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Tugba Duzenli
Karadeniz Technical University
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ABSTRACT
One of the most significant problems in the new age is the increasing number
of individuals who are disconnected, unable to communicate and dependent on
computers and phones. However, it was stated that “if every individual has healthy
and sincere relationships in a society, that society can prove to be healthy”. Thus,
attention should be paid to the ability of individuals to establish communications
with each other.
Urban open ‘spaces’, which are frequently used on a daily basis, are important
‘places’ for individuals to engage with one another and conduct social behavior.
Because, these spaces help shape the attitudes of the society, provide sustainability
in time, fulfill daily needs, formation of social identity, improving affiliation among
individuals, acquisition of social values and meanings and thus, formation of the
social behavior. Therefore, initially the correlation between urban open space and
social behavior should be comprehended.
Keywords: Social behavior, Urban Open space, Kinds of relationships
than their family or close social circle (Ruppert, 2006), and differences are
overcame via interaction (Massey & Rose, 2003; Laurier & Philo, 2006).
Knack (2000) stated that individuals spend most of their time in urban
open spaces to meet and engage with other people (Farida, 2013). In other
words, urban open spaces mostly take on the function of meeting the
socialization needs of individuals and development of social life.
These “spaces,” where high levels of social interaction are established
among individuals become “places” that are preferred and used for a longer
period of time by individuals. Since the users do not utilize these places to
conduct compulsory activities such as transportation, commuting to work,
waiting for buses, but for social activities like resting, viewing and meeting.
Social activities such as seeing, hearing and meeting each other are the
starting point and the background for other modes of communication.
Over time, with the establishment of initial communication, these spaces
turn into a place where various activities are conducted, masses of people
are present and events and stimulations occur and urban open spaces allow
for social interaction among individuals (Gehl, 1987). This is one of the
most important factors that increase the success and quality of that space
(Whyte, 1980; PPS, 2000).
Conversely, in urban open spaces where the level of social interaction
is low, it can be expected that the inter-personal relationships would be
adversely affected and the common understanding and trust would be
impaired (Bourdieu 1986; Coleman 1988; Putnam 1995; Semenza & March,
2009). Within the present living conditions, individuals’ communications
with each other and with their environment could come to a halt as a result.
Thus, urban planning and design research emphasizes the need for urban
open spaces to improve social behavior and public life experiences (Mehta,
2007).
Therefore, the questions that need to be asked are;
• What is social behavior?
• How it should be addressed in urban open spaces?
Social Behavior
Maslow (1943) defined social behavior as a fundamental human need.
That is, since individuals are defined as social beings, the communication
among individuals has been considered as the most fundamental human
need (Doxiadēs & Douglass, 1965; Hernandez, 1986).
Social behavior can be defined as the diversity of interpersonal
relationships (Mehta, 2013). While certain researchers argued that the
diversity of relationships in open urban spaces is cursory in supporting
Architectural Studies 29
Sitting, Watching
Resting, Chatting
Sitting, Watching
Talking on the phone
Resting
Eating bagels
Waiting, watching,
resposing, resting
Low-intensity
Passive Contact
Listening to
street musicians,
watching artists
Taking pictures
Shopping
Listening to
street musicians,
watching artists
Taking pictures
Shopping
Meeting
Greeting
Chatting
Low-intensity flee-
ting contact
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34 ACADEMIC RESEARCHES IN ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING PLANNING AND DESIGN
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REFERENCES
PUTNAM, R., (2000). In: Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American
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RAPOPORT, A., (1990). The Meaning of the Built Environment, Tucson, University
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RUPPERT, E. S., (2006). “Rights to Public Space: Regulatory Reconfigurations of
Liberty”. Urban Geography, 27, 271-292.
SAMADİ, Z., OMAR, D. & YUNUS, R. M., (2012). “On-Street Visual Analysis
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SEMENZA C. J. & MARCH L. T., (2009). An Urban Community-Based Intervention
to Advance Social Interaction, Environment and Behaviour, 41, 22-42
SHAFTOE, H,. (2008). Convivial Urban Spaces: Creating Effective Public Places.
London: Earthscan in association with the International Institute for
Environment and Development.
SIMPSON, P. (2011). “Street Performance and the City: Public Space, Sociality, and
Intervening in the Everyday”, Space and Culture, 14, 415-430
WHYTE, W. H., (1980). The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, Washington DC:
The Conservation Foundation.
WOOLEY, H., (2003). Urban Open Spaces. London, Spon Press.
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