Muscular system e.g.

levator palpebrae superioris which opens

the eye is the antagonist of the orbicularis oculi
- Composed of all skeletal muscles that which closes the eye.
can be controlled voluntarily.
3. Synergists- contraction assists prime movers
TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE in performing action to reduce excess and
1. Skeletal muscle- associated with skeletal unnecessary motion.
system. e.g. latissimus dorsi is a back muscle that
 Usually attached to extends, adducts and medially rotates arms.
bones Teres major is a synergist helping latissimus
dorsi in starting its actions when arm is at full
 Striated and voluntary flexion.

2. Cardiac muscle- found in the heart Bases of Nomenclature of muscles

 striated and involuntary Muscles are named according to:

3. Smooth muscle- found in the walls of visceral 1. Shape- trapezius, rhomboideus,

organs like blood vessels, digestive tract, deltoid, quadrates
respiratory tract, urinary and reproductive
organs. 2. Size-maximus, minimus, major, minor

 Non striated and 3. Location- frontalis, occipitalis, brachii,

involuntary femoris, abdominis

Parts of the Skeletal muscle 4. Direction of fibers- rectus, oblique,

transverses
1. Origin - stationary attachment of muscle
usually attached to bones 5. Points of attachment-
sternocleidomastoid, hyoglossus
2. Insertion- more movable attachment of the
muscle 6. position – suprerior, inferior, external,
internal
3. Belly- fleshy part of the muscle
7. action – flexor, extensor, supinator,
MUSCLE GROUPS ACCORDING TO THEIR pronator
PRIMARY ACTIONS
8. structure – semitendinosus,
1. Prime mover or agonist- muscle whose semimembranosus
contraction is chiefly responsible for producing
a particular movement. 9. number of bellies – digastrics

e.g. orbicularis oculi is the prime mover in 10. miscellaneous – Sartorius

closing eyes 11. Combination - e.g. external oblique
2. Antagonists- oppose action of the agonist. (position and direction of fibers)
Note: In the study of the representative muscle • Moves scalp forward and
groups, we will only include big and superficial backward
muscles in the discussion. It will be important
• Made up of the following:
to know their locations, bases of nomenclature
and group actions. a. Frontalis (for transverse
Axial Muscles wrinkles in forehead when
one is surprised)
A. Muscles of Head
b. Occipitalis
1. Muscles of facial expression
2. Extraocular muscles – move eyeball in
a) Mouth different directions.

• buccinator (trumpeteer’s a. Recti muscles – superior rectus, inferior

muscle) rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus

• orbicularis oris (purses lips) b. Oblique muscles – superior oblique and

inferior oblique
• risorius (for sardonic smile)
c. Levator palpebral superioris – open
• depressor anguil oris eyes
(triangularis)
3. Muscles of mastication –muscles used in
• zygomaticus major (for sweet chewing
smile)
a) Masseter
(laughing muscle)
b) Temporalis
b) Eye
c) Medial pterygoid
• Corrugators supercilli (draws
eyebrow medially) d) Lateral pterygoid – protects mandible

• Orbicularis oculi (closes eye) Note: They all elevate the mandible

c) Nose 4. Muscles of the tongue

• Procelus (wrinkles root of nose) a. intrinsic muscles – form shape & body of
tongue
• Nasalis (compresses nose as in
sniffing) b. extrinsic muscles – attached to other
structures aside from the tongue
d) Scalp
e.g. genioglosus
• Epicranius
• protrudes tongue
5. Muscles of the middle ear a. Sternohyoid

• contract when there is loud sound to b. Omohyoid

weaken the vibration of the ossicles
5. Laryngeal muscles
a. Stapedius
a. Intrinsic
• Weakens the vibration of stapes
1. Cricothyroid
b. Tensor tympani
• Tenses vocal fold
• Weakens the vibration of malleus
2. Posterior cricoarytenoid
6. Muscles of soft palate
• Abducts vocal fold
a. tensor veli palatine
b. Extrinsic
b. levator veli palatine
• Sternothyroid
7. Muscles of Pharynx
• Thyrohyoid
e.g. constrictor muscles – superior,
C. MUSCLES OF THE THORACIC –mainly used
middle and inferior constrictor
for respiration
B. MUSCLES OF NECK
1. External intercostals
1. Superficial muscle
2. Internal intercostals
• Platysma ( only muscle in
superficial fascia of neck ) 3. Transversus thoracis

D. DIAPHRAGM
2. Lateral neck muscles

e.g. sternocleidomastoid • Separates thoracic cavity from

abdominal cavity
3. Suprahyoid muscles – elevate hyoid bone and
depress mandible • Most important muscle of respiration
supplied by phrenic nerve
e.g.
E. MUSCLES OF ABDONIMAL WALL
a. Digastrics
• Antero-lateral abdominal muscles –
b. mylohyoid flex trunk and increase abdominal
cavity pressure used in activities like
4. Infrahyoid muscles (STRAP MUSCLES) – defecation, micturition
depress hyoid bone and elevate larynx
1. External oblique
e.g.
2. Internal oblique
 3. Transverses abdominis 2. Deep (Posvertebral muscles)

4. Rectus abdominis – found on • Intrinsic muscles of the back

either side of midline
• Erector spinae (sacrospinalis) –
• Posterior abdominal muscles extends vertebral column

e.g. psoas major/minor

F. MUSCLES OF PELVIS

1. Piriformis – found at posterior wall of

pelvic cavity

2. Obturator internus – found at lateral

wall of pelvic cavity

3. Levator ani- form the pelvic diaphragm

to support pelvic organs separating
pelvic cavity and perineum

4. Coccygeus- form the pelvic diaphragm

to support pelvic organs separating
pelvic cavity and perineum

G. PERINEAL MUSCLES

1. Bulbospongiosus- cover the root of

clitoris or penis

2. Ischiocavernosus - cover the root of

clitoris or penis

H. MUSCLES OF BACK

1. Superficial – actually belong to muscles of

the upper extremities

a) Trapezius

b) Latissimus scapule

c) Levator scapula

d) Rhomboid minor

e) Rhomboid major
II. APPENDICULAR MUSCLES 4. Forearm muscles

A. MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY a. Anterior Forearm

1. Muscle connecting upper limb to thoracic wall • Predominant action of this group: flex
(superficial anterior thoracic muscles) wrist and flex digits
a.) Pectoralis major – found underneath
mammary gland Superficial group

b.)Pectoralis minor – underneath pectoralis 1. Pronator teres

major 2. Flexor carpi radialis
c.)Serratus anterior – found in lateral thoracic 3. Palmaris longus
wall
4. Flexor carpi ulnaris
2. Scapulohumeral muscles
b. Lateral Forearm
a. Deltoid – chief abductor of arm
1. Branchioradialis
b. Rotator cuff muscles
2. Extensor carpi radialis longus
e.g. Supraspinatus – initiates abduction
off arm c. Posterior Forearm

Infraspinatus • Predominant action of this group: extend

wrist, extend digits
Teres minor
Superficial group
3. Arm muscles
1. Ext. carpi radialis brevis
a. Anterior compartment
2. Extensor digitorum
 Common action : flex forearm
 Biceps brachii powerful supinator and 3. Extensor digitiminimi
flexor of forearm
4. Extensor carpi ulnaris
 Brachialis – chief flexor of the forearm
5. Anconeus
b. Posterior compartment
5. Muscles of the hand
• Action: extends forearm. There
is only one muscle here – a. Thenar muscles
triceps brachii
b. Hypothenar muscle
MUSCLES OF LOWER EXTREMITY 2. Leg Muscles

1. Thigh Muscles a. Anterior leg compartment

a. Anterior thigh compartment • Actions: dorsiflex foot,

extent toes
• Predominant action of this muscle group:
extend leg 1. Tibialis anterior

1. Quadriceps femoris 2. Extensor hallucis longus

a. Vastus medialis
b. Vastus lateralis  Extends big toe
c. vastus intermedius 3. Extensor digitorum longus
d. rectus femoris
 Extends 4 lesser toes
2. Sartorius (tailor’s muscle)
4. Peroneus tertius
3. Iliopsoas
b. Lateral leg compartment
 Chief flexor of thigh
 Actions – evertors of foot
b. Medial thigh compartment
and plantar flexors
 Predominant action of this group is 1. Peronous longus
adduction of thigh
2. Peronus brevis
1. Gracilis
c. Posterior leg compartment
2. Adductor longus and magnus
Superficial group (Calf muscles)
c. Posterior thigh compartment (called
Hamstring muscles. Includes all posterior thigh  Actions: plantar flexion,
muscles except for biceps femoris, short head) gastrocnemius & plantaris
can also flex leg
• Actions of this group: flex leg &extend
1. Gastrocnemius
thigh
2. Soleus
• Biceps femoris long head 3. Plantaris

• Semitendinosus 3. Gluteal muscles

• Semimembranosus a. Chief extensor of thigh

• Adductor magnus e.g. gluteus

(hamstring portion) b. Abductors of thigh

e.g. gluteus medius

 c. Small lateral rotators of thigh

e.g. piriformis

4. Muscles of Foot

a. Dorsum of foot

1. Extensor hallucis brevis

2. Extensor digitorum brevis

b. Muscles of sole

First layer

1. Adductor hallucis
2. Flexor digitorum brevis
3. Abductor digitiminimi