emy
[40Zg wewmGm] e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` Ph©vc`
K. gqgbwmsn MxwZKv L. BDmyd-‡Rv‡jLv AvivKvb ivR w_wi-_y-a¤§v †`․jZ KvRx
M. cÙveZx N. jvqjx-gRby DËi : K AvivKvb ivR _v›`-_y-a¤§v AvjvIj
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
evsjv M`¨ mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk
1555 wLª÷v‡ã Avmv‡gi ivRv‡K †jLv †KvPwenv‡ii ivRvi
GKwU c·K evsjv M‡`¨i cÖvPxbZg wb`k©b aiv nq| mß`k
kZvãxi †klfv‡M †`vg AvšÍwbI bv‡g GK cvw`ª iwPZ ÔeªvþY-
‡ivgvb-K¨v_wjK-msev`Õ MÖš’wU evsjv M‡`¨i cÖv_wgK †Póvi
wb`k©b we‡ePbv Kiv nq| evOvwji †jLv cÖ_g gyw`ªZ GB MÖš’wU
1743 mv‡j cZz©Mv‡ji ivRavbx wjmeb †_‡K ‡ivgvb Aÿ‡i
gyw`ªZ nq|
→ 1743 wLª÷v‡ã †ivgvb K¨v_wjK cZzwMR cvw`ª gv‡bvGj
`v Avmmy¤úvuI KZ©„K †ivgvb ni‡d iwPZ ÔK…cvi kv‡¯¿i
A_©‡f`Õ evsjv M‡`¨i cÖv_wgK cÖ‡Póvi AviI GKwU
wb`k©b| GB MÖš’wU‡K evsjv K_¨ fvlvi Avw` MÖš’ ejv
nq [29Zg wewmGm]|
→ cZzwMR cvw`ª gv‡bvGj `v Avmmy¤úvuI cZ©ywMR fvlvq
GKwU e¨vKiY I GKwU kã‡Kvl cÖYqb K‡ib| 1743
wLª÷v‡ã wjmeb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ e¨vKiYwU cÖvPxbZg
evsjv e¨vKiY wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| Zvui bv‡g cÖPwjZ
e¨vKiY I kã‡Kvl eBwUi bvg- ÔVocabolario em
idioma Bengalla e Portuguez em duas
partes’. GwU‡K evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g e¨vKiY I kã‡Kvl
ejv nq|
→ bv_vwb‡qj eªvwm n¨vj‡nW 1778 wLª÷v‡ã Bs‡iwR fvlvq
evsjv e¨vKiY iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui MÖš’wUi bvg- ÔA
Grammar of the Bengal Language’ GwU evsjv
fvlvi cÖ_g Av`k© e¨vKiY wn‡m‡e aiv nq| MÖš’wUi
Askwe‡kl evsjvq Pvj©m DBjwKb‡mi ûMwji gy`ªYhš¿
†_‡K gyw`ªZ nq| eªvwm n¨vj‡nW me©cÖ_g evsjv UvBc
mn‡hv‡M evsjv e¨vKiY gy`ªY K‡ib [26Zg wewmGm]|
G¸‡jv evsjv M`¨ m„wói c‡_ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv ivL‡jI
Dwbk kZ‡Ki c~‡e© mvwn‡Z¨ evsjvi cÖ‡ek †Zgb GKUv †Pv‡L
c‡o bv| ZvB evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ M‡`¨i m~PbvKvj aiv nq Dwbk
kZK‡K [28Zg wewmGm]|
kÖxivgcyi wgkb
→ kÖxivgcyi wgkb cÖwZwôZ nq 10 Rvbyqvwi, 1800
wLª÷v‡ã
→ DBwjqvg †Kwi 1793 mv‡j KjKvZvq AvMgb K‡ib
Ges †Wbgv‡K©i kvmbvaxb kªxivgcy‡i DBwjqvg IqvW© I
জজাশুয়া gvk©g¨v‡bi mn‡hv‡M e¨vwÞ÷ wgkb Ges wgk‡bi
gy`ªYhš¿ ¯’vcb K‡ib| Z‡e Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g QvcvLvbv
cÖwZwôZ nq (cZz©wMR fvlvi gy`ªYhš¿) 1498 mv‡j|
Pvj©m DBjwKÝ ûMwj‡Z cÖ_g QvcvLvbv cÖwZôv K‡ib
1778 wLª÷v‡ã|
→ KjKvZvi kÖxivgcy‡ii e¨vwÞ÷ wgkb ‡_‡K Rb K¬vK©
gvk©g¨v‡bi m¤úv`bvq m¤úvw`Z cwÎKvi bvg : K.
w`M`k©b (gvwmK) (GwcÖj gv‡m), L. mgvPvi `c©Y (‡g
gv‡m)|
25 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR
1698 mv‡j KjKvZvq
Bsj¨v‡Ûi 3q ivRv
DBwjqv‡gi bvgvbymv‡i
Ò†dvU© DBwjqvg `yM©Ó
wbwg©Z nq| cÖwZôvZv :
m¨vi Pvj©m AvBqvi|
→ evsjv M`¨ mvwnZ¨ weKv‡k †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri
we‡kl Ae`vb i‡q‡Q|
→ evsjv‡`‡k Kg©iZ B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi Bs‡iR
Kg©Pvix‡`i †`kxq fvlvq wk¶v`v‡bi Rb¨ ZrKvjxb
Bs‡iR kvwmZ fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW© I‡q‡jmwj
KZ…©K 1800 wLª: 10 RyjvB KjKvZvi jvjevRv‡i †dvU©
DBwjqvg K‡jR cÖwZwôZ nq| D‡`¨v³v : DBwjqvg ‡Kwi|
→ 1801 mv‡ji 4Vv †g K‡j‡R cÖwZwôZ n‡jI 24 †k
b‡f¤^i †_‡K K‡j‡Ri KvR শুরু n‡qwQj|
I‡q‡jmwj Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb †h, †Kv¤úvbxi `vwqZ¡c~Y©
Kv‡Ri fvi wb‡q wejvZ †_‡K hviv াঅল঳, Zviv
AwaKvsk †P․Ï †_‡K AvVv‡iv erm‡ii bvevjK,
¯^‡`‡k Zv‡`i wk¶v m¤úbœ nqwb| G †`‡kI Zv‡`i
†Kvb e¨e¯’v wQj bv| ZvB †`kxq fvlv wk¶v w`‡q GB
wmwfwjqvb‡`i Dchy³ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨B †dvU©
DBwjqv‡gi cÖwZôv|
→ GB K‡j‡R 1801 wLª÷v‡ã evsjv wefvM cÖewZ©Z [26Zg
wewmGm] n‡j Aa¨¶ wn‡m‡e Av‡mb kªxivgcyi wgk‡bi
cvw`ª Ges evB‡e‡ji evsjv Abyev`K evsjvq AwfÁ
DBwjqvg †Kwi| d‡j evsjv fvlv Zvui wbKU wPiFYx
n‡q i‡q‡Q| wZwb Zvi Aaxb¯’ `yÕRb ঩বিত Ges 6 Rb
mnKvix ঩বিত (‡gvU 8 Rb cwÐZ)-Gi mn‡hvwMZvq
K‡j‡Ri cv‡Vvc‡hvMx cy¯ÍK iPbvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib|
→ ‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri wkÿKe„›` 1801 - 1815 mvj
ch©šÍ 14 wU evsjv M`¨MÖš’ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| hv‡`i g‡a¨
DBwjqvg ‡Kwi, g„Zz¨Äq we`¨vjsKvi, ivgivg emy,
‡MvjKbv_ kg©v I PÛxPiY gybmx Ab¨Zg|
DBwjqvg †Kwi
‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri cÖvYcyiæl| e¨vwÞ÷ wgkbvwi
†mvmvBwUi Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvZv| wZwb AvaywbK wgkbmg~‡ni
RbK (Father of modern missions) নালভ ঩বযবচত।
DBwjqvg ‡Kwi 1793-1796 mvj ch©šÍ ivgivg emyi wbKU
n‡Z evsjv wk‡LwQ‡jb| GRb¨ ivgivg emy‡K ‡Kwi mv‡n‡ei
gyÝx ejv nq| ‡Kwi 1809 mv‡j evsjvq evB‡ej Abyev`
K‡ib| 1810 mv‡j `wi`ª wLª÷vb mšÍvb‡`i Rb¨ KjKvZvq
†evwW©s ¯‥zj cÖwZôv K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg© K‡_vcK_b, BwZnvmgvjv
‡K․k‡j g‡b ivLyb : †Kix KB|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
☼ K K‡_vcK_b (1801, evsjv fvlvq gyw`ªZ cÖ_g
MÖš)’ Ges
☼ B BwZnvmgvjv (evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g MíMÖš’)|
g„Zy¨Äq we`¨vj¼vi
wZwb ‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri †jLKM‡Yi g‡a¨ me©‡kÖô
†jLK Ges wZwb me‡P‡q †ewk MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zvui †jLv
MÖš’mg~n-
o cÖ‡eva Pw›`ªKv (1833) o ivRvewj (1808)
o wn‡Zvc‡`k (1808) o †e`všÍ Pw›`ªKv (1817)
o ewÎk wmsnvmb (1802) [26Zg wewmGm]
☼ fz‡jI ‡hb fzj bv nq : ‡e`všÍ MÖš’, †e`všÍ mvi :
ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq iwPZ|
ivgivg emy
1801 mv‡ji 4 †g ivgivg emy †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri evsjv
wefv‡M gvwmK 40 UvKv †eZ‡b wbhy³ nb| [38Zg wewmGm]
wZwb †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡R evsjv fvlvi PP©v K‡ib| Zvu‡K
Ô†Kix mv‡n‡ei gybwkÕ ejv nq|
♂ ivRv cÖZvcvw`Z¨ PwiÎ (1801) [36Zg wewmGm] :
ev½vwji †jLv e½v¶‡i gyw`ªZ cÖ_g †g․wjK MÖš’|
M‡`¨ wjwLZ cÖ_g RxebPwiZ|
♂ wjwcgvjv (1802) : cÖ_g evsjv cÎ mvwnZ¨|
‡MvjKbv_ kg©v
wZwb K‡j‡Ri wkÿK bv n‡qI mswkøó wQ‡jb|
☼ wn‡Zvc‡`k (1801) : 1801 mv‡j †dvU© DBwjqvg
K‡j‡Ri cvV¨iƒ‡c gyw`ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU
ms¯‥…Z †_‡K Abyev`|
PÐxPiY gybkx †ZvZv BwZnvm (1805) - dvimx n‡Z
Abyev`
ivRxe †jvPb gnvivR K…òP›`ª ivqm¨ PwiÎ (1805)
gy‡Lvcva¨vq
nicÖmv` ivq পুরুল cix¶v (1815)| †dvU© DBwjqvg
K‡j‡Ri me©‡kl iPbv|
gybmx ZvwibxPiY wgÎ Iwi‡q›Uvj †deywj÷|
jvjøyjvj wnw›` Lwo‡evwj M‡`¨i RbK| wZwb
†dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri wn›`y¯Ívwb fvlv
wefv‡Mi wkÿK wQ‡jb| wZwb 1815
mv‡j Avw` wnw›` mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g eB
Zzjmx`v‡mi webq cwÎKv gy`ªY I cÖKvk
K‡ib|
☼ াইশ্বযচন্দ্র বফদ্যা঳াগয (১৮২০ – ৯১) ১৮৪১ জথলক
১৮৪৬ ঳ার ঩মন্তয ‡dvU© াঈাআবরযাভ কলরলজয জ঴ড
঩বিত বছলরন।
☼ ভদনলভা঴ন তকযারঙ্কায (১৮১৭ – ৫৮) ‡dvU©
াঈাআবরযাভ কলরলজ ব঱ক্ষকতা কযলতন।
26 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. ‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri Aa¨ÿ †K wQ‡jb? DËi :
DBwjqvg †Kwi| (34Zg wewmGm)
02. ‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡R evsjv wefvM †Lvjv nq - DËi :
1801 mv‡j| (26Zg wewmGm)
Z_¨m~Î : evsjv wcwWqv, evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm- gvneyeyj
Avjg, mvwnZ¨ wRÁvmv- †m․wgÎ †kLi I DBwKwcwWqv|
wn›`y K‡jR I Bqs †e½j
→ weªwUk Mf©bi †Rbv‡ij jW© †nw÷s 1817 mv‡j ivRv
ivg‡gvnb ivq I KjKvZvi abx e¨emvqx DBwjqvg †Kwi
Gi mn‡hvwMZvq KjKvZvq wn›`y K‡jR ¯’vcb K‡ib|
→ ‡nbwi jyB wfwfqvb wW‡ivwRI wQ‡jb wn›`y K‡j‡Ri
GKRb wkÿK|
→ wW‡ivwRI Qv·`i wb‡q ÔA¨vKv‡WwgK G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ
bv‡g GKwU msMVb •Zix K‡iwQ‡jb| wW‡ivwRIi G
wkl¨ivB ÒBqs †e½jÓ [Bs‡iwR fveavivcyó evOvwj hyeK-
(28Zg wewmGm)] bv‡g cwiwPZ| wW‡ivwRIi wk¶v
wQjÑ ÔAvw¯ÍKZv †nvK, bvw¯ÍKZv †nvK, †Kvb wRwbm‡K
c~e© †_‡K MÖnY bv KivÕ; wRÁvmv I wePvi GB wQj
g~jgš¿|
Bqs †e½jiv 1828 Ges 1843 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †ek wKQz
mvgwqKx cÖKvk K‡ib| Gme cÎ-cwÎKvi g‡a¨ wQj
Parthenon, Hesperus, Ávbv‡š^lY, Enquirer,
Hindu Pioneer, Quill Ges The Bengal
Spectator| Parthenon-Gi GKgvÎ msL¨v 1830 mv‡j
cÖKvwkZ nIqvi ci Zv eÜ n‡q hvq| wgkbvwi‡`i Øviv
AbzcÖvwYZ n‡q Bqs †e½j †Mvôx Zvu‡`i a¨vb-aviYv cÖPv‡ii
D‡Ï‡k¨ Ávbv‡š^lY [36Zg wewmGm] cwÎKvwU cÖKvk K‡ib|
cwÎKvwUi Avqz®‥vj `xN©Zi n‡qwQj; 1831 †_‡K 1844 mvj
ch©šÍ GwU cÖKvwkZ nq| wØevwl©K G cwÎKvi msMVK wQ‡jb
iwmKK…ò gwjøK| Gi D‡Ï‡k¨ wQj kvmbcÖwµqv I
e¨envikv‡¯¿ gvbzl‡K wkw¶Z K‡i †Zvjv| 1831 mv‡j
K…ò‡gvnb Gb‡Kv‡qivi cwÎKv cÖKvk ïiæ K‡ib; G‡Z be¨
Pigcwš’‡`i weiæ‡× GKwÎZ i¶Ykxj m¤cÖ`vq‡K ZxeÖfv‡e
mgv‡jvPbv Kiv nq| Bqs †e½j‡`i A‡bK‡KB mgvRP¨zZ
Kivi cÖ‡Póv Ges Pigcš’v cwinvi Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i Ici
cÖPÛ Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| wn›`z cvBIwbqvi (1838 mv‡j
ïiæ) cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ Bqs †e½j †Mvôxi iPbvewj †_‡K
†evSv hvq, Zvu‡`i g‡a¨ ivR‣bwZK †PZbvi weKvk NU‡Q|
ZvivPvu` PµeZ©x cÖKvwkZ KzBj cwÎKvwUI miKv‡ii
mgv‡jvPbvq gzLi wQj| Bqs †e½j-Gi †jLvq BD‡ivcxq I
fviZevmxi g‡a¨Kvi ivR‣bwZK •elg¨ wb‡q nZvkv cÖKvk
cvq| Bqs †e½j KZ©…K cÖKvwkZ cwÎKvmg‚‡ni g‡a¨ m¤¢eZ
†e½j †¯ú‡±Ui wQj me©‡kl| 1842 mvj †_‡K cÖKvwkZ G
cÖMwZev`x gvwmK cwÎKvwU mgmvgwqK mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 27 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
I A_©‣bwZK mgm¨vewji Ici wewfbœ †jLv cÖKvk K‡i| ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq
GgbwK bvixwk¶v Z_v wn›`z weaev‡`i czbwe©evn welqK D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’mg~n :
Av‡jvPbvI G‡Z ¯’vb cvq| cwÎKvwU †klvewa •`wb‡K
†e`všÍ MÖš’ (1815) : mvay fvlvq iwPZ|
iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g cÖeÜ MÖš’ I Zuvi cÖ_g iPbv|
→ Bqs †e½j cÖKv‡k¨ AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i cÖ_‡g Bs‡iwR ‡e`všÍmvi (1815)
ÔGb‡KvqvivÕ Ges c‡i ÔÁvbv‡š^lYÕ Gi gva¨‡g| mngiY welqK cÖeZ©K I wbe©Z‡Ki m¤^v` (1818)
→ wewea msev`cÎ cwiPvjbvq, cyw¯ÍKv iPbvq, wk¶v †Mv¯^vgxi mwnZ wePvi (1818)
we¯Ív‡i, weZ‡K©, Av‡jvPbvq ivR‣bwZK I mvgvwRK fÆvPv‡h©i mwnZ wePvi (1817) : g„Z¨yćqi K_vi Dˇi
ms¯‥vi Av‡›`vj‡b ZvivPuv` PµeZx©, K…ò‡gvnb c¶ cÖ`vb (1823)
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq `w¶Yvb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq, ivg‡Mvcvj †Nvl, o †M․oxq e¨vKiY [27Zg wewmGm] : evsjv fvlvq iwPZ
iwmKK…ò gwjøK, c¨vixPvu` wgÎ, ivavbv_ wkK`vi cÖgyL cÖ_g evOjv e¨vKiY MÖš’|
wW‡ivwRI-Gi wkl¨iv hyw³ I gvbevwaKv‡ii `xßevYx
†NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb| bq eQi eq‡m gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
o mgvR ms¯‥vi : Zvui cÖ‡Póvq 1829 jW© †ew›Us KZ…©K
mZx`vn cÖ_v we‡jvc Kiv nq|
wn›`y K‡j‡Ri Rywbqi ¯‥z‡j fwZ© nb| 1841 mv‡j wZwb
wmwbqi K¬v‡m covi mgq wW †ivRvwiI-Gi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m o eªv‫‏‬þag© cÖwZôv : ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq G‡Kk¦iev‡` wek¦vmx
Zvi fvev`‡k© DØy× nb| [40Zg wewmGm] wQ‡jb| wZwb eªv‫‏‬þ a‡g©i cÖwZôvZv| GRb¨ wZwb eªv‫‏‬þ
mgvR cÖwZôv K‡ib|
☼ Bqs‡e½‡ji ‡Mvôxfz³ wQ‡jb †K? DËi : gvB‡Kj o wZwb cÖ_g evOvwj whwb 1830 mv‡j ZrKvjxb †gvNj
gaym~`b `Ë| [40Zg wewmGm] ev`kv wØZxq AvKei KZ…©K ÔivRvÕ Dcvwa wb‡q Bsj¨v‡Û
☼ Bqs‡e½j wK? DËi : Bs‡iwR fveavivcyô evOvwj hvb| [AviI we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k welqvewji
hyeK| (28Zg wewmGm) 9eg Aa¨vq †`Lyb]
‡R‡b ivLyb :
o ivg‡Mvcvj †Nvl : Bs‡iwR e³…Zvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi (1820-1891)
Ges ev½vwji g‡a¨ cÖ_g ivR‣bwZK evM¥x| o Rb¥ : 26†k †m‡Þ¤^i
o `w¶Yvb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq : Ávbv‡š^lY cwÎKvi cÖ_g 1820 mv‡j
m¤úv`K| o g„Zz¨ : 29†k RyjvB 1891
o ivavbv_ wkK`vi Gfv‡i‡÷i cÖ_g Avwe®‥viK I mv‡j KjKvZvq
gvwmK cwÎKvi cÖwZôvZv| o Rb¥¯’vb : exiwmsn MÖvg,
†gw`bxcyi
evsjv M‡`¨i weKvkKv‡j ¯’vwcZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨
cÖwZôvb I Zv‡`i cÖwZôvKvj → wcZv : VvKzi`vm e‡›`¨vcva¨vq I gvZv : fMeZx †`ex
cÖwZôvb cÖwZôvKvj → `qvi mvMi bv‡g AwfwnZ
GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU 1784 → Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii g~j bvg wQjÑ Ck¦iP›`ª kg©v|
ms¯‥…Z K‡jR 1791 → Zvi •cwÎK c`ex Ôe‡›`¨vcva¨vqÕ| wZwb Ck¦iP›`ª kg©v
kÖxivgcyi wgkb (e¨vwÞ÷ wgkb) 1800 bv‡gB ¯^v¶i Ki‡Zb|
†dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR 1800 → gvÎ Ewbk eQi eq‡m 1839 mv‡ji 22 GwcÖj we‡kl
wn›`y K‡jR (wekcm& K‡jR 1831) 1817 cix¶vq (wn›`y j KwgwUi cix¶v) mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
kÖxivgcyi K‡jR 1818 1839 mv‡ji 16 †g jÕKwgwU 1g Ôwe`¨vmvMiÕ Dcvwa
†M․oxq mgvR 1823 cÖ`vb K‡ib|
ZË¡‡evwabx mfv 1938 → 1841 mv‡ji 10B wW‡m¤^i ms¯‥…Z K‡jR Zuv‡K
†e_yb †mvmvBwU 1851 Ôwe`¨vmvMiÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib|
we‡`¨vrmvwnbx mfv 1853 → Zvi cÖ‡Póvq 26 †k RyjvB, 1856 mv‡j Ôwn›`y weaev
KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq 1857 weevn AvBbÕ cvm nq GB mgq Bs‡iR Mfb©i wQ‡jb jW©
†gvnv‡gWvb wjUv‡iwi †mvmvBwU 1863 Wvj‡n․mx|
e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` 1893 → Zv‡K Ôevsjv M‡`¨i RbKÕ ejv nq [31Zg wewmGm]|
XvKv wek^we`¨vjq 1921 wZwbB cÖ_g `vuwo, Kgv cÖf„wZ weivg wP‎ý e¨envi K‡i evsjv
gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvR 1926 M‡`¨ GK hyMvšÍiKvix cwieZ©b G‡bwQ‡jb|
evsjv GKv‡Wgx 1955
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
Abyev` MÖš’ :
o †eZvj cÂweskwZ (1847) : GwU Zuvi cÖ_g gyw`ªZ MÖš’|
wnw›` Ô‣eZvj cwðmxÕ Gi Abyev`| cÖ_g hwZ wP‡‎ýi
e¨envi|
o åvwšÍwejvm (1869) : †k·wcqv‡ii Comedy of
Errors Gi Abyev` MÖš’| [23Zg wewmGm]
o kKzšÍjv (1854) : Kvwj`v‡mi ms¯‥…Z ÔAwfÁvb kKzšÍjgÕ
Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| G‡Z gvwjbx b`xi K_v D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
o mxZvi ebevm (1860) : evj¥xwKi ms¯‥…Z ÔivgvqYÕ
Aej¤^‡b iwPZ|
o evOjvi BwZnvm : gvk©g¨v‡bi History of Bengal
MÖ‡š’i Abyev`|
g‡b ivLvi Dcvq : ‡eZvj (†eZvj c weskwZ) åvwšÍi
(åvwšÍwejvm) Kvi‡Y kKzšÍjv (AwfÁg kKzbÍjg) I mxZvi
ebevm nBj|
‡g․wjK MÖš’ :
o cÖfveZx m¤¢vlY (1863) [21Zg wewmGm] : evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g M`¨ †g․wjK MÖš’| evsjv M`¨ mvwn‡Z¨i
cÖ_g †kvKMuv_v|
o we`¨vmvMi PwiZ (1891) : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g
AvZ¥PwiZ| [35Zg I 38Zg wewmGm]
o weaev weevn cÖPwjZ nIqv DwPZ wKbv GZwØlqK cÖ¯Íve
(1855) (1g I 2q LÐ) : weaev weevn cÖPjb welqK
iPbv|
o eûweevn iwnZ nIqv DwPZ wKbv GZwØlqK wePvi
(1871) (1g I 2q LÐ) : eûweevn wb‡iva welqK
iPbv|
o e¨vKiY †K․gy`x (1853) : we`¨vmvMi iwPZ e¨vKiY
MÖš’|
o kã gÄyix (1864), eRªwejvm (1885)
o Rxeb PwiZ (1849) : †P¤^v‡m©i Biographies
Aej¤^‡b iwPZ|
o †ev‡av`q (1851) : †P¤^v‡m©i Rudiments of
Knowledge Aej¤^‡b iwPZ|
o K_vgvjv : Ck‡ci †dejm& Aej¤^‡b iwPZ|
o eY©cwiPq : 1855 mv‡j K¬vwmK gh©v`v jvf| (cvV¨ eB)
o iZœcix¶v (1886) : Km¨wPr Dchy³ fvB‡cvm¨Õ
QÙbv‡g wj‡LwQ‡jb|
ÒKm¨wPr Dchy³ fvB‡cvm¨Ó bv‡g cÖ_g iPbv ÒAwZ Aí
nBjÓ (1873) Ges Avevi AwZ Aí nBj (1873) eB `ywU
eû weevn wel‡q wjwLZ e³‡e¨i cÖwZev‡` †jLv weZK©g~jK
cÖZz¨Ëi| Z…Zxq iPbv eªRwejvm (1885) ÒKm¨wPr Dchy³
fvB‡cvm¨Õ †ebvwg‡Z †jLv, beØx‡ci eªRbv_ we`¨vi‡Zœi
weaev weevn we‡ivax ms¯‥…Z e³…Zvewji DËi|
→ ÔGwK kix‡ii iƒc, bvwK kix‡ii iƒc|Õ (ivRv `y®§šÍ
ÔkKzšÍjvÕ M`¨vs‡k GB Dw³ K‡ib|)
28 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. †KvbwU Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii AvZ¥Rxebx? DËi :
AvZ¥PwiZ| (35Zg wewmGm)
02. Ôevsjv M‡`¨i RbKÕ ejv nq Kv‡K? DËi : Ck^iP›`ª
we`¨vmvMi| (31Zg wewmGm)
03. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i RbK wn‡m‡e Kvi bvg wPi¯§iYxq? DËi
: cÖ‡kœ fzj wQj| Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi evsjv M`¨
mvwn‡Z¨i RbK| (34Zg wewmGm)
04. Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii ÔåvwšÍwejvmÕ †Kvb bvU‡Ki M`¨
Abyev`? DËi : K‡gwW Ae Giim| (23Zg wewmGm)
05. ÔcÖfveZx m¤¢vlYÕ Kvi iPbv? DËi : Ck^iP›`ª
we`¨vmvMi| (21Zg wewmGm)
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (1824-1873)
o Rb¥ : 25†k Rvbyqvwi 1824
o g„Zz¨ : 29†k Ryb 1873
o Rb¥¯’vb : mvMi`uvwo, †Kkecyi, h‡kvi
o wcZv : ivRbvivqY `Ë
o gvZv: Rvýex ‡`ex|
o evsjvi beRvMiY mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨Zg cy‡ivav
1843 mv‡ji 9B ‡deªæqvwi wZwb
ÔIì wgkb Pv‡P©Õ wLª÷ag© MÖnY
K‡ib| ZLb Zvi eqm gvÎ 19
eQi| 1848 mv‡j gv`ªv‡Ri
Ô†gj Aid¨vb A¨vmvBjvmÕ - G
Bs‡iwR wk¶K wn‡m‡e PvKwi
jvf K‡ib|
→ 1862 mv‡j wZwb e¨vwióvwi covi Rb¨ we‡j‡Z hvb|
1867 mv‡j wZwb †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb|
→ 1873 mv‡ji 29 Ryb weKvj 2Uvq KjKvZvi Avwjcyi
nvmcvZv‡j g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| 30 Ryb KjKvZvi †jqvi
mvKz©jvi †iv‡W wLª÷xq ixwZ Abyhvqx mgvwa¯’ Kiv nq|
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AwgÎv¶i Q‡›`i iƒcKvi| evsjv fvlvq
AwgÎv¶i Q‡›` iwPZ cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’Ñ wZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e
Kve¨ (1860)| wZwb ÔcÙveZxÕ bvU‡K cÖ_g AwgÎv¶i
Q‡›`i cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
→ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K
bvU¨Kvi| Zvi iwPZ I cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g evsjv MÖš’ kwg©ôv
(1859) bvUK| GwU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K
bvUK|
→ wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gnvKwe| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i
me©cÖ_g I me©‡kªô gnvKve¨ Ô†gNbv`eaÕ (1861)|
→ wZwb evsjv m‡b‡Ui cÖeZ©bKvix| gvB‡Kj gaym~`b iwPZ
ÔPZz`©kc`x KweZvejxÕ (1866) 102wU m‡b‡Ui
msKjb Ges cÖ_g m‡bU e½fvlv|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 29
→ wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g cÖnmb iPwqZv| evsjv o cÙveZx (1860) : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K K‡gwW|
mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g cÖnmb Ôey‡ov kvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †ivuÕ
(1860)| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i gnvKwe|
→ wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g we‡`ªvnx Kwe KviY mvwnwZ¨K
I mvgvwRK we‡`ªvn wZwbB cÖ_g K‡ib|
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g cÎ Kve¨Kvi| Zuvi Ôexiv½bvÕ
(1862) Kve¨ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g cÎ Kve¨|
→ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë-†K AvaywbK evsjv KweZvi RbK
ejv nq| gvB‡Kj gaym~`b iwPZ I cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g MÖš’ -
Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLvÑ The captive lady (1849) I 2q
MÖš’ - Vision of the past.
→ wZwb cÖ_g mv_©K Uª¨v‡RwWi iPwqZv| Zuvi iwPZ bvUK
ÔK…òKzgvixÕ (1861) evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g Uª¨v‡RwW
mv_©K Uª¨v‡RwW| cÖ_g HwZnvwmK bvUK| GwU Kwei †kÖô
bvUK|
→ wZwb mv_©K K‡gwW iPwqZv| Zuvi iwPZ bvUK ÔcÙveZxÕ
(1860) evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K K‡gwW|
‡R‡b ivLyb :
cÙveZx (bvUK) gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
cÙveZx (Kve¨) AvjvIj
cÙveZx (mgv‡jvPbv MÖš’) •mq` Avjx Avnmvb
gvB‡Kj gaym~`‡bi cÖwZfv weKv‡ki cÖavb ce© 1858 †_‡K
1862 wLª: ch©šÍ gvÎ cuvP eQi| †klev‡ii gZ 1865 wLª:
ÔPZz`©kc`x KweZvejxÕ iPbvi gva¨‡g Zvui Kwe cÖwZfvi
weKvk N‡UwQj|
ivgbvivqY ZK©i‡Zœi ÔiZœvejxÕ bvUK Abyev` Ki‡Z wM‡q
evsjv bvUK iPbvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib|
bvUK :
o kwg©ôv (1859) : cÖ_g mv_©K bvUK| KjKvZvi
cvBKcvovi ivRv‡`i Aby‡cÖiYvq †ejMvwQqv w_‡qUv‡ii
Rb¨ gaym~`b 1858 mv‡j bvUKwU iPbv K‡ib Ges 3iv
†m‡Þ¤^i 1859 mv‡j g¯’ Kiv nq|
Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
wMÖK cyiv‡Yi cÖwm× Mí 'Apple of Discord'
Aej¤^‡b wZwb wn›`y cyiv‡Yi Qvu‡P ag© ms¯‥vibyhvqx
ÔcÙveZxÕ bvUK iPbv K‡ib| wZwb GB bvU‡Ki wØZxq
A‡¼ cÖ_g ÔAwgÎv¶i Q›`Õ e¨envi K‡ib|
o K…òKzgvix (1861) : GwU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K
Uª¨v‡RwW [35Zg wewmGm]| G bvU‡Ki Kvwnbx DBwjqvg
U‡Wi ÔivR¯’vbÕ bvgK MÖš’ †_‡K msM„nxZ K‡ib| GwU
Zuvi iwPZ me©‡kªô bvUK|
o gvqvKvbb (1874) : Zuvi iwPZ me©‡kl we‡qvMvšÍK
bvUK|
o wiwRqv (Amgvß) : Bmjvg wel‡q iwPZ Amgvß bvUK|
gnvKve¨ :
†gNbv`ea (1861) [38Zg wewmGm] : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g I
me©‡kÖô gnvKve¨ Ô†gNbv`eaÕ Kve¨| GwU gaym~`‡bi wØZxq
Kve¨MÖš’ Ges AwgÎv¶i Q‡›` iwPZ| GwU ms¯‥…Z gnvKve¨
ÔivgvqYÕ n‡Z M„nxZ| 1857 wLª: msNwUZ wmcvnx wecø‡ei
¯^vaxbZv g‡š¿ D¾xweZ n‡q iveY‡K bvqK I ivg‡K LjbvqK
K‡i evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gnvKwe gaym~`b iPbv K‡ib GB
¯^vaxbZvwejvmx Kve¨|
☼ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `ˇK evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i AvaywbK
KweZviRbK ejv nq| wZwb AwgÎv¶i Q‡›`i cÖeZ©K|
Kve¨MÖš’ :
o PZz`©kc`x KweZvejx (1866) : m‡bU msKjb|
[21Zg wewmGm]
o wZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e (1860) : evsjv fvlvq AwgÎvÿi
Q‡›` iwPZ cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’| hZx›`ª‡gvnb evMPx‡K
DrmM© Kiv nq|
o eªRv½bv (1861) : •eòe c`vejx Abymi‡Y iwPZ
ivav-K…ò welqK MxwZKve¨|
o exiv½bv (1862) : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g cÎKve¨
[31Zg I 36Zg wewmGm]| BZvjxq Kwe Iwf‡Wi
Heroides Kv‡e¨i Av`k©vbymv‡i 11wU c~Y© c‡Î iwPZ
cÎKve¨| GwU Zvi AwgÎv¶i Q‡›`i m‡e©vËg
wb`k©b| G Kv‡e¨i KweZv¸‡jv‡K Dramatic
monologue RvZxq KweZv ejv hvq| G Kve¨wU
wZwb ÒCk¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi‡KÓ DrmM© K‡iwQ‡jb|
cÖnmb :
o G‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv (1860) : Bqs †e½j‡`i
PwiÎ ms‡kva‡bi Awfjv‡l iwPZ|
o m‡bU : m‡b‡Ui g‡a¨ `ywU Ask _v‡K| 14 QÎ wewkó
GB KweZvi cÖ_g 8 Q·K e‡j AóK, cieZx© 6 Qq
jvBb‡K e‡j lUK| m‡b‡Ui Avw` aviv BZvwjq Kwe
†cÎvK© Ges AvaywbK aviv †k·wcqvi KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ|
o ey‡ov kvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †ivu (1860) : GwU evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g cÖnmb| cÖ_g bvg f¸ wkegw›`i|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 30 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
‡R‡b ivLyb : ÔgwRby wedj Z‡c Aei‡Y¨ ewi; e½fvlv
evsjv KweZvi cÖavb wZbwU Q‡›`i bvgKiY K‡ib ÒcÖ‡eva P›`ª ‡Kwjby ‣kevj, fzwj Kgj-Kvbb|Õ
†mbÓ| evsjv Q›` wZb cÖKvi Ôcvwjjvg AvÁvmy‡L, cvBjvg Kv‡j e½fvlv
o A¶ie„Ë (1922) Ñ g~j ce© 8 ev 10 gvÎvi nq| gvZ…fvlv- iƒc Lvwb c~Y© gwYRv‡j|Õ
ga¨hyMxq bvg- cqvi Ôci‡`‡k, wfÿve„wË Kzÿ‡Y AvPwi e½fvlv
o gvÎve„Ë Ñ g~j ce© mvaviYZ 6 gvÎvi| KvUvBby eû w`b myL cwinwi|Õ
o ¯^ie„Ë (1922) Ñ g~j ce© msL¨v 4| G‡K ÔmZZ †n b`, Zzwg co †gvi g‡b| K‡cvZvÿ b`
†j․wKK/Qovi Q›` e‡j| mZZ †Zvgvi K_v fvwe G wei‡j|Õ
AwgÎv¶i Q›` : ÔBlank Verse’
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
01. `xbeÜz wg‡Îi bxj`c©Y bvUKwU Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` cvwievwiK c`ex : Kzkvix
K‡ib †K? DËi : gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë| (40Zg esk : cxivwj eªv‫‏‬þY
wewmGm)| wcZv : †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi
02. ‡KvbwU gaym~`b `‡Ëi cÎ Kve¨? DËi : exiv½bv| gvZv : mvi`v my›`ix †`ex
(36Zg wewmGm) Dcvwa : Kwe¸iæ/¸iæ‡`e
03. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g mv_©K Uªv‡RwW bvUK DËi : wcZvgn : বিন্স দ্বাযকানাথ ঠাকুয
K…òKzgvix| (35Zg wewmGm)
04. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi iPbv bq †KvbwU? DËi : †eZvj → Rb¥ : 25 •ekvL 1268 (7 †g 1861)
cÂweskwZ| (34Zg wewmGm) → g„Zz¨ : 22 kªveY 1348 (7 AvM÷ 1941)
05. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi Ôexiv½bv Kve¨Õ †Kvb ai‡bi → Rb¥¯’vb : KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzi evwo‡Z|
Kve¨? DËi : cÎKve¨ (31Zg wewmGm) → Rb¥-kZevwl©Kx I mva©kZ: iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Rb¥-
06. m‡bU KweZvi cÖeZ©K †K? DËi : gvB‡Kj gaym~`b kZevwl©Kx cvjb Kiv nq 1961 mv‡j| (11Zg wewmGm)
`Ë| (29 Zg wewmGm, 25 Zg wewmGm) Zvui cieZ©x Rb¥-kZevwl©Kx cvwjZ n‡e 2061 mv‡j|
07. AwgÎvÿi Q‡›`i •ewkó¨ nj- DËi : AšÍ¨wgj ‡bB| Kwei mva©kZ cvwjZ nq 2061 mv‡j|
(25Zg wewmGm) → QÙbvg (9wU) : fvbywmsn VvKzi, AKcU P›`ª fv¯‥i,
08. m‡b‡Ui KqwU Ask _v‡K? DËi : `ywU| (24Zg AvbœvKvjx cvKovkx, lôxPiY ‡`ekg©v, evbxwe‡bv`
wewmGm) we`¨vwe‡bv`, kÖxgZx Kwbôv, kÖxgwZ ga¨gv w`Kk~b¨
09. ÔPZz`©kc`x KweZvejxÕ Kvi iPbv? DËi : gvB‡Kj fÆvPvh©, bexb wK‡kvi kg©Y cÖf…wZ|
gaym~`b `Ë| (21Zg wewmGm) → bvBU Dcvwa jvf I Z¨vM : Kwe‡K 1915 mv‡j fviZ
miKvi bvBU ev m¨vi Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡i| 1919 mv‡j
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cO&w³ RvwjqvbIqvjvev‡Mi nZ¨vKv‡Ði cÖwZev‡` wZwb bvBU
Ô†n e½ fvÐv‡i Ze wewea iZb, Zv m‡e e½fvlv Dcvwa Z¨vM K‡ib|
(A‡eva Avwg) Ae‡njv Kwi, ciab → kvwšÍ wb‡KZb : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 1901 mv‡j kvwšÍ
†jv‡f gË, Kwiby ci‡`‡k ågYÕ wb‡KZ‡b ÔeªþPh©vkÖgÕ bvgK GKwU AvevwmK we`¨vcxV
ÔAjxK KzbvU¨ i‡½, g‡R †jvK iv‡p I i‡½Õ kwg©ôv we`¨vcxV cÖwZôv K‡ib| hv 1921 mv‡j wek^fviZx
ÔI‡i evQv gvZ„‡Kv‡l iZ‡bi ivwR, e½fvlv K‡j‡R (cieZ©x‡Z wek^fviZx wek^we`¨vjq) K‡j‡R
G wfLvix `kv Z‡e †Kb †Zvi AvwRÕ cwiYZ nq|
ÔmZZ †n b`, Zzwg co †gvi g‡b K‡cvZvÿ b` → c~e©cyiæl : Zuvi c~e©cyiæl wQ‡jb cxivwj eªv‫‏‬þY (RvZ
mZZ †Zvgvi K_v fvwe G wei‡jÕ nviv‡bv eªv‫‏‬þY hviv weagx©‡`i ms¯ú‡k© Av‡mb)| Zuvi
ÔRwb¥‡j gwi‡Z n‡e, Agi †K †Kv_v i‡e e½f~wgi cÖwZ c~e©cyiæl RMbœv_ Kzkvix‡K cxivwj eªv‫‏‬þY †g‡q we‡qi
wPiw¯’i K‡e bxi, nvq †i, Rxeb-b‡`? `v‡q wn›`y mgvRPz¨Z Kiv nq| Zuvi cyÎ cÂvbb Kzkvix
EaŸ©wki hw` Zzwg Kzj g‡b a‡b; imvj I 18 kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z Lyjbvi `w¶Y wWwn †_‡K KjKvZvi
KwiIbv N„Yv Ze bxP wki R‡b| ¯^Y©jwZKv †Mvwe›`cy‡i G‡m †R‡j cvovi cy‡ivwnZ wnmv‡e KvR ïiæ
Ôeû †`‡k †`wLqvwQ eû b`-`‡j, K‡cvZvÿ b` Ki‡j A‡b‡K ÔVvKziÕ e‡j Wv‡Kb| ZvQvov, Bs‡iR‡`i
wKš‘ †m †¯œ‡ni Z…òv wg‡U Kvi P‡j? evwY‡R¨i mv‡_I mswkøó nb Ges †mLv‡bI ÔVvKziÕ
nvq‡i †Kv_v †m we`¨v , e½‡`‡k GK gvb¨
eÜzi Dcj‡ÿ wnmv‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib|
‡h we`¨v e‡j `~‡i _vwK cv_©i_x †Zvgvi Pi‡Y|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
→ ¯§„wZ weRwoZ ¯’vb : wkjvB`n (KzgviLvjx, Kzwóqv
1889-1901) : 1889 mv‡j 1g Av‡mb Ges †mLv‡bB
Ò†mvbviZixÓ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
kvnRv`cyi (wmivRMÄ) : 1890 mv‡j Rwg`vwi
cwi`k©‡b kvnRv`cyi Av‡mb|
`w¶Y wWwn (dzjZjv, Lyjbv) : iwei gv mvi`v my›`ix
†`ex I Zuvi ¯¿x g„Yvwjbx †`exi G MÖv‡g Rb¥| GgbwK
Zuv‡`i we‡qI GB MÖv‡g|
cwZmi (AvÎvB, buIMv) : VvKzi Rwg`vwii KvwjMÖvg
ciMYvi m`i KvPvwi wQj cwZm‡i| 1891 mv‡j 1g
cwZm‡i Av‡mb Ges me©‡kl 1937 mv‡j cwi`k©b
K‡ib| GwU bvMi b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z|
‡QvUMí : (119wU)
iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ_g †QvUMí ÔwfLvwibxÕ (1877) fviZx cwÎKvq
1874 wLª: cÖKvwkZ nq| Gici 1884Ñ 85 †Z Nv‡Ui K_v,
ivRc‡_i K_v I gyKzU bv‡g Mí¸‡jv cÖKvwkZ n‡jI 1890
mv‡j wnZev`x cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ †`bv-cvIbv MíwUB
iex›`ªbv_ Z_v evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K †QvU Mí| ZvB
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi mv_©K †QvU M‡íi RbK| wZwb †QvU M‡íi
msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb-
Ô‡QvU cÖvY †QvU e¨_v, †QvU †QvU `ytL K_v
wbZvšÍB mnR mij,
mnmª we¯§„wZivwk cÖZ¨n †h‡Z‡Q fvwm
Zvwi `y-PvwiwU AkÖæRj|
eY©bvi QUv NUbvi NbNUv|
bvwn ZË¡ bvwn Dc‡`k|
AšÍ‡i AZ…wß i‡e mv½ Kwi g‡b n‡e
‡kl nB‡q nBj bv †kl|Õ
→ ‡cÖ‡gi Mí : cvÎ I cvÎx, †k‡li ivwÎ, †kl K_v,
GKivwÎ, `„wó`vb, gvj¨`vb, mgvwß, j¨ve‡iUwi,
bóbxo, ga¨ewZ©bx, cÖvqwðË, gvbfÄb, `yivkv, ¯¿xi
cÎ, †klK_v, Aa¨vcK; gnvgvqv, kvwšÍ, iweevi|
Q‡›` Q‡›` g‡b ivLyb: cvÎcvÎx ‡kl iv‡Îi ‡kl K_v ejvi
ci GKB ivw·Z `„wó`vb K‡i gvj¨`vb Kij| mgvwß
‡g‡qwU j¨ve‡iUwi‡K bóbxo g‡b K‡i c‡i ga¨g cÖvqwðË
Kij|
→ mvgvwRK Mí : †cv÷gv÷vi, •ngšÍx GB M‡í †h․ZzK
cÖ_v cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q, QzwU, KveywjIqvjv, †`bv-cvIbv,
cYiÿv, Kg©dj, e¨eavb, †gN I †i․`ª, w`w`,
h‡Ák¦‡ii hÁ, `vb-cÖwZ`vb, cyÎhÁ, †LvKveveyi
cÖZ¨veZ©b |
‡K․k‡j g‡b ivLyb : ‡cv÷gv÷vi ‣ngšÍx w`w`‡K QywU w`‡Z
PvB‡jI w`w` KveywjIqvjvi ‡`bv-cvIbvi cYi¶v Kivi
Rb¨ wb‡Ri Kg©dj I e¨eavb i¶vi Rb¨ ‡gN I ‡i․‡`ªi
mv‡_ wgwjZ nb|
31 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
ʘ ‡R‡b ivLyb : †`bv-cvIbv (‡QvUMí)- iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi| †`bv-cvIbv (Dcb¨vm)- kirP›`ª
P‡Ævcva¨vq|
ʘ ÿzwaZ-cvlvY, KveywjIqvjv, gyKzU I myfv cÖf…wZ
m„wóK‡g© gymjgvb PwiÎ i‡q‡Q|
→ AwZcÖvK…Z Mí : ¶zwaZ cvlvY (28Zg wewmGm),
wbkx‡_, gwYnvi, ¸ßab, K¼vj, RxweZ I g„Z,
gv÷vigkvB| [g‡b ivLyb- cwÐZ gkvB (Dcb¨vm)-
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq]
→ cÖK…wZ I gvbe g‡bi wbweo m¤úK© m~PK MíÑ
myfv Ñ AwZw_ Ñ Avc`
bvUK
MxwZbvU¨ evj¥xwK cÖwZfv (1881); Kvjg„Mqv,
gvqvi †Ljv, emšÍ (1923)
Kve¨bvU¨ gvwjbx, wPÎv½`v, wemR©b, iƒ`ªP›`ª, ivRv
I ivYx, cÖK…wZi cÖwZ‡kva|
bvU¨Kve¨ we`vq Awfkvc
b„Z¨bvU¨ k¨vgv, PÐvwjKv, (wPÎv½`v), bUxi cyRv
(1926) Ñ GB bvU‡K cÖ_g Awfb‡qi
mv‡_ bvP I Mv‡bi cÖ‡qvM|
mvgvwRK bvUK evkix, †kva‡eva|
mvs‡KwZK gy³aviv, i³Kiex, APjvqZb, dvêybx,
bvUK kvi‡`vrme, Kv‡ji hvÎv, Zv‡mi †`k
(1933), ivRv, WvKNi, cÖvqwðË|
‡K․k‡j g‡b ivLyb : ivRv I ivYx Zv‡mi ‡`‡k bwUi c~Rv
Ki‡Z emšÍKv‡ji hvÎvq iæ`ªP›`ª‡K wemR©b w`‡q evj¥xwKi
cÖwZfv‡K APjvqZb Ki‡jb| GB ï‡b wPÎv½`v AiƒceZx
k¨vgv‡K wb‡q WvKN‡i e‡m gy³g‡b Zcmx Rc‡Z ïiæ
Ki‡jb| ‡mLv‡b Av‡iv Dcw¯’Z wQj i³Kiex, PÛvwjKv I
gvwjbx|
☼ iwe VvKzi Zuvi 13 wU bvU‡K Awfbq K‡ib|
cÖnmb •eKz‡Úi LvZv, wPiKzgvi mfv (1926), †kl
i¶v, e¨½‡K․ZzK, nvm¨‡K․ZzK, †Mvovq Mj`|
iex›`ªbv_ (1900-01) mv‡j ÔcÖRvcwZ wbe©ÜÕ bv‡g e½`k©b
cwÎKvq GKwU AvL¨vb iPbv K‡ib| GwU 1908 mv‡j
MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| 1926 mv‡j ÔcÖRvcwZi
wbe©ÜÕ-‡K ÔwPiKzgvi mfvÕ bv‡g bvU¨iƒc †`b|
emšÍ (1923) GKwU MxwZbvU¨| GB bvU‡Ki welq
†h․e‡bi cÖZxK FZzivR em‡šÍi RqMvb| iex›`ªbv_ GB MÖš’
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg‡K DrmM© K‡ib|
wemR©b (1890) bvUKwU AwgÎv¶i Q‡›` iwPZ| G‡Z
iex›`ªbv_ ¯^qs GB bvU‡Ki cÖavb `ywU PwiÎ iNycwZ I
Rqwms‡ni f~wgKvq wewfbœ mg‡q Awfbq K‡ib| G‡Z
†MvgZx b`xi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 32 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Dcb¨vm : cÖeÜ
‡Mviv, †k‡li KweZv, †kl Pvi Aa¨vq, PZzi½ (21Zg mgvR, mvwnZ¨, ag©, KvjvšÍi, mf¨Zvi msKU, ‡Q‡j‡ejv,
wewmGm), †Pv‡Li evwj| cÖvPxb mvwnZ¨, AvaywbK mvwnZ¨, †jvKmvwnZ¨, wkÿv, gvby‡li
ag©, wek^cwiPq, mvwn‡Z¨i ¯^iƒc, fviZel©, kãZ˦,
g‡b ivLyb : †Mviv †k‡li KweZvi †kl Pvi Aa¨vq wjL‡Z AvZ¥cwiPq, wewea cÖm½, cÂf~‡Zi Wv‡qwi, ev‡R K_v, |
wM‡q PZzi‡½I †Pv‡Li evwj‡Z cwiYZ nj|
`yB ‡evb, gvjÂ, ivR¯^x, N‡i-evB‡i (34Zg wewmGm), ¯§„wZK_v
‡hvMv‡hvM, ‡e․ VvKzivYxi nvU, †b․KvWzwe| AvZ¥cwiPq (1943) Rxeb¯§„wZ (1912) (40Zg wewmGm)
g‡b ivLyb : `yB ‡evb gvj I ivR¯^x N‡i-evB‡i †Q‡j‡ejv (1940)
‡hvMv‡hvM K‡i †cj bv e‡j ‡e․ VvKzivYxi nv‡U LyuR‡Z ivR‣bwZK
wM‡q †b․KvWzwe nj|
mf¨Zvi msKU, ¯^‡`k, KvjvšÍi, AvZ¥kw³, fviZel©|
KiæYv|
Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg
ʘ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †k‡li KweZv Dcb¨v‡mi
‡mvbvi Zix ejvKv cybð
fvlvwe` ÔmybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vqÕ Gi bvg cvIqv
hvq| wPÎv c~iex ÿwYKv
cÎcyU ‣PZvwj ebevYx
ivR‣bwZK Dcb¨vm ‡muRywZ Kíbv fMœ ü`q (MxwZKve¨)
→ Ô‡MvivÕ iPbv (1910) Kiv nq e½f½ wb‡q| cÖfvZ m½xZ KwYKv Kwo I †Kvgj
→ ÔPvi Aa¨vqÕ iwPZ nq ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U| K_v I Kvwnbx ‣b‡e`¨ MxZvÄwj
→ ÔN‡i-evB‡iÕ iwPZ nq weªwUk fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡K wN‡i| ‡kl †jLv (20Zg I 38Zg wewmGm) ‡kl Kve¨MÖš’|
‡R‡b ivLyb : †kl †jLv (Kve¨MÖš’)- iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi,
we‡kølYag©x Dcb¨vm †k‡li KweZv (Dcb¨vm)- iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, †k‡li cwiPq
→ Ô‡k‡li KweZvÕ (†ivgvw›UK/Kve¨ag©x Dcb¨vm) (Dcb¨vm)- kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, †kl Pvi Aa¨vq
→ Pvi Aa¨vq| (Dcb¨vm)- iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, †kl mßK (KweZv)-
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, †kl ivwÎi Zviv (Dcb¨vm)- Avey Rvdi
HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm kvgmyÏxb, †kl cvÐzwjwc (Dcb¨vm)- eyׇ`e emy, †kl
→ Ô‡Pv‡Li evwjÕ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gb¯ÍvwZ¡K Dcb¨vm| we‡K‡ji †g‡q (Dcb¨vm)- Rwni ivqnvb|
→ ÔivR¯^xÕ I Ô‡e․ VvKzivbxi nvUÕ|
→ ÔcybðÕ n‡Z iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi M`¨ixwZ‡Z KweZv †jLv
cÎ mvwnZ¨ ïiæ K‡ib|
wQbœcÎvejx (1912), (153wU cÎ, AvZ¥K_b) 1g 8wU cÎ → Ô‡mvbvi ZixÕ gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| GB mvwnZ¨Kg©wU Kwe
kªxkP›`ª gRyg`vi‡K Ges 145 wU cÎ åvZz®úÎx Bw›`iv †`ex‡K Kzwóqvi wkjvB`‡n e‡m iPbv K‡ib| wns wUs mU
(31Zg wewmGm)| wPwVcÎ, qy‡ivc hvÎxi cÎ (me© cÖ_g cÎ KweZvwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †mvbvi Zix Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K
msKjb) wbg©jKzgvix †K, c‡_ I c‡_i cÖv‡šÍ, Ôfvbywms‡ni †bqv n‡q‡Q|
cÎvejxÕ (ivbx AwaKvix‡K †jLv) iwe †gvU 12 evi wek¦ åg‡Y → ÔejvKvÕ Kv‡e¨ MwZZ‡Ë¡i cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Ômey‡Ri
†ei nb I wÎkwUiI †ewk †`k ågY K‡ib| AwfhvbÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔejvKvÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K
msKwjZ| weL¨vZ Ôkv-RvnvbÕ KweZvwU G Kv‡e¨ ¯’vb
ågYKvwnbx †c‡q‡Q|
cvi‡m¨ Rvfv hvÎxi cÎ
→ ÔDe©kxÕ KweZvwU ÔwPÎvÕ Kv‡e¨i AšÍM©Z|
ivwkqvi wPwV qy‡ivc cÖevmxi Wvqwi
PwjZ fvlvq 1g M`¨ MÖš’ qy‡ivc cÖevmxi cÎ (1881) (1g) → Ôevsjvi gvwU evsjvi RjÕ m‡bUwUi iPwqZv Kwe¸iæ
c‡_i mÂq wmsnj ågY (me©‡kl) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|

mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvi bvg

wewPÎ cÖeÜ, †jvKmvwnZ¨, cÖvPxb mvwnZ¨, AvaywbK mvwnZ¨, 1400 mvj, Avgv‡`i †QvU b`x, Avlvp, `yB weNv Rwg,
mvwn‡Z¨i c‡_| b¨vq`Ð, RjQwe, wn›`y‡gjvi Dcnvi, kv-Rvnvb, wbiæ‡Ïk
hvÎv, AvZ¥ÎvY, wbS©‡ii ¯^cœf½, mey‡Ri Awfhvb, cÖkœ,
ig¨iPbv ejvKv, †mvbvi Zix, `yB cvwL, , DrmM©, wPÎv, cwiPq, †Lqv,
cÂf~Z, wjwcKv, PwiÎ c~Rv| e½gvZv, KzUzw¤^Zv, AK…ZÁ, •ekvL, e„ÿ e›`bv, e„wó c‡o
Uvcyi-Uvcyi, †Zvgvi m„wói c_, De©kx, cÖvY, RyZv-Avwe®‥vi,
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 33 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
¯§iY, MvÜvixi Av‡e`b, we`vq Awfkvc, Qwe, HK¨Zvb, → KweZv - wn›`y‡gjvi Dcnvi (1874)
giY| → cÖeÜ MÖš’ Ñ wewea cÖm½ (1883)
‡K․k‡j g‡b ivLyb : 1400 mv‡j Avgv‡`i ‡QvU b`x Avlvp → †QvU Mí Ñ wfLvwiYx (1874)
gv‡m `yB weNv Rwgi b¨vq R‡j c~Y© wQj| wn›`y‡gjvi → Dcb¨vm (cÖKvwkZ) Ñ †e․ VvKzivYxi nvU (1883)
‡`vKvb`vi kvRvnv‡bi wbiæ‡Ïk I AvZ¥ÎvY wbR©‡iii Rb¨ → iPbv msKjb Ñ PqwbKv
¯^cœf½ n‡q iBj| Zvn‡j wK GB mey‡Ri Awfhvb Avgv‡`i → iex›`ªbv_ iwPZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Ñ KiæYv
Kv‡R cÖkœ n‡q iBj?
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K †QvUMí Ñ †`bv-cvIbv (1890)
→ ¯¿xi g„Zz¨‡K Dcjÿ K‡i iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iPbv K‡ib → M`¨ MÖš-’ qy‡ivc cÖevmxi cÎ
Ô¯§iYÕ Kve¨|
→ ÔwbS©‡ii ¯^cœf½Õ KweZvq Kwei Dcjwä Ôfwel¨Z wewPÎ wewfbœ mvwnZ¨K‡g©i PwiÎ
I wecyj m¤¢vebvgqÕ| (14Zg wewmGm) bvg (PwiÎ) bvg (PwiÎ)
‡R‡b ivLyb : mÂwqZv (Kve¨ msKjb) [22Zg wewmGm]- iex›`ªbv_ mgvwß (g„b¥qx- 25Zg wewmGm, Ac~e©) GKivÎx (myievjv)
VvKzi| mwÂZv (Kve¨ msKjb)- KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg| kvw¯Í (`ywLivg, P›`iv-25Zg wewmGm) ‡cv÷gv÷vi (iZb)
mÂPiY (M‡elYvg~jK MÖš’)- KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb| `yB‡evb (kwg©jv, Dwg©jv) WvKNi (Agj)
‡LvKveveyi cÖZ¨veZ©b (ivBPiY) i³Kiex (bw›`bx)
MxZvÄwj wfLvwibx (Kgjv‡`ex, Agi wmsn) QzwU (dwUK)
→ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ GKwU Kve¨MÖš’ Ges GB Kve¨wUi ‣ngšÍx (‣ngšÍx, Acy) AcwiwPZv (Kj¨vYx)
Rb¨ wZwb me©vwaK weL¨vZ| j¨ve‡iUwi (‡gvwnbx, b›` wK‡kvi) w`w` (kkxgyLx)
→ GwU 157wU MxwZKweZvi msKjb| G¸‡jv g~jZ: eªvþ- ga¨eZ©bx (nimy›`ix, •kjevjv) bóbxo (Pviæ, Agj)
fvevcbœ fw³g~jK iPbv Ges Kwe-Av‡ivwcZ my‡i nvj`vi †Mvôx (ev‡bvqvwi jvj) cqjv b¤^i (Awbjv)
AwaKvsk MxZ n‡q _v‡K| ‡gN †i․`ª (kkx f~lY) bv-gÄyi (wMwievjv)
→ 1908-09 mv‡j iwPZ GB KweZ¸wj 1910 mv‡j KveywjIqvjv (ingZ, LyKx) AwZw_ (Zvivc`)
(37Zg wewmGm) ÔMxZvÄwjÕ bvgK MÖš’vKv‡i cÖvKwkZ RxweZ I g„Z (Kv`w¤^bx) Avc` (bxjKÉ)
nq| ‡hvMv‡hvM (Kgyw`bx, gaym~`b) [ †hvMv‡hvM Kg Ki]
→ 1912 wLªóv‡ã ïiæi w`‡K iex›`ªbv‡_i RvnvR‡hv‡M jÛb ‡Pv‡Li evwj (wenvix, we‡bvw`bx, Avkv, g‡n›`ª)
hvIqvi K_v wQj| hvÎvi c~‡e© wZwb Amy¯’ n‡q c‡ob ‡k‡li KweZv (AwgZ, jveY¨, †KZKx, †kvfbjvj)
Ges cÙv b`x‡Z wekÖvg wb‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| g~jZ: G mgq ‡e․ VvKzivYxi nvU (emšÍ ivq, wefv, cÖZvcvw`Z¨)
wZwb Zvui MxZvÄwj Kve¨‡K we‡k^ Qwo‡q †`Iqvi K_v ‡Mviv (‡Mviv, myPwiZv, jwjZv, K…ò`qvj, Avb›`gqx)
wPšÍv K‡i AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR‡Z MxZvÄwj/ Pvi Aa¨vq (AZxb, Gjv, B›`ªbv_)
The Song Offerings Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Abyev` ïiæ N‡i-evB‡i (wbwL‡jk, wegjv, m›`xc) (36Zg wewmGm)
K‡ib| MxZvÄwj Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Bs‡iwR Abyev‡` mnvqZv wemR©b (AcY©v)
A_ev m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb- W B Yeats (33Zg I
36Zg wewmGm)| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ…©K Aby‡cÖiYvi Dcnvi
→ MxZvÄwj Kv‡e¨i Bs‡iwR Abyev‡`i Rb¨ 1913 mv‡ji Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZv‡K e‡j‡Qb wPÎiƒcgq
b‡f¤^i gv‡m cÖ_g fviZxq wn‡m‡e mvw‡nZ¨ †bv‡ej wenvixjvj †K AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib- †fv‡ii cvwL
cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| †gvnb `vm KigPuv` MvÜx‡K e‡j‡Qb - gnvZ¥v
W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq‡K Dcvwa †`b- fvlvPvh©
cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ hv wKQz....... Kwe m†Z¨›`ªbv_ `ˇK Dcvwa ‡`b- Q‡›`i Rv`yKi
Kve¨MÖš’ Ñ Kwe Kvwnbx (cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ 17 eQi eq‡m bRiæ‡ji Ôa~g‡KZzÕ cwÎKvq Avq P‡j Avq‡i a~g‡KZz/
1878 mv‡j) - fviZx cwÎKvq| Awfb›`b evYx †cÖiY- Auvav‡i euva †i AwMœ‡mZz/
......weRq ‡KZb
ebdzj (1880)
me©cÖ_g m¤ú~Y© Kve¨ Z‡e wØZxq cÖKvwkZ| cÖKvwkZ nIqvi 4 → `w¶YviÄb wg‡Îi ÔVvKzigvi SzwjiÕ f~wgKv †j‡Lb|
eQi Av‡M iwPZ hv Zuvi 15 eQi eq‡m| ÔÁvbv¼ziÕ I → gv÷vi`v m~h©‡mb (1894-12 Rvby, 1934) Gi mn‡hvMx
ÔcÖwZwe¤Õ^ bvgK `ywU cwÎKvq ebdzj MÖ‡š’i KweZv 1873 wecøex Kíbv `ˇK ÔAwMœKb¨vÕ Dcvax|
mv‡jB cÖKvwkZ nq| → Abœ`vksKi iv‡qi ¯¿x A¨vwjm fvwR©wbqv Ib©Wd© †K bvg
→ bvUK Ñ evj¥xwK cÖwZfv (1881) †`b Ôjxjv ivqÕ|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
☼ Ôgvby‡li Dci wek¦vm nviv‡bv cvcÕ (mf¨Zvi msKU)
cwÎKv
→ mvabv (1891)  cwÎKvi 4 eQ‡ii ga¨ 1g 3 eQi
`vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb ZuviB fvwZRv - myax›`ªbv_| fviZx,
e½`k©b, ZË¡‡evwabx|
wPÎKjv
Zuvi wb‡Ri AuvKv Qwe ¸‡jv‡K Ô†kl eq‡mi wcÖqvÕ e‡j
AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| 70 eQ‡iiI †ewk eq‡mi w`‡K A_©vr
1928 Ñ 1939 -Gi g‡a¨ Aw¼Z Qwe I †¯‥‡Pi msL¨v cÖvq
2000wU| Zvui wPÎK‡g©i cÖ_g cÖ`k©bx nq d«v‡Ý|
msjvc/ Dw³
→ ÔGKLvwb †QvU †ÿZ Avwg G‡Kjv|Õ (‡mvbvi Zix)
(36Zg wewmGm)
→ Ôwkïiv‡R¨ GB †g‡qwU GKwU †QvULvU ewM©i Dc`ªe
ewj‡jB nq|Õ (mgvwß) [27Zg wewmGm]
→ Ô‣kevj `xwN‡i K‡n D”P Kwi wki,
wj‡L †iL GK †dvuUv w`‡jg wkwki|Õ (13Zg wewmGm)
-GB AskUzKzi g~j cÖwZcv`¨ welq AK…ZÁZv|
→ Ômܨviv‡M wSwjwgwj wSj‡gi †¯ªvZLvwb evuKv|Õ (ejvKv)
[25Zg wewmGm]
→ Ô‣eivM¨ mva‡b gyw³, †m Avgvi bq|Õ (11Zg wewmGm)
→ ÔAvb›`‡jv‡K g½jv‡jv‡K weivR mZ¨ my›`i|Õ
→ ÔAvwg G K_v, G e¨_v, myL-e¨vKzjZv Kvnvi PiY Z‡j
w`e wbQwb|Õ (37Zg wewmGm)-iex›`ªbv‡_ G Mv‡b
ÔwbQwbÕ c~Rv A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
→ ÔKv`w¤^bx gwiqv cÖgvY Kwij †m g‡i bvBÕ (RxweZ I g„Z)
→ Ôd¨vkbUv n‡jv gy‡Lvk, ÷vBjUv n‡jv gyLkÖxÕ (‡k‡li
KweZv)
→ Kv‡ji hvÎv aŸwb ïwb‡Z wK cvI? (‡k‡li KweZv)
→ ÔMÖnY K‡iQ hZ, FYx ZZ K‡iQ Avgvq|Õ (‡k‡li
KweZvi jveY¨i Dw³)
→ ÔwKš‘ g½j Av‡jv‡K Avgvi ïf Drme D¾¡j nBqv
DwVjÕ| (KveywjIqvjv)
→ Ôwkïiv‡R¨ GB †g‡qwU GKwU †QvULvU ewM©i Dc`ªe
ewj‡jB nqÕ| (mgvwß)
→ Ôhw` †Zvi WvK ï‡b †KD bv Av‡m, Z‡e GKjv Pj †i|Õ
→ Ôgbyl¨Z¡i wkÿvUv Pig wkÿv, Avi mg¯ÍUvB Zvi Aaxb|Õ
→ Ôcvc‡K †VKvevi Rb¨ wKQz bv KivB †Zv cvc|Õ
→ Ô‡m Avgvi m¤úwË bq, †m Avgvi m¤ú`|Õ
→ Ô‡Kv‡bvw`b Kg©nxb c~Y© AeKv‡k
emšÍevZv‡m
AZx‡Zi Zxi n‡Z †h iv‡Î ewn‡e `xN©k^vm,
Siv eKz‡ji Kvbœv e¨w_‡e AvKvk|Õ (‡k‡li KweZv)
→ Ô‡h Avgv‡i †`wLev‡i cvq Amxg ÿgvq fvj g›` wgjv‡q
mKwj, Gevi c~Rvq Zvwi Avcbv‡i w`‡Z PvB ewj|Õ (‡k‡li
KweZv)
→ ÔwKš‘ Avi‡¤¢i c~‡e©I Avi¤¢ Av‡Q|
34 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
mܨv ‡ejvq `xc R¦vjvi Av‡M
mKvj †ejvq mj‡Z cvKv‡bv|Õ (‡hvMv‡hvM)
→ Ôey‡Ki i³ w`qv Avgv‡K †h GKw`b wØZxq mxZv
wemR©‡bi Kvwnbx wjL‡Z nB‡e †m K_v †K RvwbZ|Õ
(‣ngšÍx)
→ Ôhvnv w`jvg Zvnv DRvo KwiqvB w`jvg|
GLb wdwiqv ZvKvB‡Z †M‡j `ytL cvB‡Z n‡e|Õ (‣ngšÍx)
→ ÔG †h `yj©f, G †h gvbex, Bnvi in‡m¨i wK AšÍ Av‡Q?
→ Ônvq‡i, Zvnvi eDgvi cÖwZ evevi †mB gaygvLv c¯^i
Gevi Ggb evRLvB Lv‡` bvwgj †Kgb Kwiqv?Õ
→ ÔGKevi g‡b nBj wdwiqv hvB, RM‡Zi †µvowePz¨Z †mB
Abvw_bx‡K m‡½ Kwiqv jBqv Avwm- b`xe‡ÿ fvmgvb
cw_‡Ki ü`‡q GB Z‡_¨i D`q nBj? wdwiqv dj wK-G
c„w_ex‡Z †K Kvnvi?
→ ÔwKš‘ g½j Av‡jv‡K Avgvi ïf Drme D¾¡j nBqv
DwVj|Õ (KveywjIqvjv)
→ Ôwec‡` †gv‡i iÿv Ki/ G b‡n †gvi cÖv_©bv,
wec‡` Avwg bv †hb Kwi fq|Õ (AvZ¥ÎvY)
→ Ôgvgv, Avgvi QzwU n‡q‡Q wK?Õ (QzwU)- dwUK PµeZ©xi
GB Dw³ Øviv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q, QzwU n‡j †m MÖv‡gi
evwo‡Z wd‡i †h‡Z cvi‡e|
→ ÔMM‡b Mi‡R †gN, Ni eilv| K~‡j GKv e‡m AvwQ, bvwn
fimv| ivwk ivwk fviv fviv, avb KvUv nj mviv|Õ
(‡mvbvi Zix)
→ ÔGZKvj b`xK~‡j/ hvnv j‡qwQby fz‡j/ mKwj w`jvg
Zz‡j _‡i-we_‡i/ GLb Avgv‡i jn KiæYv K‡i|Õ
(‡mvbvi Zix)
→ ÔVvuB bvB, VvuB bvB, †QvU †m Zix/Avgvwi †mvbvi av‡b
wM‡q‡Q fwi|Õ (‡mvbvi Zix)
→ ÔwK Mfxi `yt‡L gMœ mg¯Í AvKvk, mg¯Í c„w_ex!Õ
→ ÔG aivi gv‡S Zzwjqv wbbv` Pvwnbv Kwi‡Z ev`
cÖwZev`|Õ
→ ÔLvuPvi cvwL wQj ‡mvbvi LvuPvwU‡Z
e‡bi cvwL wQj e‡b|
GK`v Kx Kwiqv wgjb nj †`vu‡n
Kx wQj weavZvi g‡b|Õ
→ ÔAvi KZ`~‡i wb‡q hv‡e †gv‡i my›`ix|Õ
→ ÔAvgv‡`i ‡QvUb`x P‡j evu‡K evu‡K|Õ
→ ÔI‡i bexb, I‡i Avgvi KvuPv,
I‡i meyR, I‡i AeyS,
Aa-giv‡`i Nv †g‡i ZzB evuPv| (mey‡Ri Awfhvb)
→ ÔaiYxi †Kvb GK `xbZg M„‡n hw` R‡b¥ †cÖqmx|Õ
→ Ôc‡i gv‡m-†`‡o, wf‡U gvwU †Q‡o evwni nBby c‡_-
Kwij wWwµ, mKjB wewµ wg_¨v †`bv L‡Z|
G RM‡Z nvq, †mB †ewk Pvq Av‡Q hvi fzwi fzwi
ivRvi n¯Í K‡i mg¯Í KvOv‡ji ab Pzwi|Õ (`yB weNv Rwg)
→ ÔAvwg ï‡b nvwm, AvuwL R‡j fvwm, GB wQj †gvi N‡U
evsjv mvwnZ¨ 35 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Zwg gnvivR mvay n‡j AvR, Avwg AvR †Pvi e‡U|Õ (`yB → ÔgiY ‡i Zzuû gg k¨vg mgvb|Õ (giY)
weNv Rwg) → Ôev`jv nvIqvq g‡b c‡o †Q‡j‡ejvi Mvb-
→ Ôb‡gv bg bg my›`ix gg Rbbx e½f~wg|Õ (`yB weNv Rwg) wewó c‡o Uvcyi Uzcyi b‡`q Gj evb|Õ (e„wó c‡o Uvcyi
→ ÔAa‡g©i gaygvqv wbõj Uzcyi)
Avb‡›` bvwP‡Q cyÎ; †¯œn‡gv‡n fywj → ÔI Avgvi †`‡ki gvwU, †Zvgvi c‡i †VKvB gv_v|Õ
‡m dj w`‡qv bv Zv‡i †fvM Kwiev‡i; → Ôgvby‡li cÖwZ wek^vm nviv‡bv cvc|Õ
‡K‡o jI, †d‡j `vI, Kvu`vI Zvnv‡i|Õ (MvÜvixi → ÔmgMÖ kixi‡K ewÂZ K‡i †Kej gy‡L i³ Rg‡j Zv‡K
Av‡e`b) ¯^v¯’¨ ejv hvq bv|Õ
→ ÔAvR n‡Z kZel© c‡i, †K Zzwg cwoQ ewm, Avgvi → ÔAvgiv mevB ivRv Avgv‡`i GB ivRvi ivR‡Z¡|Õ
KweZvLvwb †K․Z~njf‡i|Õ (1400 mvj) → ÔAvgiv Avi¤¢ Kwi, Avo¤^i Kwi KvR Kwi bv, hvnv
→ Ô‡h †Zvgvi cyÎ b‡n Zv‡iv wcZv Av‡Q|Õ Abykxjb Kwi Zvnv wek^vm Kwi bv|Õ
→ Ôbxj beN‡b Avlvp MM‡b wZj VvuB Avi bvwn‡i| → ÔRj c‡o cvZv b‡o|Õ
I‡Mv, AvR †Zviv hvm †b N‡ii evwn‡i|Õ (Avlvp) → ÔAvgviI civY hvnv Pvq Zzwg ZvB|Õ
→ ÔAvwR G cÖfv‡Z iwei Ki → ÔhLb co‡e bv †gvi cv‡qi wPý GB ev‡U|Õ
‡Kg‡b cwkj cÖv‡Yi ci, → ÔD`‡qi c‡_ ïwb Kvi evYx/fq bvB, I‡i fq bvB
‡Kg‡b cwkj ¸nvi Avuav‡i wb:‡k‡l cÖvY †h Kwi‡e `vb/ÿq bvB- Zvi ÿq bvB|
cÖfvZ cvwLi Mvb!Õ (c~iex)
bv Rvwb †Ki †i GZ w`b c‡i RvwMqv DwVj cÖvY|Õ Ô¯^cœ †`‡L‡Qb iv‡Î neyP›`ª f~c ¯^cœg½j
→ Ôgwi‡Z Pvwn‡Z Avwg my›`i fze‡b A_© Zvi fvwe fvwe MeyP›`ª Pzc|
gvb‡ei gv‡S Avwg evuwPevi PvB|Õ (cÖvY) (10g we‡RGm) AevwiZ gvV, MMbjjvU Pz‡g Zvi c`a~wj `yB weNv Rwg
→ Ô‡K‡ivwmb wkLv e‡j gvwUi cÖ`x‡c, Qvqvmywbweo kvwšÍi bxo
fvB eÕ‡j Wve hw` Mjv wU‡c| ‡QvU †QvU MÖvg¸wj
‡nbKv‡j MM‡b‡Z DwV‡jb Pvu`v| ÔLuvPvi cvwL wQj †mvbvi LuvPvwU‡Z e‡bi `yB cvwL
‡K‡ivwmb ewj D‡V, G‡mv †gvi `v`v|Õ (KzUzw¤^Zv) cvwL wQj e‡b|Õ
→ Ô‡cuPv ivóª K‡i †`q †c‡j †Kvb QzuZv, ÔGK`v wK Kwiqv wgjb nBj †`uv‡n,
Rvb bv Avgvi m‡½ m~‡h©i kÎæZv|Õ –GB D×…ZvskUzKzi wK wQj g‡bÕ
g~j cÖwZcv`¨ welq nj- Ônxbgb¨ZvÕ| ÔAvwR G cÖfv‡Z iwei Ki
→ Ô‡n †gvi wPË, c~Y¨ Zx‡_© †Kg‡b cwkj cÖv‡Yi ci wbS©‡ii ¯^cœ f½
Rv‡Mv ‡i ax‡i- †Kg‡b cwkj ¸nvi Avav‡i cÖfvZ cvwLi Mvb
GB fvi‡Zi gnvgvb‡ei bv Rvwb †Kb †i GZw`b c‡i RvwMqv DwVj cÖvYÕ
mvM‡ii Zx‡i|Õ (7g we‡RGm) Ô†h Av‡Q gvwUi KvQvKvwQ HK¨Zvb
→ Ôm¤§y‡L kvwšÍ cvievi †m Kwei evYx jvwM Kvb †c‡Z AvwQÕ (Rb¥w`‡b)
fvmvI Zix †n KY©avi Ô†h Avgv‡i †`wLev‡i cvq Amxg ÿgvq
Zzwg wPimv_x jI jI †n †µvocwZ fv‡jv g›` wgjv‡q mKwjÕ
Amx‡gi c‡_ R¦wj‡e ‡R¨vwZ aªæeZvivi|Õ (wPÎv) †cÖ‡g cÖv‡Y Mv‡b M‡Ü Av‡jv‡K cyj‡K †cÖ‡g cÖv‡Y Mv‡b
→ Ô‡Zvgvi m„wói c_ †i‡LQ AvKxY© Kwi|Õ (†kl †jLv) cøvweZ Kwiqv wbwLj `y¨‡jvK-f~‡jv‡K M‡Ü Av‡jv‡K
[26Zg wewmGm] ‡Zvgvi Agj Ag„Z cwo‡Q Swiqv cyj‡K
→ ÔmZ¨ †h KwVb, KwV‡b‡i fvjevwmjvg- ‡m KL‡bv K‡i Ô†Zvgvi m„wói c_ †i‡LQ AvKxY© KwiÕ †kl‡jLv
bv eÂbv|Õ ÔGKLvwb †QvU †LZ, Avwg G‡KjvÕ †mvbvi Zix
→ Ôgvbyl hv Pvq, fzj K‡i Pvq hv cvq Zv Pvq bv|Õ ÔwKš‘ g½j Av‡jv‡K Avgvi ïf Drme KveywjIqvjv
→ Ô‡h Av‡Q gvwUi KvQvKvwQ D¾¡j nBqv DwVjÕ
‡m Kwei evYx jvwM Kvb †c‡Z AvwQ|Õ (HK¨Zvb) MÖnY K‡iQ hZ ......... †k‡li KweZv
→ ÔAvwg †h †`‡LwQ †Mvcb wnsmv KcU ivwÎ Qv‡q|Õ (cÖkœ) †n eÜz we`vqÕ
→ ÔG‡mwQj mv‡_ K‡i g„Zz¨nxb cÖvY, cvwL‡i w`‡qQ Mvb, Mvq †mB Mvb ejvKv
gi‡Y ZvB Zzwg K‡i †M‡j `vb|Õ –D×…ZvskUyKz Kwe
wPËiÄb `vk‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i wj‡L‡Qb| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ©„K DrmM©xK…Z MÖš’
→ ÔGKwU av‡bi kx‡li Dc‡i GKwU wkwki we›`y|Õ MÖ‡š’i bvg hv‡K DrmM© K‡ib...
Kv‡ji hvÎv kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
Zv‡mi †`k ‡bZvwR myyfvlP›`ª emy
emšÍ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg (15Zg wewmGm)
c~iex wf‡±vwiqv IKv‡¤úv (Av‡R©w›Ubvi Kwe)
‡e․VvKzivYxi nvU fwMbx †m․`vwgbx ‡`ex
AvKvk cÖ`xc myax›`ªbv_ `Ë
‡Lqv RM`xkP›`ª emy
‡R‡b ivLyb.....
→ iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ_g Mí wfLvwibx n‡jI 1890 mv‡j
wnZev`x cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ †`bv-cvIbv MíUvB evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g ¯^v_©K †QvUM‡íi gh©v`v jvf K‡i|
→ iex›`ªbv_ wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vwcZ wmivRM‡Äi kvnRv`cy‡i
Z‡e Kzwóqvi KzwVevwo‡Z I bIMuvi cwZm‡i Avjv`v
K¨v¤úvm _vK‡e hv †`‡ki 38Zg wek¦we`¨vjq|
→ wewewmi evsjv wefvM cwiPvwjZ Rwic (2004)
me©Kv‡ji †kªô evOvwji ZvwjKvq 2q ¯’vb (1g e½eÜz)|
→ evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ ÔAvgvi †mvbvi evsjvÕ
Kwe¸iæi ÔMxZweZvbÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Ô¯^iweZvbÕ Ask †_‡K
†bqv| MvbwU me©cÖ_g Ôe½`k©bÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq|
MvbwUi myi Kiv nq MMb niKivi ‡jLv evDj Mvb ÔAvwg
†Kv_vq cve Zv‡iÕ MvbwUi my‡ii Abymi‡b| RvZxq
msMx‡Z cÖavbfv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q ÔcÖK…wZi K_vÕ (16Zg
wewmGm)|
→ wZwb XvKv Av‡mb 2 evi (1898 I 1926)| 1926
mv‡ji 10 ‡deªæqvwi XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi gymwjg n‡j 1g
e³…Zv The meaning of Art Ges 13 ‡deªæqvwi
The Rule of the Giant bv‡g 2q e³…Zv †`b|
→ wek^Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wek^weÁvbx AvBb÷vB‡bi mv‡_
`k©b, gvbyl I weÁvb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jb 1930
mv‡j|
→ evsjvq T S Eliot Gi KweZvi cÖ_g Abyev`K
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| (10g wewmGm)
→ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi c`vejx wj‡L‡Qb| (22Zg wewmGm)
Ôfvbywmsn VvKz‡ii c`vejxÕ Gi iPwqZv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
(26Zg wewmGm)| wZwb eªReywj fvlvq c`vejx iPbv
K‡ib|
→ cÖ_g MÖvgxY ¶z`ªFY I MÖvg Dbœqb cÖKí cÖwZôv K‡ib|
→ Ôe½f½Õ we‡¶vf cÖvgvY¨ wP‡Îi cwiPvjK iwe VvKzi|
→ jvj‡bi Mvb¸‡jv‡K wZwb cÖ_g msMÖn K‡ib|
→ Zuvi •PwbK bvg ÔPz †Pb ZvbÕ|
→ Zuvi wb‡Ri AuvKv Qwe¸‡jv‡K Ô†kl eq‡mi wcÖqvÕ e‡j
AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
→ 1905 mv‡j e½f‡½i weiæ×vPiY K‡i iwei Mvb Ôevsjvi
gvwU evsjvi RjÕ| GQvovI ÔAvgvi †mvbvi evsjvÕ wZwb
e½f‡½i †cÖÿvc‡U iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb|
36 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ ÔZvcmxÕ bv‡g bvUK iPbv K‡ib|
→ ÔbóbxoÕ Ñ iwe VvKz‡ii Dcb¨vmagx© †QvU Mí|
→ ÔPZzi½Õ - iwe VvKz‡ii †QvU Míagx© Dcb¨vm|
→ Ô†mÕ Ñ iwei MíMÖš’|
→ ÔwQbœcÎÕ †jLv wPwV Gi mgvnviÑfvwZwR Bw›`iv †`ex‡K
(cªg_ †P․ayixi ¯¿x)
→ ÔwZwb Avgvi †mvbvi evsjvÕ MvbwUi myi iPbv K‡ib evDj
wkíx MMb niKivi Mvb ÔAvwg †Kv_vq cv‡ev Zv‡iÕ my‡ii
AbyKi‡Y|
→ evsjv‡`‡k iwe VvKzi‡K wb‡q WvK wU‡KU cÖKvkÑ iwei
50Zg g„Zz¨evwl©Kx‡Z, 7 AvM÷ 1991 mv‡j Z‡e iwei
Rb¥kZ evwl©Kx‡Z ewn©we‡k¦ 1g eªvwRj WvKwU‡KU cÖKvk
K‡i|
→ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii iwPZ Mv‡bi msKj‡bi bvg
MxZweZvb| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ Mv‡bi msL¨v 223wU|
iex›`ª m½xZ PP©v cÖmv‡i wb‡ew`Z cÖwZôvb ÔQvqvbUÕ|
†i‡Rvqvbv †P․ayix eb¨v iex›`ª avivi m½xZ wkíx|
→ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi b`x‡K gvbe Rxe‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv
K‡i‡Qb|
`xbeÜz wgÎ (1830-1873)
o Rb¥¯’vb : bw`qv †Rjvi †P․‡ewiqvq|
o wcZv : KvjvPvu` wgÎ|
o Dcvwa : ivqevnv`yi|
o `xbeÜzi wcZ…`Ë bvg wQj ÔMÜe© bvivqYÕ|
bvUK bxj `c©Y (1860); bexb Zcw¯^bx (1863);
jxjveZx (1867); Kg‡j Kvwgbx (1873)
[26Zg wewmGm]
cÖnmb maevi GKv`kx (1866); we‡q cvMjv ey‡ov
[28Zg wewmGm]; RvgvB evwiK
Kve¨ myiaybx Kve¨, Øv`k KweZv
bxj `c©Y :
XvKvq cÖwZwôZ cÖ_g QvcvLvbv Ôevsjv †cÖm (1860)Õ n‡Z
gyw`ªZ cÖ_g MÖš’ n‡jv Ôbxj `c©YÕ [16Zg wewmGm I 38Zg
wewmGm]| bxj `c©Y bvUKwU †ifv‡iÛ †Rgm& jO Gi cÖKvkbvq
1861 mv‡j gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë KZ…©K A Native QÙbv‡g
Bs‡iRx‡Z ÔThe Indigo planting Mirror’ bv‡g [40Zg
wewmGm] cÖKvwkZ nq| Gi cÖavb PwiÎ : bxj gvae| `xbeÜz
wgÎ bxjKi mv‡ne‡`i exfrm AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvwnbx [34Zg
wewmGm] GB bvU‡Ki gva¨‡g Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| GB bvU‡K
bxjKi‡`i cvkweK Drcxi‡bi h_v_©B `cY© n‡q D‡VwQj| ev¯Íe
wPÎ iƒcvq‡Yi d‡j †m Avg‡j bxjKi‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii weiæ‡×
†`ke¨vcx cÖej Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ nq| evsjvi wewfbœ A‡j
cÖRviv we‡`ªvnx n‡q I‡V| GB bvUKwU‡K Uncle Tom’s
Cabin Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
1860 mv‡j miKvi ÒBwÛ‡Mv Kwgkb MVbÓ K‡i|
Kwgk‡bi wi‡cv‡U© bxjPvl e¨e¯’vi wb›`v Kiv nq Ges Pvlx‡`i
Ici Drcxob e‡Üi e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi mycvwik Kiv nq|
maevi GKv`kx
G‡Z ZrKvjxb Bqs †e½j `‡ji D”Q„•LjZv I
AbvPv‡ii wPÎ AsKb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖnmbwU gvB‡Kj
gaym~`‡bi ÔG‡KB wK e‡j mf¨ZvÕ Abymi‡Y iwPZ| wbgPuv`
GB cÖnm‡bi g~j PwiÎ|
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. Ôbxj`c©YÕ bvUKwUi welqe¯‘ Kx? DËi : bxjKi‡`i
AZ¨vPvi| (34Zg wewmGm)
02. ‡KvbwU `xbeÜz wg‡Îi iPbv? DËi : Kg‡j Kvwgbx|
(26Zg wewmGm)
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
o Rb¥ : 27 Ryb 1838
o g„Zz¨ : 8B GwcÖj 1894
o Rb¥¯’vb: cwðge‡½i
PweŸk ciMbvi KvuVvjcvov
MÖv‡g| (30Zg wewmGm)
o QÙbvg : KgjvKvšÍ|
→ evsjvi Iqvëvi ¯‥U : Zuvi Dcb¨vm m„wói cðv‡Z m¨vi
Iqvëvi ¯‥‡Ui Av`‡k©i cÖfve cwijw¶Z nq|
→ ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq †ckvq g¨vwR‡÷ªU wQ‡jb| wZwb
wQ‡jb Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g g¨vwR‡÷ªU Ges MÖvRy‡qU|
→ cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ Ñ jwjZv Z_v gvbm (1856)
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm Ñ `y‡M©kbw›`bx
(1865)| (29Zg wewmGm)
→ Bs‡iwR fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm ÑRajmohan's
wife (1864)
→ wZwb Ôe½`k©b (1872)Õ cwÎKv cÖKvk I m¤úv`bv
K‡ib| [25Zg wewmGm]
→ Zvui iwPZ cÖeÜ Ômvg¨Õ MÖš’wU evRvi †_‡K cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i
†bb|
→ wZwb gymjgvb KZ…©K ÔmvwnZ¨ mgªvUÕ I wn›`y‡`i KZ…©K
ÔFwlÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡ib|
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g †ivgvw›UK Dcb¨vm Ñ KcvjKzÛjv
(1866) [35Zg wewmGm]| Dcb¨vmwUi bvqK
beKzgvi|
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g †ivgvw›UK evK¨ Ñ Ôcw_K Zzwg c_
nvivBqvQ?Õ Ñ KcvjKzÐjv [16Zg wewmGm]| GwU
KcvjKzÐjv beKzgvi‡K e‡j|
→ ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq‡K evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi RbK ejv nq|
37 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ evsjv AvaywbK Dcb¨v‡mi cÖeZ©K ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq|
(40Zg wewmGm)
Dcb¨vm :
ew¼gP›`ª Zvui mvwnwZ¨K Rxe‡bi evBk erm‡i †gvU 14wU
Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡ib|
`y‡M©kbw›`bx (1865), KcvjKzÛjv (1866), g„Yvwjbx
(1869), iRbx (1877), wele„ÿ (1873), P›`ª‡kLi
(1875), Bw›`iv (1873), hyMjv½yixq (1874), ivavivYx
(1874), Avb›`gV (1882) [31Zg wewmGm], †`ex
‡P․ayivYx (1884), mxZvivg (1887, MÖvgxY mgvRwPÎ
jvf K‡iwb) [36Zg wewmGm], ivRwmsn (1881),
K…òKv‡šÍi DBj (1878)|
→ ew¼gP›`ª wb‡R ÔivRwmsnÕ †K GKgvÎ HwZnvwmK
Dcb¨vm e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| ew¼‡gi ivRwmsn
Dcb¨v‡mi GKwU Dw³ ÔwKš‘ gvbyl¨ KLbI cvlvY nq
bv|Õ (40Zg wewmGm)
→ wele„¶, iRbx, K…òKv‡šÍi DBj ew¼gP‡›`ªi mvgvwRK
Dcb¨vm|
→ Avb›`gV, †`ex †P․ayivYx, mxZvivg- ew¼gP‡›`ªi
ivR‣bwZK I †`kvZ¥‡evaK Îqx Dcb¨vm|
→ Bw›`iv, ivavivYx I hyMjv½yixq- ew¼gP‡›`ªi msw¶ß
AvKv‡ii Dcb¨vm|
`y‡M©k bw›`bx
wLª÷xq †lvok kZvãxi †kl ch©v‡q Dwol¨vi AwaKvi wb‡q
†gvNj I cvVvb‡`i g‡a¨ †h msMÖv‡gi m~Pbv n‡qwQj Zv-B G
Dcb¨v‡mi cUf~wg| Dcb¨v‡m hy× weMÖ‡ni Kj‡Kvjvn‡ji ¯’vb
†`Iqv n‡jI G‡Z †cÖ‡gi m~Pbv, weKvk I cwiYwZi cwiPq
`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
PwiÎ : wegjv, Av‡qkv, RMrwmsn I wZ‡jvËgv|
`y‡M©kbw›`bxi A_© Ô`yM© cÖav‡bi Kb¨vÕ|
G Dcb¨v‡mi cÖwZwµqvq BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx
Ôivqb›`bxÕ Dcb¨vm †j‡Lb|
KcvjKzÛjv : (A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, ew¼‡gi †kªô Dcb¨vm)
KcvjKzÛjv ew¼gP‡›`ªi wØZxq Dcb¨vm| GwU †ivgvÝ
fw½‡Z †jLv nq| cÖK…wZi †m․›`h© I inm¨gqZv
KcvjKzÛjvi PwiÎ, Kvwnbxi Uª¨vwRK cwiYwZ GB wZbwU
Kvi‡Y Dcb¨vmwU ew¼g P‡›`ªi Ab¨Zg ¯§iYxq iPbv|
PwiÎ : KcvjKzÛjv, beKzgvi (mßMÖvgwbevmx hyeK),
KvcvwjK (†hvMmvaK mbœ¨vmx), gwZwewe|
☼ Ôcw_K Zzwg c_ nvivBqvQÕ – KcvjKzÐjv beKzgvi‡K
(evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g †ivgvw›UK Wvq‡jvM)
☼ ÔZzwg Aag, ZvB ewjqv Avwg DËg nBe bv †Kb?Õ
[32Zg wewmGm]
☼ ÔcÖ`xc wbwfqv †Mj|Õ [37Zg wewmGm] GQvov GB
evK¨wU wele„ÿ Dcb¨v‡mI i‡q‡Q|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
g„Yvwjbx
·qv`k kZvãxi evsjv‡`k I ZzKx© Avµg‡Yi HwZnvwmK
cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ| PwiÎ- †ngP›`ª, g„Yvwjbx, g‡bvigv, cïcwZ|
K…òKv‡šÍi DBj (1878)
ew¼gP‡›`ªi Ab¨Zg †kªô Ges mgKv‡j weZwK©Z Dcb¨vm|
PwiÎ : †ivwnbx [23Zg, 16Zg I 12Zg wewmGm], †Mvwe›`jvj,
[13Zg wewmGm] m~h©gyLx| [g‡b ivLvi m~Î- ‡ivwnbx jvj
m~‡h© K…ò (Kvj) nj]
Avb›`gV (1882)
b‡ikP›`ª †mb ¸ß ÔThe Abbey of Bliss’ Ges ¯¿x Aiwe›`y
ÔAnanda Math’ bv‡g Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib| wQqvˇii
gš^šÍ‡ii cUf~wgKvq mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªv‡ni Qvqv Aej¤^‡b wZwb G
Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb| GB MÖ‡š’i Ôe‡›` gvZigÕ MvbwU Øviv
Bs‡iR Av‡›`vj‡bi `x¶v eywS‡q‡Qb| PwiÎ- Kj¨vYx, fevb›`,
g‡n›`ª wmsn, eªþPvix|
†`ex †P․ayivYx (1884)
†`ex †P․ayivYx n‡”Qb iscy‡ii cxiMvQvi gš’bvi Rwg`vi whwb
H A‡ji K…lK we‡`vn, dwKi mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vj‡bi
†bÎx| Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_ civwRZ n‡q wbnZ nb| ew¼g
GB A‡j g¨vwR‡÷ªU wnmv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjbKv‡j GB
NUbv Rvb‡Z cv‡ib Ges iPbv K‡ib hv 1884 mv‡j
MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ| PwiÎ- mvMi, eª‡Rk^i, cÖdzjø, eªþ
VvKzivYx|
Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZ¨K‡g©i (Dcb¨vm) PwiÎ
iRbx kPx›`ª, iRbx
wele„ÿ m~h©gyLx, b‡M›`ªbv_, Kz›`bw›`bx [33Zg wewmGm]
P›`ª‡kLi ‣kewjbx, cÖZvc, P›`ª‡kLi
hyMjv½yixq cyi›`i, ab`vm, Agjv, wniY¥qx
ivavivYx ivavivYx, Kvgvÿv evey, emšÍKzgvix
mxZvivg mxZvivg
ivRwmsn ‡Rey‡bœmv| (GwU g~jZ bvwqKv cÖavb Dcb¨vm|)
cÖeÜ
→ e¨v½vZ¥K I mim : †jvKinm¨, KgjvKv‡šÍi `ßi,
gywPivg ¸‡oi Rxeb PwiZ|
KgjvKv‡šÍi `ßi
e¨v½vZ¥K iPbv, GwU wWKzBbwmi Confession of an
English Opium Eater Aej¤^‡b iwPZ|
→ Ávb-weÁvb I mgv‡jvPbv welqK : weÁvb inm¨, mvg¨,
wewea cÖeÜ, wewea mgv‡jvPbv|
mvg¨ : GB MÖš’fy³ cÖeܸ‡jv‡Z mgv‡R mvg¨ cÖwZôv Kvgbv
Ges K…lK‡`i `yt‡Li KviY wn‡m‡e A_©‣bwZK †kvlY †K
wPw‎ýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ew¼g evRvi †_‡K MÖš’wU cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i
wbZ GB MÖš’wU|
38 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
g‡b ivLyb :
☼ mvg¨ (cÖeÜ) Ñ ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq| [24Zg evwZj
wewmGm]
☼ mvg¨ev`x (KweZv) Ñ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg|
GQvovI, †jvKinm¨, wewea mgv‡jvPbv, weÁvb inm¨,
K…òPwiZ, ¶zwaivg ¸‡oi Rxeb PwiÎ, ag©ZË¡, wewea cÖeÜ
D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
`k©b I kv¯¿welqK
→ K…òPwiZ I ag©ZË¡|
evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi RbK ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
1865 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ew¼gP‡›`ªi `y‡M©kbw›`bx evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i
cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e †M․i‡ev¾¡j BwZnv‡mi m~Pbv K‡i|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm `y‡M©kbw›`bx iPbvi gva¨‡g
Zvui †g․wjK cÖwZfv weKv‡ki c‡_i mÜvb jvf K‡ib|
gxi gkviid †nv‡mb [1847-1911]
o Rb¥ : 13 b‡f¤^i, 1847
o Rb¥¯’vb : KzgviLvjx, Kzwóqv
o QÙbvg : MvRx wgqvu|
o g„Zz¨ : 19 wW‡m¤^i, 1911 wLªóv‡ã
ivRevox †Rjvj evwjqvKvw›`I
c`g`x‡Z|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
o mvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ avivi †gvU 37 wU MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
Dcb¨vm :
→ iZœeZx : 1869 mv‡j iwPZ GwU Zvui cÖ_g MÖš’| GwU‡K
gymwjg iwPZ cÖ_g evsjv Dcb¨vm [28Zg wewmGm] ejv
nq| iƒcK_vi gva¨‡g wkÿvg~jK GKwU `xN© Mí|
→ welv` wmÜz (1885-91) [20Zg wewmGm]: GwU Zuvi †kÖô
iPbv| BwZnvm AvkÖqx Dcb¨mwU‡Z [36Zg wewmGm]
Kvievjvi we‡qvMvšÍK NUbvB Gi g~j DcRxe¨|
Dcb¨vmwU 3wU c‡e© wef³ : gnig ce©, D×vi ce©,
GwR`-ea ce©| Uv½vB‡ji †`j`yqv‡i Ae¯’vbKv‡j
Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡ib| cÖavb PwiÎ : Bgvg †nv‡mb,
BqvwR` (bvqK), gvIqvb, wkgvi cÖgyL| KviI KviI
g‡Z, Dcb¨vmwUi bvqK Bgvg †nv‡mb|
→ D`vmxb cw_‡Ki g‡bi K_v (1890): G Dcb¨vmwU
AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv [26Zg wewmGm]| iwPZ n‡q‡Q
ÒD`vmxb cw_KÓ QÙbv‡g| G MÖ‡š’i cÖavb welq ÔbxjKi
Ugvm AvBfvb (wUAvB) †Kwbi (D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ)
AZ¨vPvi I K…lK f~¯^vgx‡`i cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gy‡L wg. †Kwbi
†kvPbxq civRqÕ|
→ MvRx wgquvi e¯Ívbx (1899): AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
→ Zvnwgbv|
→ wewe Kzjmyg : AvZ¥Rxebx|
bvUK :
♂ emšÍKzgvix (1873) : gymwjg bvU¨Kvi iwPZ evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g bvUK| [14Zg wewmGm]
♂ Rwg`vi `c©Y (1873): Rwg`vix cÖ_vi Kvi‡Y
mvaviY gvby‡li `y‡f©vM (DcRxe)| ÿgZvi hvi
Kv‡Q _v‡K, †m ÿgZvi Ace¨envi K‡i| GB
bvU‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Dci Rwg`vi †kÖwYi wbg©g
AZ¨vPv‡ii ¯^iƒc dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb|
♂ ‡eûjv MxZvwfbq (1898) [28Zg wewmGm] :
bvUKwU‡Z Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i cªK…Z ¯^iƒc D‡¤§vPb
K‡i Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Kivi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv
n‡q‡Q|
♂ wbqwZ wK AebwZ (1899)
bvUK †K․k‡j g‡b ivLyb : gkv †eUv emšÍ Rwg`vi|
cÖeÜ :
o ‡Mv-Rxeb (1889) : G MÖ‡š’ wZwb wn›`y gymwjg
HK¨ `„p Ki‡Z Miæ †Kvievwbi wec‡ÿ gZ †`b|
d‡j Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv nq|
o Gmjv‡gi Rq (1908)
Kve¨
o MovB weªR ev †M․ix †mZz (1873)
o cÂbvix (1899)
o g`xbvi †M․ie (1906)
o ‡gvm‡jg exiZ¡ (1907)
o evRxgvZ (1908, bKkv RvZxq Kve¨)
AvZ¥Rxebx
o Avgvi Rxebx (1908-10) : G MÖš’wU evi L‡Û
mgvß nq| G‡Z †jL‡Ki 18 eQ‡ii Rxebx Zz‡j
aiv n‡q‡Q|
o Avgvi Rxebxi Rxebx ev Kzjmyg Rxebx (1910,
me©‡kl MÖš’)|
cÖnmb
o Gi Dcvq wK? (1875)| G‡Z Ewbk kZ‡Ki
kû‡i ga¨weË †kÖwYi D”Q…•LjZv e¨v½vKv‡i Zz‡j
aiv n‡q‡Q|
o Uvjv Awfbq (1897)
o fvB fvB G‡Zv PvB (1899)
o duvm KvMR (1899)
o euvav LvZv (1899)
39 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Mv‡bi msKjb :
o m½xZ jnix (1887)
weL¨vZ Dw³ :
o gvZ„fvlvq hvnvi fw³ bvB †m gvbyl b‡n| [37Zg
wewmGm]
o gy‡L A‡b‡KB UvKv AwZ Zz”Q, A_© Ab‡_©i g~j
ewjqv _v‡Kb; wKšÍy RMr GgbB fqvbK ¯’vb †h,
UvKv bv _vwK‡j Zvnvi ¯’vb †Kv_vI bvB, mgv‡R
bvB, ¯^RvwZi wbK‡U bvB, åvZv fMœxi wbKU
K_vUvi cªZ¨vkv bvB|
m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv
o m¤úv`bv K‡ib AvwRRb‡bnvi (1878) I wnZKix
(1890) bvgK `yÕwU cwÎKv|
Kvq‡Kvev` (1852-1951)
o Rb¥ : 1852 mv‡j XvKv
†Rjvi beveMÄ _vbvq|
o AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i
cÖ_g gymwjg Kwe|
o g„Zz¨ : 1951 mv‡j|
→ evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g gnvKve¨ iPwqZv|
→ AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gymwjg Kwe|
→ evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g m‡bU iPwqZv|
→ wZwb †ngP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq I bexbP›`ª †m‡bi avivq
gnvKve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
→ 1932 mv‡j Ôe½xq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§jbÕ Abyôv‡b
mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
gnvKve¨
→ gnvk¥kvb (1904, cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy× Aej¤^‡b
iwPZ)
Ôgnvk¥kvbÕ gnvKve¨wU lvU m‡M© wef³ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i
me©e„nr gnvKve¨| gnvKve¨wU †gvnv¤§` iIkb Avjx
m¤úvw`Z Ô‡KvwnbyiÕ cwÎKvq avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q| 1761 mv‡j Avng` kvn Ave`vjx I gvivVv‡`i
g‡a¨ msNwUZ cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy‡×i †cÖÿvc‡U [37Zg
wewmGm] iwPZ G gnvKve¨wU gymwjg HwZ‡n¨i ¯§„wZ enb
K‡i| gnvKv‡e¨i Kvwnbxi GKcv‡k gymwjg wkwei,
Ab¨cv‡k gvivVv‡`i KzÄyicyi `~M©| gymjgvb‡`i c‡ÿ
†bZ…Z¡ w`‡”Qb Kvey‡ji AwacwZ Avng` kvn Ave`vjx,
†g‡n`x †e‡Mi Kb¨v †Rvniv †eMg| Ab¨w`‡K gvivVv‡`i
c‡ÿ †bZ…Z¡ w`‡”Qb Beªvwng Kvw`©| Beªvwng Kvw`© I
†Rvnivi g‡a¨ Av‡Q ¯^vgx I ¯¿xi fvjevmvi wb`k©b
Dc¯’wcZ n‡q‡Q|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 40 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Kve¨MÖš’ → 1914 wLª÷v‡ã Avmvb‡mvj _vbvi `v‡ivM KvRx
wein wejvc (1870) : gvÎ 13 eQi eq‡m cÖKvwkZ nq| iwdRDwÏb gqgbwmsn-Gi KvRx wmgjv MÖv‡gi
(cÖ_g Kve¨) `wiivgcyi ¯‥z‡j 7g †kÖwY‡Z fwZ© Kivb|
Kzmyg Kvbb (1873) Awgq aviv (1923) → 1917 wLª÷v‡e` 18 eQi eq‡m (49bs evOvwj cëb)
wke gw›`i (1921) k¥kvbf®§ (1924) mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z PvKzix K‡ib| G mgq wZwb
gniig kixd (1933, gnvKve¨wPZ Kvwnwb Kve¨) †mbvevwnbx‡Z †KvqvU©vi gv÷vi nvwej`vi c‡` c‡`vbœwZ
AkÖægvjv (1896) : MxwZKve¨ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| 1920 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb †mbvevwnbxi
☼ weL¨vZ KweZv : Avhvb| (‡K IB †kvbvj †gvi PvKzix †Q‡o †`b|
Avhv‡bi aŸwb| g‡g© g‡g© †mB myi, evwRj wK → bRiy‡ji `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb : Kzwgjøvi †`․jZcy‡i Ae¯’vbKv‡j
mygayi AvKzj nBj cÖvY, bvwPj agbx, Avwg ‡Zv Avjx AvKei Lv‡bi †ev‡bi †g‡q •mq`v LvZzb Ii‡d
cvMj n‡q hvB, ‡m gayi Uv‡b wK †h GK AvKl©‡Y bvwM©‡mi mv‡_ Kwei we‡q nq| 1921 mv‡j, Kvwe‡bi kZ©
Qz‡U hvB gy» g‡bÓ)| (NiRvgvB) bv †g‡b wZwb †`․jZcyi †Q‡o P‡j hvb|
1924 mv‡ji 25 GwcÖj Kzwgjøvi AvkvjZv †mb¸ßv `yjx
Kvq‡Kvev‡`i Kve¨MÖš’mg~n g‡b ivLyb : gniig (gniig Ii‡d cÖgxjv †mb¸ßv `yjx‡K we‡q K‡ib| Kwe `yjxi bv‡g
kixd) gv‡m Kzmy‡gi (Kzmyg Kvbb) wei‡n (wein wejvc) iPbv K‡ib 1g ‡cÖ‡gi Kve¨ : Ô‡`vjbPvucvÕ|
k¥kv‡bi (k¥kvmf¯§) wke gw›`‡i (wke gw›`i) → 1942 Gi 10B A‡±vei e¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ nb Ges gvÎ
Kvq‡Kvev‡`i AkÖægvjv Awgq aviv iƒ‡c S‡i c‡owQj| 43 eQi eq‡m evK&kw³ nvivb|
Kwei g„Zz¨i ci cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : → evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci fviZ miKv‡ii AbygwZµ‡g
‡cÖ‡gi dzj (1970) ‡cÖ‡gi evYx (1970) 1972 mv‡ji 24 †g Kwe‡K mcwiev‡i XvKvq Avbv nq Ges
‡cÖg cvwiRvZ (1970) g›`vwKbx-aviv (1971) bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| 18 †deªæqvwi 1976 mv‡j Zv‡K
MIQ cv‡Ki †cÖ‡gi KzÄ (1979) bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges GKB eQ‡i ÔGKz‡k c`KÕ
g‡b ivLyb : †cÖ‡gi evYx ï‡b g›`vi gv‡SI dzj wb‡q MIR cÖ`vb Kiv nq| AZci, 1977 mv‡j gi‡YvËi ¯^vaxbZv
cv‡Ki `iev‡i †Mj †cÖg cvwiRvZ| cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| m~Î : e½fe‡bi kZel© (‡cÖm DBs
feb); evsjvwcwWqv I bRiæj ZvwiL Awfavb|
cO&w³ → wZwb †gvU 13 evi XvKv I 5 evi XvKv wek^we`¨vjq
Ôevsjvi Kve¨ evsjvi fvlv wgUvq Avgvi cÖv‡Yi wccvmv, Av‡mb| wZwb cÖ_gevi XvKv Av‡mb 1926 mv‡j| 1974
‡m ‡`k Avgvi bq †Mv Avcb, mv‡j XvKv wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K wZwb m¤§vbm~PK wW. wjU
‡h †`‡k evOvwj ‡bB|Õ (evsjv Avgvi) Dcvwa jvf K‡ib|
ÔAvwg †Zv cvMj n‡q hvB †h gayi Zv‡b
wK †h GK AvKl©‡Y Qz‡U hvB gy» g‡b|Õ (Avhvb) Kwei cÖ_g
Mí evDÛz‡ji AvZ¥Kvwnbx (1919) [22Zg wewmGm]
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg KweZv gyw³ (1919)
cÖeÜ ZzK© gwnjvi †NvgUv ‡Lvjv (1919)
ʘ wcZv : KvRx dwKi Avng` cÖeÜ MÖš’ hyMevYx (1922)
ʘ gvZv : Rv‡n`v LvZzb Mí MÖš’ e¨v_vi `vb (1922) [20Zg wewmGm]
ʘ Rb¥¯’vb : cwðge‡½i ea©gvb Kve¨MÖš’ AwMœexYv (1922)
†Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi wbwl× MÖš’ we‡li evuwk (1924)
Pziæwjqv MÖvg| bvUK wSwjwgwj (1927)
ʘ Kei : XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Dcb¨vm evuabnviv (1927)
kvnx gmwR` cÖv½Y (†K›`ªxq)
g‡b ivLyb Gfv‡e -
→ Rb¥ : 25 †g/ 24 †g (evsjvwcwWqv) 1899 (11B •Rô¨ ʘ evDÛz‡ji Mí (evDÛz‡ji AvZ¥Kvwnbx cÖ_g Mí)
1306 e½vã)| ZzK© gwnjvi †NvgUv †Lvjv cÖe‡Ü c‡owQjvg|
→ g„Zz¨ : 29 AvM÷ 1976 (12 fv`ª 1383 e½vã)| ʘ e¨v‡M (e¨v_vi `vb cÖ_g Mí MÖš’) AwMœexYv Kve¨MÖš’
†i‡LwQj bRiæj|
→ KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi m~Pbv N‡U †j‡Uvi Mv‡bi `‡j|
†j‡Uvi Mv‡bi `‡j wZwb _v‡Kb 1909-1910 wLª÷vã Dcb¨vm
ch©šÍ| Gici 1910 wLª÷v‡ãi wLª÷v‡ã wZwb evuabnviv Kz‡nwjKv g„Zz¨ÿzav
Avmvb‡mv‡j iæwUi †`vKv‡b KvR ïiæ K‡ib| g‡b ivLyb : evuabnviv Kz‡nwjKv g„Zzÿzavq KvZi|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
ʘ euvabnviv : bRiæj Bmjvg iwPZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm|
GwU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g c‡Îvcb¨vm| G‡Z 18wU
cÎ AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| PwiÎ : byiæj û`v,
iweDj, iv‡eqv, gby, gvneyev, †mvwdqv|
ʘ g„Zz¨¶zav [24Zg I 26Zg wewmGm] : G‡Z
gqgbwms‡ni wÎkvj MÖv‡gi mvaviY gvby‡li RxebwPÎ
dz‡U D‡V‡Q| PwiÎ: c¨vKv‡j, eywe, Avbmvi|
ʘ Kz‡nwjKv [36Zg wewmGm] : mk¯¿ wecø‡ei cUf~wg‡Z
wjwLZ G Dcb¨vm| Dcb¨vmwU KjKvZv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ
ÔgvwmK bI‡ivRÕ cwÎKvq cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| bI‡ivR
cwÎKv eÜ n‡j ÔmIMvZÕ cwÎKvq avivevwnKfv‡e
cÖKvwkZ nq| PwiÎ : Zvnwgbv, Rvnv½xi|
bvUK
wSwjwgwj (1930) Av‡jqv (1931)
cyZz‡ji we‡q (1933) gaygvjv (1960)
g‡b ivLyb : Av‡jqv wSwjwgwj i‡Oi kvwo c‡o gaygvjv‡K
wb‡q cyZz‡ji we‡q‡Z †Mj|
Kve¨MÖš’ (‡gvU 22wU) : evsjv gy³K Q‡›`i RbK
ʘ we‡`ªvn cÖavb Kve¨ : AwMœexYv (1922); we‡li euvwk
(1924) [21Zg wewmGm]; fv½vi Mvb (1924);
mvg¨ev`x (1925); me©nviv (1926); dwYgbmv
(1927) [24Zg evwZj wewmGm]; wRwÄi (1928);
mܨv (1929); cÖjq wkLv (1930)|
AwMœexYv
→ KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖš’ wKš‘
wØZxq cÖKvwkZ MÖš’|
→ cÖj‡qvjøvm (1g) [10g, 29Zg Ges 38Zg wewmGm],
we‡`ªvnx, i³v¤^i avwibx gv, AvMgbx, a~g‡KZz, Kvgvj
cvkv Av‡bvqvi, iY‡fix, mvZ-Bj-Avie, †Lqvcv‡ii
ZiYx, †KvievYx, gnviig GB eviwU KweZvi msKjb|
→ GB Kv‡e¨i Ab¨Zg I RbwcÖq KweZv we‡`ªvnx|
we‡`ªvnx KweZvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g Zv‡K we‡`ªvnxi Kwe ejv
nq, c‡i we‡`ªvnx Kwe| we‡`ªvnx KweZvwU cÖ_g
cÖKvwkZ nq 1328 e½v‡ãi KvwZ©K gv‡m (1921
wLª÷v‡ã) [40Zg wewmGm]| ‡gvm‡jg fviZ cwÎKvi
cÖ”Q‡` KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi ‣mwb‡K †cvkvK
cwiwnZ cÖwZK…wZmn Zvui weL¨vZ G KweZvwU cÖKvk
Kiv nq|
→ Ôwe`ªvnx KweZvwU KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi AwMœexYv
[31Zg wewmGm] Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z|
→ cÖ_g hy‡×i ci c„w_exi Ae¶q Ges fvi‡Zi ¯^vwaKvi
Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg‡Z Kve¨wU iPbv K‡ib KvRx
bRiæj Bmjvg|
→ Kve¨wUi cÖ_g ms¯‥i‡Yi cÖ”Q` cwiKíbvq wQ‡jb
AeYx›`ªbv_ VvKzi| MÖš’wU weªwUk we‡ivax ev½vjx evix›`ª
Kzgvi †Nvl‡K DrmM© K‡ib|
41 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
mvg¨ev`x mvg¨ev`x GB Kve¨MÖš’wU cÖ_g jvOj cwÎKvq
(1925) cÖKvwkZ nq| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvmg~n- bvix,
gvbyl, Kzwj-gRyi cÖf…wZ| GB Kve¨MÖ‡š’i
KweZvmg~n wecøevZ¥K|
we‡li evuwk we‡`ªvn cÖavb Kve¨| GB Kve¨MÖš’wU cÖ_g
(1924) wbwl× bq|
me©nviv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvmg~n- Avgvi •KwdqZ,
(1926) KvÐvix ûuwkqvi cÖf…wZ|
dwYgbmv we‡`ªvn cÖavb Kve¨| AšÍfz©³ KweZvmg~n-
(1927) me¨mvPx, Avkxev©` cÖf…wZ|
wRwÄi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvmg~n- fxiæ, AMÖcw_K,
(1928) Dgi dviæK cÖf…wZ|
mܨv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvmg~n- Pj Pj Pj
(1929) (evsjv‡`‡ki iY m½xZ*), Rxeb e›`bv,
Kvj-‣ekvLx cÖf…wZ|
ʘ †cÖg cÖavb Kve¨ : †`vjbPuvcv (1923); QvqvbU
(1924); c~‡e©i nvIqv (1925); wmÜz wn‡›`vj
(1927); PµevK (1929), †kl mIMvZ (1958)
(f~wgKv wj‡Lb †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ)
†`vjbPuvcv Kwe †R‡j _vKv Ae¯’vq 21wU KweZvi
(1923) mgš^‡q †`vjbPvucv Kve¨MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ nq|
D‡jøL‡hv¨ KweZvmg~n- AvR m„wó my‡Li
Djøv‡m, †ejv †k‡l, cy‡ei PvZK, A‡ejvi
WvK, c~RvwiYx, Kwe-ivYx cÖf…wZ|
wmÜz-wn‡›`vj D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvmg~n- wmÜz, `vwi`ª¨
(1927) [24Zg evwZj wewmGm], Awfhvb cÖf…wZ|
QvqvbU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvmg~n- weRwqbx, •PwZ
(1924) nvIqv, we`vq-‡ejvq cÖf…wZ|
ʘ wkï‡Zvl Kve¨ : wS‡½dzj (1926); mvZ fvB P¤úv,
bZzb Puv` (1945), wbS©i (1938), mwÂZv
(1928), wRwÄi (1928), So (1960)
AwMœexYv
→ KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖš’ wKš‘
wØZxq cÖKvwkZ MÖš’|
→ cÖj‡qvjøvm (1g) [10g, 29Zg Ges 38Zg wewmGm],
we‡`ªvnx, i³v¤^i avwibx gv, AvMgbx, a~g‡KZz, Kvgvj
cvkv Av‡bvqvi, iY‡fix, mvZ-Bj-Avie, †Lqvcv‡ii
ZiYx, †KvievYx, gnviig GB eviwU KweZvi msKjb|
→ GB Kv‡e¨i Ab¨Zg I RbwcÖq KweZv we‡`ªvnx|
we‡`ªvnx KweZvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g Zv‡K we‡`ªvnxi Kwe ejv
nq, c‡i we‡`ªvnx Kwe| we‡`ªvnx KweZvwU cÖ_g
cÖKvwkZ nq 1328 e½v‡ãi KvwZ©K gv‡m (1921
wLª÷v‡ã) [40Zg wewmGm]| ‡gvm‡jg fviZ cwÎKvi
cÖ”Q‡` KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi ‣mwb‡K †cvkvK
cwiwnZ cÖwZK…wZmn Zvui weL¨vZ G KweZvwU cÖKvk
Kiv nq|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
→ Ôwe`ªvnx KweZvwU KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi AwMœexYv
[31Zg wewmGm] Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z|
→ cÖ_g hy‡×i ci c„w_exi Ae¶q Ges fvi‡Zi ¯^vwaKvi
Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg‡Z Kve¨wU iPbv K‡ib KvRx
bRiæj Bmjvg|
→ Kve¨wUi cÖ_g ms¯‥i‡Yi cÖ”Q` cwiKíbvq wQ‡jb
AeYx›`ªbv_ VvKzi| MÖš’wU weªwUk we‡ivax ev½vjx evix›`ª
Kzgvi †Nvl‡K DrmM© K‡ib|
KweZv
Pj& Pj& Pj& ; Mvwn Zvnv‡`iB Mvb; Rxeb e›`bv, †Lqv cv‡ii
ZiYx XvKvi beve cwiev‡ii GK gwnjvi Aw¼Z Qwe †`‡L
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg iPbv K‡ib GB KweZvwU|
Rxebx MÖš’ : giyfv¯‥i, wPËbvgv
Mv‡bi msKjb
eyjeyj, †Pv‡Li PvZK, ¸jevwMPv, MxwZ kZ`j, myiwjwc,
bRiæj MxwZ, myigyKzj, Mv‡bi gvjv, myi mvKx, ebMxwZ,
ivOvRev [20Zg wewmGm]|
Mvb (bRiæj m½xZ)
Zuvi iwPZ Mv‡bi msL¨v cÖvq 3000 I AwaK hvi AwaKvsk
wZwb wb‡RB myi K‡i‡Qb|
evsjv‡`‡ki iY m½xZ
evsjv‡`‡ki iY m½xZ 1928 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m ZrKvjxb
ea©gvb nvD‡R (evsjv GKv‡Wwg) AbywôZ ‣eV‡K MvbwU iPbv
K‡ib| hvv gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡Ri gyLcvÎ ÔwkLvÕ cwÎKvi
wØZxq evwl©K msL¨vq bZzb Mvb wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU
mܨv Kv‡e¨i AšÍM©Z| hvi 21 jvBb 1972 mv‡j gwš¿mfvq
iYmsMxZ wnmv‡e wbe©vPb nq| iYmsMxZ mvgwiK Abyôv‡b
evRv‡bv nq|
MíMÖš’
o e¨v_vi `vb (1922) MíMÖš’wUi ivRe›`xi wPwV
e¨ZxZ Mí¸‡jvi fvlv Av‡eMvkÖqx I bi-bvixi
†cÖg-‡Kw›`ªK| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Mímg~n- ivRe›`xi wPwV,
†nbv, e¨_vi `vb, AZ…ß Kvgbv, ev`j ewil‡Y,
Ny‡gi †Nv‡i|
o wi‡³i †e`b (1925) MíMÖš’wUi Mímg~‡ni
cÖavb welq †cÖg| evD‡Ð‡ji AvZ¥Kvwnbx, †g‡ni
wbMvi, mvu‡Si Zviv, ivÿzmx, mv‡jK, ¯^vgxnviv,
`yišÍ cw_K cÖf…wZ wi‡³i †e`‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Mí|
o wkDwjgvjv (1931) cÙ†MvLiv [32Zg wewmGm],
wR‡bi ev`kv, wkDwjgvjv|
‡KŠk‡j g‡b ivLyb : wkDwjgvjv ‡K cÙ‡MvLiv e¨_v w`‡j
wi‡³i ‡e`bvq wR‡bi ev`kvq cwiYZ nq|
‡R‡b ivLyb : cÙ‡MvLiv (Mí) Ñ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Ges
cÙivM (Dcb¨vm) Ñ †eMg †iv‡Kqv|
42 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
cÖeÜ MÖš’
hyMevYx (1922); `yw`©‡bi hvÎx (1926), ivRe›`xi
Revbe›`x (1923), a~g‡KZz, I iy`ªg½j (1927)|
m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv
•`wbK behyM (1920), a~g‡KZz (1922), jvOj (1925)|
‡KŠk‡j g‡b ivLyb : bRiæj •`wbK behy‡M jvOj w`‡q
ayg‡KZzi Pvl KiZ|
cÖnmb
wPiKzgvi mfvi mfvcwZ ‣eKz‡Úi Avi ‡kl i¶v n‡jv bv|
(wPiKzgvi mfv, ‣eKz‡Éi LvZv, †kl iÿv)
Kve¨vbyev`
iæevBqvZ B-nvwdR, iæevBqvZ-B-Igi •Lqvg, Kv‡e¨
Avgcviv|
Kwei wbwl× MÖš’ (5/6wU)
we‡li evuwk, fvOvi Mvb, cÖjq wkLv, P›`ªwe›`y, hyMevYx|
Ôi³v¤^i avwiYx gvÕ wbwl× n‡j ÒAwMœexYv Kve¨Mš’wU wbwl×
n‡q hvq e‡j A‡b‡Ki AwfgZ|
ʘ cÖjq wkLv MÖš’wU iPbvi Rb¨ Kwei 6 gv‡mi
Kviv`Ð nq|
Avb›`gqxi AvMg‡b : a~g‡KZzi 26 †m‡Þ¤^i 1922
msL¨vq bRiy‡ji cÖ”Qbœ ivR‣bwZK KweZv Avb›`gqxi
AvMg‡b cÖKvk n‡j 8 b‡f¤^i cwÎKvi H msL¨v wbwl× Kiv
nq Ges G KweZv iPbvi Rb¨ weªwUk miKvi KZ…©K 1 eQ‡ii
mkªg Kviv`‡Ð `wÐZ nb [22Zg I 26Zg wewmGm]| Z‡e
ÔAwMœexYvÕ ev‡Rqvß nIqvi K_v cÖPwjZ _vK‡jI Avm‡j
ÔAwMœexYvÕ KL‡bv Avb›`gqxi AvMg‡b KweZvwUi Rb¨
ev‡Rqvß nq wb| A_v©r ïay AwMœexYv Kve¨MÖš’wU ayg‡KZz
cwÎKvq avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nIqvi mg‡q cwÎKvi ïay
GKwU cwÎKvi msL¨v evwZj nq|
i³v¤^iavwibx gv
KweZvwU cÖ_g 1329 evsjv fv`ª gv‡m a~g‡KZz cwÎKvq
cÖKvwkZ nq| GB KweZvq Kwe `~M©vi Amyi webvkx g~wZ©i
AvnŸvb K‡i‡Qb| Kwei †Pv‡L GB aŸs‡mi ey‡KB RvM‡e
m„wói me c~wY©gv| KweZvwUi cÖ”Qbœ ivR‣bwZK †PZbv _vKvq
wbwl× Kiv nq|
DrmM©xK…Z MÖš’
ʘ mwÂZv Ñ iwe VvKzi‡K [16Zg wewmGm, 24Zg
evwZj wewmGm]
ʘ wS‡O dzj Ñ exi ev`j
ʘ AwMœexYvÑ evix›`ªKzgvi †Nvl‡K
ʘ me©nviv Ñ weiRv my›`ix †`ex‡K
ʘ wPËbvgv Ñ wPËiÄb `vk‡K
ʘ fv½vi Mvb Ñ †gw`bxcyievmxi D‡Ïk¨
ʘ QvqvbU Ñ gyRvd&di Avn‡g` I KzZzeDwÏb‡K
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 43 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
ʘ PµevK Ñ XvKv K‡j‡Ri Aa¨¶ my‡i›`ªbv_ •g·K ÔKvÐvix G Zixi cvKv gvwS gvjøv †Lqvcv‡ii
ʘ wmÜz wn‡›`vj Ñ nvexeyjøvn evnvi I kvgmybvnvi `uvwo gy‡L mvwiMvb ZiYx
gvngy`‡K jv kixK AvjøvnÕ
ʘ we‡li euvkx Ñ †gvmv¤§` gvmy`v LvZzb (whwb bvix `yM©g wMwi, KvšÍvi-giæ, `y¯Íi cvivcvi KvÐvix ûwkqvi
AwaKvi Av‡›`vjb Kgx© wQ‡jb) jw•N‡Z n‡e ivwÎ-wb_x‡_,
Pjw”P‡Î bRiæj hvÎxiv ûwkqvi!
→ a~cQvqv (1931)- wZwb wQ‡jb cÖ_g evOvwj ÔeD K_v KI, eD K_v KI
Pjw”PÎKvi| Zvui cwiPvjwZ GB Pjw”PÎwU 1931 mv‡j KI K_v Awfgvwbbx
gyw³ cvq| †m‡a †m‡a †Ku‡` †Ku‡`
→ aªæe (1934) [Kwe bvqK bvivqY Pwi‡Î] hv‡e KZ hvwgbxÕ [14Zg wewmGm]
Ôbv‡P cv‡c-wmÜz‡Z Zz½ Zi½! †Lqvcv‡ii
→ cvZvjcyix (1935) [bRiæ‡ji 1g m½xZ cwiPvjK]
g„Zz¨i gnvwbkv iæ`ª Dj½! ZiYx
→ M„n`vn, MÖ‡ni †di, we`¨vcwZ (Kvwnbx bRiæj) wbt‡k‡l wbkvPi, wbkvPi, MÖv‡m gnvwe‡k^,
→ bRiæj‡K wb‡q KvbvWvq Pjw”PÎ hvi bvg ÔbRiæjÕ Îv‡m Kuv‡c ZiYxi cvcx hZ wbt‡k‡lÕ
cwiPvjK- wdwjc ¯úv‡ij Ôwe‡k^ hv wKQz gnvb m„wó wPi Kj¨vYKi bvix
→ †Mviv, mvcy‡o, bw›`bx, w`Kïj, Awfbq, †P․i½x, kni A‡a©K Zvi Kwiqv‡Q bvix A‡a©K Zvi biÕ
†_‡K `~i ÔKuvUvKz‡ÄÕ ewm ZzB Muvw_we gvwjKv (24Zg evwZj
→ ÔLywK I KvVweovwjÕ Ges ÔwjPz †PviÕ bvgK Kve¨ `ywU wb‡q w`qv †Mby Wv‡j †Zvi †e`bvi wUKvÕ wewmGm)
Pjw”PÎ wbwg©Z nq| Ômv‡g¨i Mvb MvB, Avgvi P‡ÿ/
cyiæl-igYx †Kvb †f`v‡f` bvBÕ
bRiæ‡ji ¯§„wZ weRwoZ ¯’vb hvÎxiv ivw·i n‡Z Gj †Lqv cvi, ‡Lqvcv‡ii
→ KvRxi wkgjv, wÎkvj- 1914 mv‡j KvRx iwdR Djøvn ev‡Rªwi Zz‡h© G M‡R©‡Q †K Avevi? ZiYx
`v‡ivMv Avmvb‡mvj iæwUi †`vKvb n‡Z wÎkv‡j G‡b e„_v Îv‡m cÖj‡qi wmÜz I †`qv-fvi, ‡Lqvcv‡ii
`wiivgcyi ¯‥z‡j (eZ©gvb bRiæj GKv‡Wwg) 7g †kªwY‡Z H nj c~‡Y¨i hvwÎiv †Lqvcvi| ZiYx
fwZ© K‡i †`b| †mRb¨ GB MÖv‡gi eUZjv bvgK ¯’v‡b Ôbxjwmqv Avmgvb jv‡j jvj `ywbqv gniig
RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vcb Kiv Av¤§v! jvj ‡Zwi Lyb wKqv Lywbqv|
nq| Kvu‡` †Kvb µ›`mx Kvievjv †dviv‡Z
→ †`․jZcyi : 1921 mv‡j bRiæj Zuvi eÜz Avjx AvKei ‡m-Kvu`‡b Avmy Av‡b mxgv‡ii †Qviv‡Z|Õ
Lv‡bi Avgš¿‡Y Kzwgjøv †Rjvi †`․jZcy‡i Av‡mb Ges 71 Ôee©i ewj hvnv‡`i Mvwj cvwoj ÿz`ªgbv
w`b Ae¯’vb K‡ib| K~c-gÐ~K ÔAmshgxÕi AvL¨v w`qv‡Q hv‡i|Õ
→ Kvc©vmWv½v : 1926 mv‡j wecøex †ngšÍ Kzgvi I gwng
miKv‡ii Avgš¿‡Y PzqvWv½v Av‡mb I 2 gvm mcwiev‡i
_v‡Kb| Rmxg D`&`xb (1903-1976)
cOw³ wcZv : AvbmviDÏxb †gvjøv
ÔMvwn mv‡g¨i Mvb, aiYxi nv‡Z w`j hviv Rxeb-e›`bv gvZv : Avwgbv LvZzb Ii‡d ivOvQzU
Avwb dm‡ji digvbÕ Rb¥ : 1jv Rvbyqvwi 1903 mv‡j
ÔAvwg wPi`y©`g `ywe©bxZ, b„ksm we‡`ªvnx Rb¥¯’vb : dwi`cy‡ii Zv¤^yjLvbv MÖvg
gnv-cÖj‡qi Avwg bUivR (31Zg wewmGm)
Avwg mvB‡K¬vb, Avwg aŸsmÕ •cwÎK wbevm : dwi`cy‡ii Aw¤^Kvcyi
Avwg g„b¥q, Avwg wPb¥q we‡`ªvnx (c~‡e© †Mvwe›`cyi)
Avwg ARi Agi Aÿq, Avwg Ae¨q! → gqgbwmsn MxwZKv msMÖn : KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
Avwg gvbe `vbe †`eZvi fq, A_©vbyK‚‡j¨ W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi AvbyK‚‡j¨ wZwb
we‡k^i Avwg wPi `yR©q gqgbwmsn MxwZKvi ÒgûqvÓ cvjvwU msMÖn K‡ib|
Ôgg GK nv‡Z euvKv euv‡ki euvkix, we‡`ªvnx → Avengvb evsjvi mvs¯‥…wZK HwZ‡n¨ iwPZ cÖ_g c~Y©v½
Avi nv‡Z iY Zzh©| AvaywbK Kwe|
Ô†`wLqv ïwbqv †ÿwcqv wMqvwQ, •Kwdqr → 1921 mv‡j †gvm‡jg fviZ cwÎKvq Zvui Ôwgjb MvbÕ
ZvB hvnv Av‡m KB gy‡LÕ KweZvwU cÖKvwkZ nq hv Zvui 1g cÖKvwkZ KweZv|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 44 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ Kwe `kg †kÖwYi QvÎ _vKvKvjxb ÔKeiÕ KweZvwU P‡j gymvwdi (1952); nj‡` cixi †`k (1967); †h †`‡k
wj‡L‡Qb| Kwe QvÎ _vKvKvjxb mg‡q Zvui wjwLZ ÔKeiÕ gvbyl eo (1968); Rvg©vbxi kn‡i e›`‡i (1975)|
KweZvwU 1926 mv‡j K‡jøvj cwÎKvi Z…Zxq msL¨vq wkï‡Zvl MÖš’
cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq (25Zg wewmGm) Ges †m mg‡q nvmy (1938), GK cqmvi euvkx (1949); WvwjgKzgvi (1951)
gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi cvV¨ ZvwjKvfz³ nq| GwU 1335 evs ev½vwji nvwmi Mí (1960)|
mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wm‡jKk‡b ¯’vb
cvq| GwU ÔgvÎve„ËÕ Q‡›` iwPZ| KweZvwU Zuvi cÖ_g ʘ Avmgvbx : GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv| KweZvwU Kwei
Kve¨MÖš’ ÔivLvjxÕ Gi AšÍM©Z| KweZvwU †gvU PiY msL¨v ÔGK cqmvi evukx Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍf©y³| Avmgvbxi
118wU| KweZvwU‡Z ÔwcÖqRb nviv‡bvi ü`qwe`viK evox ZrKvjxb dwi`cyi †Rjvq (eZ©gv‡b-
¯§„wZPviY Kiv n‡q‡QÕ| gv`vixci)| KweZvwUi c¼wZ-
→ XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖfvlK wQ‡jb : 1938 1943 ÔAvmgvbx‡i ‡`L‡Z hw` †Zvgiv m‡e PvI,
mvj ch©šÍ| IwngwÏi †QvÆ evwo imyjcy‡i hvI|
Kve¨MÖš’ evwo †Zv bq cvwLi evmv †fbœv cvZvi Qvwb,
GKUz Lvwb e„wó n‡jB Mwo‡q c‡o cvwb|Õ
ivLvjx (1927) [34Zg wewmGm] 1g cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖš’;
(24Zg wewmGm), bKkx Kvu_vi gvV (1929) †kÖô iPbv| Mv‡bi msKjb
Kve¨wUi Bs‡iwR Abyev`, Field of the Embroidery Mv‡½i cvo (1964), ew½jv bv‡qi gvwS (1935), RvwiMvb
Quilt Ges Gi Abyev`K E.M. Milford. PwiÎ- mvRy (1968), gywk©`x Mvb (1977)|
Ges iƒcvB| AvZ¥Rxebx Rxeb K_v (1968)|
Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨MÖš’: evjyPi (1930), avb‡ÿZ (1933), †mvRb
evw`qvi NvU (1934) PwiÎ : †mvRb Ges `ywj; iƒceZx
cyi¯‥vi
(1946), gvwUi Kvbœv (1958), mwKbv (1959), njy` eiYx o wek^fviZx wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K wW. wjU wWwMÖ- 1969
o GKz‡k c`K- 1976
(1966), R‡j †jLb (1969), fqven †mB w`b¸‡jv‡Z
o ¯^vaxbZv c`K- 1978 (gi‡YvËi)
(1972), gv‡Mv R¦vjv‡‡q ivwLm Av‡jv (1976), gv ‡h Rbbx
Kv‡›` (24Zg wewmGm), m~Pqbx (1961); [wbe©vwPZ KweZv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv
msKjb], Kvd‡bi wgwQj (1988)| Kei (ivLvjx) cjøxRbbx gymvwdi (evjyPi)
‡K․k‡j Kve¨mg~n g‡b ivLyb: gv‡Mv! iƒceZx njy` eiYx Avmgvbx ivLvj †Q‡j (ivLvjx)
mwLbv evjyPi gv‡Vi ivLvjx nvmyi GK cqmv evuwk ïb‡Z †L‡jvqvo wbgš¿Y (avb‡¶Z) Pvlvi †Q‡j
bv cvivq avb‡¶‡Z gvwUi Kvbœv ‡Ku‡` Kvd‡bi wgwQj
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cO&w³
wb‡q bKkx Kvu_vi gvV †cwi‡q ‡mvRb evw`qvi Nv‡U ‡Mj|
ÔKuvPv av‡bi cvZvi gZ KwP gy‡Li gvqvÕ bKkx Kuv_vi gvV
bvUK ÔwZwik eQi wfRv‡q †i‡LwQ `yB bq‡bi R‡jÕ Kei
cÙvcvo (1950); †e‡`i †g‡q (36Zg wewmGm); gaygvjv ÔGZUzKz Zv‡i N‡i G‡bwQby †mvbvi gZ gyL
(1951); cjøxeay, MÖv‡gi gvqv, Avmgvb wmsn (1986), I‡Mv cyZz‡ji we‡q †f‡O †Mj e‡j †Ku‡` Kei
cy®úaby (1968) BZ¨vw`| fvmvBZ eyKÕ
‡K․k‡j g‡b ivLyb : †e‡`i †g‡q cjøxeay gaygvjv‡K wb‡q ÔKuvPv av‡bi cvZvi gZ KwP gy‡Li gvqvÕ bKkx Kuv_vi gvV
MÖv‡gi gvqv †Q‡o cÙvcv‡o cÙvcv‡o Avmgvb wmsn bvUK ÔZzwg hv‡e fvB- wbgš¿Y
‡`L‡Z †Mj| hv‡e †gvi mv‡_, Avgv‡`i †QvU Mvuq,
Mv‡Qi Qvqvq jZvq cvZvq D`vmx e‡bi evq;
Dcb¨vm
GKgvÎ Dcb¨vm Ñ †evev Kvwnbx (1964) Ñ dwi`cy‡ii Rxeb
wPÎ wb‡q Kvwnbx| hv GKwU †jvKRxeb wfwËK| PwiÎ : cÖg_ †P․ayix
AvRnvi|
Rb¥ : 7 AvM÷ 1868 wLª÷vã
¯§„wZK_v g„Zy¨ : 2 wW‡m¤^i, 1946
hv‡`i †`‡LwQ (1952), VvKzi evwoi Avw½bvq (1961) Rb¥¯’vb : h‡kv‡i (wcZvi Kg©¯’‡j)
¯§„wZPviYg~jK M`¨ MÖš’, ¯§„wZcU (1964)| ‣cwÎK wbevm : cvebv †Rjvi PvU‡gvni
cÖeZ©b : evsjv M‡`¨ PwjZ fvlvixwZi
ågYKvwnbx cÖeZ©K|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 45 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ QÙbv‡g †jLv‡jwL Ki‡Zb| QÙbvg wn‡m‡e KL‡bv cyi¯‥vi
exiej, KL‡bv bxj‡jvwnZ e¨envi Ki‡Zb| wZwb g~jZ 1938 mv‡j KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K RMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`K
cÖvewÜK| wZwb Rxe‡b R¨vVvwg I mvwn‡Z¨ b¨vKvwg mn¨ jvf K‡ib|
Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Kb¨v I
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii åvZz®úyÎx Bw›`iv †`exi mv‡_ weevn
01. Ô‡Zj byb jvKoxÕ Kvi iwPZ MÖš’- cÖg_ †P․ayix| (35Zg
(1899) e܇b Ave× nb|
wewmGm)
→ wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g we`ªƒcvZ¥K cÖeÜ iPbv K‡ib| 02. ÔexiejÕ QÙbv‡g †K wjL‡Zb?- cÖg_ †P․ayix| (32Zg
→ iex›`ªbv‡_i K_¨ fvlvq †jLv Dcb¨vm Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ wewmGm)
meyRcÎ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zvi PwjZ fvlvi 03. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ K_¨ixwZi cÖPj‡b †Kvb cwÎKvi Ae`vb
Av‡›`vjb e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i| ‡ewk?- meyRcÎ| (29Zg wewmGm)
→ wZwb PwjZ ixwZ‡Z 1902 mv‡j fviZx cwÎKvq 04. ÔRxe‡b R¨vVvwg I mvwn‡Z¨ b¨vKvwgÕ mn¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb
Ôexie‡ji nvjLvZvÕ bv‡g cÖ_g M`¨ iPbv K‡ib| bv- cÖg_ †P․ayix| (27Zg wewmGm)
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ BZvwjq m‡b‡Ui cÖeZ©K| divwm 05. Ôexie‡ji nvjLvZvÕ MÖš’wU †Kvb ai‡bi iPbv?- cÖeÜ|
m‡bUixwZ wUªq‡jU, †ZR©wigv BZ¨vw` evsjv Kv‡e¨ (24Zg wewmGm)
cÖeZ©b K‡ib| KviY wZwb Bs‡iwR I divwm mvwn‡Z¨ 06. Ôfvlv gvby‡li gy‡L †_‡K Kj‡gi gy‡L Av‡m, D‡ëvUv
`xwÿZ wQ‡jb| Ki‡Z †M‡j gy‡L ïay KvwjB c‡oÕ-Dw³wU K‡i‡Qb-
→ cÖ_g cÖeÜ ÔRq‡`eÕ cÖKvwkZ nq ÔmvabvÕ cwÎKvq 1893 cÖg_ †P․ayix| (24Zg wewmGm)
mv‡j| 07. ÔmywkwÿZ †jvK gvÎB ¯^wkwÿZÕ-Dw³wU Kvi?-cÖg_
†P․ayix| (15Zg wewmGm)
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ diiæL Avng`
m‡bU cÂvkr (1913), c`PviY (1919)|
Rb¥ : 10 RyjvB, 1918 wLª÷vã
Mí MÖš’ g„Zz¨ : 19 A‡±vei, 1974 wLª÷vã
Pvi Bqvix K_v (1916), AvûwZ (1919), bxj‡jvwnZ I Rb¥¯’vb : gv¸iv †Rjvi (ZrKvjxb h‡kvi)
MímsMÖn (1914)| kÖxcyi Dc‡Rjvi gvSAvBj MÖvg|
cÖeÜ-MÖš’ cwiwPwZ : gymwjg †i‡bmuvi Kwe,
‡Zj-byb-jvKox (1906), exie‡ji nvjLvZv (1916), gymwjg cybR©vMi‡Yi Kwe|
bvbvK_v (1919), Avgv‡`i wkÿv (1920), ivq‡Zi K_v cÖK…Z bvg : •mq` diiæL Avng`
(1926), bvbvPP©v (1932), AvZ¥K_v (1946), cÖeÜ msMÖn
(1g LÐ 1952, 2q LÐ 1953) ÔeB covÕ cÖeÜ Gi → `v`x WvK‡Zb ÔigRvbÕ e‡j| Kwei wcZvi bvg •mq`
AšÍ©MZ, mvwn‡Z¨i †Ljv- [†iv`¨uv GKRb e¨w³i bvg] nv‡Zg Avjx|
→ Lyjbv †Rjv ¯‥zj g¨vMvwR‡b (1936) cÖ_g KweZv
m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ nq|
gvwmK mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv ÔmeyRcÎÕ (1941), wek^fviZx|
.
→ 1937 mv‡j ÔivwÎÕ KweZv eyjeyj cwÎKv I Ôcvc-Rb¥Õ
KweZv †gvnv¤§`x cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq|
weL¨vZ Dw³
→ cvwK¯Ívbx miKvi †iwWI I †Uwjwfk‡b iex›`ª msMxZ
→ mywkwÿZ e¨w³ bv‡gB ¯^wkwÿZ| (eB cov) cÖPvi e‡Üi wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡j wZwb G wm×v‡šÍi mg_©b
→ fvlv gvby‡li gyL n‡Z Kj‡gi gy‡L Av‡m, D‡ëvUv †Póv Ávcb K‡ib|
Ki‡Z †M‡j gy‡L ïay Kvwj c‡o| [fvlvi K_v]
→ wZwb cvwK¯Ív‡bi ALÐZvq wek^vmx wQ‡jb| ZvB
→ g‡bvRM‡Z evwZ R¦vjv‡bvi R‡b¨ mvwnZ¨PP©vi we‡kl evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZv K‡i e³…Zv I wee„wZ
cÖ‡qvRb| cÖ`vb K‡ib|
→ e¨vwaB msµvgK, ¯^v¯’¨ bq|
→ mvwn‡Z¨i D‡Ïk¨ gvby‡li gb‡K RvMv‡bv| mvwnZ¨Kg©
→ Áv‡bi cÖ`xc †hLv‡bB R¦v‡jv bv †Kb, Zvnvi Av‡jvK Kve¨MÖš’
Pviw`K QovBqv cwo‡e| o mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS (1944) [22Zg I 28Zg
→ mvwnZ¨ mvabvi dj n‡jv g‡bi gyw³| wewmGm]: GwU Zvui †kÖô Kve¨ [29Zg wewmGm]|
Kv‡e¨i DcRxe¨ ÔBmjv‡gi BwZnvm I HwZn¨Õ [13Zg
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 46 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
wewmGm]| G‡Z †gvU 19wU KweZv Av‡Q| weL¨vZ ‡eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb
KweZv- cv‡Äix, mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS, wm›`vev`, jvk
G Kv‡e¨i AšÍ©MZ|| (Kwe †ebwRi Avng‡`i Avw_©K Rb¥ : 9 wW‡m¤^i, 1980
mvnv‡h¨|) g„Zz¨ : 9 wW‡m¤^i, 1932
o wmivRvg gybxiv (1952) [17Zg wewmGm] Rb¥¯’vb : iscyi †Rjvi wgVvcyKzi
o ‡b․‡dj I nv‡Zg (1961, Kve¨bvU¨) Dc‡Rjvi cvqive›` MÖv‡gi Rwg`vi
o gyn~‡Z©i KweZv (1936, m‡bU msKjb) cwiev‡i
o nv‡ZgZvqx (1966, Kvwnbx Kve¨)
o bZzb †jLv (1969) → •cZ…K bvg †iv‡Kqv LvZzb| †WcywU g¨vwR‡óªU ¯^vgxi
o nv‡e`v giæi Kvwnbx (1981) Drmv‡n fvMjcy‡i evmKv‡j mvwnZ¨ mvabvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM
o wm›`vev` (1983) K‡ib| 1909 mv‡ji 3 †g mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb gviv
hvb| wZwb evsjv Ôbvix RvMi‡Yi AMÖ`~ZÕ wn‡m‡e L¨vZ|
weL¨vZ KweZv → Zvui Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ 9 wW‡m¤^i nIqvq 9 wW‡m¤^‡i Ô‡iv‡Kqv
o Dcnvi : wb‡Ri we‡q Dcj‡ÿ ‡j‡Lb| (mIMvZ w`emÕ wn‡m‡e cvjb Kiv nq|
cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ)| → 1911 mv‡j wZwb KjKvZvq mvLvIqvZ †g‡gvwiqvj Mvj©m
o ¯§iYx : cvwK¯Ív‡bi Kwe Avjøvgv BKev‡ji ¯‥zj cÖwZôv K‡ib|
ci‡jvKMg‡b GwU wb‡ew`Z Kiv nq|
o cv‡Äix : dviwm kã cv‡Äix- Gi evsjv A_© Rvnv‡Ri mvwnZ¨Kg©
AMÖfv‡M iwÿZ c_wb‡`©kK Av‡jvKewZ©Zv ev
Av‡jvKewZ©Zvavix e¨w³| kãwU GLv‡b iƒcK A‡_© cÖeÜ MÖš’
e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Bs‡iR kvm‡bi huvZvK‡j wcô o gwZPzi [38Zg wewmGm] – ‡jwLKvi iwPZ cÖ_g MÖš’|
fviZe‡l©i ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix †m․iRMr, ‡Wwjwmqv nZ¨v, Ávb-dj, bvix-m„wó, bvm©
†bZv‡K cv‡Äix wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| †bjx cÖf…wZ iƒcK_vi Mí 2q L‡Ð i‡q‡Q|
wkï‡Zvl Kve¨MÖš’ o Ae‡ivaevwmbx [11Zg wewmGm] – ‡jwLKvi †kÖô
cvwLi evmv (1965) g‡b ivLyb : Pvu‡`i MÖš’| GwU GKwU bKkvag©x M`¨MÖš’|
ni‡di Qov (1970) †`‡ki cvwLi evmvq dzj o bvixi AwaKvi – †jwLKvi †kl iPbv|
Puv‡`i Avmi (1970) (dz‡ji Rjmv) Avi Dcb¨vm
Qovi Avmi (1970) ni‡di Qov e‡jwQj o cÙivM beb~i cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| G mKj
dz‡ji Rjmv (1985) diiæL Avng`| cwÎKvq wg‡mm Avi Gm †nv‡mb bv‡g ‡jLv nZ| GB
cyi¯‥vi Dcb¨vmwU‡K Dcb¨v‡mvg M`¨ AvL¨vwqKv wn‡m‡e
o evsjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi (1960) we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
o cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii †cÖwm‡W›U cyi¯‥vi ÔcÖvBW Ae o myjZvbvi ¯^cœÕ (Sultana’s Dream) – Bs‡iwR‡Z
cvidi‡gÝÕ (1961) †jLv Dcb¨vm| Dcb¨vmwUi Abyev` MÖ‡š’i bvg
o Av`gRx cyi¯‥vi (1966, nv‡ZgZvqx MÖ‡š’i Rb¨) ÔmyjZvbvi ¯^cœÕ| wZwb wb‡RB Gi Abyev` K‡ib| GB
o BD‡b‡¯‥v cyi¯‥vi (1966, cvwLi evmv MÖ‡š’i Rb¨) Dcb¨v‡m ÔLady land’ Gi D‡jøL Av‡Q|
o gi‡YvËi GKz‡k c`K (1977) gi‡YvËi ¯^vaxbZv
c`K (1980) kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (1876-1938)
cO&w³
‡n gvwS! Gevi ZzwgI †c‡qvbv fq, mvZ Aciv‡Rq K_vwkíx kirP›`ª
ZzwgI KzovI †nivi cw_K ZviKvi we¯§q, mvM‡ii P‡Ævcva¨vq 1876 mv‡ji 15
So–K G S‡o bvi½xcvZv, gvwS †m‡Þ¤^i cwðge‡½i ûMjxi
Zey cvZv AMYb wfo K‡i- †`evb›`cyi MÖv‡g GK `wi`ª eªvþY
‡h_v RvM‡Q AvKvk †nivi ivR‡ZviY|Õ cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb 16
Ô‡gN e„wó Av‡jvi †`‡k ‡gN e„wó Rvbyqvwi 1938 mv‡j KjKvZvq
meyR I‡Vv ivOv †e‡k|Õ Av‡jvi †`‡k g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
ÔivZ †cvnvevi KZ †`wi cv‡Äwi? cv‡Äwi → wZwb Awbjv †`ex QÙbvg mvwnZ¨ PP©v Ki‡Zb| GQvovI
GLbI †Zvgvi Avmgvb fiv †g‡N? wZwb AcivwRZv †`ex, kÖx P‡Ævcva¨vq, Abyiƒcv †`ex,
‡mZviv, ‡njvj GL‡bv I‡Vwb †R‡M? kÖxKvšÍ kg©v, my‡i›`ªbv_ M‡½vcva¨vq, ciïivg QÙbv‡g
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 47 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
wjL‡Zb| (‡R‡b ivLyb : ivR‡kLi emy ciïivg o ïf`v (1938)
QÙbv‡g wjL‡Zb)| o ‡k‡li cwiPq (1939) : GwU Zvui Amvgß Dcb¨vm|
→ Zvui wcZvi bvg gwZjvj P‡Ævcva¨vq Ges gvZvi bvg Dcb¨vmwU †kl K‡ib ivavivYx †`ex| PwiÎ- mweZv,
fzeb‡gvwnbx †`ex| igYx evey|
mvwnZ¨Kg© weL¨vZ ‡QvUMí
Dcb¨vm o gw›`i - cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Mí| M‡íi Rb¨ 1903 mv‡j
o eow`w` (1913) : cÖ_g Dcb¨vm| ÔfviZxÕ cwÎKvq KzšÍjxb cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| PwiÎ- AcY©v, Agibv_,
cÖKvwkZ nq| PwiÎ- gvaex I my‡i›`ªbv_| kw³bv_|
o cwiYxZv (1914) o iv‡gi mygwZ (1914) : PwiÎ- ivg, bvivqYx|
o weivR †e․ (1914) [6ô we‡RGm] o c_-wb‡`©k (1914)
o cwÐZ gkvB (1914) : PwiÎ- e„›`veb `vk| o Avuav‡i Av‡jv (1915)
o cjøxmgvR (1915) : GB Dcb¨v‡mi g~j welqe¯‘ Ôcjøx o `c©P~Y© (1915)
Rxe‡bi nxbZv I ÿz`ª ivRbxwZi cUf~wgKvq Gi o gvgjvi dj (1920) : PwiÎ- wkey, k¤¢y, Mqvivg|
Av`k©ev`x hyeK-hyeZx m¤úK© I Zv‡`i Awfkß o wejvmx (1920) : G M‡íi weL¨vZ Dw³- ÔAwZKvq
†cÖgKvwnbxÕ| Dcb¨vmwU ÔfviZel© cwÎKvq nw¯Í †jvc cvBqv‡Q wKš‘ †Zjv‡cvKv wUwKqv Av‡QÕ|
avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq| bvU¨iƒc ÔigvÕ| PwiÎ : b¨vov, wejvmx, g„ZzÄq|
igv, i‡gk| o g‡nk (1926) : mv_©K †QvUMí| G M‡íi PwiÎ-
o •eKz‡Éi DBj (1916) Av‡gbv, Mdzi, g‡nk| M‡íi g‡nk GKwU luv‡oi
o †`e`vm (1917) : e¨_© †cÖg I Gi cwiYwZ bvg|
Dcb¨vmwUi g~j DcRxe¨| PwiÎ - †`e`vm, cve©Zx, o mZx (1934)
P›`ªgyLx| [g‡b ivLyb : P‡›`ªi †`eZv cve©Zx] o AfvMxi ¯^M© : PwiÎ- KvOvjxi gv|
o PwiÎnxb (1917) : cÖ_vewnf~©Z †cÖg I bvix-cyiæ‡li o ‡gRw`w` : PwiÎ- †Kó, nwij²x, †ngvw½bx, Kv`w¤^bx
m¤úK© wb‡q iwPZ| PwiÎ - mZxk, mv‡eÎx, wKiYgqx o we›`yi †Q‡j : PwiÎ- hv`e, gave, Abœc~Y©v,
o wb®‥…wZ (1917) we›`yevwmbx|
o M„n`vn (1920) : PwiÎ- gwng, my‡ik I APjv| cÖeÜMÖš’
o kÖxKvšÍ- wØZxq ce© (1918) : kÖxKvšÍ (1g LÛ- o bvixi g~j¨ (1924)- GwU ÔAwbjv †`exÕ QÙbv‡g
1917, 2q LÛ- 1918, 3q LÛ- 1927, 4_© LÛ- wj‡Lb| Awbjv †`ex Zvi eo †ev‡bi bvg|
1933): AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm| G‡Z kirP›`ª o Ziæ‡Yi we‡`ªvn (1930)- cÖeÜwU 1929 mv‡ji 30
ÔkÖxKvšÍ kg©vÕ QÙbvg e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Gi cÖ_g L‡Ði gvP© iscyi e½xq hye mw¤§jbxi Awa‡ek‡b mfvcwZi
me‡P‡q cÖvYešÍ I AvKl©Yxq PwiÎ ÔB›`ªbv_Õ| evsjv fvlY| G MÖ‡š’i wØZxq ms¯‥i‡Y ÔmZ¨ I wg_¨vÕ bv‡g
mvwn‡Z¨i †kÖô wK‡kvi PwiÎ| Ab¨vb¨ PwiÎ : Av‡iv GKwU cÖeÜ AšÍf³©y Kiv nq|
B›`ªbv_, Afqv, ivRj²x [11Zg wewmGm]| G o ¯^‡`k I mvwnZ¨ (1932)
Dcb¨v‡mi weL¨vZ Dw³- Ôeo †cÖg ïay Kv‡QB Uv‡b
bv- Bnv `~‡iI †Vwjqv ‡`qÕ| bvUK
o ‡`bv-cvIbv (1923) : GB Dcb¨v‡mi g~j DcRxe¨ †lvokx (1928) igv (1928)
Ôbvix-cyiæ‡li m¤úK©, bvixZ¡ I mZx‡Z¡i aviYvi weivR eD (1934) weRqv (1935)
wePviÕ| PwiÎ: †lvokx I wbg©j| bvU¨iƒc- Ô‡lvokxÕ| m~Î- evsjvwcwWqv
o evgy‡bi †g‡q (1920) cyi¯‥vi
o `Ëv (1918) : bvU¨iƒc ÔweRqvÕ| PwiÎ- ivmwenvix,  ¯^vÿiwenxb †cÖwiZ Ôgw›`iÕ M‡íi Rb¨ KzšÍjxb cyi¯‥vi
weRqv,b‡ib, ebgvjx| jvf : 1903 mv‡j|
o c‡_i `vwe (1926) [22Zg wewmGm]: ivR‣bwZK  KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K RMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`K :
cUf~wgKvq iwPZ G Dcb¨vmwU e„wUk miKvi 1923 mv‡j|
Dcb¨vmwU ev‡Rqvß K‡i [24Zg wewmGm]|  XvKv wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K wW.wjU wWwMÖ : 1936 mv‡j|
o ‡klcÖkœ (1931) : weZK©cÖavb I mgm¨vg~jK
Dcb¨vm| weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
o wecÖ`vm (1935) : K_vwkíxi RxeÏkvq cÖKvwkZ 01. wb‡Pi †KvbwU kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi QÙbvg? Awbjv
me©‡kl Dcb¨vm| †`ex| (30Zg wewmGm)
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
02. KZ mv‡j kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq
ÔRMËvwiYxÕ c`K jvf K‡ib? 1923 mv‡j| (27Zg
wewmGm)
03. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi †Kvb Dcb¨vmwU miKvi KZ…©K
ev‡Rqvß n‡qwQj? c‡_i `vex| (24Zg wewmGm)
04. †ivwnbx-we‡bvw`bx-wKiYgqx †Kvb MÖš’¸‡”Qi PwiÎ-
K…òKv‡šÍi DBj-‡Pv‡Li evwj-PwiÎnxb| (23Zg
wewmGm)
•mq` kvgmyj nK (1935-2016)
me¨mvPx †jLK •mq` kvgmyj nK
27 wW‡m¤^i KzwoMÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| wcZv wmwÏK ûmvBb,
gvZv nvwjgv LvZzb| 27 †m‡Þ¤^i
2016 mv‡j gviv hvb|
→ 1951 mv‡j Zuvi cÖ_g Mí ÔD`qvšÍÕ cÖKvwkZ nq dR‡j
†jvnvbx m¤úvw`Z ÔAMZ¨vÕ cwÎKvq|
→ evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi cvIqv mvwnwZ¨K‡`i g‡a¨ wZwbB
me‡P‡q Kg eq‡m G cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| [Av`gRx mvwnZ¨
cyi¯‥vi (1969), bvwmi DwÏb ¯^Y©c`K (1990)]
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm wbwl× †jvevb (1981): gyw³hy×wfwËK
Dcb¨vm| G Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q
bvwmi DwÏb BDmy‡di Ô†MwijvÕ Pjw”PÎ|
†`qv‡ji †`k (cÖ_g Dcb¨vm), GK gwnjvi
Qwe, †Ljvivg ‡L‡j hv, bxj `skb (1981,
gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm), Avqbv wewei cvjv
(1985), ¯ÍäZvi Abyev`, e„wó I we‡`ªvnxMY,
Îvnx, Zzwg †mB Zievix, mxgvbv Qvwo‡q|
Kve¨bvU¨ cv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq (1976)-
gyw³hy×wfwËK bvUK (36Zg wewmGm),
byiæj`x‡bi mviv Rxeb (1982) iscyi-
w`bvRcyi A‡ji mvgšÍev` we‡ivax K…lK
†bZv byiæj`x‡bi 1783 mv‡ji msMÖvg wb‡q G
bvUK iwPZ nq| GB bvU‡K weL¨vZ Dw³-
ÔRv‡Mv ev‡n Kz‡É mevBÕ| K`g Avjx G Dw³wU
e‡jb|
MYbvqK, GLv‡b GLb, Cl©v|
Mí Zvm (1954), kxZ we‡Kj, i³ ‡Mvjvc,
Avb‡›`i g„Zz¨ (1967), cÖvPxb es‡ki wbt¯^
mšÍvb, R‡jk^ixi Mí¸‡jv|
Kve¨MÖš’ civ‡Yi Mnxb wfZi (1980)- AvÂwjK
fvlvixwZ‡Z iwPZ|
GK`v GK iv‡R¨, weiwZnxb Drme,
cÖwZaŸwbMY, •ekv‡L iwPZ csw³gvjv, AwMœ I
R‡ji KweZv, Avwg Rb¥MÖnY Kwiwb, aŸsm¯‘‡c
Kwe I bMi, Kvb‡b Kvb‡b ‡ZvgviB mÜv‡b|
48 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
cÖeÜ ür Kj‡gi Uv‡b
wkï‡Zvl mxgv‡šÍi wmsnvmb, nWm‡bi e›`yK, Avjy eo
MÖš’ nq|
cOw³
Avwg R‡b¥wQ evsjvq, Avwg evsjvq K_v ewj, Avgvi
Avwg evsjvi Avjc_ w`‡q nvRvi eQi Pwj| cwiPq
Pwj cwjgvwU ‡Kvg‡j Avgvi Pjvi wPý †d‡j|
‡Z‡ivkZ b`x ïavq Avgv‡K, Ô‡Kv_v †_‡K Zzwg G‡jÕ?
Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ Ph©vc‡`i Aÿi¸‡jv †_‡K|
Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ mI`vM‡ii wWOvi eni †_‡K|
Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ ‣Ke‡Z©i we‡`ªvnx MÖvg †_‡K|
Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ cvjhyM bv‡gi wPÎKjvi †_‡K|
G‡mwQ evOvwj cvnvocy‡ii †e․×wenvi †_‡K|
G‡mwQ evOvwj †Rvoevsjvi gw›`i-‡ew` †_‡K|
G‡mwQ evOvwj e‡i›`ªf~‡g †mvbv gmwR` †_‡K|
G‡mwQ evOvwj AvDj-evDj gvwUi †`Dj †_‡K|
Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ mve©‡f․g evif~uBqvi †_‡K|
Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ Kgjvi `xwN gûqvi cvjv †_‡K|
Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ wZZzgxi Avi nvRx kwiqZ †_‡K|
Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ MxZvÄwj I AwMœexYvi †_‡K|
G‡mwQ evOvwj ÿzw`ivg Avi m~h©‡m‡bi †_‡K|
G‡mwQ evOvwj Rqbyj Avi Aeb VvKzi †_‡K|
G‡mwQ evOvwj ivóªfvlvi jvj ivRc_ †_‡K|
G‡mwQ evOvwj e½eÜz †kL gywReyi †_‡K|
Avwg †h G‡mwQ Rq evsjvi eRªKÉ †_‡K|
Avwg †h G‡mwQ GKvˇii gyw³hy× †_‡K|
G‡mwQ Avgi †cQ‡b nvRvi PiYwPý †d‡j|
ïavI Avvg‡K ÔGZ`~i Zzwg †Kvb †cÖiYvq G‡j?Õ
Z‡e Zzwg eywS evOvwj RvwZi exRgš¿wU ‡kvbv bvB-
Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨, Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB|Õ
GK mv‡_ AvwQ, GK mv‡_ evuwP, AvRI GKmv‡_ _vKeB –
me we‡f‡`i †iLv gy‡Q w`‡q mv‡g¨i Qwe AvuKeB|
Zvivk¼i e‡›`vcva¨vq (1898-1971)
Zvivk¼i e‡›`vcva¨vq cwðge‡½i exif~g †Rjvi jvfcyi
MÖv‡gi Rwg`vi cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| kirP‡›`ªi ci
wZwbB RbwcÖq K_vmvwnwZ¨K| wZwb AvU eQi weavbmfv I
Qq eQi ivR¨mfvi m`m¨ wnmv‡e `vwqZ¡cvjb K‡ib| Zvi
Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨ ivp AÂj|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm ‣PZvjx N~wY©, avÎx‡`eZv (1939), Kvwj›`x,
RjmvNi, Kwe, MY‡`eZv (1942), cÂMÖvg,
nuvmyjx euv‡Ki DcK_v (1947), Av‡ivM¨
wb‡KZb, cÂcyÛjx, ivav, AiY¨ewý, GKwU
Kv‡jv †g‡qi K_v, myZcvi Zcm¨v|
→ avÎx‡`eZv (1939) e½kÖx cwÎKvq ÔRwg`v‡ii †g‡qÕ
bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| c‡i kwbev‡ii wPwV cwÎKvq G bv‡g
cÖKvwkZ nq|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
→ Kwe (1942)| G Dcb¨v‡mi K¬vwmK msjvc- ÔGB ‡L`
Avgvi g‡b, fvj‡e‡m wgU‡jvbv mva, Kzjv‡jvbv GB
Rxe‡b| nvq! Rxeb G‡Zv †QvU †Kb? GB f~e‡b|Õ
→ nuvmyjx euv‡Ki DcK_v (1947) exif~‡giB †KvcvB b`xi
ZxieZx© Kvnvi evDwi‡`i Rxebx wfwËK Dcb¨vm|
→ Av‡ivM¨ wb‡KZb (1953) Dcb¨vmwU ÔmÄxeb dvg©vmxÕ
Avb›`evRvi cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq|
→ AiY¨ewý (1966) muvIZvj we‡`ªvn wb‡q †jLv
Dcb¨vm|
→ GKwU Kv‡jv †g‡qi K_v (1971) [evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×
wb‡q iwPZ Dcb¨vm| Gi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ bvRgv bv‡g GK
Kv‡jv †g‡q] [40Zg wewmGm]
→ Îqx Dcb¨vm : avÎx‡`eZv (1939), MY‡`eZv
(1942), cÂMÖvg (1943) [cÂavÎx MY‡`eZv‡K
†`Lj]
‡QvUMí imKwj (K‡jøvj cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ), ‡e‡`bx,
WvKniKiv, ZvwiYx gvwS|
bvUK c‡_i WvK, `yB cyiæl, `xcvšÍi|
cÖnmb PKgwK
Kve¨MÖš-’ wÎcÎ (1926): Gi gva¨‡g mvwnZ¨-mvabv ïiæ|
MíMÖš’ RjmvMi (1937) GMviwU M‡íi msKjb|
ågYKvwnbx ågYKvwnbx : g‡¯‥v‡Z K‡qK w`b (1959)
Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn (1934-2001)
Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvni KweZvi m~Pbv fvlv Av‡›`vjb †K›`ªxK
Ges wZwb cÂvk `k‡Ki Av‡jvwPZ Kwe|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’
Avwg wKse`šÍxi K_v ejwQ (1981) 39 wU KweZv ¯’vb
†c‡q‡Q| evOvwj RvwZmËvi g„wËKvg~‡j wkKo mÂvi K‡i G
Kve¨MÖ‡š’ Kwe HK¨e× †PZbvq mvnmx gvby‡li m¤¢vebvi Qwe
Gu‡K‡Qb|
Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨MÖš’ :
mvZbix nvi (1955) – cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’, KL‡bv is KL‡bv
myi, Kg‡ji †PvL, , mwnòz cÖZxÿv, e„wó I mvnmx cyiæ‡li
Rb¨ cÖv_©bv, Avgvi mgq, wbe©vwPZ KweZv, Avgvi mKj K_v,
gm„Y K…ò †Mvjvc|
weL¨vZ KweZv
ʘ e„wó I mvnmx cyiæ‡li Rb¨ cÖv&_©bv
ʘ Avwg wKse`šÍxi K_v ejwQ : G KweZvwUi RbwcÖq
cOw³-
ÔAvwg wKse`šÍxi K_v ejwQ
Avwg Avgvi c~e©cyiæ‡li K_v ejwQ
Zvi wc‡V i³Revi g‡Zv ÿZ wQj|
49 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
ʘ ‡Kvb GK gv‡K (GKz‡ki fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi
cUf~wg‡Z †jLv KweZv)
Kzg‡ov dz‡j dz‡j by‡q c‡o‡Q jZvUv,
mR‡b WvuUvq f‡i †M‡Q MvQUv,
Avi Avwg Wv‡ji ewo ïwK‡q †i‡LwQ|
†LvKv ZzB K‡e Avmwe?
ʘ †Kvb GK gv‡K
cyi¯‥vi
ʘ evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (1979)
ʘ GKz‡k c`K (1985)
Avey BmnvK (1926-2003)
K_vmvwnwZ¨K I AwfavbKvi Avey BmnvK kixqZcyi †Rjvi
bwoqv Dc‡Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii
wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡` wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb|
→ gvÎ 14 eQi eq‡m 1940 mv‡j ÔAwfkvcÕ MíwU KvRx
bRiæj Bmjvg m¤úvw`Z ÔbehyMÕ cwÎKvq Qvcv nq|
→ wZwb GKz‡k c`K 1997 mv‡j jvf K‡ib|
→ evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (1963) jvf K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm
m~h© `xNj evwo (1955) : এটি একটি ঳াভাবজক াঈ঩ন্যা঳
(wØZxq wek^hy×,cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi : `ywf©ÿ) GwU Zuvi cÖ_g
Dcb¨vm| Ôm~h© `xNj evoxÕ gvÎ wek eQi eq‡m (1948) iPbv
K‡ib| 1950 †_‡K 1951 mvj ch©šÍ avivevwnKfv‡e Qvcv nq
gvwmK ÔbIevnviÕ cwÎKvq| MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq 1955
mv‡j| Rq¸b, nvmy, gvqgybv, kwd, Wv. i‡gk PµeZx© cÖf…wZ
Pwi‡Îi gva¨‡g MÖv‡gi gvby‡li `vwi`ª¨, Kzms¯‥vi, †gvoj
†gvjøv‡`i †`․ivZ¥ BZ¨vw`i Nwbô cwiPq cvIqv hvq |
Gwmn DwÏb kv‡Ki I †kL †bqvgZ Avjx 1979 mv‡j G
Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY K‡ib| GwUB evsjv‡`‡ki
cÖ_g miKvwi Aby`vbcÖvß Pjw”PÎ| 1989 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡j G
Dcb¨v‡mi wK‡kvi ms¯‥iY cÖKvwkZ nq|
cÙvi cwjØxc (1986) : Dcb¨vmwU ÔgyLi gvwUÕ bv‡g evsjv
GKv‡Wwgi ÔDËivwaKviÕ cwÎKvq avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ
nq| cÙvi ZxieZx© AÂj wb‡q iwPZ GwU GKwU AvÂwjK
Dcb¨vm|
Rvj (1988) †Mv‡q›`v Kvwnbx|
Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZ¨Kg©
RqaŸwb bvUK
¯§„wZ wewPÎv ¯§„wZPviYg~jK MÖš’
‡RuvK (G M‡íi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ Imgvb) ‡QvUMí
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 50 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
‡mwjg Avj `xb (1949-2008) mvwnZ¨Kg©
cÖeÜ MÖš’
†mwjg Avj `xb (gCbyÏxb
Avn‡g`) eZ©gvb †dbx †Rjvi Mí mÂq (W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn mn‡hv‡M)|
†mvbvMvRx Dc‡Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZe„Ë (1956) gynv¤§` Ave`yj nvB-
K‡ib| wZwb bvwmiDwÏb mn‡hv‡M |
BDmy‡di mv‡_ ÔMÖvg w_‡qUviÕ bRiæj Bmjvg (1954, mgv‡jvPbv MÖš’)
(37Zg wewmGm) M‡o Kwe gaym~`b (1957) KweZvi K_v (1957)
(1981-82) †Zv‡jb| mvwn‡Z¨i K_v (1964)
KweZvi K_v I Ab¨vb¨ we‡ePbv (1968)
bvU¨vPvh© wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ †mwjg Avj `xb Rvnv½xibMi
AvaywbK evsjv KweZv : k‡ãi Abyl‡½ (1970)
wek^we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK wQ‡jb| c‡i bvUK I
bvU¨ZË¡ wefv‡Mi cÖwZôvKvjxb wefvMxq cÖav‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb iex›`ªbv_ : Kve¨wePv‡ii f~wgKv (1974)
K‡ib| 2008 mv‡ji 14 Rvbyqvwi XvKvq gviv hvb| Rvg©vb mvwnZ¨ : GKwU wb`k©b (1976)
Kve¨MÖš’ A‡bK AvKvk (1959), GKK mܨvq emšÍ
mvwnZ¨Kg© (1964), mnmv mPwKZ, Avgvi cÖwZw`‡bi
bvU¨MÖš’ mc© welqK Mí I Ab¨vb¨ bvUK (1973), RwÛm kã, Pvnvi `i‡ek I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv, mgy‡`ªB
I wewea †ejyb (1975), evmb (1985), hve, iRbxMÜv|
gybZvwmi d¨v›Uvmx (1985) (26Zg wewmGm), bvUK ‡Kvievbx|
kKzšÍjv, wKËb‡Lvjv (1986), †KivgZg½j KweZv Avgvi c~e© evsjv (M`¨ Q‡›` †jLv), †div|
(1988), PvKv (1991), niMR, ebcvsïj Abyev` BwWcvm
(1996), •heZx Kb¨vi gb (1993), nvZn`vB
cyyi¯‥vi ûBUg¨v‡bi cyi¯‥vi (1967), `vD` mvwnZ¨
(1997), cÖvP¨ (2000), wbg¾b (2002),
avegvb, ¯^Y©‡evqvj (2007), cyÎ (2008), cyi¯‥vi (1968), ¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‥vi (1988),
nvo-nvwÇ (Amgvß)| bvwmiDwÏb ¯^Y©c`K (1985) [37Zg wewmGm]
MxwZ b„Z¨bvU¨ ¯^cœ igbxMY, Dlv Drme|
Kve¨MÖš’ Kwe I wZwg (1990)
Dcb¨vm Ag„Z DcvL¨vb (2005) ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (1948-2012)
M‡elYv ga¨hy‡Mi evOjv bvU¨ (1996) Rb¥ : 1948 mv‡ji 13 b‡f¤^i
MÖš’ g„Z¨ : 29 RyjvB 2012 wLª÷v‡ã
cyi¯‥vi RvZxq Pjw”PÎ cyi¯‥vi (1994), gybxi †P․ayix we‡kl mvwnwZ¨K L¨vwZ :
m¤§vbbv (2005)| ¯^vaxbZv cieZx© †`‡ki †kÖô
wKËb‡Lvjv : †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvUK wKËb‡Lvjv| ¯’vbxq †jLK wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
GK †gjv‡K †K›`ª K‡i G bvUKwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb| bvU‡Ki WvK bvg : KvRj
Kvwnbx‡Z †gjvq Avmv hvÎv`‡ji Af¨šÍixY †cÖg, fvjevmv, ‡QvU †ejvq cwiwPwZ : kvgmyi
wein Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| ingvb|
Jcb¨vwmK, †QvUMíKvi, bvU¨Kvi, MxwZKvi Ges Pjw”PÎ
wbg©vZv ûgvq~b Avn‡g` †b·KvYv †Rjvi †K›`yqv Dc‡Rjvi
•mq` Avjx Avnmvb (1922-2002) KzZzecyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
•mq` Avj Avnmvb gv¸iv (ZrKvjxb h‡kvi) †Rjvi → 1973 mv‡j evsjv‡`k K…wl wek^we`¨vj‡qi cÖfvlK
Av‡jvKw`qv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Kwe, mgv‡jvPK, wn‡m‡e Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib|
wkÿvwe`| Rvnv½xibMi I ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh©, → 1974 mv‡j XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi imvqb wefv‡M †hvM`vb
evsjv GKv‡Wwgi gnvcwiPvjK wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| K‡ib| c‡i †jLv‡jwL‡Z e¨¯Í n‡q co‡j Aa¨vcbv
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMx‡Zi Bs‡iwR Abyev` K‡ib| 1989 †Q‡o †`b|
mv‡j evsjv‡`k miKvi Zv‡K RvZxq Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ
cÖ`vb K‡ib| → wcZv dqRyi ingvb I gvZv Av‡qkv d‡qR|
K_vmvwnwZ¨K Rvdi BKevj I KvUz©wb÷ Avnmvb nvexe
→ `kg †kÖwY‡Z covi mgq ¯‥zj g¨vMvwR‡b ‘The Rose’ Zvui mn`i fvB|
bv‡g GKwU Bs‡iwR KweZv cÖ_g Qvcv (1937) nq| → g„Zz¨i ci Ôbynvk cjøxÕ‡Z Zuv‡K mgvwnZ Kiv nq|
evsjv mvwnZ¨ 51 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
mvwnZ¨Kg© wngy| wgwQi Avjx Pwi‡Îi wVK D‡ëv| wngyi Avmj bvg
Dcb¨vm wngvjq| c‡KUwenxb njy` cvÄvex Zvi †cvkvK| wngy
bw›`Z bi‡K (1972) : cÖKvwkZ 1g, †jLv nq (1970) †eKvi hyeK hvi AvPiY wKQzUv A¯^vfvweK| beŸB‡qi
k•Lbxj KvivMvi (1973)| gqgbwms‡ni evsjv‡`k K…wl `k‡K Ôgq~ivÿxÕ (1900) Dcb¨v‡mi ga¨ w`‡q wngyi
wek^we`¨vj‡qi cÖfvlK _vKvKv‡j Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡ib| AvZ¥cÖKvk N‡U|
GwU Aejg¦‡b Pjw”PÎ wbwg©Z nq 1992 mv‡j| → ‡ivM‡K N„Yv Kiv hvq, †ivMx‡K bq| (ûgvq~b Avn‡g`)
Avgvi Av‡Q Rj (1985) m¤ªvU (1988)
GBme w`bivwÎ (1990) gq~ivÿx (1990)
eûeªxwn (1990) A‡qvgq Kwe wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y (1945-)
Ô†Kv_vI †KD †bBÕ Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ ev‡Ki fvB evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Kwe‡`i Kwe
kÖveY †g‡Ni w`b (1994) ‡M․ixcyi Rskb (1995) wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y 21 Ryb 1945 mv‡j
`~‡i †Kv_vI (1997) Bw÷kb (1999) †b·KvYv †Rjvi evinvÆv Dc‡Rjvi
e„wó wejvm (2000) bÿ‡Îi ivZ (2003) Kvkeb MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Kwei
GwcUvd (2004) iRbx Acivý WvKbvg iZb| wcZv my‡L›`ª cÖKvk
†R‡b ivLyb : iRbx (Dcb¨vm)- ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq ¸Y, gvZv exYvcvwb|
AvR iweevi ga¨vý wbwkw_bx (1987)
`xwNi R‡j Kvi Qvqv †Mv ‡ZuZzj e‡b †R¨vr¯œv mvwnZ¨Kg©
gvZvj nvIqv K…òcÿ Kve¨MÖš’
`yB `yqvix jxjveZx †K K_v Kq (2006) ‡cÖgvsïi i³ PvB bv †cÖwgK bv wecøex
** gwZb I Kgj bv‡gi Pwi·K ‡K›`ª K‡i GKwU wkïi KweZv AgxgvswmZ igYx `xN© w`em `xN© iRbx
AvZ¥bymÜvb cÖKvwkZ nq Ô‡K K_v KqÕ Dcb¨v‡m| ‣P‡Îi fvjevmv I eÜz Avgvi
†`qvj (2012, me©‡kl Dcb¨vm) (34Zg wewmGm)| GwU
Avb›` Kzmyg Pvlvfzlvi Kve¨
GKwU ivR‣bwZK Dcb¨vm| [‡R‡b ivLyb: ‡`qvj
(Dcb¨vm)- Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb|] evsjvi gvwU evsjvi Rj (1978)
Zvi Av‡M PvB mgvRZš¿ (1979)
gyw³hy×wfwËK iPbv APj c`vejx kvwšÍi wWwµ
Av¸‡bi cikgwY (1986) PwiÎ : ew`, gwZb, myigv, cÖ_g w`‡bi m~h© wbićbi c„w_ex
ivwÎ, Acjv, GB bv‡g wm‡bgvI n‡q‡Q| wPiKv‡ji euvwk avegvb nwi‡Yi `y¨wZ
k¨vgj Qvqv (2003) m~‡h©i w`b †m․if
AbšÍ eidexw_ Avb›` D`¨vb
†Rvmbv I Rbbxi Mí (2004)
wbe©vmb Awbj evMPxi GKw`b
wkq‡i evsjv‡`k gy‡Vv‡dv‡bi Kve¨
wbwkKve¨ (2006) KvgKvbb (2007)
wbwg©Z Pjw”PÎ gywRe-‡jwjb-Bw›`iv
Av¸‡bi cikgwY (1994) kÖveY †g‡Ni w`b (2000)
`yB `yqvix (2001) k¨vgj Qvqv (2004) MíMÖš’ Avcb `‡ji gvbyl
`viæwPwb Øxc Avgvi Av‡Q Rj (2008) wK‡kvi Kv‡jv †gN (1982), evev hLb †QvÆ wQ‡jb
†NUzcyÎ Kgjv (2012, me©‡kl) Dcb¨vm (1997)
AvZ¥Rxebx KvV‡cwÝj, is †cwÝj, jxjveZxi g„Zz¨, ågY fjMvi Zx‡i (1985), Mxbmev‡M©i m‡½
Avgvi †QvU‡ejv| Kvwnbx (1997), åwg †`‡k †`‡k (2004)
G‡j‡e‡j (Mí) AvZ¥Rxebx Avgvi †Q‡j‡ejv, Avgvi Kɯ^i, AvZ¥K_v
1971 (2008)
cyi¯‥vi †jLK wkwei cyi¯‥vi (1973), evsjv weL¨vZ ¯^vaxbZv GB kãwU wKfv‡e Avgv‡`i n‡jv,
GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (1981), gvB‡Kj gaym~`b KweZv ûwjqv [35Zg wewmGm] (Avwg hLb evwo‡Z
c`K (1981) evPmvm cyi¯‥vi (1988) ‡c․uQjyg ZLb `ycyi)|
ûgvq~b m„ó PwiÎ wgwQi Avjx I wngy
cOw³
ʘ ûgvq~b Avng‡`i m„ó PwiÎ wgwQi Avjx| †m ev¯Íeev`x mg‡eZ mK‡ji gZ AvwgI †Mvjvc dzj L~ye fvjevwm
Ges hyw³ wbf©i| Z‡e PwiÎwU LyeB inm¨gq| wgwQi ‡im‡Kvm© gq`vb cvi n‡q †h‡Z †mBme †Mvjv‡ci GKwU ‡Mvjvc
Avjx Pwi‡Îi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Ô†`exÕ (1985)| MZKvj Avgv‡K e‡j‡Q,
ʘ ûgvqyb Avng‡`i Av‡iKwU RbwcÖq I KvíwbK PwiÎ Avwg †hb KweZvq †kL gywR‡ei K_v ewj| (‡kL gywRe : 1971)
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
kZ eQ‡ii kZ msMÖvg †k‡l
iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡Zv `„ß cv‡q †n‡uU
AZ:ci Kwe G‡m RbZvi g‡Â `vuov‡jb
ZLb cj‡K `viæY Sj‡K Zix‡Z DwVj Rj
ü`‡q jvwMj †`vjv,
Rbmgy‡`ª RvwMj †Rvqvi mKj `yqvi †Lvjv
‡K †iv‡a Zvunvi eRªKÉ evYx?
MYm~‡h©i g Kvuwc‡q †kvbv‡jb Zvui Agi KweZv Lvwb
Gev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡`i gyw³i msMÖvg
Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg|
(¯^vaxbZv kãwU wKfv‡e Avgv‡`i nj)
GKRb †cQ‡b †_‡K Kuv‡a nvZ †i‡L wPrKvi K‡i D‡VwQj
Avwg me‡KB gvby‡li mwgj †Pnvivi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡qwQ|
(-ûwjqv)
Rwni ivqnvb (1935-1972)
K_vmvwnwZ¨K I Pjw”PÎ
cwiPvjK Rwni ivqnvb †dbx
†Rjvi gRycyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Zuvi cÖK…Z bvg Avey
Ave`vi †gvnv¤§` Rwniæjøvn|
WvKbvg- Rvdi|
→ 1951-57 mvj ch©šÍ KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i ivRbxwZi mv‡_
RwoZ wQ‡jb| G mgq Kg‡iW gwb wms‡ni †`qv
ivR‣bwZK bvg ÔivqnvbÕ MÖnY K‡ib| 1952 mv‡j fvlv
Av‡›`vj‡b mwµq AskMÖnY Kivq †MÖdZvi nb| 1956
mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡K ÔRv‡Mv ûqv mv‡eivÕ Qwe‡Z mnKvix
cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e KvR Kivi gva¨‡g Pjw”PÎ RM‡Z
cÖ‡ek K‡ib|
→ mvwnwZ¨K knx`yjøvn Kvqmvi Zuvi fvB|
→ 1961 mv‡j wPÎbvwqKv †nbv jvwnox mywgZv †`ex
(wbjydvi †eMg) Ges 1968 mv‡j wPÎbvwqKvi †Kvwnbyi
AvLZvi myP›`vi mv‡_ cwiYqm~‡Î Ave× nb|
→ 1972 mv‡ji 30 Rvbyqvwi wgicy‡i wb‡LuvR knx`yjøvn
Kvqmvi‡K LuyR‡Z wM‡q Avi wd‡i Av‡mb wb| Zuvi
jvkI cvIqv hvq wb|
→ QvÎRxe‡b (1956) mvwnZ¨ gvwmK ÔcÖevnÕ Ges Bs‡iwR
mvßvwnK ÔG·‡cÖmÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`bv I cÖKvkbvi mv‡_
RwoZ wQ‡jb|
→ evsjv GKv‡Wwg gi‡YvËi mvwnZ¨ (1972) cyi¯‥vi jvf
K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
1949 mv‡j KjKvZvi bZzb mvwnZ¨ cwÎKvq ÔI‡`i Rvwb‡q
`vIÕ kxl©K KweZv cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g mvwnZ¨ RM‡Z
AvZ¥cÖKvk|
52 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Dcb¨vm
‡kl we‡K‡ji †g‡q (1960) cÖ_g Dcb¨vm|
‡ivgvw›UK †cÖ‡gi DcvL¨vb|
Z…òv (1962) K‡qKwU g„Zy¨
nvRvi eQi a‡i (1964) †kÖô Dcb¨vm| G Dcb¨v‡m
Rb¨ Av`gRx mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| †Kvwnbyi
AvLZvi myP›`v G Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY
K‡ib| Avengvb evsjvi MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ
AL¨vb| wbwg©Z Pjw”PÎwU RvZxq Pjw”PÎ cyi¯‥vi cvq|
K‡qKwU g„Zz¨ (1965) Avi KZ w`b
Av‡iK dvêyb (1968) fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z iwPZ
K_vgvjv|
eid Mjv b`x (1969) G‡Z wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb mgv‡R
DPz¯Í‡ii gvby‡li myweavev`x PwiÎ I KcUZv Ges
bxPz¯Í‡ii gvby‡li mijZv| Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ-
gvngy`, gwiqg I myweavev`x †kÖwYi cÖwZwbwa gbmyi|
GKz‡k †deªæqvwi (1970)
‡K․k‡j g‡b ivLyb: Dcb¨vmmg~n g‡b ivLyb : I‡Mv †kl
we‡K‡ji †g‡q, †Zvgvi Rb¨ nvRvi eQi a‡i eid Mjv
b`xi Zx‡i Z…òvq K‡qKwU g„Zy¨, Av‡iK dvêy‡bi GKz‡k
†deªæqvwii A‡cÿvq _vKe Avi KZ w`b|
Pjw”PÎ
KL‡bv Av‡mwb (1961, cÖ_g Qwe)
‡mvbvi KvRj (1962)
Kuv‡Pi †`qvj (1963, wbMvi cyi¯‥vi cÖvß)
m½g (1964, mg¯Í cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g iw½b Qwe)
evnvbv (1965) Zvi wbwg©Z cÖ_g wm‡bgv‡¯‥vc Qwe|
‡eûjv (1966) Av‡bvqviv (1967)
Rxeb †_‡K †bqv (1970) (39Zg wewmGm) fvlv
Av‡›`vjb wfwËK| GB Pjw”P‡Î cÖ_g RvZxq m½xZ
evRv‡bv nq|
Bs‡iwR Qwe ‘Let there be light’ (40Zg wewmGm)
†kl bv n‡ZB gyw³hy× ïiæ nq|
gyw³hy‡×i cÖvgvY¨ Pjw”PÎ
Stop Genocide gyw³hy‡×i Dci 20 wgwb‡Ui GKwU
cÖvgvY¨ wPÎ, A state is born|
MíMÖš’- m~h©MÖnY (1955)
‡QvUMí- GKz‡ki Mí| GwU fvlv Av‡›`vjbwfwËK iPbv| GB
†QvUMíwUi Ab¨Zg PwiÎ ÔZcyÕ – fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b knxb nb,
Ô‡iYyÕ Zcyi ¯¿x| GKz‡ki M‡íi GKwU mvov RvMv‡bv Dw³-
ÔZcy‡K Avevi wd‡i cve, GK_v fz‡jI fvwewbÕ| Ô‡`vnvB
†Zvgvi evwo Pj| gv Kvu`‡Qb|Õ-‡iYy, Zcy‡K e‡j| Ôejjvg
†Zv †h‡Z cvi‡ev bv, hvI|Õ-Zcy †iYy‡K e‡j|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 53 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
•mq` BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx (1880-1931) kvgmyi ivngvb (1929-2006)
¯^cœvZzi Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvL Kiv •mq` BmgvBj †nv‡mb evsjv‡`k I AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨Zg cÖavb Kwe|
wmivRx wmivRMÄ †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| G Rb¨B bv‡gi wZwb GKRb bvMwiK Kwe wQ‡jb| kvgmyi ivngvb 23
†k‡l ÔwmivRxÕ Dcvwa hy³ nq| wZwb Kwe, Jcb¨vwmK I A‡±vei XvKvi gvûZUzjx‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| •cZ…K wbevm-
ivRbxwZwe`| e„wUk miKv‡ii weiæ‡× we‡`ªv‡ni Awf‡hv‡M biwms`x †Rjvi ivqcyiv _vbvi cvovZjx MÖv‡g (30Zg
Kviv`Ð †fvMKvix Dcgnv‡`‡k wZwbB cÖ_g mvwnwZ¨K| wewmGm)| gyw³hy‡×i mgq KjKvZvi Ô†`kÕ cwÎKvq ÔgRjyg
Avw`eÕ (wecbœ †jLK) bv‡g KweZv wjL‡Zb| 17 AvM÷
MvRx Dcvwa jvf 2006 mv‡j XvKvi wcwR nvmcvZv‡j gviv hvb|
ejKvb hy‡×i (1912) mgq Zzi¯‥‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨
fviZel© †_‡K †gwW‡Kj wUg cvVv‡bv nq| wZwbI †m wU‡gi mvwnZ¨Kg©
AšÍf©y³ wQ‡jb| AvnZ •mwbK‡`i †mev Kivi Rb¨ Zzi‡¯‥i Kve¨MÖš’
myjZvb KZ…©K ÔMvRxÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡ib| cÖ_g Mvb wØZxq g„Zz¨i Av‡M (1960)
†i․`ª K‡ivwU‡Z (1963) weaŸ¯Í bxwjgv (1967)
mvwnZ¨Kg© wbiv‡jv‡K w`e¨i_ (20Zg wewmGm) wbR evmf~‡g
Kve¨ e›`x wkwei †_‡K (1972) Avwg Abvnvix (1976)
Abj cÖevn [13Zg I 29Zg wewmGm] (1900)-cÖ_g wdwi‡q bvI NvZK KuvUv k~b¨Zvq Zzwg †kvKmfv
Kve¨: Kve¨wUi cwiewa©Z wØZxq ms¯‥iY cÖKvk (1909) evsjv‡`k ¯^cœ `¨v‡L †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1981)
nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Bs‡iR miKvi Zv ev‡Rqvß K‡i| cÖwZw`b Ninxb N‡i BKviæ‡mi AvKvk (1982)
e„wUk miKv‡ii weiæ‡× cÖPv‡ii Awf‡hv‡M Kwei `yB D™¢U D‡Ui wc‡V P‡j‡Q ¯^‡`k (1982)
eQ‡ii (1910-12) Kviv`Ð nq| eyK Zvi evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q (1988)
AvKv•ÿv gnvwkÿv| D”Q¡vm nwi‡Yi nvo (1993) Zzwg wb:k^vm Zzwg ü`¯ú›`b
D‡Øvab (1907) be DÏxcbv (1907) ‡m GK ciev‡m M„nhy‡×i Av‡M
†¯úbweRq Kve¨ (1914) G‡Z gymwjg exi Zv‡iK web LwÐZ †M․ie GK †dvuUv †Kgb Abj
whqv‡`i †¯úb weR‡qi Kvwnbx eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| bv ev¯Íe bv `y:¯^cœ bvq‡Ki Qvqv
g‡b ivLyb †K․k‡j : be DÏxcbv, D”Q¡vm I AvKv•ÿvi Avw`Mœ bMœ c`aŸwb GK ai‡bi AnsKvi
Abj cÖev‡n †¯úbweRq Kv‡e¨i D‡Øvab Ki‡jb wmivR|
Dcb¨vm
Dcb¨vm A‡±vcvm (1983) wbqZ gšÍvR (1985)
ZvivevC (1908) b~iDwÏb Rvnvbviv A™¢zZ Avuavi GK (1985) G‡jv †m A‡ejvq (1994)
ivqw›`bx(1918)|ew¼gP‡›`ªi Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ Dcb¨v‡mi cÖeÜ
cÖwZwµqvq •mq` BmgvBj †nv‡mb Ôivqbw›`bxÕ Dcb¨vm Avg„Zz¨ Zvi Rxebvb›` KweZv GK ai‡bi AvkÖq
wj‡Lb| AvZ¥Kvwnwb
wd‡ivRv †eMg (1923) ¯§„wZi kni (1979) Kv‡ji ay‡jvq †jLv
ew¼g `ywnZv : ew¼gP›`ª ÔAvb›`gVÕ Dcb¨v‡m gymjgvb wkï‡Zvl GjvwUs †ejvwUs (1975), avb fvb‡j
m¤ú‡K© e‡µvw³i Rev‡e BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx G Kzu‡ov †`e (1977), jvj dzjwKi Qov|
Dcb¨vm wj‡Lb|
‡K․k‡j g‡b ivLyb : ivbyi wdZv (ivqbw›`bx, b~iDwÏb, weL¨vZ KweZv
wd‡ivRv †eMg,ZvivevC) → nvwZi ïo : 1958 mv‡j •¯^ikvmK AvBqye Lvb‡K
cÖeÜ ¯^RvwZ †cÖg, ZzKx© bvix Rxeb, Av`e Kvq`v we`ªƒc K‡i mgKvj cwÎKvq wj‡Lb|
wkÿv, †¯úbxq gymjgvb mf¨Zv, mywPšÍv, → †U‡j‡gKvm : 1966 mv‡j e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
gnvbMix K‡W©vfv| KvivMv‡i e›`x n‡j Zuv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i KweZvwU wj‡Lb|
m½xZ MÖš’ m½xZ mÄxeYx (1916), †cÖgvÄwj (1916) → eY©gvjv, Avgvi `ytwLbx eY©gvjv : 1968 mv‡j AvBqye
m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv gvwmK b~i (1910), mvßvwnK myjZvb Lvb cvwK¯Ív‡bi me fvlvi Rb¨ Awfbœ †ivgvb nid Pvjy
ågYKvwnbx Zzi¯‥ ågY (1920) Kivi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| G NUbvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wZwb G
KweZv wj‡Lb|
cO&w³ : → Avmv‡`i kvU© (37Zg wewmGm): 1969 mv‡ji 20
ÔGwK AvK¯§vr †nvj eRªcvZ! wK Avi wjwL‡e Kwe| Rvbyqvwi Avmv‡`i i³gvLv kvU© w`‡q evbv‡bv cZvKv
e‡½i fv¯‥i cÖwZfv AvKi AvKv‡j jyKv‡bv Qwe|Õ †`‡L KweZvwU †j‡Lb|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 54 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ Ô¯^vaxbZv ZzwgÕ I Ô†Zvgv‡K cvIqvi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZvÕ : myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© (1926-1947)
gyw³hy‡×i cÖ_g w`‡K hy‡×i aŸsmjxjv †`‡L KweZv¸‡jv
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i gvK©mev`x fveavivq
iPbv K‡ib|
wek¦vmx Ges cÖMwZkxj †PZbvi
→ eY©gvjv, Avgvi `y:wLbx eY©gvjv- fvlv A‡›`vjbwfwËK| AwaKvix ZiæY Kwe| myKvšÍ fÆvPvh©
1968 mv‡j AvBqye Lvb cvwK¯Ív‡bi me fvlvi Rb¨ 15 AvM÷ (30 kÖveY 1333)
Awfbœ †ivgvb nid Pvjy Kivi cÖ¯Íve Ki‡j wZwb G KjKvZvi KvjxNv‡U Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
KweZvwU †j‡Lb| Dcvwa wK‡kvi Kwe|
→ GKwU d‡UvMÖvd- KweZvwU Aÿie„Ë Q‡›` †jLv| → vKweZvi welqe¯‘ : Zvui KweZvi welqe¯‘ ÔAbvPvi I
→ Ab¨vb¨ KweZvmg~n: cÐzkÖg, wcÖq ¯^vaxbZv, Zzwg Avm‡e •el¨‡g¨i cªwZev`Õ |
e‡j ‡n ¯^vaxbZv (34Zg wewmGm), evievi wd‡i Av‡m| → •cZ…K wbevm †MvcvjM‡Äi †KvUvjxcvov Dc‡Rjvi
Dbwkqv MÖv‡g|
cOw³
GB wb‡q‡Q H wbj hv: Kvb wb‡q‡Q wP‡j cÐzkÖg
→ †mKv‡ji cwÎKv •`wbK ¯^vaxbZvi (1945) ÔwK‡kvi
mfvÕ As‡ki cÖwZôvZv I AvRxeb m¤úv`K|
wP‡ji wc‡Q giwQ Ny‡i Avgiv mevB wg‡j
Kv‡bi †Lvu‡R QzUwQ gv‡V, KvUwQ mvuZvi we‡j, → 1947 mv‡ji 14 †g (29 †k •ekvL 1354) gvÎ 21
AvKvk †_‡K wPjUv‡K AvR †dje †c‡o wX‡j| eQi eq‡m h²vq AvµvšÍ n‡q hv`ecyi wUwe nvmcvZv‡j
G Avgvi †QvU †Q‡j, †h †bB GLb, GKwU gviv hvb|
cv_‡ii UzK‡iv gZb d‡UMÖvd mvwnZ¨Kg©
Wz‡e †M‡Q Avgv‡`i MÖv‡gi cyKz‡i Kve¨MÖš’ d¨vwmev` we‡ivax
eQi-wZ‡bK Av‡M KvK-WvKv MÖx‡®§i `ycy‡i QvocÎ (1947) MxwZ¸”Q †jLK I wkíx
Nyg †bB (1950) Awfhvb ms‡Ni c‡ÿ
c„w_exi GK cÖvšÍ n‡Z Ab¨ cÖvšÍ R¦jšÍ ‡Zvgv‡K ÔAvKvjÕ (1994)
‡NvlYvi aŸwb-cÖwZaŸwb Zz‡j, cvIqvi c~e©vfvm wg‡VKov bvgK KweZv MÖš’
bZzb wbkvbv Dwo‡q, `vgvgv evwR‡q w`wM¦w`K Rb¨, †n niZvj (1962) (33Zg wewmGm) m¤úv`bv K‡ib|
GB evsjvq ¯^vaxbZv ‡K․k‡j g‡b ivLyb : niZvj Awfhv‡bi Kwei RxeÏkvq
‡Zvgv‡KB Avm‡Z n‡e| c~e©vfv‡m MxwZ¸‡”Qi Nyg †bB A‡bK w`b, GKgvÎ cÖKvwkZ
ZvB wg‡VKov QvocÎ wb‡q cvjvj myKvšÍ| MÖš’|
‡Zvgvi gy‡Li w`‡K AvR Avi hvq bv ZvKv‡bv
eY©gvjv, Avgvi `y:wLbx eY©gvjv (eY©gvjv, Avgvi `y:wLbx eY©gvjv) KweZv ivbvi, AvVv†iv eQi eqm (QvocÎ), QvocÎ
¯^vaxbZv Zzwg iex VvKz‡ii ARi KweZv| ¯^vaxbZv (QvocÎ), Mvu‡q, D‡`¨vM, GK †h wQj, `yg©i
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Zzwg (c~e©vfvm), †n gnvRxeb|
¯^vaxbZv Zzwg wcZvi †Kvgj Rvqbvgv‡Ri D`vi Rwgb cOw³
Ôknx‡`i SjwKZ i‡³i ey`ey`, ¯§„wZM‡Ü ficyi †deªæqvwi Ôÿzavi iv‡R¨ c„w_ex M`¨gq, ‡n
GKz‡ki K…òP~ov Avgv‡`i †PZbviB iOÕ 1969 c~wY©gvi Puv` †hb Sjmv‡bv iæwU|Õ gnvRxeb
¯^vaxbZv Zzwg Avm‡e e‡j, †Zvgv‡K
cvevi Rb¨ ÔAevK c„w_ex AevK Ki‡j Zzwg,
mwKbv wewei Kcvj fvO‡jv R‡b¥B †`wL ÿzä ¯^‡`k f~wg|Õ
†n ¯^vaxbZv
wmuw_i wmu`yi gy‡Q †Mj nwi`vwmi G‡m‡Q bZzb wkï †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e ¯’vb; QvocÎ
Avmv‡`i kvU© AvR Avgv‡`i cÖv‡Yi cZvKv Avmv‡`i RxY© c„w_ex‡Z e¨_©, g„Z, aŸsm¯Í~c- wc‡V
kvU© P‡j †h‡Z n‡e Avgv‡`i|
‡gNbv b`x †`e cvwo / Kj-Avjv GK bv‡q wcÖq G wek¦‡K wkïi evm‡hvM¨ K‡i hve Avwg, QvocÎ
Avevi Avwg hve Avgvi/ cvovZjx Mvu‡q| ¯^vaxbZv beRvZ‡Ki Kv‡Q G Avgvi A½xKvi|
¯§„wZ Sjgj mybxj gv‡Vi Kv‡Q ‡h wkï f~wgô nj AvR iv‡Î QvocÎ
Avgvi A‡bK FY Av‡Q| Zvi gy‡L Lei †cjyg;
¯^vaxbZv Zzwg ¯^vaxbZv ‡m †c‡q‡Q QvocÎ GK|
cZvKv-‡kvwfZ †køvMvb-gyLi SvuSv‡jv wgwQj| Zzwg mvevm, evsjv‡`k, `yg©i
¯^vaxbZv Zzwg G c„w_ex AevK ZvwK‡q iq,
dm‡ji gv‡V K…l‡Ki nvwm| R¦‡j cy‡o g‡i QvoLvi Zey gv_v †bvqvevi bq|
¯^vaxbZv Zzwg KZ MÖvg KZ c_ hvq m‡i m‡i ivbvi
‡iv‡`jv `ycy‡i ga¨cyKz‡i MÖvg¨ †g‡qi Aeva mvuZvi| kn‡i ivbvi hv‡eB †c․u‡Q hv‡e †fv‡i|
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
→ AvVv‡iv eQi eqm- gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
w؇R›`ªjvj ivq (1863-1913)
Kwe, bvU¨Kvi I MxwZKvi w؇R›`ªjvj ivq cwðge‡½i b`xq
†Rjvi K…òbM‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb ÔwW Gj ivqÕ bv‡g
cwiwPwZ| KjKvZvq Ôc~wY©gv mw¤§jbÕ (1905) bv‡g GKwU
mvs¯‥…wZK msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib| wZwb evsjv Ômg‡eZ
KÚmsMx‡ZÕi cÖeZ©K|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ ÔAvh©Mv_vÕ (1882) cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’|
QvÎve¯’vqB cÖKvwkZ nq|
Lyrics of Ind (1886) GKgvÎ Bs‡iwR
Kve¨MÖš’| Bsj¨v‡Û _vKvKvjxb mg‡q iPbv
K‡ib|
Avlv‡p (e¨½ KweZv), nvwmi Mvb (e¨½
KweZv), g›`ª, Av‡jL¨, w·eYx|
mvgvwRK bKkv I cÖnmb : GKN‡i, wein, Ψn¯úk©,
bvUK cÖvqwðZ¨, cybR©b¥, cicv‡i, Avb›`-we`vq,
e½bvix, Kwé AeZvi|
HwZnvwmK ZvivevC, ivbv cÖZvcwmsn, `yM©v`vk,
bvUK b~iRvnvb, ‡gevi cZb, ‡mvnive-iæ¯Íg|
mvRvnvb (1909) (21Zg I 26Zg
wewmGm): GwU †gvNj m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi
RxebPwiZ Aej¤^‡b iwPZ bvUK| wZwbB
cÖ_g †gvNj m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb‡K wb‡q bvUK
wj‡Lb|
‡ivgvw›UK I †c․ivwYK bvUK P›`ª¸ß, wmsnj weRq|
MxwZbvU¨ cvlvYx, mxZv, fx®§|
wZwb cÖvq 500 Mvb iPbv K‡ib| evsjv msMxZ RM‡Z G¸‡jv
Ôw؇R›`ªMxwZÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zvi K‡qKwU †`kvZ¡‡evaK Mvb-
ʘ e½ Avgvi Rbbx Avgvi ...
ʘ ‡h w`b mybxj Rjwa n‡Z ...
ʘ abavb¨ cy®ú fiv... (mvRvnvb bvU‡Ki AšÍf~©³)
(33Zg wewmGm)
evsjv bvU‡K mv_©K Ø›Øg~jK m„wó Zvi cÖ_g K…wZZ¡| †`k‡cÖg
I mvgvwRK †`vl-ÎæwUi mgv‡jvPbv Zvi bvU‡Ki cÖavb
•ewkó¨|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnZ¨Kg© †K․k‡j g‡b ivLyb : KwP mveb~i|
(Kwé AeZvi, P›`ª¸ß, mvRvnvb, e½bvix, b~iRvnvb|
Avj gvngy` (1936-2019)
→ Avj gvngy` eªvþYevwoqv †Rjvi †g․ovBj MÖv‡g 1936
mv‡ji 11 RyjvB Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
→ cÖK…Z bvg gxi Avãym kvKzi Avj gvngy`|
→ wZwb 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× m¤§yL mg‡i
AskMÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|
55 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ 1972 mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi Ô•`wbK MYKÚÕ cwÎKv
cÖKvwkZ n‡j wZwb Gi cÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K nb| wZwb
gvK©mev`x Av`k© ev` w`‡q Bmjvgx Av`k© MÖnY K‡ib|
→ Aemi MÖn‡Yi ci PÆMÖvg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ Ô‣`wbK
KY©dzwjÕi m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ wQ‡jb|
→ wZwb 15B †deªæqvwi, 2019 wLª÷v‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ ‡jvK †jvKvšÍi (1936, cÖ_g Kve¨), Kv‡ji
Kjm (1966), gvqvex c`©v `y‡j D‡Vv
(1969), ‡mvbvjx Kvweb (1973), Avie¨
iRbxi ivRnuvm, A`„óev`x‡`i ivbœvevbœv
(1980), eLwZqv‡ii †Nvov (1984), ‡`v‡qj
I `wqZv (1997), cvwLi Kv‡Q dz‡ji Kv‡Q,
‡cÖ‡gi KweZv, wØZxq fv½b (2002)
‡mvbvjx Kvweb (15Zg wewmGm) Kwei †kÖô Kve¨MÖš’|
Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Ab¨Zg KweZv Ô‡mvbvjx KvwebÕ, Ô†bvjKÕ cÖf„wZ|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cOw³- ÔAvgv‡`i ag© †nvK dm‡ji mylg eÈb|
Dcb¨vm WvûKx (1992), Kwe I †Kvjvnj (1993),
Dcgnv‡`k (1993), Av¸‡bi †g‡q (1995),
‡Pnvivi PZzi½, Kvwe‡ji †evb|
MíMÖš’ cvb‡K․woi i³ (1975), ‡m․i‡fi Kv‡Q
civwRZ, MÜewYK (1986), gq~ixi gyL|
KweZvi ÔAvgvi gv‡qi †mvbvi ‡bvjK nvwi‡q †Mj †k‡l
cOw³ ‡n_vq LyuwR †nv_vq LyuwR mviv evsjv‡`‡k|Õ
ʘ ‡R‡b ivLyb : Av¸‡bi †g‡q (Dcb¨vm)- Avj gvngy`,
†kl weKv‡ji †g‡q (Dcb¨vm)- Rwni ivqnvq, wek
kZ‡Ki †g‡q (Dcb¨vm)- W. bxwjgv Beªvnxg, †e‡`i
†g‡q (Dcb¨vm)- Rmxg D`&`xb|
AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm (1943-1997)
AvLZviæ¾vgvb †gvnv¤§` Bwjqvm
MvBevÜv †Rjvi mvNvUv _vbvq
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ •mq` Iqvjx
Djøvni c‡iB me©vwaK cÖkswmZ
†jLK|
→ Avb›` cyi¯‥vi (1996), evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi
(1983), GKz‡k c`K (gi‡YvËi) 1999 jvf K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm wP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvB (1987), ‡Lvqvebvgv
wP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvB : Dcb¨vmwU 69Õi MYAf~¨Ìv‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U
iPbv K‡i‡Qb| d‡j G‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi
c~e©eZx© iƒcwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q| Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb PwiÎ Imgvb|
G Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b Pjw”PÎ wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
‡Lvqvebvgv : াঅভালদয গ্রাভীণ জীফলনয জম জরাকবফশ্বা঳, তায জম
ধভ যলচতনা, এগুলরায াঈ঩য বনব যয কলয বনভ যাণ কযা ঴লযলছ এ
াঈ঩ন্যা঳, জকালনা কাল্পবনক ঘটনায াঈ঩য বনব যয কলয bq|
MíMÖš’ ‡Luvqvwi, ‡`vR‡Li Ig, `y‡a fv‡Z DrcvZ
(23Zg wewmGm), Rvj ¯^cœ ¯^‡cœi Rvj, Ab¨
N‡i Ab¨¯^i cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ MíMÖš’| GwU‡Z
c~ivY XvKvi RbRxeb we‡klZ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
weL¨vZ AcNvZ, cÖwZ‡kva, wgwji nv‡Z †÷bMvb
Mí (35Zg wewmGm), ‡iBb‡KvU gyw³hy×wfwËK
cÖeÜ
ms¯‥…wZi fv½v †mZy (20Zg wewmGm) 22wU
msKjb cÖeÜ i‡q‡Q|
‡R‡b ivLyb : ms¯‥…wZi fv½v †mZz (cÖeÜ msKjb)-
AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm, ms¯‥…wZi PovB-DrivB (cÖeÜ)-
kIKZ Imgvb, ms¯‥…wZi K_v (cÖeÜ)- KvRx Ave`yj I`y`,
mvwnZ¨ ms¯‥…wZ wPšÍv (cÖeÜ)- Avng` kixd, ms¯‥…wZi msKU
(cÖeÜ)- e`iæÏxb Igi, mf¨Zvi msKU (cÖeÜ)- iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi|
Avnmvb nvexe (1917-1985)
Avnmvb nvexe wc‡ivRcy‡ii
k¼icvmv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
wZwb Avwki `k‡K Gikv‡`i
mvgwiK kvm‡bi weiæ‡× †K›`ªxq
knx` wgbv‡i eyw×Rxex‡`i GK
mgv‡e‡k ¯^iwPZ KweZv cvV
K‡ib|
→ mßg †kwY‡Z Aa¨qbKv‡j 1933 mv‡j ¯‥zj g¨vMvwR‡b
Zvi cÖ_g cÖeÜ Ôag©Õ cÖKvwkZ nq|
→ cÖ_g KweZv Ôgv‡qi Kei cv‡o wK‡kviÕ 1934 mv‡j
cÖKvwkZ nq wc‡ivRcyi miKvwi ¯‥zj g¨vMvwR‡b|
→ Avnmvb nvex‡ei KweZvi •ewkó¨ n‡”Q Ôe¯‘wbôZv I
ev¯Íe Rxeb‡evaÕ|
→ wZwb ÔmvßvwnK cÖevnÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ ivw·kl (cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖš’, 1947),
QvqvnwiY, mviv `ycyi (‡kÖô Kve¨MÖš’, 1964),
Avkvq emwZ, †gN e‡j ‣P‡Î hv‡ev, `yB nv‡Z
`yB Avw`g cv_i, ‡cÖ‡gi KweZv, we`xY© `c©‡Y
gyL|
Dcb¨vm Ai‡Y¨ bxwjgv (1962), ivbx Lv‡ji muv‡Kv
(wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm, 1965), Rvdivbx is
cvqiv|
56 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
wkï‡Zvl ‡QvU‡`i cvwK¯Ívb (1954), e„wó c‡o Uvcyi-
MÖš’ Uzcyi (1977), QzwUi w`b `ycy‡i (1978),
‡Rvr¯œv iv‡Zi Mí, ‡ijMvwo SgvSg, cvwLiv
wd‡i Av‡m|
KweZv ‡gNbv cv‡oi †Q‡j, ‡RvbvwKiv, ab¨ev`, †gjv,
e„wó c‡o Uvcyi Uzcyi|
cOw³ cvnvo mgvb †XD‡qi ey‡K †b․Kv Avgvi fv‡m,
‡gN-gyKz‡ji cvnvo †_‡K S‡oi SvcUv Av‡m|
ʘ ‡R‡b ivLyb : Ai‡Y¨ bxwjgv (Dcb¨vm)- Avnmvb
nvexe, weaŸ¯Í †iv‡`i †XD (Dcb¨vm)- mi`vi
R‡qbDwÏb, AiY¨ †Mva~wj (Dcb¨vm)- e‡›` Avjx
wgqv, weaŸ¯Í bxwjgv (Kve¨MÖš’)- kvgmyi ivngvb|
mywdqv Kvgvj (1911-1999)
‡eMg mywdqv Kvgvj 20 Ryb gvgvi
evwo ewikv‡ji kv‡q¯Ívev‡` Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Z‡e •cZ…K wbevm Kzwgjøv|
Dcvwa Rbbx mvnwmKv| wcZv •mq`
Ave`yj evix, gvZv mv‡eiv †eMg| gvÎ
evi eQi eq‡m gvgv‡Zv fvB •mq`
†bnvj †nv‡m‡bi mv‡_ we‡q nq|
→ ‣mq` †bnvj †nv‡m‡bi mv‡_ we‡qi ci bvg nq mywdqv
Gb †nv‡mb| 1932 mv‡j †bnvj †nv‡mb gviv †M‡j wZwb
PÆMÖv‡gi †jLK Kvgvj Avng`‡K we‡q K‡ib| ZLb
†_‡K mywdqv Kvgvj bvg e¨envi K‡ib|
→ cÖ_g Mí Ô•mwbK ea~Õ ewikv‡ji ÔZiæYÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ
(1923) nq|
→ cÖ_g KweZv ÔevmšÍxÕ mIMvZ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ (1926)
nq|
→ wZwb GKRb MxwZKwe| cÖ_g gwnjv Kwe wn‡m‡e GKz‡k
c`K jvf K‡ib|
→ G¨vW‡fv‡KU myjZvbv Kvgvj Zuvi †g‡q|
Kve¨MÖš’ muv‡Si gvqv (1938) : Zuvi cÖ_g Kve¨| Gi
gyLe× wj‡Lb Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg|
1948 mv‡j iæk fvlvq cÖKvwkZ nq|
gvqv KvRj (1915), gb I Rxeb, kvwšÍ I
cÖv_©bv, D`vË c„w_ex (1964), AwfhvwÎK
(1969)|
†gvi Rv`y‡`i mgvwa c‡i (1972): Gi
KweZv¸‡jv gyw³hy‡×i mg‡q †jLv|
‡K․k‡j ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnZ¨Kg© g‡b ivLyb : D`vË c„w_ex‡Z
AwfhvwÎK mvu‡Si gvqvq (mvu‡Si gvqv, gvqv KvRj) Rv`y‡K
†Kqvi bv K‡i kvšÍ (kvwšÍ I cÖv_©bv) g‡b GKvˇii Wv‡qwi
iPbv Kij|
weL¨vZ Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b (muv‡Si gvqv), iƒcmx
KweZv evsjv (muv‡Si gvqv)|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
wkï‡Zvl BZj-weZj (1965), bIj
`iev‡i (1982)|
Mí †Kqvi KvuUv (1937)
ågYKvwnbx ‡mvwf‡q‡Z w`b¸wj (1968)
¯§„wZK_v GKvˇii Wv‡qwi (1989)
AvZ¥Rxebx GKv‡j Avgv‡`i Kvj (1988)
cOw³
Nyg †_‡K †R‡M •ekvLx S‡o Kzov‡qwQ Sov Avg
eûw`b c‡i g‡b c‡o AvwR cjøx gv‡qi †Kvj
SvDkv‡L †hLv ebjZv †e‡ua ni‡l †L‡qwQ †`vj|
‡n Kwe, bxie †Kb dv¸b †h G‡m‡Q aivq,
em‡šÍ ewiqv Zzwg j‡e bvwK Ze e›`bvq|
evZvwe †beyi dzj dz‡U‡Q wK?
dz‡U‡Q wK Av‡gi gyKzj?
Kz‡nwj DËixZ‡j gv‡Ni mbœ¨vmx-
wM‡q‡Q Pwjqv ax‡i cy®ú k~b¨ w`M‡šÍi c‡_ wi³ n‡¯Í!
R‡b¥wQ gv‡Mv †Zvgvi †Kv‡j‡Z
gwi †hb GB †`‡k|
•mq` IqvjxDjøvn (1922-1971)
K_vmvwnwZ¨K •mq` IqvjxDjøvn 1922 mv‡ji 15 AvMó
PÆMÖv‡gi †lvjkn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Avw` wbevm
†bvqvLvjx‡Z| wZwb ÔKb‡U‡¤úvivwiÕ bv‡g GKwU Bs‡iwR
cwÎKvI cÖKvk K‡ib| gvÎ 49 eQi eq‡m, 1971 mv‡ji 10
A‡±vei d«v‡Ýi c¨vwi‡m Zvui g„Zy¨ nq|
→ QvÎe¯’vqB cÖ_g MíMÖš’ bqbPviv cÖKvwkZ nq|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm
jvjmvjy (1948) (21Zg wewmGm)- Dcb¨vmwU Zuvi ¯¿x
A¨vb gvwi divwm fvlvq Ôj¨v Avie‡i mvgm gv‡q‡gÕ bv‡g
Abyev` (1961) K‡ib| GwU Bs‡iwR evlvq ‘Tree
without Roots’ bv‡g Ab~w`Z (1967) nq| jvjmvjy
Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨ Ôagx© fÐvgxi wbLyuZ wPÎ I MÖvg
evsjvi mgv‡Ri Awkÿv I Kzwkÿv| PwiÎ : Rwgjv,
gwR`, Av‡gbv|
Puv‡`i Agvem¨v (1964)-G Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎ- ¯‥zj wkÿK
Av‡id Avjx, Kv‡`i (`i‡ek), AvjdvR DwÏb (`v`v
mv‡ne)|
w` AvMwj Gwkqvb (1963) - Dcb¨vmwU wkeeªZ
eg©Y,ÔK`h© GkxqÕ (2006) bv‡g Abyev` K‡ib|
Kuv‡`v b`x Kuv‡`v (1968)- ïwK‡q hvIqv evKvj b`xi
cÖfveZvwoZ KzgyiWv½vi gvby‡li RxebwPÎ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
PwiÎ- nvwKg, gynv¤§`x
57 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
wK‡kv‡ii How does one cook beans Dcb¨vmwU e¨v½vZ¥K
iPbv| Avey kwiqv QÙbv‡g wj‡L‡Qb| Dcb¨vmwU wkeeªZ
eg©Y Ôwkg Kxfv‡e ivbœv Ki‡Z nqÕ wk‡ivbv‡g Abyev`
K‡ib|
‡QvUMí GKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi AvZ¥Kvwnbx (1965) : `yB
Zxi I Ab¨vb¨ Mí eB †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q|
`yB Zxi (1965), Mí mgMÖ (1972)
bqbPviv (1951)- bqbPviv GKwU Dw³-
cjøx¯§„wZ
ÔdzUcvZ Ii me Gwj‡q c‡o i‡q‡Q Qov‡bv Lo
cjøx¯§„wZ
†hb|Õ
Zvnv‡iB bvUK ewncxi (1960) [24Zg wewmGm], Zi½f½
g‡b c‡o (1964), myo½ (1964), DRv‡b g„Zz¨|
Zvnv‡iB cyi¯‥vi evsjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi (1961),
c‡o jvf Av`gRx cyi¯‥vi (1965, `yB Zxi I Ab¨vb¨
g‡b MíMÖ‡šÍi Rb¨), GKz‡k c`K (1983 gi‡YvËi)
jvf K‡ib|
R‡b¥wQ
GB †`‡k
gybxi †P․ayix (1925-1971)
gybxi †P․ayix 1925 mv‡ji 27 b‡f¤^i gvwbKMÄ kn‡i
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| cy‡iv bvg-Avey bvqxg †gvnv¤§` gybxi †P․ayix|
•cZ…K wbevm †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi PvUwLj _vbvi †MvcvBievM
MÖv‡g| wZwb wQ‡jb wkÿvwe`, bvU¨Kvi| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b
mwµq AskMÖnY K‡ib| d‡j 1952-54 ch©šÍ Kviv‡fvM
K‡ib| evsjv UvBc ivBwUs‡qi Kx-‡evW© Ôgybxi AcwUgvÕi
(1965) D™¢veK| 1971 mv‡ji 14 wW‡m¤^i Avj e`i KZ…©K
wb‡LuvR nb| Aa¨vcK Kwei †P․ayix Zvi fvB| Awf‡bÎx
†di‡`․mx gRyg`vi Zvi †evb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
bvUK ÔKeiÕ Zvi weL¨vZ bvUK| XvKv †K›`ªxq †R‡j
e‡m i‡Yk `vk¸‡ßi Aby‡iv‡a 17 Rvbyqvwi
1953 GKz‡ki cUf~wgKvq GB bvUKwU iPbv
K‡ib| 21 †deªæqvwi ivZ 10 Uvq dYx PµeZx©i
wb‡`©kbvq GwU KvivK‡ÿB g¯’ nq| [10g,
18Zg Ges 21Zg wewmGm]
i³v³ cÖvšÍi (1962) [37Zg wewmGm]:
HwZnvwmK bvUK [13Zg wewmGm] | cvwbc‡_i
Z…Zxq hy× (1761) Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| weL¨vZ Dw³-
Ôgvbyl g‡i †M‡j c‡P hvq †eu‡P _vK‡j e`jvqÕ|
wPwV, `ÐKviY¨, cjvkx e¨vivK I Ab¨vb¨|
Abyev` gyLiv igYx ekxKiY (1970) [38Zg wewmGm] :
bvUK DBwjqvg †k·wcqv‡ii Taming of the Shrew
Gi Abyev`|
‡KD wKQz ej‡Z cv‡i bv (1967)| RR© evb©vW
kÕi You never can tell Gi Abyev`|
iƒcvi †K․Uv (1969)| Rb MjRIqvw`i© The
Silver Box Gi Abyev`|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
cÖeÜ Zzjbvg~jK mgv‡jvPbv, gxi gvbm, evsjv
M`¨ixwZ|
cyi¯‥vi evsjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi (1962), `vD`
cyi¯‥vi (1965, gxi gvbm MÖ‡š’i Rb¨), wmZviv-
B-BgwZqvR (1966)|
cOw³
‡Zvgv‡K †`Le e‡j h‡ZveviB †PvL Lyj‡Z i³v³
PvBwQ Z‡ZveviB i‡³i SvcUvq me ¸wj‡q cÖvšÍi
GKvKvi n‡q hv‡”Q| (Beªvwng Kvw`© †Rvniv‡K)
‡lvj bq, Avgvi gvZ…fvlvi †lvjkZ iƒc|
•mq` gyRZev Avjx (1904-1974)
K_vmvwnwZ¨K •mq` gyRZev Avjx KwigMÄ, Avmv‡g
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| •cZ…K wbevm nweMÄ †Rjvi DËim~i MÖvg|
wZwb KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi ÔiæevBqvr-B-Igi •LqvgÕ MÖ‡š’i
f~wgKv wj‡L w`‡qwQ‡jb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm kebg (1960) -AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi cUf~wg‡Z
iwPZ| Awek^vm¨, kni-Bqvi, Zzjbvnxb|
ågY †`‡k we‡`†k (1949) : Kveyj kn‡ii Kvwnbx
Kvwnbx cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| Gi cÖavb PwiÎ †jL‡Ki f…Z¨
Avãyi ingvb| R‡j-Wv½vq (1960)|
†QvUMí PvPv Kvwnbx (1952) (11Zg I 29Zg
wewmGm) , Uzwb ‡gg (1963) wkï‡Zvl,
Zx_©nxbv|
ig¨iPbv cÂZš¿ (1952) (34Zg wewmGm), gqyiKÚx
(1952), eoevey (1965), KZ bv AkÖæRj
(1971), PvPv Kvwnbx|
weL¨vZ Mí im‡Mvjøv, ivRv DwRi, a~cQvqv, cv`UxKv|
eûw`b a‡i mvevb wQj bv e‡j Ave`yi ingv‡bi cvMwo
gqjv| wKš‘ Avgvi g‡b n‡q PZzw`©‡Ki ei‡di †P‡q kÖåZi
Ave`yi ingv‡bi cvMwo| Avi ïåZi Ave`yi ingv‡bi ü`q|
(-‡`‡k-we‡`‡k ågYKvwnbxi Dcmsnvi)
e½xq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mwgwZ
1895 mv‡j evOvwj ga¨we‡Ëi mvwnZ¨PP©v I mvabvi Rb¨
Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`Õ cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| †mLv‡b gymjgvb‡`i
D‡cw¶Z nIqvq 1911 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq Ôe½xq gymjgvb
mvwnZ¨ mwgwZÕ hvi wcQ‡b AMÖ`~Z wQ‡jb - W. gynv¤§`
knx`yjøvn, gyn¤§` †gvRv‡¤§j nK. KvRx Bg`v`yj nK. gIjvbv
AvKivg Lvu, Kg‡iW gyRvd&di Avn‡g` cÖgyL| GB mwgwZi
gyLcÎ e½xq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv (cÖKvk 1918 - ¯’wMZ
1923) hv KjKvZvi 32 bs K‡jR w÷ÖU †_‡K evwni n‡Zv|
58 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
W±i gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn (1885-1969)
W±i gynv¤§` knx`yjøn wQ‡jb g~jZ fvlvZË¡we`| [12Zg
wewmGm]
wKQz cÖvmw½K Z‡_¨i Rb¨ evsjv‡`k welqvewji beg Aa¨vq
†`Lyb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
M‡elYvg~jK evsjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë (1965) [21Zg I
24Zg wewmGm], evsjv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK
fvlvi Awfavb (1965) [ Bnv 1g AvÂwjK
Awfavb] [24Zg evwZj wewmGm], fvlv I
mvwnZ¨ (1931), `xIqv‡b nvwdR,
iæevBqvZ-B-Igi •Lqvg, we`¨vcwZ kZK,
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i K_v (2 LÐ) (1923),
evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY (1958), wm×v
Kvbycvi MxZ I †`vnv (1926), †e․×
gg©ev`xi Mvb (1960)|
cÖeÜ BKevj, Avgv‡`i mgm¨v|
Mí mÂqb [•mq` Avjx Avnmvb mn‡hv‡M],
iKgvwi|
wkï‡Zvl †QvU‡`i ivmyjyjøvn, ‡kl bexi mÜv‡b,
†mKv‡ji iæcK_v|
cwÎKv AvOzi (wkï‡Zvl) [ 1920], e½f‚wg|
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b f‚wgKv : eû fvlvwe`, cwÐZ I cÖv‡Pi¨
Ab¨Zg †miv fvlvweÁvbx wn‡m‡e W±i gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn
wQ‡jb GKRb LvuwU evOvwj I ag©cÖvY gymjgvb| RvwZmËv
m¤ú‡K© gynv¤§` knx`yjøvnÕi ¯§iYxq Dw³ wQjÒAvgiv wn›`y ev
gymjgvb †hgb mZ¨, Zvi †P‡q †ewk mZ¨ Avgiv
evOvwj|ÓcvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi ciB †`‡ki ivóªfvlv wb‡q weZK©
m„wó n‡j evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi c‡¶ †h KÕRb e¨w³
†Rviv‡jv e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wZwb
Ab¨Zg|
KvRx Bg`v`yj nK
Kve¨ AvuwLRj (1900), jwZKv (AcÖKvwkZ)
wkï‡Zvl bexKvwnbx (1917), Kvgv‡ii KvÐ (1919)
Dcb¨vm Ave`yjøvn (1932)
cÖeÜ †gvm‡jg RM‡Z weÁvb PP©v (1904), f‚‡Mvj
wk¶v cÖYvjx (`yÕLÐ, 1913, 1916),
cÖeÜgvjv (1918)|
ZvQvov,Av‡j·vw›`Öqvi cÖvPxb cy¯ÍKvMvi,Ave`yi ingv‡bi
KxwZ©,dÖv‡Ý gymwjg AwaKvi, Avjnvgiv, cvMj Lwjdv|
ÔAve`yjøvnÕ : Dcb¨vmwU †jL‡Ki RxeÏkvq m¤ú~Y© cÖKvk
nqwb| Dcb¨vmwU cÖ_‡g †gvm‡jg fviZ cwÎKvq cÖKvk n‡Z
_v‡K| wZwb G Dcb¨vmwU Rxe‡bi †klv‡šÍ ïiæ Ki‡jI †kl
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
K‡i †h‡Z cv‡ibwb| cieZ©x‡Z Zvui Lmovi wfwˇZ
Dcb¨vmwU m¤ú~Y© Kiv nq Ges Zv 1932 mv‡j MÖÖš’vKv‡i
cÖKvwkZ nq| Dcb¨vmwUi DcRxe¨ nj ÔZrKvjxb gymwjg
ga¨weË mgv‡Ri wPÎÕ| [18Zg wewmGm]
m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv : beb~i cwÎKv (1903 - 1906), gvwmK
wk¶K cwÎKv (1920 - 1924) cÖKvwkZ nq| GQvovI e½xq
gymjgvb mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv cÖKvkbvi mv‡_ wZwb RwoZ wQ‡jb|
D‡jøL¨ : e„wUk miKvi Zvui miKvwi Kv‡R Lywk n‡q Lvb
mv‡ne (1919) Ges Lvb evnv`yi (1926) Dcvwa †`b|
gynv¤§` †gvRv‡¤§j nK (1860-1933)
wZwb b`xqvi kvwšÍcy‡ii evDMvwQ MÖv‡g Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| Zvu‡K
ÒkvwšÍcy‡ii KweÓ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| e½xq mvwnZ¨
cwil` Zv‡K Ô KweKÚ Õ Dcvwa †`q|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨ KzmygvÄwj (1881), Ac~e© `k©b, †cÖgnvi,
nhiZ gyn¤§`|
Rxebx MÖš’ Zvcm Kvwnbx, †di‡`․wm PwiZ, eocxi PwiZ,
wUcy myjZvb, gnwl© gbmyi, kvwšÍcy‡ii
ivmjxjv|
Dcb¨vm †Rvniv (1929)- MÖvgxY gymjgvb mgv‡Ri
KiæY wPÎ dz‡U †Zvjv nq G Dcb¨v‡m|
iw½jvevC, `ivdLvb MvRx|
m¤úvw`Z †gvm‡jg fviZ (1920), jnix (1899)|
cwÎKv [g‡b ivLyb : †gvj]
XvKv gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvR
1926 wLª÷v‡ã XvKvq cÖwZwôZ nq ÔXvKv gymwjg mvwnZ¨
mgvRÕ [24Zg evwZj wewmGm]| XvKv gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvR
wQj evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU eyw×i gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi `j hv 1927
mv‡j cÖwZwôZ wkLv cwÎKvi mv‡_ MwVZ nq| gymwjg mvwnZ¨
mgv‡Ri KY©avi wQ‡jb KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb, KvRx Ave`yj
I`y`, Aveyj dRj Ges Aveyj û‡mb [15Zg wewmGm]| 1937
mvj ch©šÍ gvÎ GK `kK P‡jwQj GB XvKv †Kw›`ÖK †MvôxwUi
Kvh©µg|
wkLv cwÎKv
→ ÒÁvb †hLv‡b mxgve×, eyw× †mLv‡b Avoó, gyw³ †mLv‡b
Am¤¢eÓ wkLv cwÎKvi cÖwZ msL¨vq †jLv _vK‡Zv!
(16Zg wewmGm)
→ gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡Ri gyLcvÎ wQj ÔwkLvÕ cwÎKv|
→ cÖ_g msL¨vi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb- Aveyj û‡mb|
→ XvKvq eyw×i gy³ Av‡›`vj‡bi gyLcvÎiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ
cwÎKvwU n‡jv ÔwkLvÕ cwÎKv|
59 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
KvRx Ave`yj I`y` (1894-1970)
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm QvÎ _vKvKvjxb iwPZ - b`xe‡¶ (1919),
AvRv` (1948)
Mí QvÎ _vKvKvjxb iwPZ Mí - gxi cwievi
(1918), ZiæY (1948)
cÖeÜ Kwe¸iæ M¨v‡U (1946), kvk¦Z e½ (1951)
[24Zg wewmGm], evsjvi RvMiY (1956)
bvUK c_ I wec_, gvbe eÜz
Awfavb e¨envwiK kã‡Kvl (1953)
m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv msKí, ZiæYcÎ
 KvRx †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb (1897 - 1981)
wZwb Zvui gvgvi evwo Kzwóqv †Rjvi KzgviLvjxi j¶xcy‡i
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Z‡e Zvui •cZ…K wbevm ivRevwoi cvskvi
evMgviv‡Z| wZwb Dcgnv‡`‡ki †kÖô `vevoz I evsjv
GKv‡Wwgi cÖwZôvZv m`m¨ wQ‡jb| gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡Ri
Ab¨Zg KY©avi whwb Xv:we: Gi c`v_©weÁv‡bi cÖ`k©K wnmv‡e
Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib Ges 1961 mv‡j Aem‡ii ci 1969
mv‡j B‡gwiUvm cÖ‡dmi wnmv‡e wbhy³ nb| 1975 mv‡j
RvZxq Aa¨vcK †nvb|
mvwnZ¨Kg© : mÂiY (1g MÖš’, hv 1937 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ),
wm‡¤úvwRqvg (1965), MwYZ kv‡mÖi BwZK_v (1970),
Av‡jvK weÁvb (1976)
 Aveyj dRj (1903-1983)
 wZwb g~jZ K_vwkíx wnmv‡e cwiwPZ|
 wZwb Xv: we : Aa¨qbKv‡j 1926 mv‡j Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨
mgvRÕ cÖwZôvi mv‡_ hy³ wQ‡jb Ges 1930 mv‡j GB
msMV‡bi m¤úv`K nb|
 Aveyj û‡mb (1896- 1938)
→ eyw×i gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖe³v Aveyj û‡mb
ÔwkLvÕ cwÎKvi cÖ_g msL¨vi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb|
cÂcvÐe
cÂcvÐe Kviv?
w·ki `k‡Ki wewkó 5 Rb Kwe iex›`ª cÖfv‡ei evB‡i wM‡q
evsjv fvlvq AvaywbK KweZv m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvu‡`i 5
Rb‡K evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÂcvÐe ejv nq| Zvuiv n‡jb-
Rxebvb›` `vk, Awgq PµeZ©x, eyׇ`e emy, weòz †`,
myax›`ªbv_ `Ë| [g‡b ivLyb AeyR (AeyS) wemy]
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 60 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Rxebvb›` `vk (1899-1954) cvwLi bx‡oi gZ †PvL Zz‡j PvIqv bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv‡mb
ebjZv‡mb|
Rxebvb›` `vk¸ß 1899 mv‡ji 17 †deªæqvwi ewikv‡ji
myiÄbv, Zzwg IBLv‡b †hq bv‡Kv Zzwg, AvKvkjxbv
[16Zg wewmGm] GK eªvþY cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| cÖK…wZi ‡ev‡jvbv‡Kv K_v IB hye‡Ki mv‡_;
Kwe wn‡m‡e wZwb cwiwPZ| wcZv mZ¨vb›` `vk¸ß, gvZv ‡mvbvi ¯^‡cœi mva c„w_ex‡Z K‡e Avi S‡i| ‡mB w`b
weL¨vZ Kwe KzmygKzgvix `vk| GB gvV
→ †`keÜz wPËiÄb `vk g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡j (1925) wZwb Avevi Avwme wd‡i avbwmuwoi Zx‡i- Avevi
Ô‡`keÜzi cÖqv‡YÕ bv‡g GKwU KweZv wj‡Lb| GwU GB evsjvq| Avwme wd‡i
Ôe½evYxÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| KjKvZvi evwjM‡Ä GK Avevi Zvnv‡i †Kb †W‡K Av‡bv? †K nvq ü`q Lyu‡o nvq wPj
‡e`bv RvMv‡Z fvjev‡m|
Uªvg `yN©Ubvq AvnZ n‡q 22 A‡±vei 1954 KjKvZvi evsjvi gyL
evsjvi gyL Avwg †`wLqvwQ, ZvB Avwg c„w_exi iƒc
k¤¢ybv_ cwÛZ nvmcvZv‡j gviv hvb| LyuwR‡Z hvB bv Avi Avwg
→ Ab¨ †h mKj bv‡g cwiwPZ: wZwgi nb‡bi Kwe, †`wLqvwQ
wbR©bZvi Kwe, a~miZvi Kwe, iƒcmx evsjvi Kwe| Ô†K nvq ü`q Ly‡o †e`bv RvMv‡Z fvjev‡mÕ
→ 1919 mv‡j eªvþev`x cwÎKvi •ekvL msL¨vq Zvi cÖ_g
KweZv Ôel©v AvevnbÕ cÖKvwkZ nq|
weòz †` (1909-1982
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Rb¥ : 1909 wLª÷v‡ãi 18 RyjvB KjKvZvq|
Kve¨MÖš’ Siv cvjK (1927) : ZLb †_‡K wZwb
g„Zz¨ : 1982 mv‡ji 3 wW‡m¤^i|
Ô`vk¸ßÕ Gi cwie‡Z© Ô`vkÕ wjL‡Z ïiæ
Zv‡K gvK©mev`x Kwe ejv nq|
K‡ib|
a~mi cvÐzwjwc (1936) [13Zg wewmGm], mvwnZ¨Kg©
ebjZv †mb, gnvc„w_ex (1944), mvZwU Zvivi Kve¨MÖš’ De©kx I A‡U©wgm (1933), ‡Pvivevwj
wZwgi (1948)| (1937), mvZ fvB P¤úv, Zzwg ïay cuwP‡k
g„Zz¨i ci cÖKvwkZ iƒcmx evsjv (1936), †ejv ‣ekvL, BwZnv‡mi UªvwRK Djøv‡m, bvg
Kve¨ A‡ejv Kvj‡ejv (1961) †i‡LwQ †Kvgj MvÜvi, ¯§„wZmËv fwel¨Z,
cÖeÜMÖš’ KweZvi K_v (1956) [28Zg I 36Zg wPÎiƒcgq c„w_ex, Dˇi _v‡K ‡g․b,
wewmGm]: G MÖ‡š’i weL¨vZ Dw³- ÔmK‡jB Kwe iweK‡iv¾¡j wbR †`k, †mB AÜKvi PvB,
bb, †KD †KD KweÕ| w`evwbwk, Avgvi ü`‡q evu‡Pv|
Dcb¨vm gvj¨evb (1973), myZx_© (1974), Kj¨vYx| Abyev` Gwjq‡Ui KweZv|
KweZv †`keÜzi cÖqv‡Y| cÖeÜ iæwP I cÖMwZ, mvavi‡Yi iæwP, mvwn‡Z¨i
ebjZv †mb : 1942 mv‡j GWMvi G‡jb †cv fwel¨r, G‡jv‡g‡jv Rxeb I wkí mvwnZ¨|
iwPZ ÔUz †n‡jbÕ KweZvi cÖfve i‡q‡Q| ¯§„wZPviYg~jK MÖš’ GB Rxeb
Avevi Avwme wd‡i (iƒcmx evsjv), evsjvi m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv cwiPq (1931), mvwnZ¨cÎ
Zx‡i (1948)
cyi¯‥vi wek^fviZx wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K m¤§vbm~PK wW-
wjU wWwMÖ, GKz‡k c`K (1976) jvf K‡ib| myax›`ªbv_ `Ë (1901-1960)
g„Zz¨i Av‡M : → Rb¥ : 1901 mv‡ji 30 A‡±vei †KvjKvZvq|
(a~mi cvÛzwjwc, 1936) KweZvwU eyׇ`e emyi ÔKweZvÕ → g„Zz¨ : 1960 mv‡ji 25 Ryb|
cwÎKvi cÖ_g msL¨vq Qvcv nq| KweZvwU cvV K‡i iex›`ªbv_ → myax›`ªbv_ KL‡bv Dcb¨vm †j‡Lbwb| [23Zg wewmGm]
VvKzi eyׇ`e emy‡K †jLv GK wPwV‡Z gšÍe¨ K‡ib KweZvwU → K¬¨vwmK Kwe ejv nq| [Dcvwa]
ÔwPÎiƒcgqÕ| KweZvwUi mv‡_ W.B Yeats Gi The → Zvui cÖ_g KweZv ÔKz°zUÕ cÖevmx cwÎKvq 1928 wLª÷v‡ã
falling of the Leaves’s KweZvi wgj i‡q‡Q| cÖKvwkZ nq| KweZvwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †¯œn I cÖksmv
Kzwo‡qwQj|
cOw³ → ÔDc¯’vcbÕ KweZvq wb‡R‡K ÔÿYev`xÕ e‡j ‡NvlYv
nvRvi eQi a‡i Avwg c_ nvuwU‡ZwQ c„w_exi c‡_ ebjZv‡mb K‡i‡Qb|
Avgv‡i `y`Ð kvwšÍ w`‡qwQj bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †mb| ebjZv‡mb
Pyj Zvi K‡eKvi AÜKvi wew`kvi wbkv → Kwe myax›`ªbv_ `Ë m¤ú‡K© Rxebvb›` `vk e‡j‡Qb- Ô
gyL Zvi kÖve¯Íxi KviæKvh©Õ wZwb AvaywbK evsjvi me‡P‡q †ewk wbivkv‡Kv¾¡j
†PZbvÕ|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 61 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
mvwnZ¨Kg© mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ Zš^x iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii kÖxPi‡Y DrmM© Kve¨MÖš’
e›`xi e›`bv (1930), gg©evYx (1925),
K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, ÔFY †kv‡ai Rb¨, K¼veZx (1937), `gqšÍx, †h Avuavi Av‡jvi
FY ¯^xKv‡ii Rb¨), AwaK, gi‡P cov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb|
A‡K©óªv (1935) – Zvui †kÖô ‡cÖg Kve¨| G‡Z Dcb¨vm mvov (1930), wZw_‡Wvi (1949), wbR©b
25wU KweZv i‡q‡Q| GB Kv‡e¨i GKwU ¯^vÿi (1951), ivZfi e„wó|
KweZv Ôkvk^ZxÕ| cÖeÜMÖš’ nVvr Av‡jvi SjKvwb (1935), Kv‡ji
cyZzj, mvwnZ¨PP©|
µ›`mx, mseZ©, DËi dvêybx, `kgx| MíMÖš’ Awfbq, Awfbq, Awfbq bq (1930),
Abyev` cÖwZaŸwb| †iLvwPÎ (1931)|
M`¨cÖeÜ ¯^MZ, Kzjvq I Kvjcyiæl, AvZ¥Rxebxi ¯§„wZK_v Avgvi †Q‡j‡ejv (1973), Avgvi †h․eb|
Lmov| cyi¯‥vi mvwnZ¨ AvKv‡`gx cyi¯‥vi, iex›`ª cyi¯‥vi,
cÙf~lY Dcvwa|
m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv cÖMwZ (1927), KweZv (1342)|
Agxq PµeZx© (1901-1986)
Awgq PµeZx© 1901 mv‡ji 10 GwcÖj gvgv evwo cwðge‡½i †mwjbv †nv‡mb (1947 - )
ûMwji kÖxivgcy‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb mvwnwZ¨K I
wkÿvwe`| gv Awbw›`Zv †`ex wQ‡jb mvwnwZ¨K whwb Ôe½bvixÕ cÖL¨vZ gwnjv Jcb¨vwmK †mwjbv †nv‡mb ÔmgKv‡ji mvgvwRK
wk‡ivbv‡g cÖeÜ-wbeÜ wjL‡Zb| I ivR‣bwZK I mvgvwRK msK‡Ui mvgwMÖKZvÕ Zvui Dcb¨v‡m
wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Aeiæ× mgv‡Ri gvby‡li gyw³ wPšÍv I
→ kvwšÍ wb‡KZ‡b iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii mvwnZ¨ mwPe (1926- gyw³i AvKzwZ‡K AZ¨šÍ mnR fvlvq Zvui m„wóK‡g© A¼b
1933) wQ‡jb|
K‡i‡Qb|
→ wZwb g~jZ w·ki `k‡Ki AvaywbK Kwe| cÂcvÛ‡ei
GKRb| mvwnZ©Kg©
mvwnZ¨Kg© Dcb¨vm
Kve¨MÖš’ KweZvejx (1925), Dcnvi (1927), Lmov R‡jv”Q¡vm (1927)- MÖvg evsjvq kvšÍ wb¯Íi½ Rxe‡b AvKw¯§K
(1938), gvwUi †`qvj, AgiveZx, AwfÁvb cÖvK…wZK AvNv‡Z chy©`¯Í Rxe‡bi NUbv G Dcb¨v‡mi
emšÍ, cvivcvi, cvjve`j, N‡i †divi w`b, DcRxe¨|
nviv‡bv AwK©W, Awbt‡kl, cyw¯úZ B‡gR| nvOi b`x †MÖ‡bW (1976)-gyw³hy‡×i mg‡qi GKwU mZ¨ NUbv
M`¨iPbv P‡jv hvB (1962), mv¤úªwZK (1963), c_ Aej¤^‡b 1972 mv‡j GKUw Mí wj‡Lb| 1974 mv‡j G MíwU
AšÍnxb, cyievmx| Dcb¨vm AvKv‡i wj‡Lb| GB Dcb¨vmwU Aej¤^‡b Pjw”PÎ wbgv©Y
cyi¯‥vi BD‡b‡¯‥v cyi¯‥vi (1960), fviZ miKvi K‡ib Pvlx bRiæj Bmjvg| GLv‡b eywo Z_v evsjv‡`k‡K b`x
KZ…©K cÙf~lY (1970)| wn‡m‡e, cvwK¯Ívbx nvbv`vi‡`i nvOi b`x wn‡m‡e, gyw³‡hv×v‡`i
†MÖ‡bW wn‡m‡e iƒcvwqZ Kiv n‡‡Q| PwiÎ- Mdzi, eywo, mwjg,
→ Ôevsjv‡`kÕ KweZvwU Awbt‡kl Kve¨ MÖ‡š’i AšÍf©y³,1971 iBm I Kwjg|
mv‡ji msNwUZ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ|
Aÿie„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| hvwcZ Rxeb (1981)-G Dcb¨v‡m 1947 †_‡K 1952 mv‡ji
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi hveZxq NUbv|
†cvKv gvK‡oi NiemwZ (1986)- bvd b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z kvn
cixi Øx‡ci gvby‡li Rxeb Kvwnbx wb‡q †jLv| D‡jøL‡hvM¨
eyׇ`e emy (1908-1974) PwiÎ- gv‡jK, mvwdqv|
wbišÍi N›UvaŸwb (1987): Pwjø‡ki `k‡Ki cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ|
Rb¥ : 1908 mv‡ji 30 b‡f¤^i Kzwgjøvq|
g„Zz¨ : 1974 mv‡ji 18 gvP©| KuvUvZv‡i cÖRvcwZ (1998): bv‡Pv‡ji †ZfvMv Av‡›`vjb I
Zvui wKse`šÍxZzj¨ msMVK I †bÎx Bjv wg·K wb‡q †jLv
KjKvZvq emevmKv‡j wZwb †cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi mn‡hvwMZvq
BwZnvm wbf©i Rxebx Dcb¨vm|
1935 mv‡j ‣ÎgvwmK cwÎKv m¤úv`bv K‡i cÖKvk K‡ib|
wZwb XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi RMbœv_ n‡j _vKv Ae¯’vq ÔevmwšÍKvÕ KvV Kqjvi Qwe (2001) Pv evMv‡bi kÖwgK‡`i Rxeb hvÎv wb‡q
cwÎKv m¤úv`bv Ki‡Zb| †jLv|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
hy× : 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ| 11 b¤^i †m±‡ii
Aaxb bvix gyw³‡hv×v Zvivgb wewei K_v G‡m‡Q GLv‡b|
KvKZvo–qv : wkï‡Zvl Dcb¨vm| Dcb¨vmwU GK GwZg mvnmx
gyw³‡hv×vi (bvg- eyav) Kvwnbx wPwÎZ nq|
Îqx Dcb¨vm : MvqÎx mܨv (1g LÐ 1994, 2q LÐ 1995,
3q LÐ 1996)| 1947 mvj †_‡K 1975 mvj ch©šÍ Av_©-
mvgvwRK ivR‣bwZK, mvs¯‥…wZK cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ G Dcb¨vm|
Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨vm : bxj gq~‡ii †h․eb, gMœ •PZ‡b¨ wkm,
c`kã, Kvj‡KZz I dzjøiv, Pvu`‡e‡b, Uvbv‡cv‡ob, g‡M©i
bxj cvwL, Øxcvwš^Zv, Nyg KvZz‡i Ck^i, jviv, gwnbxi we‡q,
A‡cÿv, hgybv b`xi gymvqiv, fvjevmv cÖxwZjZv, AvYweK
Avuavi, c~Y© Qwei gMœZv|
Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZ¨Kg©
cÖeÜ ¯^‡`‡k cievmx, GKvˇii XvKv (1990), wbf©q
K‡iv †n, gy³ K‡iv fq, Ni †Miw¯’i ivRbxwZ|
MíMÖš’ Drm †_‡K wbišÍi, ciRb¥, gvbylwU, gwZRv‡bi
†g‡qiv, Ab~pv c~wY©gv|
m¤úvw`Z Ôavb kvwj‡Ki †`kÕ (evsjv GKv‡Wwgi),
cwÎKv Ôc~evjxÕcwÎKvq Zuvi cÖ_g Mí Qvcv nq|
cyi¯‥vi evsjv GKv‡Wwgi cyi¯‥vi (1980), AvjvIj
mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi (1981)
knx`yjøvn Kvqmvi (1927-1971)
knx`yjøvn Kvqmvi †dbx †Rjvi gRycyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
Zvui cÖK…Z bvg wQj- Avey bCg †gvnv¤§` knx`yjøv| K_v
mvwnwZ¨K Rwni ivqnvb Zvi fvB| K_v mvwnwZ¨K cvbœv
Kvqmvi Zvi ¯¿x| Awf‡bÎx kgx Kvqmvi Zvi †g‡q| 1971
mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i †klj‡Mœ wZwb cvwK¯Ívbx
‡mbvevwnbx I ¯’vbxq mn‡hvMx Avj e`‡ii nv‡Z AcüZ nb|
→ MYZvwš¿K hyejxM (1947) MV‡b AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb
K‡ib|
→ 1951 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ívb cÖv‡`wkK KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i
m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb| 1952 mv‡j KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i cÿ
†_‡K fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
→ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b ewjô f~wgKv ivLvi Rb¨ 3 Ryb
(1952) †MÖdZvi nb| wZb ch©v‡q AvU eQi †R‡j
KvwU‡q‡Qb|
→ Av`gRx cyi¯‥vi - 1962 jvf K‡ib| (mv‡is †e․
Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¨)
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm mv‡is †e․ (1962)- G Dcb¨v‡mi PwÎ K`g
mv‡is I Zvi ¯¿x bweZzb| Dcb¨vmwUi
DcRxe¨ evsjv‡`‡ki mgy`ª DcK~jeZx©
Rbc‡`i gvby‡li Rxeb wPÎ|
62 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Dcb¨vm mskßK (1965) (20Zg wewmGm): PwiÎ:
Rv‡n`, ivey, †mKv›`vi, igRvb, gvjy|
cUf~wg‡Z Av‡Q wØZxq wek^hy×, gš^šÍi,
cvwK¯Ívb Av‡›`vjb, mv¤úª`vwqK `v½v I
cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi NUbv|
Dcb¨vm K…òP~ov †gN, w`M‡šÍ dz‡ji Av¸b, P›`ªfv‡bi
(MÖš’vKv‡i Kb¨v| [g‡b ivLyb : K…òP~ov dz‡ji gv_vi
AcÖKvwkZ) Dci P›`ª|]
¯§„wZK_v ivRe›`xi †ivRbvgPv(1962)
ågYe„ËvšÍ †c‡kvqvi †_‡K ZvmL›` (1966)|
kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjvg (1926-1997)
kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjvg ewikv‡ji bjwQwU Dc‡Rjvi
Kvg‡`ecyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb 1997 mv‡ji 10
Rvbyqvwi BZvjxi †iv‡g g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
1955 mvj †_‡K kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjvg bv‡g cwiwPZ| H
mg‡q cÖL¨vZ ivRbxwZwe` I •`wbK AvRv` cwÎKvi
m¤úv`‡Ki bvg wQj Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmyÏxb| GRb¨ wZwb
Zuvi bvg cwieZ©b K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm Kvke‡bi Kb¨v (1954) (24Zg I 25Zg
wewmGm): cÖavb `yB PwiÎ- †nv‡mb I wkK`vi|
AvjgM‡ii DcK_v, `yB gnj, RxebKve¨- GB
iPbv †_‡KB wZwb bvg cwieZ©b K‡ib|
KvÂbgvjv, RvqR½j, g‡bi g‡Zv VuvB,
bevbœ, KvÂbMÖvg|
MímsMÖn A‡bK w`‡bi Avkv, †XD, c_ Rvbv bvB, `yB
ü`‡qi Zxi, kv‡ni evby, cuyB Wvwj‡gi Kve¨|
Avãyjøvn Avj gvgyb (1942-2008)
mvwnZ¨Kg©
bvUK Dcb¨vm
kc_, GLb `ytmgq, myePb gvbe †Zvgvi mviv Rxeb
wbe©vm‡b (1974), ‡KvwKjviv,
nvq ce©Zx Avn †`e`vm
Pviw`‡K hy×, kvnRv`xi LjbvqK (1997)
Kv‡jv †bKve, GLb aiv `vI,
GLbI µxZ`vm, µm †iv‡W
hy× we‡ivax †PZbvq DØy×
µm dvqvi, AiwÿZ gwZwSj, n‡q Ôkc_Õ (1g bvUK)
`~icvjøv, Avgv‡`i mšÍv‡biv| cÖKvwkZ nq|
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1908-1956)
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq wcZvi Kg©¯’j wenv‡ii muvIZvj ciMbvi
`ygKv kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| •cZ…K wbevm gyÝxM‡Äi
weµgcy‡ii gvjew`qv MÖv‡g| Rb¥ cwÎKvq bvg AaiP›`ª,
wcZ…`Ë bvg cÖ‡evaKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, WvKbvg gvwbK| wZwb
GKRb K_v mvwnwZ¨K| wcZv nwini e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| gvZv
bxi`vmy›`ix †`ex|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
→ wZwb Avg„Zz¨ KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i mv‡_ hy³ wQ‡jb| wZwb
d«‡qWxq g‡bvmgxÿY I gvK©mxq †kÖwYmsMÖvg ZË¡ Øviv
Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm cÙv b`xi gvwS (1936) : Dcb¨vmwU 1934
mvj †_‡K mÄq fÆvPv‡h©i Kzwgjøvi Ôc~e©vkvÕ
cwÎKvq avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq| G
Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b evsjv‡`‡k `ywU Pjw”PÎ
wbwg©Z nq| D`y© Kwe d‡qR Avn‡g` d‡q‡Ri
wPÎbv‡U¨ 1958 mv‡j G †R Kvi`vi
cwiPvwjZ D`y© Qwe ÔRv‡Mv ûqv mv‡eivÕ| 1992
mv‡j †M․Zg †Nvl cwiPvwjZ ÔcÙv b`xi gvwSÕ|
GwU g‡bvmgxÿvg~jK Dcb¨vm| cÙvi Zxi
msjMœ †KZzcyi MÖvg Ges Zvi Av‡k cv‡ki
K‡qKwU MÖv‡gi gvwS I †R‡j‡`i
RxebmsMÖv‡gi Kvwnbx‡K †K›`ª K‡i Dcb¨vmwU
iwPZ n‡q‡Q [13Zg wewmGm]| cÙv b`xi gvwS
Dcb¨v‡mi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ `wi`ª gvwS Kz‡ei|
Rbbx (1935) : Zvi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm| G
Dcb¨v‡mi Rbbx Ôk¨vgvÕ|
w`evivwÎi Kve¨ (1935) [32Zg wewmGm],
cyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_v (1936) [38Zg
wewmGm wjwLZ], kniZjx, Awnsmv,
kniev‡mi BwZK_v, wPý, PZz‡®‥vY, RxqšÍ,
‡mvbvi †P‡q `vgx, ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^v`, Av‡ivM¨,
BwZK_vi c‡ii K_v, nid, gvïj, njy` b`x
meyR eb|
MíMÖš’ AZmx gvgx I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1935)| cÖ_g
cÖKvwkZ MíMÖš’| Gi Mí ÔAZmx gvgxÕ wewPÎv
cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq|
cÖv‣MwZnvwmK (1937)| wfLy I cvwP GB M‡íi
PwiÎ|
mixm„c (1939)| Gi Mí ÔggZvw`Õ|
cwiw¯’wZ (1946)| Gi weL¨vZ Mí Ôgvwm
wcwmÕ|
wgwn I †gvUv Kvwnbx (1938), mgy‡`ªi ¯^v`,
AvRKvj ciïi Mí, ‡QvU eKzjcy‡ii hvÎx|
cÖeÜ msKjb †jL‡Ki K_v (1946)
bvUK wf‡UgvwU (1946)
m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv ÔbveviæYÕ (m¤úv`K)|
Aÿq Kzgvi eovj (1860-1919)
→ Kwei Kve¨ iPbvi g~j welq wQj cÖK…wZ, †m․›`h¨©, †cÖg,
†kvK I gvbe e›`bv| ফাাংরা গীবতকবফতায াআবত঴াল঳
বতবন ফডার কবফ নালভ ঩বযবচত|
63 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ cÖ_g KweZv ÔiRbxi g„Zz¨Õ 1882 mv‡j e½`k©b cwÎKvq
cÖKvwkZ nq|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ cÖ`xc (1884), KYKvÄwj (1885), fzj
(1887), k•L (1910), PÛx`vm (1917)
Glv (1912) : GwU AÿqKzgv‡ii †kÖô Kve¨|¯¿xi g„Zz¨‡kv‡K
iwPZ GKwU †kvKKve¨| Pvi c‡e© Kve¨wU wef³ : g„Zz¨,
A‡k․P, †kvK Ges mvšÍ¡bv|
weL¨vZ KweZv gvbe e›`bv [Rxeb e›`bv KweZvwU
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg wj‡L‡Qb]
K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi (1834-1907)
K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi Zuvi KweZvq ms¯‥…Z KweZvi Q›` Ô‡ZvUKÕ I
ÔcR¥wUKvÕ Q‡›`i cwiPq cvIqv hvq| Ô‡ZvUKÕI ÔcR¥wUKvÕ
g~jZ ms¯‥…Z KweZvi Q›`| G‡`i gvÎv msL¨v h_vµ‡g 11 I
12| XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwk cÖ_g evsjv msev`cÎ XvKv cÖKvk
mvßvwnK cwÎKvwUi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi (40Zg
wewmGm)|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ m™¢vekZK bxwZK_v welqK Kve¨| GwU cÖ_g
I †kÖô MÖš’| dviwm Kwe †kL mv`x I nvwd‡Ri
KweZvi fvevbyev`|
†gvn‡fvM (1871)| gnvfvi‡Zi ÔbûlÕ DcvL¨vb Aej¤^‡b
bvU¨vKv‡i iwPZ|
cÖeÜ •Kej¨ZË, iv‡mi BwZe„Ë- AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK
iPbv|
KweZv Ace¨‡qi dj, `y:L webv myL nq bv, myLx `yLxi
`y:L ‡ev‡S bv|
cOw³
→ †Kb cvš’! ÿvšÍ nI ‡n‡i `xN© c_? D`¨g wen‡b Kvi
c~‡i g‡bvi_? KuvUv †nwi ÿvšÍ †Kb Kgj Zzwj‡Z/`ytL
webv myL jvf nq wK gnx‡Z? (m™¢vekZK : `y:L webv myL
nq bv) [33Zg wewmGm]
→ †h Rb w`e‡m g‡bi ni‡l R¦vjvq †gv‡gi evwZ, AvïM„‡n
Zvi †`wL‡e bv Avi wbkx‡_ cÖ`xc evwZ| (m™¢vekZK :
Ace¨‡qi dj)
→ wPimyLxRb å‡g wK KLb, e¨w_Z‡e`b eywS‡Z cv‡i| Kx
hvZbv we‡l, eywS‡e †m wK‡m Kfy Avkxwe‡l `s‡kwb
hv‡i| (m™¢vekZK : myLx `yLxi `y:L ‡ev‡S bv)
→ wPimyLx Rb å‡g wK KLb/ e¨w_Z †e`b eywS‡Z cv‡i?
wK hvZbv we‡l eywS‡e †m wK‡m/Kfz Avkxwe‡l `s‡kwb
hv‡i| (mge¨_x)
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
AZzjcÖmv` †mb (1871-1934)
→ evsjv Mv‡b Vzswi avivi cªeZ©K| D‡jøL¨ †h, evsjvq Vzswi
MxZavivi cÖ_g cÖPjb K‡ib j‡ÿè․i wewkó m½xZÁ
beve Iqv‡R` Avjx kvn|
→ wZwbB cÖ_g evsjvq MRj iPbv K‡ib| Zvui iwPZ evsjv
MR‡ji msL¨v 6-7wU|
→ m½xZÁ wn‡m‡e Zuvi h‡_ó L¨vwZ wQj| Zvi m½xZ¸‡jv
g~jZ wZb fv‡M wef³- ¯^‡`kx m½xZ, fw³MxwZ,
‡cÖ‡gi Mvb|
→ ¯^iwjwcmn 71 wU Mv‡bi msKjb ÔKvKwjÕ (2q LÐ) bv‡g
1930 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq|
→ ÔK‡qKwU MvbÕ I ÔMxwZ¸ÄÕ (1931) Zvi Mv‡bi
msKjb|
→ Zuvi iwPZ Mv‡bi msL¨v cÖvq 206 wU| Gi g‡a¨ 50-60
wU Mvb RbwcÖq| Zuvi weL¨vZ Mvb-
ʘ GKv †gvi Mv‡bi Zix...
ʘ ‡gv‡`i Mie, †gv‡`i Avkv Av gwi evsjv fvlv...
Zuvi weL¨vZ GB PiY `yÕwU lv‡Ui `k‡K c~e©evsjvi evOvwj
RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjbKvix‡`i e¨vcKfv‡e DÏxß K‡iwQj|
MvbwU evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×I we‡kl Aby‡cªiYv hywM‡qwQj|
Avwbm †P․ayix (1929-1990)
→ 1968 mv‡j bvU‡K evsjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi
jvf K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
bvUK gvbwPÎ (1963), A¨vjevg (1965),
‡Pnviv (1979)
Dcb¨vm m‡ivei (1967), ‡m․if (1968), k‡Li
cyZzj, gayMo (1947)
Mí msKjb my`k©b WvK‡Q (1978)
ʘ ‡R‡b ivLyb :
Av‡bvqvi cvkv (1928-1971)
1971 mv‡ji 14 wW‡m¤^i evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy× PjvKv‡j
XvKvi wgicy‡ii ea¨f~wg‡Z cvwK¯Ívb mvgwiK evwnbxi mn‡hvMx
Avj e`i evwnbxi m`m¨‡`i nv‡Z wZwb wbnZ nb|
mvwnZ¨ Kg©
Dcb¨vm bxo mÜvbx (1968), wblyywZ iv‡Zi Muv_v
(1968), ivB‡dj †ivwU AvIivZ (1973)
ivB‡dj †ivwU AvIivZ :
ivB‡dj †ivwU AvIivZ : gyw³hy‡×i Dci cÖ_g Dcb¨vm|
GKvËi mv‡j gyw³hy× PjvKv‡j GwcÖ‡j Dcb¨vmwU †jLv ïiæ
n‡q Ry‡b †kl nq| hy× PjvKv‡j cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx ivB‡d‡ji
gy‡L Avgv‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ niY K‡i †ivwU, A_©vr Avgv‡`i Lv‡`¨i
†hvMv‡b euvav m„wó K‡i Ges AvIivZ n‡”Q †mB wZb jÿ gv
64 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
†evb hv‡`i m¤£g †K‡o †bq †mB nvbv`vi evwnbx| ivB‡dj
†ivwU AvIivZ ej‡Z †jLK GwUB eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
Dcb¨v‡mi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ my`xß gvnxb| Av‡bvqvi cvkv my`xß
Pwi‡Îi gva¨‡g wb‡RiB GKwU †mjd †cv‡Uª©U AvuK‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb|
Kve¨ b`x wbt‡kwlZ n‡j (1963), mgy`ª k„•LjZv
D¾wqbx (1974), Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1974)
cyi¯‥vi evsjv GKv‡Wwg- 1972 (gi‡YvËi)
AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` (1932-2009)
1952 mv‡j fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b mivmwi AskMÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi
D‡`¨v‡MB cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq ÔGKz‡ki cÖ_g ey‡jwUbÕ| cÖ_g
knx` wgbvi aŸs‡mi ci iPbv K‡ib Agi KweZv Ô¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢Õ
(26 †deªæqvwi 1952)|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm
→ ‡ZBk b¤^i •ZjwPÎ (1960) : Dcb¨vmwUi Kvwnwb wb‡q
ÔemyÜivÕ Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY K‡ib cwiPvjK myfvl `Ë| GwU
eyj‡Mixq fvlvq Ab~w`Z nq|
→ KY©dzjx (1962): PvKgv‡`i Rxeb msMÖv‡gi wPÎB G
Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨| G‡Z PvKgv fvlvI e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
→ Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨vm : kx‡Zi †kl ivZ em‡šÍi cÖ_g w`b,
ÿzav I Avkv, Lmov KvMR, k¨vgj Qvqv msev`,
‡R¨vr¯œvi ARvbv Rxeb, ‡hLv‡b `uvwo‡q AvwQ, ¯^vMZg
fv‡jvevmv, Aci †hv×viv, AšÍix‡ÿ e„ÿivRx, ¯^cœkxjv,
K¨v¤úvm, wek„•Ljv, Kv‡jv †R¨vr¯œvq P›`ªgwjøKv|
Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZ¨Kg©
Mí ‡R‡M AvwQ, avbKb¨v, g„Mbvwf, DRvb
Zi‡½, hLb •mKZ, Avgvi i³ Avgvi ¯^cœ,
Rxeb Rwgb, gvbwPÎ, ‡fv‡ii b`xi †gvnbvq
RvMiY, m~h© R¦vjvi ¯^cb, ‡jwjnvb cvÐzwjwc,
wb‡LuvR m‡bU¸”Q, ‡kÖô KweZv|
gvbwPÎ (1961): weL¨vZ KweZv Ô¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢Õ G Kv‡e¨i
AšÍM©Z| cvwK¯Ívbx miKvi cÖ_g knx` wgbvi †f‡½ †djvi
cÖwZev‡` G KweZvwU wj‡Lb| [‡R‡b ivLyb : gvbwPÎ
(bvUK)- Avwbm †P․ayix]
Kve¨ bvU¨ Bûw`i †g‡q, iw½b gy`ªvivÿm|
bvUK g‡iv‡°vi Rv`yNi, gvqvex cÖni, wbtkã hvÎv,
wnRj Kv‡Vi †b․Kv, msev` †klvsk,
ab¨ev`, †Rvqvi †_‡K ejwQ, bi‡K jvj
†Mvjvc|
Kve¨ ‡PvL|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 65 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë (1882-1922) → iv‡g›`ªmy›`i w·e`xi Aby‡iv‡a e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` Zuvi
Kwe m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë 1882 mv‡ji 11 †deªæqvwi KjKvZvi iwPZ MÖš’ Ôev½vjv cÖvPxb cyuw_i weeiYÕ wk‡ivbv‡g `yB
wbKUeZx© wbgZv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| QÙbvg- beKzgvi, L‡Ð cÖKvk K‡i| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq‡K Qqk cyuw_ `vb
KweiZœ, AkxwZci kg©v, wÎweµg eg©Y, KjgMxi| Zuvi K‡ib|
KweZvq Q‡›`i KviæKvR, kã I fvlvi h‡_vchy³ e¨env‡ii → mvwnZ¨K…wZi ¯^xK…wZ¯^iƒc PÆj ag©gÛjx KZ…©K
d‡j Kwe¸iæ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zv‡K ÔQ‡›`i Rv`yKiÕ Dcvwa ÔmvwnZ¨wekvi`Õ (1909) Dcvwa jvf K‡ib|
†`b| → b`xqvi mvwnZ¨ mfvi KvQ †_‡K ÔmvwnZ¨ mvMiÕ (1920)
Dcvwa jvf K‡ib
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ mvwnZ¨Kg©
mweZv (1900) mwÜÿY (1905) weL¨vZ MÖš’ ev½vjv cÖvPxb cuyw_i weeiY (1914), Bmjvgvev`
†eYy I exYv (1906) †nvgwkLv (1907) (PÆMÖv‡gi mwPÎ BwZnvm), AvivKvb ivRmfvq
dz‡ji dmj (1911) Kzû I †KKv (1912) ev½vjv mvwnZ¨ (gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK mn‡hv‡M)
Zzwji wjLb (1914) Aå-Avexi (1916)
nmwšÍKv (1919) †ejv †k‡li Mvb (1923) A‣ØZ gjøeg©Y (1914-1951)
we`vq AviwZ (1924) Kve¨ mÂq (1930) 1951 mv‡ji 16 GwcÖj gvÎ 37 eQi eq‡m h²v †iv‡M
AvµvšÍ n‡q KjKvZvi bvi‡KjWv½vi lôx cvovi wbR evwo‡Z
Abyev` Kve¨ Zx_© mjxj, gwbgÄylv, Zx_© †iYy| gviv hvb|
Dcb¨vm Rb¥`ytLx (1912)
mvwnZ¨Kg©
cÖeÜ Px‡bi a~c, Q›`-mi¯^Zx|
eûj cÖkswmZ KweZv Ô†g_iÕ Dcb¨vm wZZvm GKwU b`xi bvg (1956) : Drcj `Ë
1963 mv‡j Dcb¨vmwUi bvU¨iƒc †`b| 1973
mv‡j FwZ¡K NUK G Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b
cOw³ Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY K‡ib| [Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci cÖKvwkZ
gayi †P‡q Av‡Q gayi LvuwU †mvbv nq], mv`v nvIqv (1996), iv½vgvwU
‡m GB Avgvi †`‡ki gvwU (1997), Rxeb Z…lv (Ab~w`Z)
Avgvi †`‡ki c‡_i a~jv †K․k‡j g‡b ivLyb : wZZvm (wZZvm GKwU b`xi bvg) iv½v
LvuwU †mvbvi PvB‡Z LvuwU| (ivOvgvwU) mv`vgvUv (mv`v nvIqv) Rxeb (Rxeb Z…lv)|
wQcLvb wZb-`vuo / wZbRb gvjøv `~‡ii cvjøv MÖš’mg~n `j‡eu‡a (MíMÖš’), fvi‡Zi wPwV : cvj©
‡P․ci w`b fi / `¨vq `~icvjøv| evK‡K, GK cqmvi GKwU|
KzKz‡ii KvR KzKyi K‡i‡Q DËg I mnm¤úvw`Z bekw³, behyM, K…lK, hyMvšÍi, ‡gvnv¤§`x
Kvgo w`‡q‡Q cvq, Aag cwÎKv cwÎKv|
Zv e‡j KzKz‡i Kvgov‡bv wK‡i
gvby‡li ‡kvfv cvq? Ave`yj Mvddvi †P․ayix (1934-)
‡Kvb †`‡k‡Z ZiæjZv †Kvb †`‡k wZwb 1971 mv‡j KjKvZvq hvb Ges gywRebMi miKv‡ii
mKj †`‡ki PvB‡Z k¨vgj? gyLcvÎ ÔmvßvwnK Rq evsjvÕq Kjvg wjL‡Zb| Zuvi cÖ_g Mí
‡Kvb †`‡k‡Z Pj‡Z †M‡jB 1949 mv‡j mIMvZ cwÎKvq Qvcv nq| (m~Î : evsjvwcwWqv)
`j‡Z nq †i `yev© †Kvgj|
hw` †Rv‡U †gvU GKwU cqmv, dz‡ji mvwnZ¨Kg©
Lv`¨ wKwbI ÿzavi jvwM, dmj Dcb¨vm P›`ªØx‡ci DcvL¨vb (1960), bvg bv Rvbv †fvi
`ywU hw` ‡Rv‡U A‡a©‡K Zvi (1962), ‡kl iRbxi Puv` (1976), bxj hgybv
dzj wK‡b wbq, †n AbyivMx| (1964)|
MíMÖš’ K…òcÿ (1959), m¤ªv‡Ui Qwe (1959), my›`i
Avãyj Kwig (1871-1953) †n my›`i (1960)|
→ mvwnZ¨ wekvi` Ave`yj Kwig PÆMÖvg †Rjvi cwUqv wkï‡Zvl Wvbwc‡U kIKZ (1953), Avuavi KzwVi †Q‡jwU
Dc‡Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| (1954), fqsK‡ii nvZQvwb (1969)|
→ wZwb cÖvPxb evsjv cyuw_ msMÖvnK I e¨vL¨vKvi| m¤úv`bv evsjv‡`k K_v Kq (1972)
→ AÿqP›`ª miKv‡ii Ôc~wY©gvÕ cwÎKvq ÔAcÖKvwkZ cÖvPxb Pjw”PÎ cjvkx †_‡K avbgwÛ (2007, e½eÜzi Rxebx )
c`vejxÕ wk‡ivbv‡g GK g~j¨evb cÖeÜ cÖKvk K‡ib| Kvwnwb
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 66 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Avgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi [cÖ_g Ave`yjøvn Avj gywZ kidzÏxb (1930-1998)
myiKvi Avãyj jwZd, eZ©gvb myiKvi AvjZvd gvngy`| Avãyjøvn Avj gywZ kidzÏxb wmivRMÄ ‡Rjvi dzjevwo MÖv‡g
Rwni ivqnvb 1969 mv‡j ÔRxeb †_‡K †bIqvÕ Pjw”P‡Î Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Avãyjøvn Avj gyZx bv‡gB mgwaK
MvbwU e¨envi Ki‡Qb] cwiwPZ| evsjv‡`‡ki weÁvb †jLK‡`i g‡a¨ wZwb wØZxq
whwb BD‡b‡¯‥v Kwj½ cyi¯‥vi (1983) jvf K‡ib| ÔgyKzjÕ
Ave`yj gvbœvb •mq` (1943-2010) (1948) bv‡g GKwU wK‡kvi cwÎKv †ei Ki‡Zb| †K›`ªxq
→ ÔA‡kvK •mq`Õ QÙbv‡g wjL‡Zb| wZwb Ôcivev¯Íe KweÕ KwP KvPvi †gjvi Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvZv|
wn‡m‡eI L¨vZ| mvwnZ¨Kg© (weL¨vZ MÖš’)
→ wm‡j‡Ui Gg.wm K‡j‡Ri wkÿKZv w`‡q Kg©Rxeb ïiæ G‡mv weÁv‡bi iv‡R¨ (1955) AevK c„w_ex (1955)
K‡ib| c‡i `xN©w`b RMbœv_ K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| Avwe®‥v‡ii †bkvq (1969) in‡m¨i †kl †bB (1969)
→ wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Ô‡cv‡qU Bb †iwm‡W›UÕ| mvM‡ii inm¨cyix (1976) Zvivi †`‡ki nvZQvwb (1968)
→ 1959 mv‡j B‡ËdvK cwÎKvi mvwnZ¨ wefv‡M Ô‡mvbvi
nwiYÕ KweZvi gva¨‡g KweZvi RM‡Z Zuvi Avwef©ve| Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb (1911-1988)
Zuvi RxeÏkvq cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i msL¨v- 21wU| Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb ÔAí`k©xÕ QÙbv‡g iPbv Ki‡Zb|
mvwnZ¨Kg© mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm Dcb¨vm cwiZ¨³ ¯^vgx (1947, cÖ_g Dcb¨vm), gyw³ (1948),
KjKvZv, A-‡Z ARMi, †cvovgvwUi KvR, Mfxi MfxiZi fvIqvjM‡oi DcvL¨vb (1963), cÙv †gNbv hgybv
AmyL, ÿzav †cÖg Av¸b, kÖvešÍxi w`bivwÎ, ‡n msmvi †n jZv| (1974), msKi msKxZ©b, cÖc (1980), ‡`qvj
(1985)
Kve¨ ʘ Îqx Dcb¨vm : fvIqvjM‡oi DcvL¨vb, cÙv †gNbv hgybv
gvQ wmwiR, civev¯Íe KweZv, Rb¥vÜ KweZv¸”Q, cvK© w÷ª‡U GK I msKi msKxZ©b|
ivwÎ, ‡R¨vr¯œv †i․‡`ªi wPwKrmv, KweZv †Kv¤úvwb cÖvB‡fU
ʘ g‡b ivLyb : ‡`qvj (Dcb¨vm)- ûgvq~b Avn‡g`; Kvu‡Pi
wjwg‡UW| †`qvj (Pjw”PÎ)- Rwni ivqnvb|
Kve¨ bvUK MíMÖš’ Rxeb, j¨vsox, ‡kl ivwÎi Zviv, GK †Rvov c¨v›U I
PvKv (1985), Kwe I Ab¨iv Ab¨vb¨, iv‡Rb VvKz‡ii Zx_©hvÎv|
¯§„wZK_v AvZ¥¯§„wZ
cÖeÜ cÖeÜ MÖš’ ‡mv”Pvi D”PviY (1977), mgvR, ms¯‥…wZ I BwZnvm
`k w`M‡šÍi `ªóv, KiZ‡j gnv‡`k, Avgvi wek^vm, Q›`| (1979), ‡jvKvqZ mgvR I evOvwj ms¯‥…wZ (1988),
¯§„wZK_v wPšÍvi weeZ©b I c~e© cvwK¯Ívbx mvwnZ¨, ‣envwm‡Ki
Avgvi wek^vm, ¯§„wZi †bvUeyK, ‡f‡mwQjvg fvOv †fjvq, cvk^©wPšÍv
wgwUjbv mva fvjevwmqv †Zvgvq|
Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmyÏxb (1897-1978)
MíMÖš’ → KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg‡K wZwbB cÖ_g ÔhyM-cÖeZ©KÕ Kwe
m‡Z¨i gZ e`gvk, P‡jv hvB c‡iv‡ÿ, g„Zz¨i AwaK jvj ÿzav, wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡ib|
‡bK‡o nv‡qbv I wZb cix, AgiZvi Rb¨ g„Zz¨, GKivwÎ, gvP© → wZwb 1961 mv‡j ÔwmZviv-B-wL`gZÕ Ges 1967 mv‡j
(civev¯Íe †PZbv wfwËK)|
ÔwmZviv-B BgwZqvRÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡ib| 1969 mv‡ji
MYAfz¨Ìv‡b miKv‡ii `gb bxwZi cÖwZev‡` wZwb Dfq
Avãyjøvn Avj gvgyb (1942-2008) Dcvwa eR©b K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg© → Ô‣`wbK AvRv`Õ cwÎKv 22 eQi (1940-1962)
bvUK Dcb¨vm m¤úv`bv K‡ib|
kc_, GLb `ytmgq, myePb gvbe †Zvgvi mviv Rxeb
wbe©vm‡b (1974), ‡KvwKjviv, nvq ce©Zx Avn †`e`vm mvwnZ¨Kg©
Pviw`‡K hy×, kvnRv`xi LjbvqK (1997) MÖš’ ‡cvovRwg ev Abvevw` Rwg (iæk Dcb¨vm fvwR©b m‡qj-
Kv‡jv †bKve, GLb aiv `vI, Gi Abyev`, 1938), w·¯ªvZv (1939), LiZi½
GLbI µxZ`vm, µm †iv‡W
hy× we‡ivax †PZbvq DØy×
(1953), `„wó‡KvY (1961), bZzb †`k bZzb Pxb
µm dvqvi, AiwÿZ gwZwSj, n‡q Ôkc_Õ (1g bvUK) (1965), cjvkx †_‡K cvwK¯Ívb (1968), AZxZ
`~icvjøv, Avgv‡`i mšÍv‡biv| cÖKvwkZ nq| Rxe‡bi ¯§„wZ (AvZ¥Rxebx, 1968)
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
Aveyj gbmyi Avng` (1898-1979)
→ Aveyj gbmyi Avng` we`ªæcvZ¥K iPbvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ wQ‡jb|
→ 1952 mv‡ji 23 †deªæqvwi XvKv †gwW‡K‡ji †nv‡÷j cÖv½‡Y
(cÖ_gevi) †h knx` wgbvi wbwg©Z n‡qwQj wZwb Zv D‡Øvab
K‡iwQ‡jb|
→ m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv : ‣`wbK K…lK| wZwb w` gymjgvb cwÎKvi
mvsevw`K wQ‡jb|
→ 1960 †QvUM‡í evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm
ʘ mZ¨wg_¨v (1953) Dcb¨vmwU ‘The Power of
a lie’ (Johan Bojer) -Gi MÖ‡š’i evsjv iƒcvšÍi|
ʘ Rxeb ÿzav (1955) - G Dcb¨v‡m cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki
wkwÿZ evOvwj gymjgvb ga¨we‡Ëi AvZ¥cÖwZôvi
msMÖvg I jvwjZ Av`‡k©i m‡½ ev¯ÍeZvi ؇›Øi K_v
ewY©Z n‡q‡Q | ‡K›`ªxq PwiÎ : nvwjg|
‡bvU : g„Zz¨ÿzav (Dcb¨vm)- KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg|
ʘ Av‡e nvqvZ (1968)
MíMÖš’
Avqbv (1935) : we‡`ªvnx Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg G MÖ‡š’i
f~wgKvq wj‡Lb wj‡Lb- ÔGgwb Avqbvq ïay gvby‡li evB‡ii cÖwZ”Qwe
†`Lv hvq| wKš‘ Avgvi eÜz Aveyj gbmyi †h Avqbv •Zwi K‡i‡Qb,
Zv‡Z gvby‡li AšÍ‡ii iƒc aiv c‡o‡Q|Õ
dzW Kbdv‡iÝ (1944) :1350 mv‡ji (cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi) `ywf©‡ÿi
ev¯Íe-KiæY wPÎ wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K AvuvKvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
MÖš’wU‡Z 06 (bq) wU Mí i‡q‡Q- dzW Kbdv‡iÝ, mv‡qw›UwdK
wewR‡bm, G AvB wm wm, j½iLvbv, wiwjd IqvK©, †MÖv †gvi dzW,
wgwQj, Rwg`vix D‡”Q`, Rb‡mev Bqywbfvwm©wU|
Avmgvbx c`©v (1964)
wkï mvwnZ¨
ʘ gymjgvbx K_v (1924) wkïwK‡kvi Dc‡hvMx
MíMÖš’, Bmjv‡gi bex cqM¤^i‡`i Kvwnbx ¯’vb
†c‡q‡Q|
ʘ Mvwjfv‡ii mdibvgv (1959) Jonathan
Swift Gi Guliver Travels Aej¤^‡b iwPZ|
ʘ ‡QvU‡`i Kvmvmyj Avw¤^qv
Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZ¨Kg©
cÖeÜ MÖš’ cvK-evsjvi KvjPvi (1966), ‡ewk `v‡g
†Kbv, Kg `v‡g †ePv, Avgv‡`i ¯^vaxbZv
ivRbxwZ ‡k‡i evsjv †_‡K e½eÜz (1972), Avgvi
welqK MÖš’ †`Lv ivRbxwZi cÂvk eQi (1969)
AvZ¥PwiZ AvZ¥K_v (1978)
67 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Aveyj †nv‡mb (1922-2014)
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨Mªš’ ÔbeemšÍÕ (cÖ_g Kve¨ cÖKvwkZ : 1940 mv‡j),
weim msjvc, nvIqv †Zvgvi wK `ytmvnm,
`yt¯^cœ †_‡K `yt¯^‡cœ (1985), GLbI mgq
Av‡Q (1996), ivR-ivRov (1997), Avi
wK‡mi A‡cÿv (2000)
¯§„wZK_v ivRv Kvwnbx (2004), Avgvi GB †QvU fzeb,
Avi GK fzeb
Ab~w`Z Dcb¨vm Ai‡Y¨i WvK (1954)
ågY Kvwnbx cve©‡Z¨i c‡_
kIKZ Imgvb (1917-1998)
kIKZ Imgvb 1917 mv‡ji 2 Rvbyqvwi ûMjx †Rjvi
mejwmsncyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb mvwnwZ¨K I
wkÿvwe`| cÖK…Z bvg †kL AvwRRyi ingvb| wcZvi bvg †kL
†gvnv¤§` Bqvwnqv| gvZv ¸jRvb †eMg| 1998 mv‡ji 14 †g
XvKvq gviv hvb|
→ 1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ e½eÜz mcwiev‡i wbnZ nIqvi
ci wZwb 5 eQi †¯^”Qvq KjKvZv wbe©vm‡b wQ‡jb|
→ ûgvqyb AvRv` Zv‡K ÔAMÖeZx© AvaywbK gvbylÕ wn‡m‡e
AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
→ Rxe‡bi †kl w`‡K AvZ¥Rxebx ÔivnbvgvÕ †jLv ïiæ
K‡iwQ‡jb wKš‘ †kl Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb|
→ eZ©gvb weÁvb I cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi gš¿x ¯’cwZ Bqv‡dm
Imgvb Zuvi †Q‡j|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm µxZ`v‡mi nvwm (1962) [36Zg wewmGm]:
cÖZxKvkÖqx Dcb¨vm| G Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¨
†jLK ÔAv`gwR mvwn¨ cyi¯‥viÕ (1966) jvf
K‡ib| Dcb¨v‡mi g~j PwiÎ ZvZvix|
†P․imwÜ (1968) [36Zg wewmGm], ewb
Av`g (1943) [36Zg wewmGm], Rbbx
(1958), mgvMg, ivRv DcvL¨vb, cZ½
wcÄi, ivRcyiæl|
AvZ©bv` (1985) fvlv Av‡›`vjbwfwËK|
PwiÎ : Avjx Rvdi|
gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ
Rvnvbœvg nB‡Z we`vq (1971)| Dcb¨vmwU 1971 mv‡ji
†m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m KjKvZvq e‡m †j‡Lb| G Dcb¨v‡m
gyw³hy‡×i G‡Kev‡i cÖ_g w`‡Ki PvjwPÎ D‡V G‡m‡Q| G
Dcb¨v‡mi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ wkÿK MvRx ingvb|
`yB •mwbK †bK‡o AiY¨ Rjv½x
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
MíMÖš’ wucuRiv‡cvj, Rb¥ hw` Ze e‡½
(1975,gyw³hy×wfwËK), cÖ¯Íi djK, Ryby
Avcv I Ab¨vb¨ Mí, gwbe I Zvnvi KzKzi,
cyivZb LÄi,
Ck^‡ii cÖwZØ›Øx (1990)| G MÖ‡š’i
wdwjcm cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
cÖeÜ MÖš’ fve fvlv fvebv (1974), ms¯‥…wZi PovB
DrivB (1985), gymwjg gvby‡li iƒcvšÍi
(1986)|
bvUK Avgjvi gvgjv (1949), KuvKi gwb,
evM`v‡`i Kwe, Z¯‥i I j¯‥i, Rb¥ Rb¥všÍi,
GwZg Lvbv, wZbwU †QvU bvUK, c~Y©
¯^vaxbZv P~Y© ¯^vaxbZv (1990)|
wkï‡Zvl g¯‥zB‡Uv‡dvb, ÿz‡` †mvkvwjó, cÂm½x,
I‡Ub mv‡n‡ei evs‡jv|
¯§„ZK_vg~jK ¯^Rb msMÖvg, KvjivwÎ LÐwPÎ, A‡bK
MÖš’ K_b, gywRebMi, Aw¯Í‡Z¡i m‡½ msjvc|
c¨vixPvu` wgÎ (1814-1883)
c¨vixPvu` wgÎ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g Jcb¨vwmK| wZwb wQ‡jb
Bqs‡e½‡ji wW‡ivwRIÕi mvM‡i`| Zvui QÙbvg ‡UKPvu`
VvKzi|
→ Zvui iwPZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vmwUi bvg ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii
`yjvjÕ| Dcb¨vmwU ÔThe Spoiled Child’
wk‡ivbv‡g Bs‡iwR‡Z Ab~w`Z nq| G Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎ-
Avjvj, `yjvj, VKPvPv [15Zg I 26Zg wewmGm]|
‡R‡b ivLyb : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨v‡mi
bvg Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ| Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡ib mvwnZ¨ m¤ªvU
I evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi RbK ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq| cÖ_g
gwnjv Jcb¨vwm‡Ki bvg ¯^Y©Kzgvix †`ex|
→ Zvu‡K evsjv Dcb¨vm iPbvi cw_K…r|
→ mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvj, Ava¨vwZ¥Kv (30Zg
wewmGm), A‡fw`|
cÖnmb g` LvIqv eo `vq- RvZ _vKvi wK Dcvq?
cÖeÜ evgviwÄKv|
Avkivd wmwÏKx (1927-)
Zvui Rxeb I KxwZ© wb‡q Rxeb ms¯‥…wZi RjQwe bvgK GKwU
cÖvgvY¨ wPÎ wbg©vY K‡i‡Q Avkivd wmwÏKx dvD‡Ûkb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ Zv‡je gv÷vi I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (cÖ_g Kve¨),
mvZ fvB P¤úv, wel Kb¨v, `uvovI cw_K ei,
mn¯ª gy‡Li fx‡o|
MíMÖš’ DËi AvKv‡ki Zviv, iv‡eqv Avcv, Mwji
av‡ii †Q‡jwU, ‡kl bvwjk|
68 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Dcb¨vm ‡kl K_v †K ej‡e, AviwkbMi, ¸Yxb,
evsjv‡`‡ki iƒcK_v, evsjvi gyL|
cyi¯‥vi evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (1964), BD‡b‡¯‥v
cyi¯‥vi (1966), GKz‡k c`K (1988)
cÖeÜ MÖš’ iex›`ªbv‡_i kvwšÍ wb‡KZb, c¨vwim my›`ix
Avng` Qdv (1943-2001)
Avng` Qdv PÆMÖv‡gi P›`bvBk Dc‡Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
wZwb gnvKwe M¨v‡Ui dvD÷ evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib| Zvui
†jLvq RvwZmËvi cwiPq wba©viY cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm m~h© Zzwg mv_x (1967, cÖ_g Dcb¨vm), I¼vi
(AvBqye Lv‡bi kvm‡bi Kv‡jv mgq Zz‡j aiv
n‡q‡Q, 1975), Mvfx weËvšÍ (1995), A‡a©K
bvix A‡a©K Ck¦ix (1996), cy®ú e„ÿ Ges
wen½ cyivY, GKRb Avjx †Kbv‡bi DÌvb-
cZb, giYwejvm, AjvZPµ (1993,
gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm)
cÖeÜ MÖš’ RvMÖZ evsjv‡`k (1971, ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki
cÖ_g MÖš’), eyw×e„wËi bZzb web¨vm (34Zg
wewmGm wjwLZ), evsjv fvlv : ivRbxwZi
Av‡jv‡K, evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‣bwZK RwUjZv,
evOvwj gymjgvb‡`i gb, ‡kL gywReyi ingvb I
Ab¨vb¨, ivRbxwZi †jLv, wbKU I `~‡ii
cÖm½, m¼‡Ui bvbv †Pnviv, h`¨wc Avgvi ¸iæ
(1997), Dcj‡ÿi †jLv, †mB me †jLv,
wmcvnx hy‡×i BwZnvm|
MímsMÖn wbnZ bÿÎ
wkï‡Zvl †`vjv Avgvi KbK Pvcv, †Mv nvwKg
Abyev` Zvwbqv (1967), dvD÷ (1986)
m¤úvw`Z ÔcÖwZ‡ivaÕ cwÎKv ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g
cwÎKv cwÎKv wn‡m‡e 1971 mv‡ji 7B gvP© m¤úv`bv
K‡ib|
W. Avng` kixd (1921-1999)
mz`xN© †ZwÎk eQi Aa¨vcbv †k‡l wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
†_‡K 1983 mv‡ji 30 Rzb Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| c‡i wZwb
PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vj‡q `z'eQ‡ii (1984-86) Rb¨ bRiæj
Aa¨vcK c‡` mgvmxb wQ‡jb| wZwb 24 †deªæqvwi, 1999
mv‡j (31Zg wewmGm) g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
→ wZwb Ôevsjv GKv‡Wwgi mswÿß evsjv AwfavbÕ-Gi
m¤úv`K|
→ PÆMÖv‡gi gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g G›Uªvm cvk Kiv evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨i wKse`šÍx Avãyj Kwig mvwnZ¨wekvi` wQ‡jb
Zuvi PvPv|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
mvwnZ¨Kg©
cÖeÜ mvwnZ¨ ms¯‥…wZ wPšÍv, ¯^‡`k A‡š^lv, Rxeb mgv‡R
MÖš’mg~n mvwnZ¨, hyM hš¿Yv, KvwjK fvebv, ga¨hy‡Mi
mvwnZ¨ mgvR I ms¯‥…wZ iƒc, wewPÎ wPšÍv, evOvwji
wPšÍv-‡PZbvi weeZ©b aviv, GKv‡j bRiæj, mgq
mgvR gvbyl, ¯^‡`k wPšÍv, wek kZ‡Ki evOvwj,
wek¦vmev` weÁvbev` hyw³ev` †g․jev`, evsjvi
mywd mvwnZ¨, evsjvi wecøex cUf~wg, G kZ‡K
Avgv‡`i Rxebavivi iƒc‡iLv|
m¤úv`bv jvBjx gRby, wmKv›`vibvgv, imyj weRq, bex
MÖš’ esk, P›`ªveZx|
cyi¯‥vi evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (1968), gy³aviv
mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi (1989), GKz‡k c`K (1991),
wW.wjU (m¤§vbm~PK) iex›`ªfviZx wek^we`¨vjq
(1993)|
ʘ ‡R‡b ivLyb : wek kZ‡Ki evOvwj (cÖeÜ)- Avng`
kixd, wek kZ‡Ki †g‡q (Dcb¨vm)- W. bxwjgv
Beªvnxg, AvZ¥NvZx evOvjx (cÖeÜ)- bxi` P›`ª †`,
fwel¨‡Zi evOvjx (cÖeÜ)- Gm Iqv‡R` Avjx|
Bg`v`yj nK wgjb (1955-)
ÔwK‡kvi evsjvÕ cwÎKvq wkï‡Zvl Mí wj‡L mvwnZ¨ RM‡Z
Zuvi AvZ¥cÖKvk|
Dcb¨vm hve¾xeb (cÖ_g Dcb¨vm), Kv‡jv‡Nvov
(gyw³hy×wfwËK), eb gvbyl, ‡g․mygx,
b~iRvnvb, ZLb wQjvg Avwg, Kzmy‡gi g‡Zv
†g‡qiv, Aci‡ejv, f~wgcyÎ, iƒcbMi,
hve¾xeb, euvKv Rj, hyeivR, inm¨gqx,
G‡mv, ea~qv|
†QvU Mí ivRvi wPwV, gvbyl Kuv`‡Q, ‡bZv ‡h iv‡Z
wbnZ n‡jb|
AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv †Kgb AvQ, meyR cvZv
AvmKvi Be‡b kvBL (1925-2009)
bvUK
→ we‡iva (1947): evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg mgvR Rxe‡bi
Dci cÖ_g c~b©v½ bvUK| Avnmvb nvexe Gi f~wgKv wj‡L
w`‡qwQ‡jb|
→ Ab¨vb¨ bvUK : cÖZxÿv, cÖ”Q`cU, jvjb dwKi,
AwMœwMwi, wZZzgxi, i³cÙ, A‡bK Zvivi nvZQvwb,
ivR¨ ivRv ivRavbx, we‡`ªvnx cvkv, AbyeZ©b, ‡kl
Aa¨vq, ‡gNjv iv‡Zi Zviv, Kb¨v Rvqv Rbbx, wej
evI‡oi †XD, Gcvi Icvi, we‡iva, c`‡ÿc|
Beªvnxg Lvu (1894-1978)
evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g wcÖwÝcvj
nIqvq Beªvnxg LvuÕi bv‡gi mv‡_ ÔwcÖwÝcvjÕ kãwU †hvM Kiv
nq|
69 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ weªwUk miKvi Zv‡K ÔLvb mv‡neÕ I ÔLvb evnv`yiÕ Dcvwa
†`b wKš‘ weªwUk miKvi gymwjg we‡Ølx nIqvq wZwb G
Dcvwa cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib|
→ cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j ÔwmZviv-B-BgwZqvRÕ Dcvwa jvf
K‡ib| 1971 mv‡j cvK evwnbxi b„ksm nZ¨vKv‡Ûi
cÖwZev‡` wZwb G DcvwaI cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib|
→ bvU‡K evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (1963), GKz‡k c`K
(1976) jvf K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
bvUK Kv‡djv, Av‡bvqvi cvkv, wfw¯Í ev`kv,
Kvgvj cvkv|
MíMÖš’ Avjy †evLviv, `v`yi Avmi, D¯Ív`, †mvbvi
wkKj|
ågY Kvwnbx B¯Ív¤^yj hvÎxi cÎ (1954), cvwK¯Ív‡bi c‡_
Nv‡U, bqv Px‡b GK P°i|
wkï mvwnZ¨ e¨vNª gvgv, †e`yC‡bi †`‡k, wkqvj cwÛZ
Dcb¨vm †e․ †eMg
¯§„wZK_v evZvqb (1967)|
Gm. Iqv‡R` Avjx (1890-1951)
wZwb Ôe½xq gymjgvb mvwnZ¨ mwgwZÕ Gi mfvcwZ wQ‡jb|
cÖK…Z bvg Ò‡kL Iqv‡R` AvjxÓ| Zuvi cÖ_g cÖeÜ ÔAZx‡Zi
†evSvÕ 1919 mv‡j cÖg_ †P․ayix m¤úvw`Z ÔmeyRcÎÕ cwÎKvq
cÖKvwkZ nq|
→ ‘Bulletin of the Indian Rationalistic
Society’ bv‡g GKwU Bs‡iwR gvwmK cwÎKv cÖKvk I
m¤úv`bv (1919) K‡ib|
→ Ô¸wj¯ÍvÕ bv‡g GKwU evsjv gvwmK mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv
m¤úv`bv I cÖKvk (1932) K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
cÖeÜ Rxe‡bi wkí, fwel¨‡Zi evOvjx (1943)
[24Zg wewmGm], BKev‡ji cqMvg, cÖvP¨ I
cÖZxP¨, gymwjg ms¯‥…wZi Av`k©|
Dcb¨vm MÖvbvWvi †kl exi (1940)- HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm
Mí ¸j`v¯Ív, gvï‡Ki `ievi, M‡íi gRwjm|
ågYKvwnbx cwðg fviZ, †gvUi‡hv‡M iuvPx mdi|
ʘ fwel¨‡Zi evOvjx mv¤úª`vwqKZvgy³ †`k MV‡bi
j‡ÿ¨ wZwb wn›`y-gymjgvb‡`i HK¨e× nevi
AvnŸvb Rvbvb|
‡R‡b ivLyb : fwel¨‡Zi evOvjx (cÖeÜ)- Gm Iqv‡R` Avjx|
mvevm evOvjx (cÖeÜ)- Ag„Zjvj emy, AvZ¥NvZx evOvjx
(cÖeÜ)- bxi` P›`ª †P․ayix|
KvOvj nwibv_ (1833-1896)
Kzwóqv †Rjvi MovB b`xi Zx‡i KzgviLvjx MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Zvui m¤úv`bvq ÔMÖvgevZv© cÖKvwkKvÕ (36Zg wewmGm)
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 70 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
cwÎKvwU 1863 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m KzgviLvjx †_‡K cÖKvwkZ → bvUK : eveybvUK, mvweÎxmZ¨evb, gvjZx-gvae,
nq| ÔMÖvgevZv© cÖKvwkKvÕ-‡K wN‡i GKwU mvwnZ¨ †Mvôxi m„wó weµ‡gv©ekx (Abyev`)
nq| G †Mvôxi g‡a¨ wQ‡jb- Aÿq Kzgvi •g‡Îq, ivq evnv`yi
Rjai, `x‡b›`ª Kzgvi ivq, gxi gkviid †nv‡mb, wkeP›`ª
we`¨vbe© cÖgyL| 1880 mv‡j ÔKvOvj dwKi Puv‡`i `jÕ bv‡g KzmygKzgvix `vk (1882-1948)
GKwU evDj Mv‡bi `j MVb K‡ib| wZwb ÔdwKi Puv` evDjÕ KzmygKzgvix `vk ewikv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb cÖK…wZi Kwe
bv‡gI cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| / iƒcmx evsjvi Kwe Rxebvb›` `v‡ki gv|
mvwnZ¨Kg© mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm weRq emšÍ Kve¨ KweZv gyKzj (1896) wkï‡`i Rb¨ iwPZ cy¯ÍK|
Ab¨vb¨ KweZv †K․gy`x, Pviæ PwiÎ, wPËPcjv, Aµzi KweZv Av`k© †Q‡j
msev`| M`¨MÖš’ ‡c․ivwYK AvL¨vwqKv
Wvqix Ô‣`bw›`b w`bwjwcÕ
Kvwgbx ivq (1864-1993) cO&w³
Kvwgbx ivq fvi‡Zi cÖ_g gwnjv ¯œvZK (m¤§vb) wWMÖxavix| → Avgv‡`i †`‡k n‡e †mB †Q‡j K‡e .....(Av`k© ‡Q‡j)
GKmgq ÔR‣bK e½gwnjvÕ QÙbv‡g wjL‡Zb| KjKvZv [9eg we‡RGm]
wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K ÔRMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`KÕ jvf (1929) K‡ib|
Lvb gynv¤§` gCbyÏxb (1901-1981)
mvwnZ¨Kg© evsjv evRv‡i cy¯ÍK e¨emv cÖwZôvb ÔAvj nvgiv jvB‡eªixÕ
Kve¨MÖš’ ÔAv‡jv I QvqvÕ (1889) [gvÎ 15 eQi eq‡m cÖwZôv K‡ib| 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZv K‡i wee„wZ
cÖKvwkZ, †ngP›`ª e‡›`vcva¨vq Gi f~wgKv wj‡L †`b|
†`b], wbg©vj¨, ‡c․ivwYKv, A‡kvK m½xZ (m‡bU mvwnZ¨Kg©
msMÖn), `xc I a~c, Rxeb c‡_, A¤^v Dcb¨vm Abvw_bx, bqv moK
(bvU¨Kve¨), gvj¨ I wbg©vj¨| Kve¨ cv‡ji bvI, †n gvbyl †kÖô Kve¨MÖš’, H
KweZv civ‡_©, gnv‡k^Zv, cyÛyixK| G `ywU AwgÎvÿi †`Lv hvq ZvjMvQ, AvZ©bv`|
Q‡›` iwPZ cÖwm× KweZv| wkï‡Zvl gymwjg exiv½bv, Avgv‡`i bex, ‡Lvjvdv‡q
iv‡k`xb, evev Av`g, Avie¨ iRbx, ¯^cb
weL¨vZ cO&w³
†`wL, kvcjv kvjyK|
→ ÔmK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv MíMÖš’ Szg‡KvjZv|
cÖ‡Z¨‡K Avgiv c‡ii Z‡i|Õ (civ‡_©)
m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv : mvg¨ev`x|
→ c‡ii Kvi‡Y ¯^v_© w`‡q ewj, ¯§„wZPviYg~jK MÖš’ hyM¯ªóv bRiæj (1957)| G MÖ‡š’i Rb¨
G Rxeb gb mKwj `vI| (myL) BD‡b‡¯‥v cyi¯‥vi (1960) jvf K‡ib|
→ Avcbvi j‡q weeªZ iwnZ
Av‡m bvB †K Aebx c‡i| (civ‡_©) wMwikP›`ª †mb (1835-1910)
wMwikP›`ª †mb biwms`x †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb ÔfvB
wMwikP›`ªÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| ‡KkeP›`ª †m‡bi Aby‡iv‡aB wZwb
KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn (1840-1870) Bmjvgx `k©‡bi Dci M‡elYv ïiæ K‡ib| wZwb jW© KvR©‡bi
DËi KjKvZvq †Rvovmuv‡Kvi weL¨vZ wmsn cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY e½f‡½i (1905) GKRb `„p mg_©K|
K‡ib| wZwb wZwb Ôû‡Zvgcu¨vPvÕ QÙbv‡g wjL‡Zb| → cweÎ KziAvb kixd cÖ_g evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib|
→ Ôû‡Zvgx evsjvÕi cÖeZ©K| 1881-1886 ch©šÍ cÖvq `xN© Qq eQi mvabv I cwikÖg
→ gvÎ †Zi eQi eq‡m evsjv fvlv PP©vi Rb¨ Ôwe‡`¨vrmvnx K‡i cweÎ KziAv‡bi Abyev` KvR mgvß K‡ib|
mfvÕ cÖwZôv (1853) K‡ib| c¨vixPuv` wgÎ, ivavbv_ → eªvþmgvR Zuvi Kg©wbôvq gy» n‡q Zv‡K ÔfvBÕ Dcvwa‡Z
wkK`vi cÖgyL e¨w³MY Gi mv‡_ hy³ wQ‡jb| G mfvi f~wlZ K‡i|
gyLcvÎ wQj Ôwe‡`¨vrmvnx cwÎKvÕ|
→ ZvRwKivZzj AvDwjqv Abyev` K‡ib ÔZvcmgvjvÕ bv‡g|
→ û‡Zvg c¨uvPvi bK&kv (1862)| GwU GKwU mvgvwRK G‡Z 96 Rb Ijx-AvDwjqvi RxebPwiZ i‡q‡Q|
bKkv| G‡Z ÔPoKÕ bv‡g GKwU gvÎ bKkv wQj|
→ ‡kL dwi`DÏxb AvËv‡ii gvb‡ZKzËv‡qe I gvIjvbv
→ ÔcyivY msMÖnÕ bv‡g Abyev` m¤úv`bv K‡ib hv gnvivYx iƒgxi gmbfx †_‡K wb‡q iPbv ÔZË¡iZœgvjvÕ (1970)|
wf‡±vwiqv‡K DrmM© Kiv nq|
→ wZwb ÔgvwmK gwnjvÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
→ wgkKvZ kix‡di AwaKvsk Abyev` K‡i Ônvw`m c~e©
wefvMÕ wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvk K‡ib|
→ ‡g․wjK MÖš’ : gnvcyiæl PwiZ|
wMwik P›`ª †Nvl (1844-1912)
1871 mv‡j b¨vkbvj w_‡qUvi bv‡g †Rvovmuv‡Kv‡Z cÖ_g
mvaviY i½g cÖwZôv K‡ib| MxwZbvU‡K e¨eüZ Zuvi
D™¢vweZ Q›`B Ô‣MwikQ›`Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ| wZwb †k·cxqv‡ii
g¨vK‡e_ bvUK evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
‡c․ivwYK iveYea, Awfgby¨ea, mxZvi ebevm,
bvUK mxZvniY, Rbv, cvÐe †M․ie|
HwZnvwmK wmivR‡Ï․jv, gxi Kvwmg, QÎcwZ wkevRx
bvUK
mvgvwRK cÖdzjø (we‡qvMvšÍ), gvqvemvb, ewj`vb|
bvUK
†Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv (1897-1964)
cÖ_g Kve¨ Ôi³ivMÕ cÖKvwkZ n‡j wek^Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
`yÕjvB‡bi KweZvi gva¨‡g Zv‡K Awfbw›`Z K‡iwQ‡jb|
KweZvwU nj- ÔZe be cÖfv‡Zi i³ivMLvwb ga¨v‡ý RvMvq
†hb †R¨vwZgq evYxÕ| wZwb cvwK¯Ívbx Av`‡k© wek^vmx wQ‡jb|
1952 mv‡j fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq D`y©i cÖwZ mg_©b Ávcb
K‡ib| c~e©e½ miKvi KZ…©K MwVZ fvlv ms¯‥vi KwgwUi
(1949) mwPe wQ‡jb| ¯‥yj Rxe‡bB Zuvi ÔAvw`ªqv‡bvcj
D×viÕ KweZvwU gvwmK †gvnv¤§`x cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq|
→ 1952 mv‡j h‡kv‡ii mvwnZ¨ msN KZ…©K ÔKve¨ myavKiÕ|
→ 1960 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb miKvi KZ…©K ÔwmZviv-B-
BgwZqvRÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ nb|
→ weL¨vZ cv‡cU wbg©vZv wPÎwkíx †gv¯Ídv g‡bvqvi Zvi
†Q‡j| 2007 mv‡j cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk A¯‥viRqx bvwdm
web Rvdi Zvi bvwZ|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ i³ivM, ‡Lvk‡ivR, Kve¨Kvwnbx, mvnviv,
nv¯œv‡nbv, eyjeywj¯Ívb, Zvivbv-B-cvwK¯Ívb, ewb
Av`g, MxwZ mÂqb|
Dcb¨vm iƒ‡ci †bkv, fv½v eyK, GKgb GK cÖvY|
RxebxMÖš’ wek^bex (1842, nhiZ gynv¤§` mv. Gi mv_©K
Rxeb PwiZ), giæ `yjvj|
M`¨MÖš’ Bmjvg I KwgDwbRg, Bmjvg I wRnv`, Avgvi
wPšÍvaviv|
knx` Kv`ix (1942-2016)
1973 mv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| 2011 mv‡j
GKz‡k c`K jvf K‡ib|
71 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Kve¨ DËivwaKvi, †Zvgv‡K Awfev`b wcÖqv, †Kv_vI
†Kvb µ›`b †bB, Avgvi Pz¤^b¸‡jv †c․u‡Q `vI|
cOw³
→ Ôfq †bB, Avwg Ggb e¨e¯’v Kie, hv‡Z †mbvevwnbx
‡Mvjv‡ci ¸”Q Kv‡a wb‡q...|Õ
myKzgvi ivq (1887-1923)
myKzgvi ivq wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvi gmyqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
wZwb wQ‡jb RbwcÖq wkïmvwnwZ¨K D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi ivq †P․ayixi
mšÍvb Ges A¯‥viweRqx L¨vwZgvb Pjw”PÎKvi mZ¨vwRr ivq
wQj Zvui mšÍvb| QÙbvg-Dn¨gvb cwÛZ| †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R
covi mgq wZwb Ôbb‡mÝ K¬veÕ bv‡g GKwU msN cÖwZôv
K‡ib| Gi gyLcvÎ wQj Ômv‡o-ewÎk fvRvÕ cwÎKv| wZwb
KvjvR¦‡i AvµvšÍ n‡q KjKvZvq gviv hvb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
wkï‡Zvl Av‡evj-Zv‡ej (1923) (21Zg wewmGm), n-
MÖš’ h-e-i-j, cvMjv `vï, eûiƒcx, LvB LvB|
ig¨iPbv †n‡mviv‡gi WvBix (AcÖKvwkZ)
Kve¨ AZx‡Zi K_v
cOw³
we‡`¨‡evSvB eveygkvB Pwo k‡Li †ev‡U, ‡lvj AvbvB
gvwS‡i Kb, ej‡Z cvwim m~wh© †Kb I‡V? wg‡Q
‡jv‡K e‡j, KvuVvj †m cv‡K bvwK wKwj‡q? cvKvcvwK
eyw× cvwK‡q †Zv‡j †jLvcov wMwj‡q|
mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq (1890-1977)
mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq cwðe‡½i nvIov †Rjvi wkecy‡i
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zv‡K ÔfvlvPvh©Õ Dcvwa cÖ`vb
K‡ib| GQvov iex›`ªbv‡_i †k‡li KweZv Dcb¨v‡m Zuvi
¯^xK…wZ Av‡Q| wZwb 1969 mv‡j mvwnZ¨ AKv‡`wgi mfvcwZ
wbe©vwPZ nb|
→ ‘The Origin and Development of Bengali
Language (ODBL)’ (1926) evsjv fvlvi DrcwË I
µgweKvk m¤ú‡K© GK Abe`¨ iPbv|
→ Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZ¨Kg© : evsjv fvlvZ‡Ë¡i f~wgKv (1929),
cwð‡gi hvÎx (1938), fvlv cÖKvk evOvjv e¨vKiY
(1939), fvi‡Zi fvlv I fvlv mgm¨v (1944),
ms¯‥…wZ wK (1961)|
P›`ªKzgvi †` (1889-1946)
P›`ªKzgvi †` eZ©gvb †b·KvYv †Rjvi †K›`yqv Dc‡Rjvi
ivNecyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb g~jZ †jvKMxwZ msMÖvnK
I †jLK|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 72 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ Ô†m․ifÕ cwÎKvq 1913 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi-gvP© (1320 ÔGKvˇii NvZK `vjvj wbgy©j KwgwUÕ MVb f~wgKv
dvêyb) msL¨vq Ôgwnjv Kwe P›`ªveZxÕ cÖeÜwU cÖKvwkZ Aa¨vcK †Mvjvg AvRg‡K 1991 mv‡ji 29 wW‡m¤^i Rvgv‡Z
n‡j W. `x‡bk P›`ª †m‡bi bR‡i Av‡mb| W. `x‡bk P›`ª Bmjvgx evsjv‡`‡ki Avgxi †NvlYvi †cÖwÿ‡Z 1992 mv‡j 19
†mb Zv‡K gvwmK 70 UvKv †eZ‡b KjKvZv Rvbyqvwi 101 m`m¨wewkó ÔGKvˇii NvZK `vjvj wbgy©j
wek^we`¨vj‡qi cvjv Mv‡bi msMÖvnK c‡` wbhy³ K‡ib| KwgwUÕ MVb Kiv nq| wZwb wQ‡jb GB KwgwUi AvnŸvqK|
→ Zvi msM„nxZ cvjvMvb¸‡jv W. `x‡bk P›`ª †m‡bi Zvui mfvcwZ‡Ë¡ GB KwgwU 1992 mv‡ji 26 gvP© ¯^vaxbZv
m¤úv`bvq •gqgbwmsn MxwZKv (1923), I c~e©e½ w`e‡m †mvnivIqv`x© D`¨v‡b MY-Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g †Mvjvg
MxwZKv (1926) [37Zg wewmGm] bv‡g KjKvZv AvR‡gi wePvi Abyôvb K‡ib|
wek^we`¨vj†q cÖKvwkZ nq|
→ wbRMÖvg †_‡K ÔgnvfviZxÕ bv‡g GKwU mvwnZ¨ cwÎKvI `wÿYviÄb wgÎ gRyg`vi (1877-1957)
cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb|
→ 1946 mv‡j gqgbwms‡ni bIgnj P‡Ki evwo‡Z gviv `wÿYviÄb wgÎ gRyg`vi GKRb wkïmvwnwZ¨K I
hvb| †jvKmvwnZ¨ msMÖvnK| QÙbvg-`„wónxb| iƒcK_vi †jLK
wn‡m‡e iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii KvQ †_‡K cÖksmv jvf K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
msM„nxZ cvjvMvb (‣ggbwmsn MxwZKv) mvwnZ¨Kg©
gûqv gjyqv P›`ªveZx VvKzigvi Szwj (1907) evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ iƒcK_vi
Kgjv ‡`Iqvb fvebv `my¨ †Kbvivg msKjb| (30Zg wewmGm) G MÖ‡š’i f~wgKv wj‡L †`b
iƒceZx K¼ I jxjv †`Iqvbv g`xbv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| MÖš’wU Rvg©vb fvlvq Ab~w`Z nq|
‡avcvi cvU gBlvj eÜz, ‡fjyqv, Kgjvivbx, †`Iqvb Cmv Avh© bvix VvKzi`v`vi Szwj Vvbw`w`i _‡j
c~e©e½ Luv, wd‡ivR Luv †`Iqvb, eÛzjvi evigvmx, Avqbv Pviæ I nviæ `v`v gkvB‡qi _‡j ‡LvKv eveyi †Ljv
MxwZKv wewe, iZb VvKzi, fvivBqv ivRv, cxi evZvmx, Avgvj eB wK‡kv‡ii gb evsjvi eªZK_v
(msM„nxZ k¨vgivq, wRevjwb, ‡Mvwcbx KxZ©b, ‡mvbviv‡gi meyR †jLv evsjvi †mvbvi †Q‡j c„w_exi iƒcK_v
cvjvMvb) Rb¥, wkjv‡`ex, AvÜv eay| wPiw`‡bi iƒcK_v Avkxe©v` I Avkxe©vYx
→ G cvjv¸‡jv AwaKvskB e„nËi gqgbwmsn I e„nËi
wm‡jU †_‡K msMÖn K‡iwQ‡jb| `vD` nvq`vi (1952-)
`vD` nvq`vi cvebv †Rjvi †`vnvi bvgK ¯’v‡b Rb¥MÖnY
Rvnvbviv Bgvg (1929-1994) K‡ib| wZwb GKRb Kwe, †jLK I mvsevw`K| wZwb mˇii
`k‡Ki Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| 1973 mv‡j ÔjÛb †mvmvBwU
1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i †kl w`‡K di †cv‡qwUªÕ `vD` nvq`v‡ii GKwU KweZv‡K Ô`¨v †e÷
Zvi cÖ_g mšÍvb iægx K‡qKwU †cv‡qg Ae GwkqvÕ e‡j AvL¨v †`q|
mdj †Mwijv Acv‡ik‡bi ci
cvwK¯Ívbx †mbvevwnbxi nv‡Z aiv mvwnZ¨Kg©
c‡o Ges wbg©g AZ¨vPv‡i knx` Kve¨ Rb¥B Avgvi AvRb¥ cvc, GB kvI‡b GB
nb| d‡j wZwb nb Ôknx` ciev‡m, Avwg fvj AvwQ Zzwg, cv_‡ii cuyw_|
RbbxÕ| AvZ¥Rxebx Bwjøb wSwjøb (cÖ_g ce©, 2012)
→ cy·kv‡K ¯^vgx kwidzj Bgvg nvU©‡dj K‡i gviv hvb| gyKz›` `vm (1878-1934)
K¨vÝvi AvµvšÍ n‡q 1994 mv‡ji 26 Ryb hy³iv‡óª gviv
hvb| gyw³hy‡×i AvU Rb †m±i KgvÛvi Zv‡K MvW© Ae gyKz›``v‡mi wcZ…cÖ`Ë bvg h‡Ák^i †`| wZwb gyÝxM‡Äi
Abvi Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡ib| (m~Î : evsjvwcwWqv) evbvwo MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| WvKbvg- hÁv| gyKz›``vm bvg
†`b `xÿv¸iæ ivgvb›` ¯^vgx| wZwb GKvav‡i Kwe, hvÎvcvjvi
mvwnZ¨Kg© iPwqZv| wZwb Ô¯^‡`kx hvÎvÕi cÖeZ©K| wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i
MR K”Qc, mvZwU Zvivi wSwKwgwK, Ab¨ Rxeb, exi‡kÖô, ÔPviY KweÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
we`vq †` gv Ny‡i Avwm, wbmt½ cvBb, K¨vÝv‡ii m‡½
emevm, cÖev‡mi w`b¸wj| w`jviv nv‡mg (1936 -)
w`jviv nv‡mg 1976 mvj †_‡K Ôf‡qm Ad Av‡gwiKvÕi evsjv
gyw³hy‡×i ¯§„wZPviYg~jK MÖš’- ÔGKvˇii w`b¸wjÕ (1986)| wefv‡M KvR Ki‡Qb| 2011 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi‡Z cÖKvwkZ nq
e¨w³MZ Wv‡qix AvKv‡i †jLv eBwUi e¨vwß 1971 mv‡ji 1 Zuvi Ôgyw³hy‡×i Dcb¨vmmgMÖÕ| wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨
gvP© †_‡K 17 wW‡m¤^i| cyi¯‥vi (1976) jvf K‡ib|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 73 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
mvwnZ¨Kg© kv‡n` Avjx (1925-2001)
Dcb¨vm Ni gb Rvbvjv (1965) (cÖ_g Dcb¨vm) kv‡n` Avjx mybvgMÄ †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| fvlv •mwbK,
GwU 1973 mv‡j Pjw”P‡Î iƒcvwqZ nq| GK`v †jLK I wkÿvwe`| ZgÏyb gRwj‡mi cÖwZôvZv mvaviY
Ges AbšÍ, ¯ÍäZvi Kv‡b Kv‡b, AvgjwKi †g․, m¤úv`K I c‡i mfvcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
ev`vgx we‡K‡ji Mí, KvKZvjxq, gyivj, 1940 mv‡j Aóg †kÖwY‡Z Aa¨qbKv‡j Zvi cÖ_g Mí ÔAkÖæÕ
Aby³ c`vejx, k•L KivZ, ‡mZz| mIMvZ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq|
Mí nj‡` cvLxi Kvbœv, wmÜzcv‡ii DcL¨vb, bvqK mvwnZ¨Kg©
KweZv ‡divix (1977) MíMÖš’ wReªvB‡ji Wvbv (1953), GKB mgZ‡j,
kvÕbhi, AZxZ iv‡Zi Kvwnbx, Agi
w`jIqvi (1937-2013) Kvwnbx, bZzb Rwg`vi|
myigv cv‡ii Kwe L¨vZ w`jIqvi wm‡jU kni msjMœ myigv bvwUKv wePvi Dcb¨vm ü`q b`x
b`xi `wÿY ZxieZx© fv_©Ljv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| cy‡iv bvg m¤úvw`Z mvßvwnK •mwbK (fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi
w`jIqvi Lvb| Kwe Rxe‡bi ïiæ‡ZB cvwievwiK Dcvwa ÔLvbÕ cwÎKv gyLcÎ), gvwmK cÖfvwZ, •`wbK eywbqv`|
eR©b K‡ib| cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki GB Kwei KweZvq mvaviY †kL dRjj Kwig (1882-1936)
gvby‡li gb‡bi K_v ¯^Z:ùzZ©fv‡e D‡V G‡m‡Q e‡j Zv‡K 1882 mv‡ji 9 GwcÖj †kL dRjj Kwig jvjgwbinvU
ÔMYgvby‡li KweÕ ejv nq| cÖ_g KweZv ÔmvBdzjøvn †n bRiæjÕ †Rjvi KvwKbv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| gvÎ GMvi eQi eq‡m
cÖKvwkZ nq 1949 mv‡j ÔmvßvwnK hyM‡fixÕ‡Z| Zvi cÖ_g MÖš’ Ômijc`¨ weKvkÕ cÖKvwkZ nq| b`xqvi mvwnZ¨
mvwnZ¨Kg© mfv KZ…©K ÔmvwnZ¨wekvi`Õ (1916), I ÔKve¨iZœvKiÕ
Kve¨ wRÁvmv (1953) G‡Z †gvU 38 wU KweZv (1971) Dcvwa jvf K‡ib|
i‡q‡Q| HK¨Zvb, Dw™¢bœ Djøvm, ¯^wbô m‡bU,
i‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’, w`jIqv‡ii mvwnZ¨Kg©
¯^vaxbZvi KweZv, `yB †giæ `yB Wvbv| Kve¨
Mv‡bi eB cyevj nvIqv, evsjv †Zvgvi Avgvi| mij c`¨ weKvk (1893)
cÖeÜ MÖš’ evsjv‡`k Rb¥ bv wb‡j| Z…òv (1900) : D`©y MR‡ji fvevj¤^‡b iwPZ
weL¨vZ c„w_ex ¯^‡`k Avi Avwg Zvi m½x wPiw`b| cwiÎvY Kve¨ (1904) : nhiZ gynv¤§` (m.) Gi PvwiΨ-
cOw³ gvnvZ¥¨ I ag©Rxeb wb‡q iwPZ| G Kve¨ Zvu‡K
weL¨vZ Mvb Zzwg ing‡Zi b`xqv mvwnwZ¨K gn‡j cwiwPZ K‡i ‡Zv‡j|
`qv Ki †gv‡i kvnRvjvj AvDwjqv... (G Mvb fw³ cy®úvÄwj (1911) Muv_v (1913)
w`‡q wm‡jU †eZvi †K›`ª D‡Øvab Kiv nq)| c_ I cv‡_q †cÖ‡gi ¯§„wZ
D”Q¡vm fMœexYv (1904)
kvn& Ave`yj Kwig (1916-2009)
†jvK msMx‡Z Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ GKz‡k c`K (2001) jvf Dcb¨vm jvqjx gRby (1904)
K‡ib| wkï‡Zvl nviæb-Ai ikx‡`i Mí, †mvbvi evwZ|
mvwnZ¨Kg© cOw³
MÖš’ewj AvdZve msMxZ, MYmsMxZ, Kvjbxi †XD, †Kv_vq ¯^M©, †Kv_vq biK †K e‡j Zv eû`yi, ¯^M© I
aj‡gjv, fvwUi wPwV, Kvjbxi K~‡j, gvby‡liB gv‡S ¯^M© biK gvby‡l‡Z myivmyi| biK
†`vj‡gjv| (16Zg wewmGm)
RbwcÖq e‡›` gvqv jvMvB‡Q, wcwiwZ wkLvB‡Q... cÖxwZ-‡cÖ‡gi cyY¨ evua‡b h‡e wgwj ci¯ú‡i ¯^M© I
Mvb Av‡M wK my›`i w`b KvUvBZvg... ¯^M© Avwmqv `vuovq ZLb Avgv‡`iB Kzu‡o N‡i| biK
Mvwo P‡j bv... (31Zg wewmGm) my›`i †n, `vI `vI my›`i Rxeb
‡Kvb †g¯Íwi bvI evbvB‡Q nDK `~i AKj¨vY mKj A‡kvfb| (15Zg wewmGm)
emšÍ evZv‡m mB‡Mv jvM‡j gv_vq e„wó-evZvm Mvu‡qi
mLx KzÄ mvRvI †Mv D‡ë hvq m„wó AvKvk? WvK
iO Gi `ywbqv Z‡i Pvq bv ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
evuP‡Z n‡j jvOj ai ‡i;
Gevi G‡m Mvuq|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 74 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
mÄxe P‡Ævcva¨vq (1834-1899) mgi †mb (1916-1987)
mÄxe P‡Ævcva¨vq PweŸk ciMYv †Rjvi KuvVvjcvov MÖv‡g mgi †mb KjKvZvi evMevRv‡ii wek^‡Kvl †j‡b Rb¥MÖnY
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Bengali Ryots, Their Rights and K‡ib| Avw` wbevm gvwbKM‡Äi myqvcyi MÖvg| wcZvgn evsjv
Liabilities (1864) bvgK MÖš’ wj‡L L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| cyuw_ msMÖvnK W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb| wZwb wQ‡jb Kwe I
eBwU c‡o gy» n‡q †jd‡Ub¨v›U Mfb©i Zv‡K †WcywU mvsevw`K| wZwb ÔbvMwiK KweÕ wn‡m‡e L¨vZ| iex›`ªbv_
g¨vwR‡÷ªU wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM K‡ib| wenv‡ii cvjv‡g․ GjvKvq VvKz‡ii Kve¨avivi wecix‡Z KweZv wjL‡Zb | ÔFrontier’
†WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU wn‡m‡e `yB eQi wQ‡jb| GB `yB eQ‡ii bv‡g GKwU MÖMwZkxj cwÎKvi cÖwZôvZv |
¯§„wZPviY wb‡q †jLv Ôcvjv‡g․Õ MÖš’| ÔågiÕ (1847) bv‡g Kve¨MÖš’ K‡qKwU KweZv, MÖnY I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv,
gvwmK cwÎKv m¤úv`bv K‡ib| GQvovI Ôe½`k©bÕ cwÎKv †LvjvwPwV, wZb cyiæl|
(1877-1882) m¤úv`bv K‡ib| AvZ¥Rxebx evey e„ËvšÍ (1978)
ÔAvwg Kwe bB, Avwg gvw·©÷ - Gfv‡eB wZwb gvK©mev‡`i
mvwnZ¨Kg© cÖwZ Zvui cÖej AvKl©Y †NvlYv K‡ib| GRb¨B Zv‡K
Dcb¨vm KÚgvjv, RvjcÖZvc Puv` (BwZnvmwfwËK), gv·©ev`x KweZv ejv nq|
gvaexjZv ʘ Dw³ : Avgv‡`i ¯^cœ †nvK dm‡ji mylg eÈb
Mí iv‡gk^‡ii A`„ó, `vwgbx|
ågY Kvwnwb cvjv‡g․ (1880-1882) : e½`k©b cwÎKvq mg‡ik emy (1924-1988)
cÖg_bv_ emy QÙbv‡g cÖKvwkZ| cÖ_g ågY
Kvwnbx| mg‡ik emy gyÝxM‡Äi ivRvbMi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb
Dw³ Ôe‡b¨iv e‡b my›`i, wkïiv gvZ…‡µv‡oÕ| GKRb Jcb¨vwmK| ÔKvjK~UÕ (A_© Zxeª wel) I ÔågiÕ
QÙbv‡g wjL‡Zb| Zvui iPbvq ivR‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ, kÖgRxex
gvby‡li Rxeb Ges †h․bZvmn wewfbœ AwfÁZvi mywbcyY eY©bv
m‡Z¨b †mb (1907-1981) dz‡U I‡V|
m‡Z¨b †mb weµgcyi (eZ©gvb gyÝxMÄ †Rjvi) U½xevwo
Dc‡Rjvi †mvbviO MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| †kl Rxe‡b nuvcvwb mvwnZ¨Kg©
†iv‡M AvµvšÍ nb Ges `„wó kw³ ÿxY n‡q Av‡m| 1981 Dcb¨vm
mv‡ji 5 wW‡m¤^i kvwšÍ wb‡KZ‡b gviv hvb| 1968 mv‡ji 29 DËi½ (1951)| ivR‣bwZK Kvi‡Y Zv‡K 1949-50
A‡±vei m‡Z¨b †mb, i‡Yk `vk¸ß, knx`yjøvn Kvqmvimn mv‡j †R‡j _vK‡Z nq Ges †R‡j _vKv Ae¯’vqB cÖ_g
GK SuvK ZiæY mvs¯‥…wZK msMVb ÔD`xwPÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib| Dcb¨vm DËi½ iPbv K‡ib|
Ag„Z Kz‡¤¢i mÜv‡b (1955)| G Dcb¨v‡mi gva¨‡g
mvwnZ¨Kg© KvjK~U QÙbv‡g Dcb¨vm iPbvi m~ÎcvZ|
Dcb¨vm cÖRvcwZ (1967): G Dcb¨vmwU AkøxjZvi `v‡q
†fv‡ii wen½x (1959) Awfkß bMix (1967) Awfhy³ n‡j Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv nq|
cv‡ci mšÍvb (1969) iæ×Øvi gy³cÖvY (1973)
c`wPý (1968) †mqvbv (1968) Dcb¨vm wewU †iv‡Wi av‡i, hyM hyM wR‡qv, kÖxgwZ
we‡`ªvnx •KeZ© (1969) Avj †eiæbx (1969) K¨v‡d, weei, M½v, RMÏj|
mvZ b¤^i IqvW© (1969) DËiY (1970) cyi¯‥vi
gv (1970) Avb›` cyi¯‥vi (1955, M½v Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¨)
GK~j fv‡½ IK~j M‡o (1971) mvwnZ¨ AKv‡`wg cyi¯‥vi (1980) jvf K‡ib|
BwZnvm welqK MÖš’ ‡R‡b ivLyb : mvwnZ¨ AKv‡`gx : fvi‡Zi ivóªfvlv¸wj‡Z
gnvwe‡`ªv‡ni Kvwnbx cÖwZ‡iva msMÖv‡g evsjv‡`k iwPZ mvwn‡Z¨i DbœwZ I mgš^‡qi j‡ÿ¨ fviZ miKvi KZ…©K
evsjv‡`‡ki K…l‡Ki msMÖvg (1976) ¯’vwcZ GKwU cÖwZôvb|
Rxebx MÖš’
g‡bvigv gvmxgv (1970) wecøex ingvb gv÷vi
mxgvšÍ m~h© Avãyj Mvddvi Lvb (1976) mi`vi R‡qbDwÏb (1918-1986)
cyi¯‥vi K_vmvwnwZ¨K mi`vi R‡qbDwÏb cvebv †Rjvi KvgvinvwU
evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (1970) jvf K‡ib| MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| cÖK…Z bvg R‡qbDwÏb wek^vm| wkï-
wkïmvwnZ¨ wK‡kvi g¨vMvwRb Ô†mZvivÕ I ÔkvnxbÕ Gi m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e
cvZvevnvi (1967) AwfhvÎx (1969) `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm A‡bK m~‡h©i Avkv (1967)| G Dcb¨vmwU
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k wØZxq wek^hy‡×i cÖfve
wb‡q †jLv|
Avw`MšÍ, cvbœvgwZ, bxj is i³, †eMg
†kdvjx gxR©v, weaŸ¯Í †iv‡`i †XD (1975),
K`g Avjx‡`i evwo|
†QvUMí bqb Xzwj (1952), exiKÚxi we‡q, Li‡¯ªvZ,
AócÖni, †ejv e¨vbvRx©i †cÖg (1968)|
wkïmvwnZ¨ D‡ëvivRvi †`k, AevK Awfhvb, Avgiv
†Zvgv‡`i fyje bv|
cyi¯‥vi evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (1967), Av`gRx
cyi¯‥vi (1967, A‡bK m~‡h©i AvkvÕi Rb¨)
†ngP›`ª e‡›`vcva¨vq (1838-1903)
†ngP›`ª e‡›`vcva¨vq ûMjx †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| gvB‡Kj
gaym~`b `‡Ëi cieZx©Kv‡ji gnvKve¨ iPwqZv‡`i g‡a¨
me©vwaK L¨vwZgvb Kwe| Rxeb-mvqv‡ýi AÜ n‡q hvb Ges
Pig `vwi‡`ª¨i m¤§yLxb nb| Zv‡K evsjvi wgëb ejv nq|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨ wPšÍv Ziw½Yx (1861), exievû, wPËweKvk,
bwjbxemšÍ (1868)| †k·wcqv‡ii ‘The
Tempest’ Aej¤^‡b|
KweZvejx, AvkvKvbb, Qvqvgqx, `kgnvwe`¨v
(1882, `v‡šÍi The Divine Comedy,
Abymv‡i)|
gnvKve¨ e„Îmsnvi (1g LÛ-1875, 2q LÛ- 1877)
[26Zg wewmGm] Zuvi †kÖô iPbv| gnvfvi‡Zi
Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| [ mgmvgwqK mgv‡Ri
Ab¨vq wb‡q iwPZ]
LÐKweZv Rxeb-msMxZ (The Psalm of life-Gi
e½vbyev`), fviZmsMxZ, M½vi DrcwË, c‡Ùi
g„Yvj, fviZ-Kvwnbx, A‡kvKZiæ|
gnvÁvbx gnvRb, †h c‡_ K‡i Mgb Rxebm½xZ
n‡q‡Qb cÖvZ:¯§iYxq| (Ab~w`Z)
i½jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1827-1887)
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ cwÙbx DcvL¨vb, Kg©‡`ex, KvwÂKv‡eix, k~I
my›`ix|
KweZv ¯^vaxbZv-m½xZ
cOw³ Ô¯^vaxbZv nxbZvq †K euvwP‡Z PvqÕ (cwÙbx
DcL¨vb)
75 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
¯^Y©Kzgvix †`ex (1855-1932)
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gwnjv Jcb¨vwmK ¯^Y©Kzgvix †`ex
KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kv‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wcZv †`‡e›`ªbv_
VvKzi| Abv_ I weaev‡`i mvnvh¨v‡_© VvKzi evwo‡Z
ÔmLxmwgwZÕ ¯’vcb (1896) K‡ib| KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq
KZ…©K ÔRMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`KÕ (1927) jvf K‡ib| wZwb
wek^Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †evb wQ‡jb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm `xcwbe©vY, ‡gevi ivR, wQbœ gyKzj, gvjZ,
ûMwji Bgvg evwo (1888), we‡`ªvn,
†¯œnjZv, wewPÎv, ¯^cœevYx, wgjbivÎx|
bvUK emšÍ Drme, weevn Drme, †`e‡K․ZzK, K‡b
e`j|
Kve¨ Mv_v (1890), KweZv I Mvb (1895)|
weÁvb welqK cÖeÜ c„w_ex (1882)
nvmvb AvwRRyj nK (1939-)
nvmvb AvwRRyj nK ea©gvb †Rjvi heMÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
ivp AÂj Zuvi A‡bK M‡íi cUf~wg| 2009 mv‡j XvKv
wek^we`¨vj‡q e½eÜz †Pqvi c‡`i Rb¨ g‡bvbxZ n‡q‡Qb|
ivRkvnx K‡j‡R covi mgq fuvRcÎ ÔPvicvZvÕq Zuvi cÖ_g
†jLv Qvcv nq, welq wQj Av‡gi gvnvZ¥¨|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm e„Ëvqb (1991), Av¸bcvwL (40Zg wewmGm),
wkDwj, mvweÎx DcvL¨vb, kvgyK (2015)
cÖeÜ PvjwP‡Îi LuywUbvwU, GKvËi :KiZ‡j wQbœgv_v
(gyw³hy× wfwËK), K_vmvwn‡Z¨i K_KZv,
AcÖKv‡ki fvi, AZ‡ji Avwa, Qov‡bv
wQUv‡bv, wPšÍb-KYv|
MíMÖš’ mgy‡`ªi ¯^cœ kx‡Zi AiY¨, AvZ¥Rv I GKwU
Kiex MvQ (1967), Rxeb N‡l Av¸b, bvgnxb
†MvÎnxb (1975), cvZv‡j nvmcvZv‡j,
wbe©vwPZ Mí, Avgiv A‡cÿv KiwQ, ivpe‡½i
Mí, †iv‡` hv‡ev, gv †g‡qi msmvi, weaev‡`i
K_v I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (2007)|
AvZ¥Rxebx wd‡i hvB, wd‡i Avwm; DwK w`‡q w`MšÍ; GB
cyivZb AvLi¸wj|
wkï jvj‡Nvov Avwg (1984), dzUej †_‡K mveavb
mvwnZ¨ (1998)|
m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv AmxgvwšÍK (1998)
bvUK P›`i †Kv_vq
cyi¯‥vi evsjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi (1970), GKz‡k
c`K (1999) jvf K‡ib|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
†njvj nvwdR (1948-)
‡njvj nvwdR ‡b·KvYv †Rjvi eoZjx MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki GKRb AvaywbK Kwe| wesk kZvãxi
†k‡li w`‡K e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡ib| cyi¯‥vi : evsjv
GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (2013)
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨ †h R‡j Av¸b R¦‡j (1986)- G Kv‡e¨ †n‡jb
bv‡g GK bvixi Dcw¯’wZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| whwb
wQ‡jb Kwei †cÖwgKv| Zvi mv‡_ we‡”Q‡`i c‡i
Kwe cÖvq 25 eQi GK ai‡bi †¯^”Qvwbe©vm‡b
Rxeb hvcb K‡ib| G MÖ‡š’ 56 wU KweZv
i‡q‡Q| [ ১৯ টি ঳াংস্কযণ ]
KweZv GKvËi (2012)
weL¨vZ Ôwbwl× m¤úv`KxqÕ - 1969 Gi MYAf~¨Ìv‡bi
KweZv mgq †jLv| G KweZvi `ywU PiY-
I cOw³ ÔGLb †h․eb hvi wgwQ‡j hvevi Zvi †kÖô mgq
GLb †h․eb hvi hy‡× hvevi Zvi †kÖô mgq|Õ
wbDUªb †evgv †evS
gvbyl †evS bv! [Akøxj mf¨Zv- †h R¦‡j Av¸b R¦‡j]
KweZv 71|
gyn¤§` Rvdi BKevj (1952-)
gyn¤§` Rvdi BKevj wcZvi Kg©¯’j wm‡j‡U Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
†jLK, c`v_we` I wkÿvwe`| WvKbvg- eveyj| •cZ…K wbevm
†b·KvYv †Rjvi †K›`yqv Dc‡Rjvi KzZzecyi MÖv‡g| wcZv
dqRyi ingvb, gvZv Av‡qkv AvLZvi|
→ ÔK‡cvUªwbK myL `ytLÕ iPbvi gva¨‡g G avivi mvwn‡Z¨
Zvi Avwef©ve|
→ RbwcÖq Jcb¨vwmK ûgvqyb Avng` Zvi eo fvB|
→ ig¨ g¨vMvwRb ÔDb¥v`Õi m¤úv`K I KvUz©wb÷ Avnmvb
nvexe Zvui †QvU fvB|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
wK‡kvi `xcy bv¤^vi Uz (1984), nvZKvUv iweb, Avgvi
Dcb¨vm eÜz iv‡k`, wU-‡i‡·i mÜv‡b, eyey‡bi evev,
Avwg Zcy|
mv‡qÝ gnvKv‡k gnvÎvk, UzKzbwRj, wbtm½ MÖnPvix,
wdKkb GKRb AwZgvbe, ‡dvweqv‡bi hvÎx|
gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB (1919-1969)
gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB cwðge‡½i gywk©`vev` †Rjvi ivYxbMi
_vbvi gwiPv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb fvlvweÁvbx| XvKv
wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi ci wZwbB wQ‡jb evsjv wefv‡Mi cÖ_g
gymwjg QvÎ| 1967 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb miKvi †iwWI-wUwf‡Z
iex›`ª msMxZ cÖPvi wbwl× Ki‡j wZwb Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib|
1969 mv‡ji 3 Ryb gvwjev‡M †ij jvB‡b KvUv c‡i gviv
hvb|
76 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
mvwnZ¨Kg©
MÖš’ mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‥…wZ (1954), ‡Zvlv‡gv` I
ivRbxwZi fvlv, fvlv I mvwnZ¨ (1960), A
Phonetic and Phonological Study of Nasals
and Nasalization in Bengali (1960), aŸwbweÁvb
I evsjv aŸwbZË¡ (1964) [37Zg wewmGm],
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZe„Ë (1968, •mq` Avjx
Avnmvb mn‡hv‡M) [22Zg wewmGm]|
ågY Kvwnbx wejv‡Z mv‡o mvZk w`b (1958)
m¤úvw`Z XvKv wek^we`¨vjq evsjv wefvM †_‡K
cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g lvb¥vwmK ÔmvwnZ¨ cwÎKvÕi
(1965) cÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K|
cyi¯‥vi evsjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi (1961) jvf
K‡ib|
gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK (1902-1982)
gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK PÆMÖvg †Rjvi dwUKQwo‡Z Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb wkÿvwe` I M‡elK| wZwb 1956 mv‡ji
wW‡m¤^‡i beMwVZ evsjv GKv‡Wwgi cÖ_g cwiPvjK wbhy³
nb|
→ wZwbB cÖ_g me©cÖ_g e½eÜz‡K Ôme©hy‡Mi me©‡kÖô evOvwjÕ
Awfav w`‡qwQ‡jb|
→ evsjv GKv‡Wwg Zvui bv‡g Ôgyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK mvwnZ¨
c`KÕ Pvjy K‡i|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
MÖš’AvivKvb ivRmfvq ev½vjv mvwnZ¨ (1935, Avãyj
Kwig mvwnZ¨ wekvi‡`i mv‡_ †h․_fv‡e), Avevnb
(1920-21, MxwZ msKjb), SY©vaviv (1928,
KweZv msKjb), PÆMÖvgx evsjvi inm¨‡f`
(1935), e‡½ mydx cÖfve (1935), evOjv
fvlvi ms¯‥vi (1944), gymwjg evOjv mvwnZ¨
(1957), e¨vKiY gÄywi (1952), gbxlv gÄylv
(1g LÐ- 1957, 2q LÐ- 1976) [25Zg
wewmGm]|
ågY Kvwnbx eyj‡Mwiqv ågY|
†gvnv¤§` bvwmiDÏxb (1888-1994)
†gvnv¤§` bvwmiDÏxb Puv`cyi †Rjvi cvBKvi`x MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| 1918 mv‡ji 2 wW‡m¤^i wbR D‡`¨v‡M KjKvZv †_‡K
mwPÎ mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv ÔgvwmK mIMvZÕ (mIMvZ bvgwU wbe©vPb
K‡ib iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi) m¤úv`bv I cÖKvk K‡ib| GQvovI
mvßvwnK mIMvZ (1934), mwPÎ gwnjv mIMvZ (1937),
wkï mIMvZ cwÎKv m¤úv`bv K‡ib|
→ Kwe mvwnwZ¨K‡`i wgjb‡K›`ª ÔmIMvZ mvwnZ¨ gRwjmÕ
(1926) MVb K‡ib|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
→ 1947 mv‡ji 20 RyjvB KjKvZv †_‡K gwnjv‡`i Rb¨
mwPÎ cwÎKv Ô‡eMgÕ cÖKvk K‡ib| Gi cÖ_g m¤úv`K
wQ‡jb Kwe mywdqv Kvgvj| cieZx©‡Z m¤úv`K wQ‡jb
b~iRvnvb †eMg|
→ GKz‡k c`K, ¯^vaxbZv w`em cyi¯‥vi I evsjv GKv‡Wwg
m¤§vbbv cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
→ 1976 mvj †_‡K m„Rbkxj †jLv I mvsevw`KZvi Rb¨
wbR bv‡g cÖeZ©b K‡ib ÔbvwmiDÏxb ¯^Y©c`KÕ cyi¯‥vi|
→ †eMg cwÎKvi m¤úv`K b~iRvnvb †eMg Zvi †g‡q|
→ cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : wkwi-dinv` (Dcb¨vm), Avjøvni bex
†gvnv¤§` (mv.), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ mIMvZ hyM, mIMvZ
hy‡M bRiæj Bmjvg|
†gvnv¤§` bwRei ingvb
†gvnv¤§` bwRei ingvb mvwnZ¨iZœ wmivRMÄ †Rjvi
kvnRv`cyi Dc‡Rjvi Pi‡ej‣Zj MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb
Jcb¨vwmK|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm Av‡bvqviv (1914) [32Zg wewmGm], ‡cÖ‡gi
mgvwa, Puv`Zviv ev nvmvb M½v evngwY,
cwiYvg, Mix‡ei †g‡q, `ywbqv Avi PvB bv,
‡g‡niæwbœmv|
Av‡bvqviv : MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi cUf~wgKvq iwPZ G Dcb¨v‡m -
GKRb bvixi Rxe‡b ¯^vgx Zvi me| ¯^vgxi Rb¨ †`vqv, ¯^vgx‡K
cvevi ci Zvi †mevhZœ,¯^vgxi K_vi evB‡i bv hvIqv G¸‡jvB
Dcb¨v‡mi g~j e³e¨| G Dcb¨v‡mi Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q|
Av‡bvqiv, byiæj Bmjvg Lv‡`g, AvwRgyjøvn, †MvjvcRvb cÖgyL| G
Dcb¨vm evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ K¬vwmK gh©v`v †c‡q‡Q| Av‡bvqviv
Dcb¨v‡mi cwiwkó ev wmKzq¨vj wn‡m‡e Ô‡cÖ‡gi mgvwaÕ cÖKvwkZ
nq|
lv‡Ui `k‡K cÖL¨vZ Pjw”PÎ cwiPvjK Rwni ivqnvb
ÔAv‡bvqvivÕ Dcb¨vm wb‡q GKwU mdj Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY K‡ib
M`¨ cyw¯ÍKv wejvZx eR©b inm¨, mvwnZ¨ cÖm½|
bexbP›`ª †mb (1847-1909)
bexbP›`ª †mb PÆMÖvg †Rjvi ivDRvb _vbvi cwðg¸Riv
(‡bvqvcvov)-q Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb g~jZ Kwe|
→ cÖ_g KweZv : Ô‡Kvb GK weaev Kvwgbxi cÖwZÕ|
→ Dcb¨vm : fvbygwZ (1904)
→ AvZ¥Rxebx : Avgvi Rxeb
→ Îqx gnvKve¨- •ieZK (1887), Kziæ‡ÿÎ (1893) I
cÖfvm (1896)| G wZbwU g~jZ wZbwU ¯^Zš¿ Ask|
wZbwU Ask Avjv`vfv‡e G‡KKwU Kve¨ wKš‘ GK‡Î
GKwU gnvKv‡e¨i gh©v`v cvq| Gi bvqK K…ò| •ieZ‡K
K…‡òi Avw`, Kziæ‡ÿ‡Î ga¨ I cÖfv‡m AšÍjxjvi Kvwnwb
ewY©Z|
77 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ Kve¨ :
-ÔAeKvk iwÄbxÕ (1871) Zuvi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ MÖš’|
GwU †`k‡cÖg I AvZ¥wPšÍvg~jK KweZv msKjb|
- cjvkxi hy× (1875) Zuvi †kÖô Kve¨| Gi Rb¨
Ôcjvkx hy‡×i KweÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
- i½gZx (1880)
→ Ab¨vb¨ MÖš’ : wK¬I‡cUªv, cÖev‡mi cÎ, L„ó I AwgZvf|
†gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb (1936-2008)
†gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb h‡kv‡ii LowK MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
wZwb wQ‡jb Kwe MxwZKvi I cÖvewÜK| 1952 mv‡ji fvlv
Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖnY K‡ib| 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i c‡ÿ
KvR K‡ib| weL¨vZ KweZv Ôknx` ¯§i‡YÕ|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ `yj©f w`b, kw¼Z Av‡jvK, wecbœ welv`, cÖZby
cÖZ¨vkv, fvjevmvi nv‡Z, B‡”QgZx, Z…Zxq
Zi‡½, m½x wen½x, f~wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q
Zvi, ‡Kvjvn‡ji ci, axi cÖev‡n|
MÖš-’ AvaywbK Kvwnbx Kv‡e¨ gymwjg Rxeb I wPÎ
M‡elYv (1962), AvaywbK evsjv mvwnZ¨ (1965),
evsjv KweZvi Q›` (1970), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨
D”PZi M‡elYv (1978)|
Mv‡bi msKjb Awbe©vY (1967), wbe©vwPZ Mvb (1984)
1955 mvj †_‡K †eZv‡ii wbqwgZ MxwZKvi wQ‡jb| Zvi wKQz
weL¨vZ Mvb
→ GKUzk Lvwb `¨vL GKLvb K_v ivL|
→ ‡cÖ‡gi bvg †e`bv, †m K_v eywSwb Av‡M|
→ dz‡ji Kv‡b †fvgi G‡m Pzwc Pzwc e‡j hvq|
→ AkÖæ w`‡q †jLv G Mvb †hb fz‡j †hI bv|
→ Zzwg wK †`‡LQ Kfz Rxe‡bi civRq|
→ njy` ev‡Uv †gw›` ev‡Uv ev‡Uv dz‡ji †g․
KweZvi cOw³
KweZvq Avi wK wjLe?
hLb ey‡Ki i‡³ wj‡LwQ GKwU bvg evsjv‡`k| (knx` ¯§i‡Y)
†gvnv¤§` jyrdzi ingvb (1897-1936)
Wv. †gvnv¤§` jyrdi ingvb h‡kvi †Rjvi (eZ©gvb gv¸iv
†Rjv) cvibv›`yqvjx MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| •cZ…K wbevm
gv¸ivi nvRxcyi MÖv‡g| mvwnwZ¨K I gvbeZvev`x wn‡m‡e
mgwaK cwiwPZ| wZwb †nvwgIc¨vw_ wPwKrmv K‡i ÔWv³viÕ
Dcvwa cvb| bvix mgv‡Ri DbœwZK‡í Ôbvixwkí we`¨vjqÕ I
ÔbvixZx_©Õ bv‡g GKwU †mev cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡jb| wZwb
h²v‡iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡q wbR MÖvg nvRxcy‡i g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 78 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
mvwnZ¨Kg© iwdK AvRv` (1941-2016)
cÖeÜ D”P Rxeb, 17Zg wewmGm [gnr Rxeb, DbœZ
Rxeb, gvbe Rxeb], mZ¨ Rxeb, ag© Rxeb, iwdK AvRv` Uv½vBj †Rjvi NvUvBj Dc‡Rjvi ¸Yx MÖv‡g
hyeK Rxeb| Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1971 mv‡j e½exi Kv‡`i wmwÏKxi mnKvix
wn‡m‡e gyw³hy× K‡ib| evsjv GKv‡Wwgi cwÎKv ÔDËivwaKviÕ
Dcb¨vm mijv, c_nviv, ivqnvb, cÖxwZ Dcnvi, evmi
Gi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb|
Dcnvi, cÖwZ‡kva|
wkïmvwnZ¨ ivbx †n‡jb (1934), ‡Q‡j‡`i gnr K_v, mvwnZ¨Kg©
‡Q‡j‡`i Kvievjv| Kve¨ Am¤¢‡ei cv‡q, wbe©vwPZ KweZv, GKRxe‡b,
‡QvUMí cjvqb, ivbx, ivRc_, Agvem¨v| mxgve× R‡j, mxwgZ mey‡R;
Kve¨ cÖKvk (1915)| Pzwbqv Avgvi Av‡K©wWqv (1977), GKRxe‡b,
m¤úvw`Z e½xq gymjgvb mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv, mnPi, Aci Ai‡Y¨, cvMjv Mvi` †_‡K †cÖwgKvi
cwÎKv bvixkw³| wPwV, ü`‡qi wK ev †`vl, el©‡Y Avb‡›` hvI
gvby‡li Kv‡Q|
hZx›`ª‡gvnb evMPx (1878-1948) cyi¯‥vi I evsjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi (1981),
m¤§vbbv GKz‡k c`K (2013)|
hZx›`ª‡gvnb evMPx b`xqvi Rvg‡k`cy‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
cOw³ Avgvi ÿzavi Kv‡Q wKQzB †djbv bq|
•cZ…K wbevm ûMjxi ejvMo, cjøx-cÖxwZ Zuvi Kwe gvb‡mi
fvZ †` nvivgRv`v, Zv bv n‡j gvbwPÎ Lve|
GKwU cÖavb •ewkó¨|

mvwnZ¨Kg© ivwRqv Lvb (1936-2011)

Kve¨ †jLv, †iLv, AcivwRZv, bvM‡Kki, eÜzi তাাঁয cy‡iv bvg ivwRqv Lvb Avwgb n‡jI ÔivwRqv LvbÕ bv‡g
`vb, RvMiYx, bxnvwiKv, gnvfviZx| cwiwPZ| wZwb GKRb wkÿK, mvwnwZ¨K, mvsevw`K, gÂ
KweZv KvRjvw`w`, wkKj, AÜeay| Awf‡bÎx| AeRvifvi cwÎKvq ÔKvjPvi †KUjÕ wk‡ivbv‡g
m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv gvbmx, c~e©vPj, hgybv (hyM¥ m¤úv`K) wbqwgZ e¨½ Kjvg wjL‡Zb|
weL¨vZ KweZvi jvBb ....
euvk evMv‡bi gv_vi Dci Puv` D‡V‡Q H .... (KvRjv w`w`) mvwnZ¨Kg©
Mí eUZjvi Dcb¨vm (1958) [31Zg wewmGm] :
gvÎ 18 eQi eq‡m wj‡Lb| AbyK¤ú (1959)|
iRbxKvšÍ †mb (1865-1910) Dcb¨vm cÖwZwPÎ, wPÎKve¨,cv`weK,Dcmsnvi, ‡`ª․c`x
Kwe iRbxKvšÍ †mb wmivRM‡Äi fvOvevwo MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY (gyw³hy× wfwËK 1930)
K‡ib| c~e©cyiæl‡`i Avw` wbevm Uv½vBj †Rjvi mn‡`ecy‡i|
bvUK AveZ©b, wZbwU GKvw¼Kv|
wZwb MxwZKvi, Kwe I msMxZwkíx| wZwb ÔKvšÍKweÕ bv‡gI
cwiwPZ| cyi¯‥vi evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (1975), GKz‡k c`K
(1997)
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ Afqv, Ag„Z, Avb›`gqx, wekÖvg, m™¢veKzmyg, iv‡eqv LvZzb (1935-)
‡kl`vb|
Mv‡bi mÂqb evYx (1902), Kj¨vYx (1905)| mvwnZ¨Kg©
weL¨vZ KweZv ¯^vaxbZvi myL Dcb¨vm ‡g‡Ni ci †gN| gyw³hy× wfwËK Dcb¨vm| G
†`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡b Zuvi e¨vcK Ae`vb| K‡qKwU weL¨vZ Mvb Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b Pvlx bRiæj Bmjvg
gv‡qi †`Iqv †gvUv Kvco gv_vq Zz‡j †b‡i fvB (¯^‡`wk Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY K‡ib|
Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z) ‡divix m~h© (1974), evqvbœ Mwji GK Mwj,
Avgiv †bnvZ Mwie, Avgiv †bnvZ †QvU,- Zey AvwQ mvZ †KvwU gaygZx, AbšÍ A‡š^lv, gb GK †k^Z K‡cvZx,
fvB, †R‡M IV| mv‡ne evRvi, bxj wbkx_,
weL¨vZ KweZvi jvBb ..... cyi¯‥vi evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi (1973), GKz‡k
eveyB cwL‡i WvwK, ewj‡Q PovB/ c`K (1993)|
Kz‡o N‡i _vwK Ki wk‡íi eovB/
Avwg _vwK gnv my‡L AÆvwjKv c‡o/
Zzwg KZ Kó cvI †iv`, e„wói S‡o| (¯^vaxbZvi myL)
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
ikx` Kixg (1925-2011)
ikx` Kixg KjKvZvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| cÖ_g Mí ÔAv‡qkvÕ
mIMvZ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ (1924) nq|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm DËg cyiæl (1961) [25Zg wewmGm
wcÖwjwgbvwi Ges 34Zg wewmGm wjwLZ] †`k
wefv‡Mi †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ| PwiÎ : kv‡Ki, †mwjbv,
P›`ªv, wbnvi|
Avgvi hZ Møvwb (1973)| PwiÎ: Gidvb,
Av‡qkv| 1947 mvj n‡Z 1971 mv‡ji
ga¨eZx© Kvwnbx ewY©Z|
cÖmbœ cvlvY (1963), ‡cÖg GKwU jvj
†Mvjvc, mvaviY †jv‡Ki Kvwnbx, k¨vgv,
‡mvbvi cv_i evwU, LuvPvq [gyw³hy×wfwËK
Dcb¨vm], gv‡qi Kv‡Q hvw”Q, c`Z‡j i³,
eoB wbtm½, jvÂe· (1993, †kl
Dcb¨vm)|
cÖeÜMÖš’ Avi GK `„wó‡KvY, AZxZ nq b~Zb cybivq,
g‡bi Mn‡b †Zvgvi gyiwZLvwb|
MíMÖš’ cÖ_g †cÖg
AvZ¥Rxebx Rxeb giY (1999) Zvi †kl MÖš’
cyi¯‥vi Av`gRx cyi¯‥vi (1961, DËg cyiæl
Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¨), evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi
(1972), GKz‡k c`K (1984), ‡jwLKv msN
cyi¯‥vi (1991) jvf K‡ib|
ivwRqv LvZzb †P․ayivYx (1907-1934)
ivwRqv LvZzb †P․ayivYx †bvqvLvjx‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Kwe I
cÖvewÜK| cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv jv‡fi my‡hvM cvbwb| M„n
wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q wkÿv jvf K‡ib| wcZvgvZvi Aby‡cÖiYvq
¯^wkwÿZ n‡q D‡Vb| †k‡i evsjv G.‡K. dRjyj n‡Ki
mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Kzwgjøvq †Rjv K…lK m‡¤§j‡bi D‡Øvabx msMxZ
ÔgiY mvMi K~‡j e‡m, MvB Rxe‡bi RqMvb/giY c‡_ †eu‡P
Av‡Q hviv/Zvnv‡`iB G AwfhvbÕ iPbv K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ Dcnvi MíMÖš’ c‡_i `vwe
KweZv Pvlx
cOw³ me mva‡Ki eo mvaK Avgvi †`‡ki Pvlv
†`k gvZviB gyw³Kvgx †`‡ki †m †h Avkv (Pvlx)
ivavigY `Ë (1833-1915)
ivavigY `Ë mybvgMÄ †Rjvi RMbœv_cyi Dc‡Rjvi †Kkecyi
MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb evsjv †jvKmsMx‡Zi cy‡ivav,
79 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
giwg Kwe, •eÂe evDj| avgvBj Mvb I avgvjx b„‡Z¨i
cÖe³v|
→ Mv‡bi msKjb : ‡gvnv¤§` gbmyi DwÏb ÔnvivgwbÕ MÖ‡š’i
mßg L‡Ð Zvi 51wU Mvb msKjb K‡ib|
→ weL¨vZ Mvb
 Kv‡i †`Lv‡ev g‡bi `ytL †Mv Avwg eyK wPwiqv,
AšÍ‡i Zz‡liB Abj R¦‡j MBqv MBqv|
 ågi KB‡qv wMqv, kÖxK…ò we‡”Q‡`i Ab‡j A½ hvq
R¦wjqv †i...|
 cÖvY mLx †i IB †kvb K`¤^Z‡j eskx evRvq †K|
 k¨vg Kvwjqv †mvbv eÜz‡i wbi‡j †Zvgvq cvBjvg bv
iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ (1824-1891)
iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvi GK m¤£všÍ Kvq¯’
cwiev‡ii Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature in Nepal (1882)|
G MÖ‡š’ wZwb †bcv‡ji ivR `iev‡i Ph©vc‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i K_v
D‡jøL K‡ib, Avi †m m~Î a‡iB nicÖmv` kv¯¿x Ph©vc`
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
cÖvK…Z f~‡Mvj, wkwíK `k©b, wkevRxi PwiÎ, e¨vKiY
cÖ‡ek, c·K․gy`x, ‡gev‡ii iv‡RwZe„Ë|
iæ`ª gyn¤§` kwn`yjøvn (1956-1991)
iæ`ª gyn¤§` kwn`yjøvn ewikv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| •cZ„K wbevm
ev‡MinvU †Rjvi gsjv Dc‡Rjv wg‡VLvwj MÖv‡g| ÔcÖwZev`x
†ivgvw›UKÕ Kwe wn‡m‡e L¨vZ|
 Ômw¤§wjZ mvs¯‥…wZK †RvUÕ I ÔRvZxq KweZv cwil`Õ
MV‡bi Ab¨Zg D‡`¨v³v|
 ‡bwZevPKfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ bvixev`x †jwLKv
Zmwjgv bvmwib Zvi ¯¿x (1981-1988) wQ‡jb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨ Dc`ªæZ DcK~j (1979), Mí (1987), wd‡i
PvB ¯^Y©MÖvg (1981), w`‡qwQj mKj AvKvk,
gvby‡li gvbwPÎ, ‡g․wjK gy‡Lvk, ‡Qvej,
LuywUbvwU LybmywU I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv|
Kve¨ bvU¨ wel wewi‡ÿi exR
‡QvUMí †mvbwj wkwki|
weL¨vZ-
→ KweZv-evZv‡m jv‡ki MÜ| G KweZvi weL¨vZ jvBb-
ÔRvwZi cZvKv Lvg‡P a‡i‡Q AvR cyiv‡bv kKzbÕ|
→ Mvb- fv‡jv AvwQ fv‡jv †_‡Kv AvKv‡ki wVKvbvq wPwV
wj‡Lv...
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
byiRvnvb †eMg (1925-2016)
b~iRvnvb †eMg Puv`cy‡ii PvwjZvjx MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
WvKbvg- b~ix| wcZv mIMvZ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K †gvnv¤§`
bvwmiDwÏb|wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki bvix mvsevw`KZvi AMÖ`~Z|
wZwb mIMvZ cwÎKvq hy³ n‡q gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ ÔRvbvbv gnjÕ
bv‡g GKwU wefvM cÖwZôv K‡ib| Zuvi D‡`¨v‡MB 1954 mv‡j
cÖwZwôZ nq Ô‡eMg K¬veÕ|
→ gyw³hy× welqK MÖš’ : GKvˇii K_vgvjv|
→ ivKby¾vgvb Lvb (`v`vfvB) Zvi ¯^vgx|
→ cyi¯‥vi : ‡iv‡Kqv c`K (1997), Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZ¨
cyi¯‥vi (2000)|
→ ‡eMg cwÎKv cÖwZôv : ‡gvnv¤§` bvwmiDwÏb 1947
mv‡ji 20 RyjvB KjKvZv †_‡K gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ mwPÎ
cwÎKv Ô‡eMgÕ cÖKvk K‡ib| Gi cÖ_g m¤úv`K wQ‡jb
Kwe mywdqv Kvgvj| fvicÖvß m¤úv`K wQ‡jb b~iRvnvb
†eMg| Pvi gvm ci †_‡K b~iRvnvbB Ô‡eMgÕ cwÎKvi
m¤úv`K nb|
b~iyj †gv‡gb (1906-1990)
`k eQi eq‡m Zuvi cÖ_g KweZv ÔmܨvÕ aªæeZviv mvgwqKx‡Z
cÖKvwkZ nq|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
bvUK iƒcvšÍi (1947) [cÖ_g bvUK, GwU XvKv †eZv‡i
cÖPvwiZ n‡qwQj], ‡b‡gwmm (1948, cÂv‡ki
gš^šÍi) [26Zg wewmGm], hw` Ggb n‡Zv, bqv
Lv›`vb, Av‡jvQvqv, kZKiv Avwk, AvB‡bi
AšÍiv‡j, ‡hgb B”Qv †Zgb|
g‡b ivLvi m~Ît hw` Ggb n‡Zv bqv Lv›`v‡bi kZKiv Avwk
fvM gvbyl‡K Av‡jvQvqvi AšÍiv‡j (AvB‡bi AšÍiv‡j)
‡hgb B”Qv †Zgb iƒcvšÍi Kiv †hZ, Z‡e ‡b‡gwmm †VKv‡bv
†hZ bv|
ig¨ eûiƒcx, bimy›`i, wns wUs QU|
iPbv
cyi¯‥vi evsjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi (1961), GKz‡k
c`K (1978)|
†b‡gwmm : Zvui †kÖô bvUK Ô‡b‡gwmmÓ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g
wbixÿvg~jK bvUK| wØZxq wek^hy‡×i †cÖÿvc‡U 1944 mv‡j
wZwb bvUKwU wj‡Lb wKš‘ MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq 1948 mv‡j|
†b‡gwmm bvU‡Ki †K›`ªxq PwiÎ ¯‥yj gv÷vi myiwRZ b›`x|
bIqve dqRy‡bœmv †P․ayivYx (1855-1903)
bIqve dqRy‡bœmv †P․ayivYx Kzwgjøvi jvKmvg Dc‡Rjvi
cwðg Muv‡qi GK Rwg`vi cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Kwe
I mgvR‡mex| wK‡kvix bIqve dqRy‡bœmvi we‡q nq
fvDKmvi Rwg`vi †gvnv¤§` MvRx †P․ayixi mv‡_| GwU wQj
80 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
MvRx †P․ayixi wØZxq we‡q| d‡j dqRy‡bœmvi `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb
my‡Li nqwb| wcZv Avng` Avjx †P․ayix gviv hvevi ci 1885
mv‡j wZwb Rwg`vwi †`Lvïbvi `vwqZ¡ †bb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
ÔiƒcRvjvjÕ (1876) : M`¨ I c`¨ Q‡›` iwPZ AvZ¥Rxebx I
KíKvwnbxg~jK GKwU MÖš’| GwU evsjvi GKRb gymwjg gwnjv
KZ…©K iwPZ cÖ_g GKwU c~Y©v½ mvwnZ¨Kg©| bIqve dqRy‡bœmv
wb‡Ri Rxeb Kvwnbx ivRcyÎ Rvjv‡ji iƒcevby Ges ûievbyi
m‡½ weevn welqK Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi ga¨ w`‡q dzwU‡q
Zz‡j‡Qb|
m½xZmvi m½xZjnix
→ ÔbIqveÕ Dcvwa jvf : weªwUk ivYx wf‡±vwiqv 1889
mv‡j Zuv‡K ÔbIqveÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡ib|
kIKZ Avjx (1936 -)
kIKZ Avjx cwðge‡½i DËi w`bvRcyi †Rjvi ivqM‡Ä
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb GKRb K_vmvwnwZ¨K| QvÎ Rxe‡b
Zuvi cÖ_g †jLv Mí KjKvZvi evgcš’x‡`i ÔbZzb mvwnZ¨Õ
cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm wc½j AvKvk (1964), hvÎv (1976):
gyw³hy× wfwËK Dcb¨vm| G Dcb¨v‡mi †K›`ªxq
PwiÎ Aa¨vcK ivqnvb| cÖ‡`v‡m cÖvK…ZRb
(1984), `wÿYvq‡bi w`b, K~jvq Kvj‡¯ªvZ,
c~e©ivwÎ c~e©w`b, †h‡Z PvB, Iqvwik, Dˇii
†Lc, ¯’vqx wVKvbv, `wjj (2001), †Kv_vq
Avgvi Nievwo, wÎc`x, `yB iKg, cZb,
wfZiM‡oi wZbg~wZ© (wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm)|
Mí Db¥yj evmbv, †jwjnvb ¯^v`, ïb †n jwÿ›`i,
evev Avc‡b hvb|
Îqx Dcb¨vm- `wÿYvq‡bi w`b (1985), K~jvq Kvj‡¯ªvZ
(1986), c~e©ivwÎ c~e©w`b (1986)| [g‡b ivLyb : `` KK
cc `Kc2]
cyi¯‥vi : evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥i (1968), wdwjcm mvwnZ¨
cyi¯‥vi (1986, Îqx Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¨), AvjvIj mvwnZ¨
cyi¯‥vi (1989), GKz‡k c`K (1990)
†ivKby¾vgvb Lvb, `v`vfvB (1925-1999)
‡ivKby¾vgvb Lvb, `v`vfvB ivRevwo †Rjvi (ZrKvjxb
dwi`cyi) cvskv _vbvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| mvsevw`K I
wkïmvwnwZ¨K| wZwb cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv MÖnY K‡ib wb|
o 1956 mv‡j B‡ËdvK cwÎKvi ÔKuwPKvPvi AvmiÕ
wefv‡Mi cwiPvjK wbhy³ nIqvq Ô`v`vfvBÕ bv‡g
cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
o 1956 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k wkï-wK‡kvi‡`i me‡P‡q
eo msMVb ÔKwPKuvPvi †gjvÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib|
o Ô†eMgÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K b~iRvnvb †eMg Zuvi
mnawg©bx|
o mvwnZ¨Kg© : nvwÆgvwUg wUg (1962), ‡LvKb
†LvKb WvK cvwo, AvRe n‡jI ¸Re bq|
ggZvR DwÏb Avng`
ggZvR DwÏb Avn‡g` (Rb¥ 1934) evsjv‡`wk bvU¨Kvi,
Awf‡bZv I fvlv‣mwbK| ¯^vaxbZ DËi evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨
Av‡›`vj‡bi cw_K…r| GK A‡¼i bvUK †jLvq we‡kl
cvi`wk©Zvi ¯^vÿi †i‡L‡Qb| wZwb 1997 mv‡j bvU¨Kvi
wn‡m‡e GKz‡k c`‡K fywlZ nb|
→ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g knx` wgbvi wbg©vY Kiv nq 1952
mv‡ji 21 †k †deªæqvwi iv‡Z ivRkvnx K‡jR Gi wbD
gymwjg †nv‡÷‡ji †gBb †M‡U| knx` wgbviwU wbg©vY
K‡ib ggZvRD``xb| H mgq GK wVKv`v‡ii KvR
PjwQj| wZwb H wVKv`v‡ii kÖwgK‡`I wb‡q ivZvivwZ H
knx` wgbvi wbg©vY K‡ib hv 22 †deªæqvwi 1952 mv‡ji
mKvj 7.00 Uvq D‡Øvab Kiv nq|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
bvUK Avgv‡`i kni : Av‡gwiKvb bvU¨Kvi Trorton
Wilder Gi Our Town bvU‡Ki Abyev`|
ivÿzmx : KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi ivÿzmx M‡íi
bvU¨iƒc|
ü`q NwUZ e¨vcvi m¨vcvi, ¯^vaxbZv Agvi
¯^vaxbZv, Kx Pvn k•LwPj, ‡cÖg weevn myU‡Km,
ÿwZ-weÿZ, eKzj cyi ¯^vaxbZv, nwiY wPZv wPj,
Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg, eY©‡Pvi, bvU¨Îqx,
`yB †evb, GB †iv` GB e„wó|
Dcb¨vm mRj †Zvgvi wVKvbv, GK †h †Rv‡Rv GK †h
gaygwZ|
cyi¯‥vi GKz‡k c`K (1997), evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi,
AvjvIj mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi|
wenvixjvj PµeZ©x (1835-1894)
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wenvixjvj PµeZ©x‡K Ô†fv‡ii cvwLÕ bv‡g
AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb AvaywbK evsjv MxwZKv‡e¨i cÖ_g I
cÖavb Kwe| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i mev©waK mg„× aviv ÔMxwZKweZvÕ
[12Zg wewmGm]|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ mvi`vg½j, mv‡ai Avmb, e½my›`ix, †cÖg
cÖevwnbx, eÜzwe‡qvM, wbmM© m›`k©b|
81 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
gvhnviæj Bmjvg (1928-2003)
gvhnviæj Bmjvg wmivRM‡Äi Pibexcy‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
Kg©Rxe‡b ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK,
ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh©, evsjv GKv‡Wwgi
gnvcwiPvjK wQ‡jb| 1984 mv‡j evsjv‡`k †dvK‡jvi
†mvmvBwU cÖwZôv K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ gvwUi dmj (1955), wew”Qbœ cÖwZwjwc,
AvZ©bv‡` weeY©, `ytmg‡qi Qov, DRv‡b †divi
cÖwZaŸwb, mšÍi‡Y wbišÍi|
M‡elYv Kwe cvMjv KvbvB, mvwnZ¨ c‡_, ‡dvK‡jvi
MÖš’ cwiwPwZ I cVb-cvVb|
cwÎKv †gNevnK
gnv‡`e mvnv (1944-)
gnv‡`e mvnv wQ‡jb Kwe I mvsevw`K| wZwb •`wbK c~e©‡`k
I •`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K m¤úv`Kxq wefv‡M KvR K‡i‡Qb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
Kve¨MÖš’ GB M„n GB mbœ¨vm (1972) : cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ
Kve¨MÖš’| G‡Z †gvU 42 wU KweZv Av‡Q|
gvbe G‡mwQ Kv‡Q (1973), Kx my›`i AÜ,
‡Zvgvi cv‡qi kã, dzj KB ïay A‡¯¿i Djøvm,
Avwg wQbœ wfbœ, ‡Zvgvi Rb¨ AšÍ¨wg©j, fzwj bvB
†Zvgv‡K iægvj, fz‡j hvIqvi †P‡q fvj wKQz †bB|
cÖeÜ Avb‡›`i g„Zz¨ †bB, KweZvi †`k I Ab¨vb¨
fvebv|
Uvcyi Uzcyi †g‡Ni `ycyi, Qwe AvuKv cvwLi cvLv,
wkïmvwnZ¨
AvKv‡k Iov gvwUi †Nvov, mi‡l dz‡ji b`x,
AvKv‡k †mvbvi _vjv|
gvgybyi ikx` (1948-)
gvgybyi ikx` Uv½vB‡ji NvUvBj Dc‡Rjvi cvBKov MÖv‡g
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb g~jZ bvU¨Kvi| gyw³hy‡× mwµq
AskMÖnY K‡ib| ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K‡›`ªi mv‡_I hy³
wQ‡jb| 1972 mv‡j †`‡k wd‡i G‡m MVb K‡ib ÔAviY¨KÕ
bvU¨`j|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
bvUK Iiv K`g Avjx (1978), GLv‡b †bvOi,
wMwbwcM, Iiv Av‡Q e‡jB, ‡g w`em, Bewjk
(1982), mgZU, cv_i, ‡j‡e`d (1997),
†Lvjv `yqvi, AeevwnKv, bxjv|
Iiv K`g Avjx - G bvU‡K GKwU †evev Pwi‡Îi ga¨ w`‡q
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Mwie I †gnbwZ gvby‡li e¨w³K cÖwZev`
Kxfv‡e mvgwóK iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 82 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
gvneye Dj Avjg †P․ayix (1927-2007) †KvZis MÖv‡g|Abœ`vk¼‡ii Rxe‡b jxjv iv‡qi cÖfve e¨vcK|
gvneye Dj Avjg †P․ayix PÆMÖv‡gi ivDRvb Dc‡Rjvi Mwniv Zuvi A‡bK †jLv ÔjxjvgqÕ QÙbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| 2002
MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Kwe, mvsevw`K I fvlv •mwbK| mv‡ji 28 A‡±vei KjKvZvq gviv hvb|
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g KweZv iPwqZv| 2007 mv‡ji 23 → 1971 mv‡ji 22 RyjvB Abœ`vk¼i ivq e½eÜz‡K wb‡q
wW‡m¤^i XvKvq gviv hvb| wj‡Lb weL¨vZ KweZv- ÔhZw`b i‡e cÙ hgybv †M․wi
→ 1952 mv‡ji 21 †deªæqvwi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g †gNbv engvb, ZZw`b i‡e KxwZ© †Zvgvi †kL gywReyi
KweZv (Kuv`‡Z Avwmwb, duvwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQ) iPbv ingvb|Õ
K‡ib| 23 †deªæqvwi KweZvwU PÆMÖv‡gi jvj`xwN
gq`v‡b Ave„wË K‡ib †P․ayix nviæbyi ikx`| mvwnZ¨Kg©
Dcb¨vm Av¸b wb‡q †Ljv (1930) cÖ_g Dcb¨vm,
mvwnZ¨Kg© AmgvwcKv, cyZzj wb‡q †Ljv, bv, Kb¨v|
Kve¨ Av‡eMaviv, B¯úvZ, A½xKvi, m~h©v‡¯Íi A¯ÍivM, Kve¨MÖš’ ivLx, b~Zbv ivav, Kv‡ji kvmb, Kvgbv
m~‡h©i †fvi| cÂweskwZ|
cyw¯ÍKv wecøe (1946), wgm‡ii gyw³hy× (1956)| cÖeÜMÖš’ ZviæY¨ (1928) cÖ_g cÖeÜ wewPÎv cwÎKvq,
bvUK `v‡ivMv (1944), AvMvgxKvj Avgiv, Rxebwkíx, †`kKvjcÎ, cÖZ¨q,
¯§„wZK_v ¯§„wZi mÜv‡b (2008)| bZzb K‡i euvPv, AvaywbKZv|
cyi¯‥vi 2009 mv‡j gi‡YvËi GKz‡k c`K jvf K‡ib| †QvUMí cÖK…wZi cwinvm, `yKvb KvUv, nvmb mLx,
†h․eb R¦vjv, Kvwgbx KvÂb, iƒ‡ci `vq|
ÔGLv‡b hviv cÖvY w`‡q‡Q Kuv`‡Z Avwmwb ÔmZ¨vmZ¨Õ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gnvKvwe¨K Dcb¨vm
igbvi DשgyLx K…òP~ovi bx‡P duvwmi `vwe wb‡q ÔmZ¨vmZ¨Õ Qq LÛ QqwU bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq|
†mLv‡b Avwg Kuv`‡Z Avwmwb G‡mwQ| AvZ¥Rxebx webyi eB (1944)
duvwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQÕ ågY c‡_ cÖev‡m (1931) - wewPÎ cwÎKvq
Kvwnwb BD‡iv‡ci wPwV (1942) - †g․PvK cwÎKvq|
AÿqKzgvi `Ë (1820-1886) Dcvwa wek^fviZx -Ô†`wk‡KvËgÕ|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖvewÜK wn‡m‡e mgwaK cwiwPZ AÿqKzgvi iex›`ªfviZx wek^we`¨vjq -ÔwW.wjU.Õ Dcvwa
`Ë 1820 mv‡ji 15 RyjvB Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| cwðge‡½i jvf K‡ib
ea©gvbe †Rjvi beØx‡ci Pzwc MÖvg Zuvi Rb¥¯’vb| wZwb
GKvav‡i wkÿvwe`, mgvR ms¯‥viK I Avw` eªvþmgv‡Ri bxwjgv Beªvwng (1912-2002)
cÖavb Kgx© cyiæl wQ‡jb| 1956 mv‡j wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb
o evOvwj‡`i g‡a¨ wZwb wQ‡jb cÖ_g weÁvb gb¯‥ K‡ib| 1974-75 mv‡j wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwgi A‣eZwbK
†jLK| gnvcwiPvjK wQ‡jb|
o ÔZË¡‡evwabx cwÎKviÕ m¤úv`K (1843) wQ‡jb|
(ZË¡‡evwabx cwÎKv eªvþYmgv‡Ri gyLcvÎ| Gi mvwnZ¨Kg©
D‡Ïk¨ wQj eªvþmgv‡Ri gvnvZ¥¨ cÖPvi|) Dcb¨vm wek kZ‡Ki †g‡q (1958), GK c_ `yB
euvK, †Kqveb mÂvwiYx, ewýejq|
mvwnZ¨Kg© bvUK `y‡q `y‡q Pvi (1964), be †gN`~Z, †h
Kve¨MÖš’ Ab½‡gvnb| (gvÎ 14 eQi eq‡m iPbv Ai‡Y¨ Av‡jv †bB, †iv` R¦jv we‡Kj, myh©v‡¯Íi
K‡ib|) ci, g‡bvbxZv|
f~‡Mvj (1841), ag©bxwZ, c`v_©we`¨v, cÖeÜ kir cÖwZfv (1960), evsjvi Kwe gaym~`b
PviæcvV (wkïcvV¨ wn‡m‡e RbwcÖq wQj)| M‡elYv (1961), Ebwesk kZvãxi evOvwj mgvR I
m¤úvw`Z Ôwe`¨v`k©bÕÕ (1842), ÔZË¡‡evwabx cwÎKvÕ 12 evsjv bvUK (1968), evsjv bvUK : Drm I
cwÎKv eQi (1843-1855) m¤úv`bv K‡ib| `viv (1972), evOvjx gvbK I evsjv mvwnZ¨
(1987), mvwnZ¨ ms¯‥…wZi bvbv cÖm½
Abœ`vk¼i ivq (1905-2002) (1991)|
AvZ¥Rxebx we›`y wemM© (1991)
Abœ`vk¼i ivq 1905 mv‡ji 15 †g †X¼vbj, Dwol¨v, fvi‡Z K_vbvU¨ Avwg exiv½bv ejwQ (1995)-
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Avw` wbevm cwðge‡½i ûMwj †Rjvi gyw³hy×wfwËK|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 83 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1894-1950) gyw³hy‡×i mg‡q cÖKvwkZ cÎ-cwÎKv
1971 mv‡j gyw³hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q cÎ-cwÎKv cÖKvk Kiv
mvwnZ¨Kg© cÖvq Am¤¢e wQj| wKš‘ ZviciI gywRebMimn †`‡ki wewfbœ
Dcb¨vm c‡_i cvuPvjx (1929)-Jcb¨vwm‡Ki cÖ_g I GjvKv †_‡K wKQz cÎ-cwÎKv I mvgwqKx cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
†kÖô iPbv| Dcb¨vmwUi Ab¨Zg PwiÎ- Acy I G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wKQz cwÎKv gyw`ªZ n‡jI †ewki fvMB wQj
`yM©v| (mvB‡K¬v÷vB‡ji) nv‡Z †jLv| †h ¸‡jv gyw³hy‡×i ¯^c‡ÿ
AcivwRZ, BQvgZx, AviY¨K, Akwb ms‡KZ, Kjg ‣mwb‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU njÑ
Pvu‡`i cvnvo, Av`k© wn›`y †nv‡Uj, AbyeZ©Y, AMÖ`~Z Awfhvb iYv½b Rqevsjv (mvßvwnK)
†`ehvb, `„wó cÖ`xc| RvMÖZ evsjv `vevbj ‡`k evsjv bZzb evsjv
‡QvUMí cyuB gvPv, ‡g․widzj, ‡gNgvjøvi, hvÎv`j| e½evYx evsjv evsjv‡`k evsjvi evYx
ågY Kvwnbx AwfhvwÎK wecøex evsjv‡`k gy³ evsjv gyw³hy× Rq evsjv
‡mvbvi evsjv ¯^‡`k ¯^vaxb evsjv (‣`wbK)
mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq (1934-2012)
mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq Ôbxj †jvwnZÕ QÙbv‡g †jLv‡jwL Ki‡Zb|
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×vËi mg‡qi wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q Zvui Ôc~e-© wewfbœ cÎ-cwÎKv
cwðgÕ Dcb¨v‡m| (35Zg wewmGm) Zvui cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ (evsjvwcwWqv I DBwKwcwWqv †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i
Dcb¨v‡mi bvg AvZ¥cÖKvk| avivevwnKfv‡e mv‡ji Abyµ‡g mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q)
→ weL¨vZ KweZv : †KD K_v iv‡Lwb| cwÎKvi bvg m¤úv`‡Ki bvg
†e½j †M‡RU †Rg&m AMv÷vm wnwK (1780)
g`b‡gvn` ZK©vj¼vi (1817-1858) mgvPvi `c©Y Rb K¬vK© gvk©g¨vb (1818)
mvwnZ¨Kg© eªvþY‡mewa ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (1821)
mgvPvi Pw›`ªKv fevbxPiY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1822)
Kve¨MÖš’ evme`Ëv, imZiw½Yx
Ávbv‡š^lY (mvßvwnK) `wÿYviÄb gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1831)
KweZv
msev` cÖfvKi (mvßvwnK) Ck^iP›`ª ¸ß (1831)
cOw³
mKv‡j DwVqv Avwg g‡b g‡b ewj, Avgvi cY m¤^v` c~Y©P‡›`ªv`q †ngP›`Ö e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
mviw`b Avwg ‡hb fvj n‡q Pwj| (40Zg wewmGm) msev` cÖfvKi (•`wbK) Ck^iP›`ª ¸ß (1839)
cvwL me K‡i ie ivwZ †cvnvBj| cvwL me K‡i beRxeb AÿqP›`ª miKvi (1845)
Kvb‡b Kzmyg Kwj dzwUqv DwVj| (27Zg wewmGm) ie ivwZ weweav_© msMÖn (gvwmK) iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ (1851)
†cvnvBj mvßvwnK evZ©ven i½jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1856)
XvKv cÖKvk (mvßvwnK) K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi (1861)
wegj wgÎ MÖvgevZ©v cÖKvwkKv KvOvj nwibv_ (1863)
‡eMg †gix wek¦v‡mi Rb¨ e½`k©b (gvwmK) ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (1872)
Kwo w`‡q wKbjvg AvwRRb‡bnvi gxi gkviid †nv‡mb
GKK `kK kZK evÜe (gvwmK) KvjxcÖmbœ †Nvl (1874)
mvn‡e wewe †Mvjvg we‡bvw`bx (gvwmK) bexbP›`ª gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1875)
GiB bvg msmvi| Rb¥f~wg (gvwmK) kÖx †Kejivg P‡Ævcva¨vq
mÄxebx (mvßvwnK) K…òKzgvi wgÎ (1883)
myfvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1919-2003 wLª÷vã) beRxeb (gvwmK) AÿqP›`ª miKvi (1885)
myfvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq cwðge‡½i b`xqv †Rjvi K…òbMi MÖv‡g exYv (gvwmK) ivRK…ò ivq (1887)
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvu‡K Ôc`vwZK KweÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv myavKi gybkx Ave`yi iwng (1889)
nq| Zvui iwPZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mvwnZ¨Kg©- Ôdzj dzUzKÕ Kve¨MÖš’| wnZKix gxi gkviid †nv‡mb (1890)
Ôdzj dzUzKÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Ab¨Zg KweZv Ôdzj dzUzK bv dzUzKÕ| wgwni gybkx Ave`yi iwng (1892)
cO&w³ †Kvwnbyi iIkb Avjx (1898)
Ôdzj dzUzK bv dzUzK dzj dzUzK jnix †gvRv‡¤§j nK (1900)
Av emšÍ|Õ bv dzUzK beb~i •mq` Gg`v` Avjx (1903)
†mvjZvb gybkx †iqvR DÏxb (1905)
evsjv mvwnZ¨ 84 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
mܨv eªþevÜe Dcva¨vq (1906) cÂb›` (gvwmK) B›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
mviw_ `wÿYviÄb wgÎ gRyg`vi (1908) cÖPvi (gvwmK) ivLvjP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
Avh©eZ© (gvwmK) †n‡g›`ª cÖmv` †Nvl (1910) •efvwlKx K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi (1886)
‡m․if (gqgbwmsn †_‡K cÖKvwkZ) †K`vibv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1912) wefv (gvwmK) †Mvwe›`P›`ª `vm (1887)
fviZel© (gvwmK) Rjai †mb (1913) mvwnZ¨ my‡ikP›`ª mgvRcwZ (1890)
bvivqY (gvwmK) wPËiÄb `vm (1914) Bmjvg cÖPviK †gv: †iqvRyÏxb Avng`
weKvk ejvBPuv` gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1915) mv_x (gvwmK) fzeb‡gvnb ivq (1893)
e½xq gymjgvb mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn e‡›` gvZig (•`wbK) wewcbP›`ª cvj (1899)
a~g‡KZz KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg c~Y© kÖx cÖ½vmy›`ix †`ex (1900)
jvOj KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg wnZev`x (mvßvwnK) K…òKgj fÆvPvh© (1903)
†gvm‡jg fviZ †gvRv‡¤§j nK fvÐvi (gvwmK) Ag‡i›`ª bv_ `Ë (1905)
•`wbK †gvnv¤§`x gvIjvbv AvKig Luv evmbv †kL dRjj Kwig (1908)
K‡jøvj (gvwmK) `x‡bk iÄb `vk (1923) †gvnv¤§`x (mvßvwnK) gvIjvbv AvKig Luv (1908)
hyMevYx gKeyj †nv‡mb †P․ayix (1924) wkï (gvwmK) ei`vKvšÍ gRyg`vi (1912)
kwbev‡ii wPwV (mvßvwnK) †hvMvb›` `vm, mRbxKvšÍ `vm m‡›`k (gvwmK) D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi ivq †P․ayix
Kvwj Kjg (gvwmK) †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ Avj Bmjvg gwbiæ¾vgvb Bmjvgvev`x
MYevYx Kg‡iW gyRvd&di Avng` meyR cÎ cÖg_ †P․ayix (1914)
cÖMwZ eyׇ`e emy I AwRZ `Ë Av½yi (wK‡kvi gvwmK) W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn
mIMvZ (mvßvwnK) †gvnv¤§` bvwmiDÏxb (1928) †g․PvK (wkï wK‡kvi cwÎKv) myaxiP›`ª miKvi
†gvnv¤§`x (gvwmK) gvIjvbv AvKig Luv behyM (•`wbK) KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
wP·jLv wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq wkÿK (gvwmK) KvRx Bg`v`yj nK
DËiv (gvwmK) AZzj cÖmv` †mb b~i BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx
msnwZ (gvwmK) my‡ib wb‡qvMx emygwZ (gvwmK) †n‡g›`ªcÖmv` †Nvl
cye©vkv mÄq gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1937) mvg¨ev`x †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx
PZzi½ ûgvqyb Kwei bvPNi (mvßvwnK) †cÖgv¼zi AvZ_©x
Gjvb (cvwÿK) kvnv`vr †nv‡mb mxgvšÍ (PÆMÖvg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ) gvneye Dj Avjg †P․ayix
gyKzj (wK‡kvi cwÎKv) Ave`yjøvn Avj gywZ kidzÏxb bvixkw³ Wv. jyrdi ingvb
AeRvifvi Ave`ym mvjvg ¯^‡`k Avng` Qdv
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB (cÖwZôvZv wkLv Aveyj û‡mb (1927)
m¤úv`K) DËiv AZzjcÖmv` †mb
w`K`k©b (gvwmK) Rb K¬vK© gvk©g¨vb (1815) †e`yCb (mvßvwnK) Avkivd Avjx Lvb
ev½vj †M‡RU M½vwK‡kvi fÆvPvh© (1818) cwiPq myax›`ªbv_ `Ë (1931)
m¤^v` †K․gy`x ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (1821) †`k (mvßvwnK) m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ gRyg`vi
e½`~Z (mvßvwnK) bxjgwY nvj`vi (1829) KweZv (•ÎgvwmK) eyׇ`e emy (1935)
mgvPvi mfviv‡R›`ª †kL Avwjgyjøvn (1831) RqZx (gvwmK) Ave`yj Kvw`i
weÁvb †meax (gvwmK) AgjP›`ª Mv½yjx (1832) µvwšÍ i‡Yk `vk¸ß
m¤^v` imivR M½vai fÆvPvh© (1839) mvßvwnK hy‡Mi `vwe †Lv›`Kvi †gvnv¤§` Bwjqvm
ZË¡‡evwabx cwÎKv AÿqKzgvi `Ë (1843) gv‡nbI Ave`yi ikx` (cÖ_g m¤úv`K)
cvlÐ cxob (mvßvwnK) Ck^iP›`ª ¸ß (1846) cÖevn (mvßvwnK) Kwe Avnmvb nvexe
we‡`¨vrmvwnbx cwÎKv KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn (1853) mgKvj wmKvb`vi Avey Rvdi
c~wY©gv wenvixjvj PµeZ©x
inm¨ m›`f© (gvwmK) iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ (1861) ‡K․k‡j ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwÎKv I m¤úv`‡Ki bvg g‡b ivLyb :
wkÿv `c©Y msev`mvi f~‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1864) e½`k©b (ew¼g) Dfq k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z ÔeÕ i‡q‡Q
mvaviYx (mvßvwnK) AÿqP›`ª `Ë (1873) mgKvj (wmKv›`vi Avey Rvdi) Dfq k‡ãi ïi‡Z ÔmÕ i‡q‡Q
ågi (gvwmK) mÄxeP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq ‡gvRv‡¤§j †gvj †gvm‡jg fviZ, jnix
ZË¡‡evwabx (AÿqKzgvi `Ë) g‡b ivLyb - `Ë - ZË¡
Avh¨`k©b (gvwmK) †hv‡M›`ªbv_ e‡›`vcva¨vq
ev½vj †M‡RU (M½vwK‡kvi fÆvPvh©) Dfq evbv‡b wØZxq e‡Y© Ô½Õ i‡q‡Q
fviZx (gvwmK) w؇R›`ªbv_ VvKzi
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 85 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg : KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg •`wbK behy‡M jvOj b~ibvgv (Kve¨MÖš’) Ave`yj nvwKg
w`‡q ayg‡KZzi Pvl KiZ| wmKv›`vibvgv (Kve¨MÖš’) AvjvIj
mIMvZ (bvwmi) mIbv (AvÂwjK kã : mn¨ Kiv) mdibvgv (cÖeÜ) Aveyj dRj
Gfv‡e eyw× LvwU‡q g‡b ivLvi †Póv Kiæb|
‣eKz‡Éi DBj (Dcb¨vm) kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ K…òKv‡šÍi DBj (Dcb¨vm) ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
01. XvKv cÖKvk (mvßvwnK) cwÎKvwUi m¤úv`K †K? K…òP›`ª
gRyg`vi| (40Zg wewmGm) cÙveZx (bvUK) gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
02. K‡jøvj cwÎKvi cÖ_g m¤úv`‡Ki bvg wK? `x‡bkiÄb `vk|
(37Zg wewmGm)
cÙveZx (Kve¨) AvjvIj
03. nwibv_ gRyg`vi m¤úvw`Z cwÎKvi bvg- DËi: MÖvgevZ©v
cÖKvwkKv| (36Zg wewmGm) mvg¨ (cÖeÜ) ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
04. ÔmgvPvi `c©YÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K †K wQ‡jb? DËi: Rb K¬vK mvg¨ev`x (Kve¨MÖš’) KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
gvk©g¨vb| (35Zg wewmGm) mvg¨ev`x (cwÎKv) Lvb gynv¤§` gCbyÏxb Ges
05. ÔZË¡‡evwabxÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K †K wQ‡jb? DËi: AÿqKzgvi †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx
`Ë| (34Zg I 26Zg wewmGm) (c…_Kfv‡e)
06. evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g mvgwqK cÎ †KvbwU? DËi: w`M`k©b| mÂwqZv (Kve¨MÖš’) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
(28Zg wewmGm)
07. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨Zg wewkó cwÎKv ÔK‡jøvjÕ KZ mv‡j mwÂZv (Kve¨MÖš’) KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
cÖKvwkZ nq? DËi: 1923 mv‡j| (33Zg wewmGm) mÂiY (cÖeÜ) KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb
08. Ôc~e©vkvÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb -DËi: mÄq gy‡Lvcva¨vq|
(30Zg wewmGm) Mímí (Kve¨MÖš’) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
09. ÔmyavKiÕ mvßvwnK cwÎKvi m¤úv`K †K wQ‡jb? DËi: †kL Mí¸”Q (MíMÖš’) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
Avãyi iwng| (27Zg wewmGm) Míexw_ (Mí) cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq
10. gvwmK †gvnv¤§`x †Kvb mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq? DËi: 1927| MívÄwj cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq
(27Zg wewmGm)
11. Kvb cwÎKvwU 1923 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq? DËi: K‡jøvj|
(27Zg wewmGm) †kl mßK (Kve¨MÖš’) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
12. XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq †Kvb cwÎKvwU-DËi: µvwšÍ| (27Zg †kl †jLv (Kve¨MÖš’) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
wewmGm) †k‡li KweZv (Dcb¨vm) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
13. wmKvb`vi Avey Rvdi m¤úvw`Z cwÎKvwUi bvg Kx? DËi: †kliÿv (cÖnmb) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
mgKvj DËi : mgKvj| (24Zg wewmGm) evsjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë (cÖeÜ) W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn
14. Ôe½`k©bÕ cwÎKv KZ mv‡j cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq? DËi: 1872| evsjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë (cÖeÜ) myKzgvi †mb
(15Zg wewmGm)
15. †Kvb cwÎKvwU evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ? DËi:
DËivwaKvi| (15Zg wewmGm) giæfv¯‥i (cÖeÜ) †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx
giæfv¯‥i (Kve¨MÖš’) KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
wewfbœ MÖ‡š’i bvg I iPwqZv (bv‡gi cÖvq wgj i‡q‡Q) giæwkLv (Kve¨MÖš’) hZx›`ªbv_ †mb¸ß
AviY¨ Rbc‡` (cÖeÜ) Ave`ym mvËvi giæ gvqv (Kve¨MÖš’) hZx›`ªbv_ †mb¸ß
AviY¨ ms¯‥…wZ (cÖeÜ) Ave`ym mvËvi giæm~h© (Kve¨MÖš’) Av.b.g. eRjyi ikx`
AviY¨K (Dcb¨vm) wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq giæPw›`ªKv (Kve¨MÖš’) KvRx Kv‡`i †bIqvR
AiY¨ ewý (Dcb¨vm) Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq giæi Kzmyg (Dcb¨vm) kvnv`vZ †nv‡mb
ewýejq (Dcb¨vm) W. bxwjgv Beªvnxg mÂwqZv (Kve¨MÖš’) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
AiY¨ ‡Mvayjx (Dcb¨vm) e‡›` Avjx wgqv mwÂZv (Kve¨MÖš’) KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
Ai‡Y¨ bxwjgv (Dcb¨vm) Avnmvb nvexe mÂiY (cÖeÜ) KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb
weaŸ¯Í bxwjgv (Kve¨MÖš’) kvgmyi ivngvb
iRbx (Dcb¨vm) ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq Mímí (Kve¨MÖš’) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
iRbx (Dcb¨vm) ûgvq~b Avn‡g` Mí¸”Q (MíMÖš’) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
Míexw_ (Mí) cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq
‡Lvqvebvgv (Dcb¨vm) AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm MívÄwj cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq
R½bvgv (Kve¨MÖš’) ‡`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lv
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 86 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
†kl mßK (Kve¨MÖš’) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KvivMv‡ii ‡ivRbvgPv ‡kL gywReyi ingvb
†kl †jLv (Kve¨MÖš’) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Rxeb K_v, hv‡`i †`‡LwQ, Rmxg D`&`xb
†k‡li KweZv (Dcb¨vm) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi VvKzi evwoi AvwObvq
†kliÿv (cÖnmb) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Avgvi GB †QvU fyeb Aveyj †nv‡mb
evsjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë (cÖeÜ) Avgvi Rxebx, wewe Kzjmyg ev gxi gkviid †nv‡mb
W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn Avgvi Rxebxi Rxebx
evsjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë (cÖeÜ) myKzgvi †mb AvZ¥K_v Aveyj gbmyi Avng`
GKv‡j Avgv‡`i Kvj †eMg mywdqv Kvgvj
giæfv¯‥i (cÖeÜ) †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx Kv‡ji ay‡jvq †jLv, ¯§„wZi kni kvgmyi ivngvb
giæfv¯‥i (Kve¨MÖš’) KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg PwiÎc~Rv, †Q‡j‡ejv, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
giæwkLv (Kve¨MÖš’) hZx›`ªbv_ †mb¸ß Rxeb¯§„wZ
giæ gvqv (Kve¨MÖš’) hZx›`ªbv_ †mb¸ß we`¨vmvMi PwiZ Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
giæm~h© (Kve¨MÖš’) Av.b.g. eRjyi ikx` Rxeb giY ikx` Kixg
giæPw›`ªKv (Kve¨MÖš’) KvRx Kv‡`i †bIqvR Z…Yv¼zi wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
`yw`©‡bi w`bwjwc Aveyj dRj
giæi Kzmyg (Dcb¨vm) kvnv`vZ †nv‡mb
wd‡i hvB, wd‡i Avwm, nvmvb AvwRRyj nK
AcÖKv‡ki fvi
evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨mvwnZ¨ (g~j eY©bvq †h mKj evey e„ËvšÍ mgi †mb
bvU¨Kv‡ii mvwnZ¨K‡g©i eY©bv bvB) ¯§„wZi †bvUeyK, †f‡mwQjvg Avãyj gvbœvb •mq`
fvOv †fjvq, Avgvi wek^vm
kvnv`vr gmb‡`i †gvn, AvbviKwj, midivR Luv, webyi eB Abœ`vk¼i ivq
beve Avjxe`©x we›`y wemM© bxwjgv Beªvwng
Iev‡q` Dj nK w`wM¦R‡q †PvivevRvi, GB cv‡K©, hzM¥ewÜ, cÖYxZ Rxeb •mq` kvgmyj nK
e¨wZµg, iæMœ c„w_ex| †iLvwPÎ Aveyj dRj
Aveyj dRj GKwU mKvj, Av‡jvK jZv, ¯^q¤^iv| GKvˇii Wv‡qwi mywdqv Kvgvj
Avwhg DwÏb gûqv (†jvKmvwn‡Z¨i Kvwnbx wbf©i), gv, KuvUv‡ZI †Mvjvc _v‡K Ave`ym kvKzi
An¼vi, KvÂb| KvV‡cwÝj, is †cwÝj ûgvq~b Avn‡g`
KvRx †gvnv¤§` Bwjqvm ¯§vMjvi GKvˇii w`b¸wj Rvnvbviv Bgvg
Avkivdz¾vgvb mqjve hyM¯ªóv bRiæj Lvb gynv¤§` gCbyÏxb
Av. b. g eRjyi DËi dvêybx, S‡oi cvLx, wÎgvwÎK, AZxZ w`‡bi ¯§„wZ Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmy`&`xb
ikx` avbKjg, myi I Q›`, wkjv I •kjx, †g‡ni
Avgvi Rxeb bexbP›`ª †mb
wbMvi|
iƒcRvjvj beve dqRy‡bœmv †P․ayivYx
Avjx gbmyi †cvovevox, †evev gvbyl, `ywb©evi, †kl
eyׇ`e emy Avgvi †Q‡j‡ejv, Avgvi †h․eb
iv‡Zi Zviv|
Avgvi mvÿ¨ •mq` Avjx Avnmvb
AvKei DwÏb bvw`i kvn, wmÜz weRq, gyRvwn`, AvRvb,
myjZvb gvngy`| †gv‡g‡bi Revbe›`x gvneyeyj nK
Beªvwng Lwjj wdwi½xivR, wdwiKx nvgv`©, †¯úbweRqx m‡n bv gvbeZvi Aegvbbv, †kL nvwmbv
gyqv, mgvwa| †kL gywRe Avgvi wcZv, Iiv
†UvKvB †Kb?
wmKvb`vi Avey kKzšÍ DcvL¨vb, wmivRD‡Ï․jv, gnvKwe
Rvdi AvjvIj| ‡Kgb AvQ, meyR cvZv Bg`v`yj nK wgjb
(2012)
Ave`yj nK AwØZxqv, †di‡`․mx, †mvbvi wWg
Amgvß AvZ¥Rxebx †kL gywReyi ingvb
†Rv‡e`v Lvbg S‡oi ¯^vÿi|
Kj¨vY wgÎ ïf weevn, cÖ`xcwkLv, m~h©gnj, Abb¨v,
AZGe, WvKvZ, kc_, cv‡ki evwo, evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g
wÎiZœ, Kzqvkv Kvbœv| welq Qvcvi Aÿ‡i cÖ_g evsjv eB
wRqv nvq`vi G‡j‡e‡j, mv`v †Mvjv‡c Av¸b, c¼R bvg K…cvi kv‡¯¿i A_©‡f` (1734)
wefvm|
‡jLK g¨vby‡qj `v A¨vmmy¤úmuvI
welq cÖ_g gyw`ªZ MÖš’
Av‡jvwPZ AvZ¥Rxebx bvg K‡_vcK_b (1801)
AvZ¥Rxebx iPwqZv ‡jLK DBwjqvg †Kwi
Amgvß AvZ¥Rxebx †kL gywReyi ingvb welq evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g e¨vKiY MÖš’
evsjv mvwnZ¨ 87 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
bvg A Grammar of the Bengali ‡jLK ivmmy›`ix `vmx
Language welq evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g m‡bUMÖš’
‡jLK bv_vwb‡qj eªvwm n¨vj‡nW bvg PZz`©kc`x KweZvejx
welq cÖ_g cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb/†ivgvw›UK Kve¨ ‡jLK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
bvg BDmyd-†Rv‡jLv welq evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Uª¨v‡RwW bvUK
‡jLK kvn gyn¤§` mMxi bvg K…òKzgvix (1861)
welq cÖ_g Dcb¨vm ‡jLK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
bvg Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvj (1857) welq evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K gnvKve¨
‡jLK c¨vixPuv` wgÎ bvg †gNbv`ea (1861)
welq cÖ_g MxwZKve¨ ‡jLK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
bvg m›`k©b welq GKz‡ki cÖ_g KweZv
‡jLK wenvixjvj PµeZ©x bvg Kuv`‡Z Avwmwb, duvwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQ
welq †ivgvw›UK Dcb¨vm ‡jLK gvneye Dj Avjg †P․ayix
bvg KcvjKzÐjv (1866) welq evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gymjgvb bvU¨Kvi
‡jLK ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq bvg emšÍKzgvix
welq cÖ_g evsjv Abyev`K ‡jLK gxi gkviid †nv‡mb (1837-1911)
bvg gnvfviZ welq cÖ_g evOvwj gymjgvb M`¨ †jLK
Abyev`K Kwe›`ª ci‡gk¦i ‡jLK gxi gkviid †nv‡mb (1837-1911)
welq evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g bvUK welq PwjZ ixwZi cÖeZ©K
bvg f`ÖvR©zb ‡jLK cÖg_ †P․ayix (1868-1946)
‡jLK ZvivPiY wkK`vi welq evsjv M`¨ixwZ‡K cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki evB‡i me©cÖ_g
welq cÖ_g cÖeÜ MÖš’ e¨envi K‡ib
bvg †e`všÍ ‡jLK ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq
‡jLK ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq welq †KviAvb kixd cÖ_g evsjvq Abyev`
welq iscyi †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g MÖš’ ‡jLK fvB wMwikP›`ª †mb
bvg bxj`c©Y (1860) welq cÖ_g hwZwP‡ýi e¨enviKvix
‡jLK `xbeÜz wgÎ bvg †eZvj cÂweskwZ
welq GKz‡ki cÖ_g bvUK ‡jLK CðiP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
bvg Kei (1953) welq cÖ_g gwnjv Jcb¨vwmK
‡jLK gybxi †P․ayix bvg `xc wbe©vY
welq GKz‡ki cÖ_g Dcb¨vm ‡jLK ¯^Y©Kzgvix †`ex
bvg Av‡iK dvêyb (1968) welq cÖ_g evsjv Aÿi †Lv`vBKvix
‡jLK Rwni ivqnvb e¨w³ cÂvbb Kg©Kvi
welq evsjv fvlvq cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g mvgwqKx welq ivgvqY Abyev`Kvix cÖ_g gwnjv
bvg w`K`k©b (1818) Abyev`K P›`ªveZx
‡jLK kÖxivgcyi wgkbvixMY
welq evsiv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g BwZnvm MÖš’
welq GKz‡ki cÖ_g mvwnZ¨ msKjb bvg e½fvlv I mvwnZ¨
bvg GKz‡k †deªæqvwi ‡jLK `x‡bkP›`ª †mb
‡jLK nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb
welq evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g cÖnmbag©x bvUK
welq evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K/AvaywbK bvUK bvg G‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv (1860)
bvg kwg©ôv ‡jLK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
‡jLK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
welq evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g AvZ¥Rxebx
bvg Avgvi Rxeb
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 88 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ cyi¯‥vi wef~wZf~lY c‡_i cvuPvwj, AcivwRZ, KvRj| Z‡e
bvg mvj e‡›`¨vcva¨vq ÔKvRjÕ Dcb¨vmwU wj‡LwQ‡jb wef~wZf~lb
KzšÍjxb cyi¯‥vi 1896 mv‡j e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †Q‡j Zviv`vm
RvMËvwiYx cyi¯‥vi 1929 mv‡j e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
iex›`ª cyi¯‥vi 1950 mv‡j Zvivk¼i avÎx‡`eZv, MY‡`eZv, cÂMÖvg|
Avb›` cyi¯‥vi 1958 mv‡j e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
Av`gRx mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi 1959 mv‡j gvwbK cyZzjbv‡Pi BwZK_v, mniev‡mi BwZK_v,
`vD` mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi 1963 mv‡j e‡›`¨vca¨vq BwZK_vi c‡ii K_v|
evsjv GKv‡Wgx mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi 1960 mv‡j
wdwjcm mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi 1970 `k‡K
Avey Rvdi fvIqvjM‡oi DcvL¨vb, cÙv †gNbv hgybv,
kvgmyÏxb msKi msKxZ©b|
bvwmiDÏxb ¯^Y©c`K 1976 mv‡j †Mvcvj nvjv`vi GK`v, Ab¨w`b, Avi GKw`b|
GKz‡k c`K 1976 mv‡j
KzšÍjxb cyi¯‥vi 1896 mv‡j
mg‡ik DËivwaKvi, Kvj‡ejv, Kvjcyiæl
স্বাধীনতা পুযস্কায 1977 mv‡j gRyg`vi
নজরুর পুযস্কায ১৯৮৫ mv‡j Zvnwggv Avbvg G †Mv‡ìb GR, `¨ ¸W gymwjg, `¨ †evbm
evsjv‡`‡k wkíKjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi 1989 mv‡j Ae †MÖm|
Abb¨v mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi 193 mv‡j ûgvqyb Avn‡g` ‡RvQbv I Rbbxi Mí, ga¨vý, gvZvj
Rxebvb›` `vk cyi¯‥vi 2007 mv‡j nvIqv|
ûgvq~b Avn‡g` mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi 2015 mv‡j wegj wgÎ mv‡ne wewe †Mvjvg, GKK `kK kZK,
m~Î : evsjvwcwWqv Kwo w`‡q wKbjvg|
†mwjbv †nv‡mb MvqÎx mܨv (1g), MvqÎx mܨv (2q),
MvqÎx mܨv (3q)|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Îqx iPbv
Bs‡iwR ÔwUªjwRÕi evsjv cvwifvwlK kã ÔÎqxÕ| Îqx Dcb¨vm Acy Îqx c‡_i cuvPvjx, AcivwRZ, Acyi msmvi
ej‡Z g~jZ †evSvq, hw` †Kvb Dcb¨v‡mi wZbwU cvV _v‡K|
mZ¨vwRr ivq cwiPvwjZ GB wZbwU evsjv Pjw”P‡Î GK‡Î
wUªjwR‡Z Kvwnbxi avivevwnKZv eRvq _v‡K| Avevi MÖš’
ÔAcy ÎqxÕ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Ôc‡_i cvuPvwjÕ Pjw”PÎwU cÖL¨vZ
wZbwU Avjv`v fv‡eI cvV †hvM¨| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ wUªjwR ev
Pjw”PÎ cwiPvjK mZ¨vwRr iv‡qi cÖ_g Pjw”PÎ| Pjw”PÎwU
Îqx iPbvi D`vniY Lye ‡ewk bv n‡jI, G‡Kev‡I KgI bv|
wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ Ôc‡_i cvuPvwjÕ Dcb¨vm
wb‡P evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i wKQz D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wUªjwR ev Îqx iPbvi
Aej¤^‡b •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| ÔAcivwRZÕ mZ¨vwRr ivq
D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
cwiPvwjZ evsjv Pjw”PÎ Acy Îqxi wØZxq ce©| ÔAcyi
Îqx gnvKve¨ msmviÕ Pjw”PÎwU ÔAcy ÎqxÕi †kl ce©| (m~Î : DBwKwcwWqv)
bexbP›`ª †mb ‣ieZK (1887), Kziæ‡ÿÎ (1893),
cÖfvm (1896) K‡jøvj hy‡Mi Îqx eyׇ`e emy, †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ, AwPšÍ¨Kzgvi
Îqx Dcb¨vm †mb¸ß
ew¼gP›`ª- mxZvivg, Avb›`gV, †`ex †P․ayivYx ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ***ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
P‡Ævcva¨vq g‡b ivLyb : mxZv Avb‡›`i ‡`ex
Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K‡`i cÖ_g iPbv
iPwqZv aib iPbv cÖKvkKvj
ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq cÖeÜ †e`všÍ MÖš’ 1815
ivgbvivqY ZK©iZœ bvUK KzjxbKzjme©¯^ 1854
KweZv wn›`y‡gjvi Dcnvi/ Awfjvl 1874
Kve¨ ebdzj 1880
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Dcb¨vm ‡e․ VvKzivYxi nvU 1883
†QvUMí wfLvwibx 1874
bvUK evj¥xwK cÖwZfv 1881
Dcb¨vm (Bs‡iwR) Rajmohon’s Wife 1862
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
Dcb¨vm (evsjv) `y‡M©k bw›`bx 1865
evsjv mvwnZ¨ 89 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Captive Lady 1949
bvUK kwg©ôv 1858
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
Kve¨ wZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e 1860
gnvKve¨ †gNbv`ea 1861
Avey BmnvK Dcb¨vm m~h©`xNj evwo 1955
Dcb¨vm †P․wPi 1934
Aveyj dRj bvUK Av‡jvK jZv 1934
Mí gvwUi c„w_ex 1940
Aveyj gbmyi Avng` †QvUMí Avqbv 1935
Avãyjøvn Avj gvgyb bvUK myePb wbe©vm‡b 1974
Avnmvb nvexe Kve¨ ivw·kl 1947
Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi Abyev`MÖš’ †eZvj c weskwZ 1847
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb M‡elYv MÖš’ mÂiY 1937
Kvq‡Kvev` Kve¨ weinwejvc 1870
†Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv Dcb¨vm iƒ‡ci †bkvq 1920
Rmxg D`&`xb Kve¨ ivLvjx 1927
Rwni ivqnvb Mí m~h©MÖnY 1955
Rxebvb›` `vk Kve¨ SivcvjK 1928
`xbeÜz wgÎ bvUK bxj`c©Y 1860
w؇R›`ªjvj ivq Kve¨bvU¨ cvlvYx 1900
wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y Kve¨MÖš’ †cÖgvsïi i³ PvB 1970
byiæj †gv‡gb bvUK †b‡gwmm 1948
c¨vixPuv` wgÎ Dcb¨vm Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvj 1858
diiæL Avng` Kve¨ mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS 1944
e‡›` Avjx wgqv Kve¨ gqbvgwZi Pi 1932
wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Dcb¨vm c‡_i cuvPvjx 1929
†eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ cÖeÜ gwZPzi 1904
ggZvR DÏxb Avng` bvUK ¯úvU©vKvm welqK RwUjZv 1973
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Dcb¨vm Rbbx 1935
gvgybyi ikx` bvUK Iiv K`g Avjx 1978
gxi gkviid †nv‡mb bvUK emšÍKzgvix 1873
Dcb¨vm iZœveZx 1869
ûgvq~b Avn‡g` Dcb¨vm bw›`Z bi‡K 1972
myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© KweZv QvocÎ 1947
kIKZ Imgvb Dcb¨vm ewb Av`g 1943
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq Mí gw›`i 1905
knx`yjøv Kvqmvi Dcb¨vm mv‡is eD 1962
kvgmyi ivngvb Kve¨ cÖ_g Mvb wØZxq g„Zz¨i Av‡M 1960
m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë Kve¨ mweZv 1900
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb Kve¨ wegyL cÖvšÍi 1963
•mq` BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx Kve¨ Abj cÖevn 1900
Dcb¨vm jvjmvjy 1948
•mq` IqvjxDjøvn Mí bqbPviv 1951
gybxi †P․ayix bvUK i³v³ cÖvšÍi 1962
†gv: bwReyi ingvb Dcb¨vm Av‡bvqviv 1914
evsjv mvwnZ¨ 90 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ DrmM©xK…Z MÖš’
MÖš’ aib iPwqZv hv‡K DrmM© Kiv n‡q‡Q
wZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e Kve¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë hZx›`ª‡gvnb evMPx
ejvKv Kve¨ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi DBwjqvg wcqvimb
emšÍKzgvix bvUK gxi gkviid †nv‡mb bIqve Ave`yj jwZd
euvabnviv Dcb¨vm KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg mvsevw`K bwjbxKvšÍ miKvi
ÿwYKv Kve¨ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi kÖxhy³ †jv‡K›`ª cvwZj
The Captive Lady Kve¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë †hv‡md wiPvW© †bjvi, RR© bUb
†Lqv Kve¨ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi weÁvbx RM`xk P›`ª emy
Pvi Aa¨vq Dcb¨vm iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi ivRe›`x‡`i
wPËbvgv Kve¨ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg evmšÍx †`ex
QvqvbU Kve¨ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Kg‡iW gyRvd&di Avng`
Zv‡mi †`k bvUK iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi †bZvRx myfvl P›`ª emy
AviY¨K Dcb¨vm wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq †M․wi †`ex
c~iex Kve¨ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Av‡R©›UvBb Kwe wf‡±vwiqv IKv‡¤úv
Kv‡ji hvÎv bvUK iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
emšÍ bvUK iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
K…òKzgvix bvUK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë †Kkeevey
eyjeyj MxZ msKjb KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg wW Gj iv‡qi cyÎ w`jxc Kzgvi ivq
mwÂZv Kve¨ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
exiv½bv Kve¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
iwenviv KweZv KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii g„Zz¨‡kv‡K
†e․VvKzivYxi nvU Dcb¨vm iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi †m․`vwgbx †`ex
†gNbv`ea gnvKve¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë ivRv w`M¤^i wgÎ
g„Yvwjbx Dcb¨vm ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq `xbeÜz wgÎ
me©nviv Kve¨ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg weiRv my›`ix
kwg©ôv bvUK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë gnvKwe Kvwj`vm
Zš^x Kve¨ myax›`ªbv_ `Ë iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
mܨv Kve¨ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg gv`vwicy‡ii kvwšÍ †mbv I exi‡mbv‡`i
AwMœexYv Kve¨ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg evix›`ªKzgvi †Nvl
wmÜz-wn‡›`vj Kve¨ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg nvexeyjøvn evnvi, kvgmybœvnvi gvngy`
¯§iYx KweZv diiæL Avng` Avjøvgv BKevj B‡šÍKvj ¯§i‡Y
we‡li euvwk Kve¨ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg gymv¤§` gvmy`v LvZzb
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ev‡Rqvß MÖš’
MÖš’ weeiY MÖš’ weeiY
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
Avb›`gqxi AvMg‡b aib: KweZv P›`ªwe›`y aib: msMxZ MÖš’
ev‡RqvßKvix : e„wUk miKvi ev‡RqvßKvix : e„wUk miKvi
cÖjq wkLv aib: Kve¨ we‡li euvwk aib: Kve¨
ev‡RqvßKvix : e„wUk miKvi ev‡RqvßKvix : e„wUk miKvi
fvOvi Mvb aib: Kve¨ hyMevYx aib: cÖeÜ
ev‡RqvßKvix : e„wUk miKvi ev‡RqvßKvix : e„wUk miKvi
g‡b ivLyb : P›`ªhy‡M (P›`ªwe›`y, cÖjq wkLv) Avb›`gqxi cÖfve (cÖjq wkLv, fvOvi Mvb, we‡li evuwk) wQj|
Zmwjgv bvmwib
Avgvi †g‡q‡ejv aib: AvZ¥Rxebx wØLwÐZ aib: AvZ¥Rxebx
ev‡RqvßKvix : evsjv‡`k miKvi ev‡RqvßKvix : evsjv‡`k miKvi
evsjv mvwnZ¨ 91 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
g‡b ivLyb : Zmwjgv Avw`g (Avgvi †g‡q‡ejv, wØLwÐZ) gvbwmKZvi|
ûgvqyb AvRv`
wØZxq wj½ aib: cÖeÜ bvix aib: cÖeÜ
ev‡RqvßKvix : evsjv‡`k miKvi ev‡RqvßKvix : evsjv‡`k miKvi
cvK mvi Rwgb mv` ev` aib: Dcb¨vm ÔcvK mvi RwgZ mv` ev`Õ eBwU MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKv‡ki c~‡e©
ev‡RqvßKvix : evsjv‡`k miKvi Ô•`wbK B‡ËdvKÕ G cÖKvwkZ nq Ges mgv‡jvwPZ nq|
g‡b ivLyb : ûgvqyb AvRv` cvK (cvK mvi Rwgb mv` ev`) bvix‡K wØZxq wj½ e‡jwQ‡jb|
Ab¨vb¨ ‡jLK/Kwe/Jcb¨vwmK
Abj cÖevn iPwqZv : BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx c~e© evOjvi fvlv Av‡›`vjb iPwqZv: e`iæÏxb Igi
aib: Kve¨ I ZrKvjxb ivRbxwZ aib: cÖeÜ
ev‡RqvßKvix : e„wUk miKvi ev‡RqvßKvix : cvwK¯Ívb miKvi
c‡_i `vex iPwqZv : kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 1926 mv‡ji 11 wW‡m¤^i GW‡fv‡KU †Rbv‡ij eª‡R›`ªbv_ wgÎ gZ
aib: Dcb¨vm †`b †h, 1947 mv‡ji 4 Rvbyqvwi Ôc‡_i `vexÕ eBwU wbwl× Kiv nq
ev‡RqvßKvix : e„wUk miKvi (m~Î: DBwKwcwWqv)

evsjv ms¯‥…wZ welqK MÖš’

MÖš’ MÖš’Kvi MÖš’ MÖš’Kvi
ms¯‥…wZi K_v ‡gvZvnvi †nv‡mb †P․ayix mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‥…wZ mvabv Aveyj dRj
mvwnZ¨ ms¯‥…wZ I Rxeb Aveyj dRj ms¯‥…wZi PovB DrivB kIKZ Imgvb
ms¯‥…wZi fv½v †mZz AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm ms¯‥…wZi msKU e`iæwÏb Igi
ms¯‥…wZi iƒcvšÍi ‡Mvcvj nvj`vi ¯^vaxbZv I ms¯‥…wZ W. wmivRyj Bmjvg †P․ayix
mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‥…wZ gyn¤§` Avãyj nvB evsjvi †jvK ms¯‥…wZ W. IqvwKj Avng`
(Z_¨ m~Î: evsjv †Kvl)
iPbvi cÖK…wZ I DcRxe¨ welq iPbvi cÖK…wZ : bvUK
DcRxe¨ welq : cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy×
iPbvi bvg wewfbœ Z_¨vejx
Kei iPwqZv : gybxi †P․ayix
†Mviv iPwqZv : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : bvUK
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm|
DcRxe¨ : 1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vjb
DcRxe¨ welq : 1905 mv‡ji e½f½|
gnvk¥kvb iPwqZv : Kvq‡Kvev`
N‡i evB‡i iPwqZv : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : gnvKve¨
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm
DcRxe¨ welq : cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy×
DcRxe¨ welq : ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb I weªwUk
iƒcmx evsjv iPwqZv : Rxebvb›` `vk
fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ|
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Kve¨
ejvKv iPwqZv : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
DcRxe¨ welq : ¯^‡`kcÖxwZ I wbmM©gqZv|
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Kve¨|
DcRxe¨ welq : MwZev`/MwZkxjZvi Abyfe jvjmvjy iPwqZv : •mq` IqvjxDjøvn
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm
Avgvi †mvbvi iPwqZv : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
DcRxe¨ welq : Awkÿv Kzwkÿv I agx©q fÛvwg|
evsjv iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Mvb
DcRxe¨ welq : evsjvi cÖvK…wZK †m․›`h© I wP‡j †KvVvi iPwqZv : AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm
†`k‡cÖg †mcvB iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm
DcRxe¨ welq : 1969 mv‡ji MYAfz¨Ìvb
wbS©‡ii iPwqZv : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
¯^cœf½ iPbvi cÖK…wZ : KweZv Ave`yjøvn iPwqZv : KvRx Bg`v`yj nK
DcRxe¨ : fwel¨r wewPÎ I wecyj m¤¢vebvgq| iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm
DcRxe¨ welq : ZrKvjxb gymwjg ga¨weË
Avb›`gV iPwqZv : ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
mgvR|
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm
DcRxe¨ welq : †`kvZ¥‡eva I †`k‡cÖg m~h©`xNj evox iPwqZv : Avey BmnvK
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm|
c‡_i cuvPvjx iPwqZv : wef~wZf~lY e‡›`vcva¨vq
DcRxe¨ welq : msMÖvgkxj cjøx Rxeb|
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm
cÙv b`xi iPwqZv : gvwbK e‡›`vcva¨vq
DcRxe¨ welq : cÖK…wZ I gvbyl
gvwS iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm
i³v³ cÖvšÍi iPwqZv : gybxi †P․ayix
evsjv mvwnZ¨ 92 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
DcRxe¨ welq : †R‡j Rxe‡bi myL `ytL Rxeb Kvwnbx
mskßK iPwqZv : knx`yjøvn Kvqmvi nvRvi eQi iPwqZv : Rwni ivqnvb
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm a‡i iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm
DcRxe¨ welq : MÖvg I kni Rxeb| DcRxe¨ welq : cjøx evsjvi ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi wPÎ|
mv‡is eD iPwqZv : knx`yjøvn Kvqmvi
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : AvZ¥K_v
DcRxe¨ : DcK~jxq A‡ji gvby‡li Rxeb weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
msMÖvg 01. gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm †KvbwU? DËi- GKwU Kvj
ivRe›`xi iPwqZv : knx`yjøvn Kvqmvi †g‡qi K_v| [40Zg wewmGm]
†ivRbvgPv iPbvi cÖK…wZ : AvZ¥K_v 02. ÔKvj eidÕ Dcb¨vmwUi welq- ‡`kfvM| [40Zg
DcRxe¨ welq : KvivMvi Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv| wewmGm]
Kvke‡bi iPwqZv : kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjvg 03. fvlv Av‡›`vjb wfwËK bvUK †KvbwU? DËi : Kei|
Kb¨v iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm [34Zg wewmGm]
DcRxe¨ welq : †R‡j I †eu‡`‡`i myL-`ytL I 04. fvlv Av‡›`vjb welqK Dcb¨vm †KvbwU? DËi : Av‡iK
Rxeb Kvwnbx
dvêyb| [32Zg wewmGm]
Kvj eid iPwqZv : gvngy`yj nK|
05. ÔAvãyjøvnÕ Dcb¨v‡mi iPwqZv †K? DËi : KvRx Bg`v`yj
cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm|
DcRxe¨ welq : 1947 mv‡j ‡`kfvM| nK| [29Zg wewmGm]
nvRvi eQi iPwqZv : Rwni ivqnvb 06. evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv Av‡›`vjbwfwËK Dcb¨vm †KvbwU?
a‡i iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm DËi : Av‡iK dvêyb| [28Zg wewmGm]
DcRxe¨ welq : cjøx evsjvi ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi wPÎ| 07. Ô†b‡gwmmÕ bvU‡K byiæj †gv‡gb †Kvb welq‡K Zz‡j
KY©dzwj iPwqZv : AvjvDÏxb Avj AvRv` a‡i‡Qb? DËi : EbcÂv‡ki gš^šÍi| [26Zg wewmGm]
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm 08. KvRx Bg`v`yj nK Gi ÔAvãyjøvnÕ Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨
DcRxe¨ welq : DcRvZxq gvby‡li Rxeb| wK? DËi : ZrKvjxb gymwjg ga¨weË mgv‡Ri wPÎ|
mvZ mvM‡ii iPwqZv : diiæL Avng` [18Zg wewmGm]
gvwS iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Kve¨ 09. 1952 mv‡ji 21 †k †deªæqvwii cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ ÔKeiÕ
DcRxe¨ welq : Bmjvgx g~j¨‡eva I HwZn¨| bvU‡Ki iPwqZv †K? DËi : gybxi †P․ayix| [18Zg
bxj `c©Y iPwqZv : `xbeÜz wgÎ wewmGm]
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : bvUK
10. iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔwbS©‡ii ¯^cœf½Õ KweZvq Kwei
DcRxe¨ welq : bxj Pvlx‡`i KiæY wPÎ I weªwUk
bxjKi‡`i AZ¨vPvi Dcjwä n‡”Q - DËi : fwel¨r wewPÎ I wecyj
†b‡gwmm iPwqZv : byiæj †gv‡gb m¤¢vebvgq| [14Zg wewmGm]
iPbvi cÖK…wZ : bvUK 11. gvwbK e‡›`vcva¨v‡qi ÔcÙv b`xi gvwSÕ Dcb¨v‡mi
DcRxe¨ welq : wØZxq wek^hy‡×vËi gvbweK DcRxe¨ - DËi : ‡R‡j mgv‡Ri KiæY wPÎ| [13Zg
wech©q, ÿzav, `vwi`ª¨| wewmGm]
GKwU Kvj iPwqZv : Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 12. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMx‡Z †Kvb welqwU cÖavbfv‡e
†g‡qi K_v iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm Av‡Q? DËi : evsjvi cÖK…wZi K_v| [16Zg wewmGm]
DcRxe¨ welq: evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×|
Kvke‡bi iPwqZv : kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjvg
Kb¨v iPbvi cÖK…wZ : Dcb¨vm
DcRxe¨ welq : †R‡j I †eu‡`‡`i myL-`ytL I

GKB bv‡gi mv‡_ wfbœ wfbœ Kwe/mvwnwZ¨K/Jcb¨vwm‡Ki †cÖg

MÖ‡š’i bvg MÖ‡š’i aib iPwqZv
‡`bv cvIbv ‡QvU Mí iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
Dcb¨vm kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
cÙveZx Kve¨ AvjvIj
bvUK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
mgv‡jvPbv MÖš’ ‣mq` Avjx Avnmvb
AwfhvwÎK Kve¨ ‡eMg mywdqv Kvgvj
Dcb¨vm wef‚wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
evsjv mvwnZ¨ 93 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Rbbx Dcb¨vm gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
Dcb¨vm kIKZ Imgvb
ms¯‥…wZi fv½v †mZz mgv‡jvPbv MÖš’ AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm
ms¯‥…wZi PovB DrivB cÖeÜ kIKZ Imgvb
ms¯‥…wZi K_v cÖeÜ KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb
ms¯‥„wZi msKU cÖeÜ e`iywÏb Igi
gvbwPÎ bvUK Avwbm †P․ayix
Kve¨MÖš’ AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`
mwÂZv Kve¨ msKjb KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
mÂwqZv Kve¨ msKjb iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
mÂiY M‡elYvg~jK MÖš’ KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i K_v cÖeÜ W. gyn¤§` kwn`yjøvn
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm cÖeÜ W. KvRx `xb gynv¤§`
Kei bvUK gybxi ‡P․ayix
KweZv Rmxg D`&`xb
Rxeb ÿzav Dcb¨vm Aveyj gbmyi Avng`
g„Zz¨ÿzav Dcb¨vm KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZe„Ë cÖeÜ gyn¤§` Avãyj nvB Ges •mq` Avjx Avnmvb
ev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë cÖeÜ W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn
fvlvi BwZe„Ë cÖeÜ myKzgvi †mb
‡kl cÖkœ Dcb¨vm kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
‡kl †jLv KweZv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
‡kl mßK KweZv H
‡kl cvÐzwjwc Dcb¨vm eyׇ`e emy
‡kl ivwÎi Zviv Dcb¨vm Avey Rvdi kvgmywÏb
‡kl we‡K‡ji †g‡q Dcb¨vm Rwni ivqnvb
mxZv bvUK wW.Gj. ivq
mxZvivg Dcb¨vm ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
mxZvi ebevm Abyev` MÖš’ Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
‡divix m~h© Dcb¨vm iv‡eqv LvZzb
‡divix Wv‡qwi Kve¨ AvjvDwÏb AvRv`
KzPeiY Kb¨v Dcb¨vm W. Avkivd wmwÏwK
Kvke‡bi Kb¨v Dcb¨vm kvgmywÏb Aveyj Kvjvg
avb Kb¨v ‡QvU Mí AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`
giæfv¯‥i Kve¨MÖš’ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
giæ`yjvj M`¨ ‡Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv
giæ m~h© Kve¨ Av.b.g. eRjyi ingvb
giæ Pw›`ªKv Kve¨ KvRx Kv‡`i ‡bIqvR
ewb Av`g Kve¨ ‡Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv
Dcb¨vm kIKZ Imgvb

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm শ্যাভর ছায়া

াঈ঩ন্যাল঳য নাভ যচবয়তা যাাআলপর জযাটি াঅ঑যাত(gyw³hy‡×i াঅলনায়ায ঩া঱া
ভা াঅবনসুর ঴ক Dci wjwLZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm)
জজযাৎস্না ঑ জননীয গল্প হুভায়ূন াঅ঴লভদ বনবলদ্ধ জরাফান [cÖavb PwiÎ স঳য়দ ঱াভসুর ঴ক
াঅগুলনয ঩য঱ভবন wejwKm]
নীর দাং঱ন
evsjv mvwnZ¨ 94 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Îvnx ‡m‡Þ¤^i Ab h‡kvi A¨v‡jb wMbmevM©, gvwK©b hy³ivóª
঴াঙয নদী জগ্রলনড ‡mwjbv †nv‡mb †ivW (1971 mv‡ji 14-16 b‡f¤^‡i
মাব঩ত জীফন iwPZ, 151 jvBb)
াঈ঩ভ঴ালদ঱ াঅর ভা঴মুদ kvgmyi ivngvb ¯^vaxbZv Zzwg, †Zvgv‡K cvIqvi
জা঴ান্নাভ ঴াআলত বফদায় kIKZ Imgvb Rb¨ †n ¯^vaxbZv, mš¿vme›`x
[ cÖavb PwiÎ MvRx ingvb ] ey‡jU we× w`bivwÎ, i³ †mP,
জন্ম মবদ তফ ফলে Avmv‡`i kvU©
জা঴ান্নাভ ঴াআলত বফদায় Rwmg D``xb `»MÖvg I gyw³‡hv×v
[ cÖavb PwiÎ MvRx ingvb ] Avmv` ‡P․ayix GiB bvg ¯^vaxbZv
‡gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb knx` ¯§i‡Y
জনকলে া঄যণ্য
‡eMg mywdqv Kvgvj cÖ_g knx` evsjv‡`‡ki †g‡q
জদয়ার ûgvq~b Avn‡g` gnv‡`e mvnv ¯^vaxbZvi cÖwZ, †Zvgvi Afv‡e
মুবিযুলদ্ধ ভায়াফতী ভাইনুবিন কাজর GB ¯^vaxbZv
কালরা জঘাো Bg`v`yj nK wgjb
†NivI ভ঴াযুদ্ধ
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gyw³hy×wfwËK Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZ¨Kg©
evj‡Ki Awfgvb
া঄ববমান গ্রলেয নাভ যচবয়তা
াঅভায মত গ্লাবন য঱ীদ কবযভ াঅবভ ফীযােনা ফরবছ নীবরভা াআব্রাব঴ভ
জপযাযী সূম য iv‡eqv LvZzb একাত্তলযয মুবিযুদ্ধ: ঳ম্পাদক: জভজয যবপকুর
ঐবত঴াব঳ক বালণ াআ঱বত঴ায াআ঳রাভ ব঩এ঳ব঳
GKvˇii wbkvb
এ জগালেন এজ তা঴বভভা াঅনাভ ঑ বচঠি
মুবিযুলদ্ধ নাযী ভালরকা জফগভ
wcÖq‡hv×v wcÖqZg nviæb nvexe
Zvjvk kvnxb AvLZvi ঢাকা া঄যারফাভ ১৯৪৮-১৯৭১ ঳ম্পাদক : মুনতাব঳য ভামুন ঑
c~e-© cwðg mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq ঴াল঱ভ খান
দ্য টযাাংক োটর া঄ফ গাজী ঳াাআফুর ঴া঳ান
ব঱লযাভবন
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gyw³hy×wfwËK BwZnvm MÖš’ মুবিযুলদ্ধ মুবজফনগয ঱াভসুর হুদা জচৌধুযী
গ্রলেয নাভ যচবয়তা মুবিযুলদ্ধ ক঳ফা ঳ম্পাদক : ভাইদুর ঴া঳ান
মূরধাযা ৭১ ভাইদুর ঴া঳ান মুবিযুলদ্ধয াঅঞ্চবরক ঳ম্পাদক : াঅবু জভা঴াম্মদ
স্বাধীন ফাাংরা জফতায জকন্দ্র জফরার জভা঴াম্মদ াআবত঴া঳ জদলরায়ায জ঴াল঳ন
দুল঱া জছলবি বদলন স্বাধীনতা মু঴াম্মদ নুরুর কাবদয দবক্ষণ ঩বিভ যণােন ১৯৭১ জভজয যবপকুর াআ঳রাভ
এফালযয ঳াংগ্রাভ স্বাধীনতায ঳াংগ্রাভ জর. কলন যর াঅবু ব঩এ঳ব঳
঑঳ভান জচৌধুযী াঅবভ বফজয় জদলখবছ এভ. াঅয াঅখতায মুকুর
ফাাংরালদ঱ ঳যকায ১৯৭১ এাআচ টি াআভাভ িফাল঳ মুবিযুলদ্ধয বদনগুবর াঅবু ঳াাইদ জচৌধুযী
gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvm webq wgÎ ফাাংরালদল঱য া঄ভ্যযদয় জয঴ভান জ঳াফ঴ান
mZ¨ AmZ¨ Aa©mZ¨ একজন িতযক্ষদ঱ীয বাষ্য
evsjv‡`k i‡³i FY A¨vš’wb gvmKv‡ibnvm স্মৃবত া঄ম্লান ১৯৭১ াঅবুর ভার াঅফদুর মুব঴ত
বফদায় জদ ভা ঘুলয াঅব঳ জা঴ানাযা াআভাভ
বুলকয ববতয াঅগুন
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gyw³hy×wfwËK bvUK একাত্তয: কযতলর বছন্ন ভাথা ঴া঳ান াঅবজজুর ঴ক
bvU‡Ki bvg bvU¨Kvi
একাত্তলযয া঄বিকন্যা তুলায াঅব্দুল্লা঴
bi‡K jvj †Mvjvc AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`
একাত্তলযয কথাভারা জফগভ নূযজা঴ান
eY©‡Pvi I eKzjcy‡ii ¯^vaxbZv ggZvR DwÏb Avn‡g`
একাত্তলযয গণ঴তযা ড. পজলুয য঴ভান
cv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq •mq` kvgmyj nK
একাত্তলযয গণ঴তযা ফব঱য াঅর জ঴রার
একাত্তলযয জগবযরা জব঴রুর াআ঳রাভ
gyw³hy×wfwËK KweZv একাত্তলযয বচঠি (঩ত্র গ্রাভীণলপান-িথভ াঅলরা
KweZvi bvg Kwei bvg ঳াংকরন)
evsjv mvwnZ¨ 95 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
একাত্তলযয ডালয়যী সুবপয়া কাভার Av‡iK dvj&¸b Rwni ivqnvb, cÂvk Gi `k‡K cwÎKvq
একাত্তলযয ঢাকা জ঳বরনা জ঴াল঳ন (cÖ_g) Ges eB AvKv‡i 1969 mv‡j
একাত্তলযয বদনগুবর জা঴ানাযা াআভাভ AvZ©bv` kIKZ Imgvb
একাত্তলযয নয় ভা঳ যালফয়া খাতুন wbišÍi N›Uv aŸwb †mwjbv †nv‡mb
একাত্তলযয বন঱ান
একাত্তলযয ফধ্যভূবভ ঑ সুকুভায বফশ্বা঳ m¤úvw`Z MÖš’
গণকফয GKz‡k †deªæqvwi (1953) nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb
একাত্তলযয ফণ যভারা এভ. াঅয াঅখতায মুকুর KweZv
একাত্তলযয মীশু ঱া঴বযয়ায কবফয Kuv`‡Z Avwmwb duvwmi `vwe gvneye-Dj-Avjg †P․ayix;
একাত্তলযয যুদ্ধব঱শু ঳াবজদ জ঴াল঳ন wb‡q G‡mwQ (cÖ_g) 21/02/1952; mܨv 7 Uv
একাত্তলযয যণােন ঳াভসুর হুদা জচৌধুযী
একাত্তলযয স্মৃবত ফা঳বন্ত গু঴ ঠাকুযতা Mvb
একাত্তলযয দুাঃ঳঴ স্মৃবত ঳ম্পা- ঱া঴বযয়ায কবফয fzje bv, fzje bv/GKz‡k Av b g MvRxDj nK
জান যার ৭১ জফায঴ান াঈবিন খান জা঴ােীয †deªæqvwi fzje bv (cÖ_g)
স্বাধীনতা ৭১ কালদয ব঳বিকী Avgvi fvB‡qi MxwZKvi- Ave`yj Mvd&dvi †P․ayix,
১৯৭১: চুকনগলয গণ঴তযা ঳ম্পা- মুনতাব঳য ভামুন i‡³ iv½v‡bv MvbwUi cÖ_g myiKviÑ Avãyj jwZd,
১৯৭১: বয়াফ঴ া঄ববজ্ঞতা ঳ম্পা- য঱ীদ ঴ায়দায GKz‡k †deªæqvwi myiKvi- kwn` AvjZvd gvngy`
১৯৭১ াঅলভবযকায জগা঩ন বভজানুয য঴ভান খান cÖfvZ †dwi wb‡q cÖ_g Mvb- cÖ‡K․kjx †gvkv‡id DwÏb;
দবরর g„Zy¨‡K hviv Zz”Q Kwij 20 †k †deªæqvwi 1953
কারযাবত্রয খিবচত্র ঱঑কত ঑঳ভান
জনযুলদ্ধয গণ঴তযা জভজয কাভরুর ঴া঳ান ভূাঁাআয়া
জগবযরা জথলক ঳ম্মুখযুলদ্ধ ভা঴বুফ াঅরভ weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
রক্ষ িালণয বফবনভলয় যবপকুর াআ঳রাভ ফীযাঈত্তভ 01. wb‡Pi †KvbwU gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm? DËi- GKwU
ফাাংরালদল঱য স্বাধীনতাযুদ্ধ ঳ম্পা- ঴া঳ান ঴াবপজুয য঴ভান Kv‡jv †g‡qi K_v| [40Zg wewmGm]
দবরর঩ত্র 02. gyw³hy× welqK bvUK- cv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq|
ফাাংরালদল঱য মুবিযুলদ্ধ াঅব঳প য঱ীদ [36Zg wewmGm]
ভাবকযন ভূবভকায জগা঩ন 03. wb‡¤œv³ †Kvb Dcb¨v‡m evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×vËi mg‡qi
দবরর wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q? DËi- mybxj M‡½vcva¨v‡qi Ôc~e©-
cwðgÕ| [35Zg wewmGm]
ফাাংরালদ঱ াঅভায ফাাংরালদ঱ যালভন্দু ভজুভদায
04. gyw³hy× wbf©i iPbv †KvbwU? DËi- GKvˇii w`b¸wj|
ফাতাল঳ ফারুদ যলি াঈল্লা঳ জুফাাআদা গুর঱ান াঅযা [32Zg wewmGm]
ফাাংরালদল঱য ঳াতটি জছলর কাভার জ঴া঳াাআন 05. fvlv Av‡›`vjb welqK Dcb¨vm †KvbwU? DËi- Av‡iK
জভঘ জজযাৎস্নায় মুবিযুদ্ধ ঝণ যা দা঱ পুযকায়স্থ dvêyb| [32Zg wewmGm]
The Cruel Birth of Archer K Blood 06. gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm †KvbwU? DËi- nvOi b`x
Bangladesh †MÖ‡bW| [34Zg wewmGm]
Witness to surrender Siddik Salik 07. ÔGKvˇii wPwVÕ Kx RvZxq iPbv? DËi- gyw³hy‡×i cÎ
Rape of Bangladesh Anthony Maskarenhas msKjb| [29Zg wewmGm]
Massacre Robert Pain 08. gyw³hy× wfwËK Dcb¨vm †KvbwU? DËi- Rvnvbœvg nB‡Z
Surrender at Dacca: Lt. Gen. JFR Jacob we`vq| [28Zg wewmGm]
Birth of a Nation 09. fvlv Av‡›`vjbwfwËK cÖ_g cwÎKvi m¤úv`‡Ki bvg wK?
DËit nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb| [37Zg wewmGm]
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ fvlv Av‡›`vjb 10. evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv Av‡›`vjbwfwËK Dcb¨vm †KvbwU?
bvUK bvU¨Kv‡ii bvg DËi- Av‡iK dvêyb| [28Zg wewmGm]
11. ‡KvbwU gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm? DËi- Av¸‡bi
Kei gybxi †P․ayix (17 B Rvbyhvwi 1953 mv‡j XvKv
cikgwb| [20Zg wewmGm]
†R‡j e‡m iwPZ)|

Dcb¨vm Jcb¨vwm‡Ki bvg

 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 96 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ågY-Kvwnbx evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ weL¨vZ wkï‡Zvl MÖš’
iPwqZv ågYKvwnbx iPwqZv MÖ‡š’i bvg
mÄxeP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq cvjv‡g․ (wenv‡ii ivwP A‡ji `wÿYviÄb wgÎ VvKzigvi Szwj, VvKzi`v`vi Szwj,
AwfÁZv| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gRyg`vi Vvbw`w`I _‡j, `v`vgvk‡qi _‡j
ågY Kvwnbx) Rmxg D`&`xb nvmy, Wvwjg Kzgvi, GK cqmvi
wef~wZf~lY AwfhvwÎK euvwk, P‡j gymvwdi
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq mywdqv Kvgvj BZj weZj, bIj wK‡kv‡ii
kvgmyb bvnvi gvngy` Avgvi †`Lv Zzi¯‥ `iev‡i
Beªvnxg Luv B¯Ív¤^yj hvÎxi cÎ, bqv Px‡b GK kvgmyi ivngvb GjvwUs †ejwUs, avb fvb‡j Kzu‡ov
P°I, cvwK¯Ív‡bi c‡_ Nv‡U w`‡e
wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y Mxbmev‡M©i Zx‡I, fjMvi Zx‡i Ave`yj Mvddvi Wvbwc‡U kIKZ
Rmxg D`&`xb P‡j gymvwdi, cixi †`‡k, †h †`‡k †P․ayix
gvbyl eo Aveyj gbmyi Avng` Mvwjfv‡ii mdibvgv, †QvU‡`i
†K`vibv_ PxbhvÎx Kvmvmyj Avw¤^qv
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi eY© cwiPq, K_vgvjv, PwiZvejx,
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Rvcvb hvÎx, Rvfv hvÎxi cÎ, AvLvbgÄyix
ivwkqvi wPwV, qy‡ivc cÖevmxi cÎ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg wS‡Odzj, mvZ fvB P¤úv
BmgvBj †nv‡mb Zzi¯‥ ågY myKzgvi ivq n-h-e-i-j, eûiƒcx, LvB LvB,
wmivRx Av‡evj Zv‡evj, cvMjv `vmy, AevK
•mq` gyRZev Avjx †`‡k-we‡`‡k (Kveyj ågY), R‡j- Rjcvb
WvOvq •mq` kvgmyj nK Avjy eo nq, nWm‡bi e›`yK,
hvhvei `„wócvZ mxgv‡šÍi wmsnvmb
Av.b.g eRjyi ikx` c_ I c„w_ex, wØZxq c„w_ex‡Z, `yB e‡›` Avjx wgqv WvBbx eD, KuyPeiY Kb¨v, iƒcK_v,
mvM‡ii †`‡k, c_ †eu‡a w`j| †Pvi RvgvB, g„Mcix, †gN Kzgvix,
Abœ`vk¼i ivq c‡_ cÖev‡m (Bsj¨vÛ ågY) R½‡ji Lei, R½‡ji ivRv
Aveyj †nv‡mb cve©‡Z¨i c‡_ Avnmvb nvexe QzwUi w`b `ycy‡i, e„wó c‡o Uvcyi
mvbvDj nK e›`i †_‡K e›`‡i (A‡÷ªwjqv ågY) Uzcyi
knx`yjøv Kvqmvi †c‡kvqvi †_‡K ZvmL›` kIKZ Imgvb Zviv `yBRb, I‡Ub mv‡n‡ei
•mq` Avjx Avnmvb †cÖg †hLv‡b me©¯^ evs‡jv, ÿz‡` †mvk¨vwj÷
•mq` Ave`ym myjZvb c‡_i †`Lv, cÂb`xi cwjgvwU Avng` Qdv †Mv nvwKg, †`vjv Avgvi KbKPuvcv
W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK eyj‡Mwiqv ågY gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn †mKv‡ji iƒcK_v, †QvU‡`i
Zvivk¼i g‡¯‥v‡Z K‡qK w`b (1959) ivmyjyjøvn (mv.), †kl bexi mÜv‡b
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq wmivRyj Bmjvg `iRvUv †Lv‡jv, evey‡ji †e‡o IVv
bxwjgv Beªvwng kvnx GjvKvi c‡_ c‡_ †P․ayix
gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB we‡j‡Z mv‡o mvZk w`b •mq` Avjx Avnmvb KL‡bv AvKvk
wef~wZf~lY †n AiY¨ K_v KI diiæL Avng` cvwLi evmv, ni‡di Qov, Qovi
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Avmi
Gm. Iqv‡R` Avjx †gvUi‡hv‡M iuvwP mdi wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y Kv‡jv‡gN, evev hLb †QvÆ wQ‡jb
dRj kvgmy¾vgvb Ab¨ c„w_ex m‡Z¨b †mb AwfhvÎx, cvZvevnvi
mZxbv_ fv`yox mwZ¨ ågY Kvwnbx (c¨vwim ågY) d‡qR Avng` wUD wUD, cyZjx, †RvbvKx,
Rûiæj nK mvZ-muvZvi (Av‡gwiKv ågY) nv‡ZLwo, †evKv AvBfvb
Beªvwng Lwjj mxgv‡šÍi wPwV gynv¤§` gCbyÏxb Avgv‡`i bex
†eMg mywdqv Kvgvj †mvwf‡q‡Zi w`b¸wj gyn¤§` Rvdi BKevj Avgvi eÜz iv‡k`, `xcy bv¤^vi Uz,
Z_¨m~Î- evsjvwcwWqv Avj gvngy` cvwLi Kv‡Q dz‡ji Kv‡Q
mv‡jn †P․ayix cvZvevuwk I I cvuPRb
†gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` wm›`vev` mI`vM‡ii Mí
Avjx
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ 97 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
‡hvMx›`ªbv_ miKvi Nvmivwk 15. ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kvi iPbv? [11Zg I 20Zg wewmGm] DËit
AÿqKzgvi PviæcvV fviZP›`ª ivq ¸YvKi|
g`b‡gvnb wkï wkÿv 16. ‡Mvi¶ weRqÕ Gi Avw` Kwei bvg Kx? [11Zg wewmGm]
Avï‡Zvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq f~Z-‡cZœx DËit ‡kL dqRyjøvn|
17. ÔgaygvjZxÕ Kv‡e¨i Abyev`K ‡K? [11Zg wewmGm] DËit
D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi ivq UzbUzwbi eB
gyn¤§` Kexi|
BqvKze Avjx †P․ayix b~ibex
18. ÕgaygvjZxÕ Kve¨ ‡Kvb fvlv ‡_‡K Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q?
Bg`v`yj nK Kvgv‡ii KvÐ [11Zg wewmGm] DËit wnw›`|
‡gvnv¤§` †gv`v‡eŸi nx‡ii dzj 19. Ck¦i¸ß m¤úvw`Z cwÎKvi bvg Kx? [11Zg I 13Zg
nvweeyjøvn evnvi Igi dviæK wewmGm] DËit Ômsev` cÖfvKiÕ (1831)|
Aveyj Kvjvg KwP cvZv 20. ÔcÖdyjøÕ bvUKwU ‡K iPbv K‡i‡Qb? [11Zg wewmGm]
kvgmyÏxb DËit wMwikP›`ª ‡Nvl|
21. ÕK‡jøvjÕ cwÎKv ‡Kvb mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq? [11Zg
wewmGm] DËit 1923 mv‡j|
22. ÔAviY¨KÕ Dcb¨v‡mi iPwqZvi bvg Kx? [11Zg wewmGm]
10g †_‡K 38Zg wewmGm DËit wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq|
23. AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv ÔD`vmxb cw_‡Ki g‡bi K_vÕ - i
wjwLZ cÖkœ I mgvavb ‡jLK ‡K? [11Zg I 31Zg wewmGm] DËi: gxi
gkviid ‡nv‡mb|
01. eoy PÐx`v‡mi Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx? [10g, 15Zg, 20Zg, 24. Avnmvb nvex‡ei cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ‡KvbwU? [11Zg wewmGm]
22Zg, 33Zg wewmGm] DËi : kÖxK…òKxZ©b| DËit Ôivw·klÕ|
02. Kvýcv ‡K wQ‡jb? [10g I 12Zg wewmGm] DËit 25. Ô‡b‡gwmmÕ bvUKwUi iPwqZv ‡K? [11Zg wewmGm] DËit
Kvýcv Ph©vc‡`i GKRb cÖavb Kwe| Zvui iwPZ c‡`i b~iæj ‡gv‡gb|
msL¨v 13 wU| 26. Ôb`xe‡¶Õ Kvi iPbv? [11Zg wewmGm] DËi: KvRx Avãyj
03. evsjv fvlvi c~e©eZ©x ¯Í‡ii bvg Kx? [10g wewmGm I`y`|
wjwLZ] DËit Acåsk| 27. ÔmgKvjÕ cwÎKvi cÖ_g m¤úv`‡Ki bvg Kx? [11Zg I
04. ‡`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lv‡bi Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx? [10g I 21Zg wewmGm] DËi : wmKvb`vi Avez Rvdi|
15Zg wewmGm] DËit jvBjx-gRby| 28. Õab av‡b¨ cy‡®ú fiv Avgv‡`i GB emyÜivÕ - GB
05. ÕBDmyd ‡Rv‡jLvÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv ‡K? [10g I 15Zg jvBbwUi iPwqZv ‡K? [13Zg wewmGm] DËi t
wewmGm] DËit kvn gyn¤§` mMxi| w؇R›`ªjvj ivq|
06. AvjvI‡ji ‡kÖô Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx? [10g wewmGm] DËit 29. Rq‡`e iwPZ ms¯‥…Z Kv‡e¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx? [13Zg
cÙveZx| wewmGm] DËi : MxZ‡Mvwe›`|
07. jvjb kvn Kx iPbv K‡i‡Qb? [10g wewmGm] DËit 30. AvjvI‡ji ÔcÙveZxÕ ‡Kvb fvlvi, ‡Kvb Kwei Ges
jvjbMxwZ (evDjMvb)| ‡Kvb MÖ‡š’i Abyev`? [13Zg wewmGm] DËi : gvwjK
08. gaym~`b `‡Ëi gnvKv‡e¨i bvg Kx? [10g wewmGm] DËit gyn¤§` Rvqmxi Ôc`ygverÕKve¨ ‡_‡K Abyev` Kiv nq|
‡gNbv`ea Kve¨| 31. fviZP›`ª ‡Kvb ivRmfvi Kwe wQ‡jb? [13Zg wewmGm]
09. iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔejvKvÕ Kve¨ cÖ_g ‡Kvb mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq? DËit gnvivRv K…òP›`ª iv‡qi ivRmfvi Kwe|
[10g wewmGm] DËi : 1916 wLÖ÷v‡ã/ evsjv 1322 32. dwKi Mixeyjøvn iwPZ `yÕwU MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx Kx? [13Zg
mv‡j| wewmGm] DËit ÔAvwgi nvgRvÕ(1g Ask) I R½bvgv|
10. KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZv ‡Kvb Kv‡e¨i 33. gymjgvb m¤úv`‡Ki m¤úv`bvq cÖ_g ‡Kvb cwÎKv
AšÍM©Z? [10g wewmGm] DËit ÕAwMœexYvÕ (1922)| cÖKvwkZ nq? [13Zg wewmGm] DËi: ÔmgvPvi
11. Ôa~mi cvÐzwjwcÕ Kvi iPbv? [10g wewmGm] DËi : mfviv‡R›`ª (1831), m¤úv`K- ‡kL Avjxgyjøvn|
Rxebvb›` `vk| 34. Õmaevi GKv`kxÕ cÖnmbwU Kvi ‡jLv? [13Zg wewmGm]
12. ÔjvjmvjyÕi ‡jLK ‡K? [10g wewmGm] DËit ‣mq` DËi `xbeÜy wgÎ|
IqvjxDjøvn| 35. ‡k·cxq‡ii ‡Kvb bvUKwU we`¨vmvMi Abyev` K‡ib?
13. Rwni ivqnv‡bi RbwcÖq Dcb¨vm ‡KvbwU? [10g wewmGm] [13Zg I 25Zg wewmGm] DËi: ÕK‡gwW Ae GiimÕ|
DËit Av‡iK dvêyb| Ab~w`Z bvg :ÔåvwšÍ wejvmÕ|
14. cÖ_g ‡Kvb gwnjv Kwe ivgvqY iPbv K‡ib? [11Zg 36. Õ‡b․‡dj I nv‡ZgÕ Kve¨bvU¨wUi iPwqZvi bvg Kx?
wewmGm] DËit P›`ªveZx| [13Zg wewmGm] DËi : diiæL Avng`|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
37. ÔPvu‡`i Agvem¨vÕ Dcb¨vmwUi iPwqZv ‡K? [13Zg
wewmGm] DËit ‣mq` IqvjxDjøvn&|
38. evsjv‡`‡ki `yÕRb AKvjcÖqvZ wewkó Kwei bvg Kx
Kx? [13Zg wewmGm] DËi: iæ`ª gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn I
ûgvqyb Kwei|
39. Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dc‡i bvBÕ GwU ‡Kvb
Kwei evYx? [15Zg wewmGm] DËit eoz PÐx`v‡mi|
40. K…wËevm ‡Kvb Kv‡e¨i Rb¨ weL¨vZ? [15Zg wewmGm]
DËi: ivgvq‡Yi Abyev‡`i Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
41. weRq¸ß ‡Kvb Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv? [15Zg wewmGm] DËi:
gbmvg½j Kve¨|
42. weRq¸ß ‡Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib? [15Zg wewmGm] DËit
ewikv‡ji ‣Mjv bvgK MÖv‡g|
43. evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g e¨vKiYwe` ‡K? [15Zg wewmGm]
DËit cZ©yMv‡ji cvw`ª g‡bvGj `v Avmmy¤úmvuD|
44. evsjv M‡`¨i RbK ‡K? [15Zg wewmGm] DËi : Ck¦iP›`ª
we`¨vmvMi|
45. Kvievjvi Kvwnbx wb‡q ‡K MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib? [15Zg
wewmGm] DËi : gxi gkviid ‡nv‡mb|
46. ÔK…òKzgvixÕ bvU‡Ki iPwqZv ‡K? [15Zg wewmGm] DËit
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë| GwU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K
U«¨v‡RwW|
47. ÔKz‡nwjKvÕ Dcb¨vmwUi iPwqZv ‡K? [15Zg wewmGm]
DËi : KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg|
48. evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ (1947- eZ©gvb) cÖ_g D‡jøL‡hvM¨
Dcb¨vm ‡KvbwU? [15Zg wewmGm] DËi : ÔjvjmvjyÕ|
iPwqZv : ‣mq` IqvjxDjøvn|
49. ÔKeiÕ bvUKwU ‡Kvb HwZnvwmK NUbv wb‡q iwPZ?
bvU¨Kvi ‡K [15Zg, 20Zg, 23Zg, 27Zg wewmGm]
DËit fvlv Av‡›`vjb| bvU¨Kvi : gybxi ‡P․ayix|
50. GKz‡ki cÖ_g msKjb Ges Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy× :
`wjjcÎÕ ‡K iPbv K‡ib? [15Zg wewmGm] DËi :
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb|
51. evsjv Kv‡e¨i Avw` wb`k©b Kx? [17Zg, 20Zg, 21Zg
Ges 24Zg wewmGm]| DËit ÔPh©vc`Õ|
52. ÔPÛxg½jÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv ‡K? [17Zg wewmGm] DËit
gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x| (iPbvKvj: ‡lvok kZK)|
53. gbmyi eqvwZ ‡K? Zvi iwPZ Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx? [17Zg
wewmGm] DËit ‣ggbwmsn MxwZKvi Ab¨Zg Kwe| iwPZ
Kve¨ : Õ‡`Iqvbv gw`bvÕ|
54. ÔhyMmwÜÿ‡Yi KweÕ Kv‡K e‡j? [17Zg I 31Zg
wewmGm] DËit Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß‡K|
55. ga¨hy‡Mi ‡Kvb Kve¨ cÖ_‡g GK Kwe ïiæ K‡ib c‡i
Ab¨ GK Kwe ‡kl K‡ib? [17Zg wewmGm] DËit
ÔmZxgqbv-‡jviP›`ªvbxÕ| (‡`․jZ KvRx ïiæ K‡ib
AvjvIj ‡kl K‡ib)|
56. Ô‡ZvndvÕ Kve¨wU ‡K iPbv K‡ib? [17Zg wewmGm] DËi
: AvjvIj|
98 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
57. ÔcÖvPxb e½ mvwn‡Z¨ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vbÕ MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv
‡K? [17Zg wewmGm] DËi : Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨
wekvi`|
58. ÔfvbywmsnÕ Kvi QÙbvg? [17Zg wewmGm] DËit iex›`ªbv_
VvKz‡ii|
59. diiæL Avng` iwPZ m‡bU MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx? [17Zg
wewmGm] DËi Ôgyn~‡Z©i KweZvÕ (1963)|
60. ÔBDmyd-‡Rv‡jLvÕ I ÔjvBjx-gRbyÕ Kv‡e¨i DcvL¨vbmg~n
‡Kvb ‡`‡ki? [17Zg wewmGm] DËit ÔBDmyd-‡Rv‡jLvÕ
Avi‡ei (wgk‡ii NUbv), ÕjvBjx-gRbyÕ Bivb|
61. ÔivgvqYÕ I ÕgnvfviZÕ Kv‡e¨i g~j iPwqZv‡`i bvg Kx
Kx? [17Zg wewmGm] DËit ivgvq‡Yi iPwqZv evj¥xwK
Ges gnvfvi‡Zi iPwqZv K…ò ‣Øcvqb ‡e`e¨vm|
62. 1948 ‡_‡K 1952 Gi g‡a¨ evsjv fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi
Dci ‡Kvb MÖš’ iwPZ nq? [17Zg wewmGm] DËit Ôc~e©
evsjvi fvlv Av‡›`vjb I ZrKvjxb ivRbxwZÕ| MÖš’Kvit
e`iæÏxb Igi|
63. KweMvb ej‡Z Kx ‡evSvq? [18Zg wewmGm] DËit
KweZv ev Mv‡bi weZK©|
64. Kwe ‡Mvjvg ‡gv¯Ídvi wZbwU MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx Kx? [18Zg
wewmGm ] DËit Ôwek¦bexÕ, Õi³ivMÕ I Ôgiæ`yjvjÕ|
65. Ck¦iP‡›`ªi weaev weevn welqK MÖš’wUi bvg Kx? [18Zg
wewmGm] DËit Ôweaev weevn cÖPwjZ nIqv DwPZ wKbv
GZwØlqK cÖ¯ÍveÕ|
66. ÔKvke‡bi Kb¨vÕ Dcb¨vmwUi iPwqZv ‡K? [18Zg
wewmGm] DËit kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjvg|
67. evsjv K_¨ixwZ‡Z cÖ_g MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib ‡K? [18Zg
wewmGm]| DËit c¨vixPvu` wgÎ (‡UKPvu` VvKzi)| MÖ‡š’i
bvg : ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ
68. ÕZvcm KvwnbxÕ I Ôgnwl© gbmyiÕ cÖf…wZ MÖ‡š’i iPwqZvi
bvg Kx? [18Zg wewmGm] DËit ‡gvnv¤§` ‡gvRv‡¤§j
nK|
69. gybxi ‡P․ayixi Ôi³v³ cÖvšÍiÕ bvU‡Ki welqe¯Íy Kx?
[21Zg wewmGm] DËit cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy×|
70. Bs‡iR Avg‡j KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi wbwl× MÖš’¸‡jvi
bvg Kx Kx? [22Zg I 24Zg wewmGm]
71. DËit we‡li evuwk, cÖjq wkLv, fv½vi Mvb, hyMevYx I
P›`Öwe›`z|
72. ‡`․jZ KvRx ‡Kvb Kv‡e¨i Rb¨ weL¨vZ? [22Zg
wewmGm] DËit mZxgqbv I ‡jviP›`ªvbx|
73. ÔPwiÎnxbÕ Dcb¨vm Kvi ‡jLv? [22Zg wewmGm] DËit
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi|
74. kvgmyi ivngv‡bi cÖ_g Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx? [22Zg wewmGm]
DËit cÖ_g Mvb, wØZxq g„Zz¨i Av‡M|
75. ÔGKz‡k ‡deªyqvwiÕ msKj‡bi m¤úv`K ‡K? [22Zg I
23Zg wewmGm] DËit nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb|
76. Ô‡gvnv¤§`xÕ, ÔmIMvZÕ I Õ‡eMgÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K ‡K
‡K? [22Zg wewmGm] DËit h_vµ‡g gvIjvbv AvKig
Lvu, ‡gvnv¤§` bvwmiDÏxb I b~iRvnvb ‡eMg|
 evsjv mvwnZ¨
77. ‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡R KZ mv‡j evsjv wefvM ‡Lvjv
nq? [24Zg wewmGm] DËi : 1801 mv‡j|
78. Ôjvjmvjy,Õ Ôm~h©`xNj evoxÕ I ÔwP‡j‡KvVvi ‡mcvBÕ ‡K ‡K
wj‡L‡Qb? [24Zg,27Zg wewmGm] DËi: h_vµ‡g ‣mq`
IqvjxDjøvn, Avey BmnvK I AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm|
79. ‡eMg ‡iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ ‡nv‡mb ‡Kb weL¨vZ? [24Zg
wewmGm] DËi : bvix RvMi‡Yi AMÖ`~Z wn‡m‡e|
80. iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô‡k‡li KweZvÕ Kx ai‡bi MÖš’? [24Zg
wewmGm] DËit ‡ivgvw›UK Kve¨ag©x Dcb¨vm|
81. ÔK‡jøvjÕ Kx? [24Zg wewmGm] DËit evsjv mvwnZ¨i
cy‡ivav-e¨vw³‡`i GKwU msMVb| GB msMV‡bi gyLcÎ
wQ‡jv ÔK‡jøvjÕ bv‡gi GKwU cwÎKv| Gi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb
`x‡bkiÄb `vk|
82. XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq? [25Zg
wewmGm] DËi : 1921 mv‡j|
83. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kv‡e¨i Avwe®‥vi‡Ki bvg Kx? [25Zg
wewmGm] DËi : kÖx emšÍiÄb ivq| Zvui Dcvwa wQj
ÔweØØjøfÕ|
84. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g gymwjg Kwe ‡K? [25Zg
wewmGm] DËi : kvn gyn¤§` mMxi|
85. ‣eòe c`vewji `yÕRb c`KZ©vi bvg Kx Kx? [25Zg
wewmGm] DËi : we`¨vcwZ I Ávb`vm|
86. ‡eZvj cÂweskwZÕ Kvi ‡jLv? [25Zg wewmGm] DËi :
Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii|
87. cÖg_ ‡P․ayixi QÙbvg Kx? [25Zg wewmGm] DËi :
exiej|
88. gybxi ‡P․ayixi `yÕwU bvU‡Ki bvg Kx Kx? [25Zg
wewmGm] DËi : i³v³ cÖvšÍi I `ÐKviY¨|
89. AkÖygvjvÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv ‡K? [25Zg wewmGm] DËi :
Kvq‡Kvev`| Zvui Avmj bvg gyn¤§` Kv‡Rg Avj
‡Kv‡ikx|
90. Ph©vc` ‡K KLb ‡Kv_v ‡_‡K Avwe®‥vi K‡ib? [27Zg,
28Zg, 33Zg I 34Zg wewmGm] DËi : 1907 mv‡j
W. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x ‡bcv‡ji ivR`iev‡ii MÖš’vMvi ‡_‡K
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
91. gbmv g½jÕ Kv‡e¨i D™¢‡ei ‡cÖ¶vcU Kx? [28Zg
wewmGm] DËi : ‡`ex gbmvi ¸YKxZ©b Kiv|
92. Ph©vc‡`i c`KZ©v KZRb? [30Zg wewmGm] DËi :
23/24 Rb| Kvýcv me‡P‡q ‡ewk 13 wU c` iPbv
K‡i‡Qb|
93. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AÜKvi hyM e‡j ‡Kvb mgq‡K? [30Zg
wewmGm] DËi : 1201 mvj ‡_‡K 1350 mvj ch©šÍ
mgqKvj‡K|
94. cvwLi Kv‡Q dy‡ji Kv‡QÕ Kvi iPbv? [32Zg wewmGm]
DËi : Kwe Avj gvngy`|
95. wMÖK U¨«v‡RwW ÔBwWcvmÕÕ evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib ‡K? [
32Zg wewmGm wjwLZ] DËi : ‣mq` Avjx Avnmvb|
99 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
96. ‡ivmv½Õ ivRmfv ‡Kv_vq Aew¯’Z wQj? [37Zg wewmGm]
DËi : gvqvbgvi ev evg©vq Aew¯’Z wQj| ‡ivmv½ ivRmfv
n‡”Q AvivKvb ivRmfvi ms¯‥…Z bvg|
97. AÜKvi hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i wb`k©b Kx Kx? [37Zg wewmGm]
DËi : AÜKvi hy‡Mi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mvwnZ¨ n‡jv ivgvB
cwÛZ iwPZ Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ Ges njvqya wgÎ iwPZ Ô‡mK
ï‡fv`qvÕ|
98. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Ô†fv‡ii cvwLÕ ejv nq Kv‡K? Zvui `yÕwU
Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg wjLyb| [38Zg wewmGm] DËi :
wenvixjvj PµeZ©x| mvi`vg½j, e½my›`ix|
99. KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi 3wU Dcb¨v‡mi bvg wjLyb|
[38Zg wewmGm] evuabnviv, Kz‡nwjKv, g„Zy¨ÿzav|
100. Kz‡ei Kwcjv, kkx, Kzmyg PwiÎmg~n †Kvb Dcb¨v‡mi?
Dcb¨vm `yÕwUi †jLK †K? [38Zg wewmGm]
101. Kwe kvgmyi ivngv‡bi 04(Pvi) wU Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg D‡jøL
Kiæb| [38Zg wewmGm] DËi: cÖ_g Mvb, wØZxq g„Zy¨i
Av‡M, †i․`ª K‡ivwU‡Z, weaŸ¯Í bxwjgv, wbiv‡jv‡K
w`e¨i_, wbR evmf~‡g|
102. evsjv m‡b‡Ui cÖ_g iPwqZv †K? [38Zg wewmGm]
DËi: gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë|
AviI wKQz cO&w³
igYxi gyL¸‡jv g‡bI c‡obv Avwbmyj nK
ïay mvg‡b c‡o Av‡m Rxev‡k¥i g‡Zv wKQz
c‡`¨i KsKvj †fv‡ii e„wó Avgv‡K hv hv ejj
cvwie bv G K_vwU ewjI bv Avi/ KvjxcÖmbœ
†Kb cwi‡e bv Zvnv fve GKevi| †Nvl
cvwie bv
ÔmvZ †KvwU mšÍv‡bi †n gy» Rbbx iex›`ªbv_
‡i‡LQ evOvjx K‡i gvbyl Kiwb|Õ VvKzi
ÔRb¥B Avgvi AvRb¥ cvc `vD` nvq`vi
gvZ…Rivqy †_‡K †b‡gB Avwg ey‡SwQ|Õ
ÔAvgvi G Ni fvwOqv‡Q †hev, Rmxg D`&w`b
Avwg evuwa Zvi Ni
Avcb Kwi‡Z Kvuw`qv †eovB
‡h ‡gv‡i Kwi‡Q ci| (cÖwZ`vb)
ÔKz‡njx †fw`qv RoZv UzwUuqv G‡m‡Q ‣mq` Gg`v`
emšÍivR|Õ Avjx
Ôc„w_exi meKUv mv`v KeyZi/ Avj gvngy`
Bû`x †g‡qiv †iu‡a cvwV‡q‡Q/
gvwK©b Rvnv‡R|Õ
ÔAc`v_© gvbyl‡K AbyKiY K‡i wb‡Ri †gvnv¤§`
gbyl¨Z¡‡K nxb Ki bv, ïay A_© I m¤ú‡`i jyrdi ingvb
mvg‡b †Zvgvi gv_v †hb bZ bv nq|
ÔivRbxwZwe`‡`i KvgovKvgwoi `vq AvLZviæ¾vgvb
ivRbxwZwe`‡`i bq, eis ey‡R©vqv KvVv‡gvi Bwjqvm
boe‡o MVbB iv‡óªi ev‡ivUv evwR‡q †`q|Õ