101 Changes in Transiting to Eurocodes

by Thung Sek Kwang

28 Sep 2017
 CONTENTS

Outlines of Presentation
1 Introduction

2 EC0 – Basis of Design

3 EC1 – Actions on Structures

4 EC2 – Concrete Structures

5 EC7 – Foundations & Excavation

6 Conclusion
 Introduction
Eurocodes Implementation at a glance
Eurocodes design Jan 2015
incorp in NUS/NTU CE Co-developed
Oct 2010 syllabus Steel Design
Study trip to UK spreadsheets
(local authority, with SSSS
Oct 2006 Aug 2011
BSI,SCI,IStructE,
Informed industry Completed devt of
consultants) 1 Apr 2013 1 Apr 2015
of UK’s BSI SS EN stds & S’pore
planned NA Start of 2-yr co- All new ST
withdrawal of BS existence period submissions to be
Ramp up of EC
in Eurocodes
training courses

2006 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Apr 2013
Sep 2011 Published BC3 –
Nov 2006 Dec 2014
Announced planned guidebook &
Start of devt of SS Survey of
withdrawal of SS/BS sample calcs on
EN stds with industry
and adoption of seismic design for
SPRING & industry readiness
Structural Eurocodes bldgs in S’pore

3
• Contain principles (P) that must be satisfied
• National Determined Parameters (NDPs) in National Annexes
• BSI Published Documents (PD) – NCCI
 EN 1990 - Basis of Design

• Ultimate Limit States (ULS) to be considered:

• Eurocode gives different combination for each of these ULS

• Under STR limit state – Eurocode defines 3 possible combinations of actions

• Expression (6.10)
• Expression (6.10a)
• Expression (6.10b)
What Partial Load
Factors to use for
Eurocode?
 EN 1990 - Combination of Actions

BS 8110-1:1997 (Table 2.1); CP65 SS EN 1990:2008+A1:2010 (Clause 6.4.3.2)

Two or more variables

 Accidental & Seismic Actions

NA to SS EN 1990:2008+A1:2010 Tables NA.A1.3 BS 8110-1:1997

Ad – Accidental actions forces due to impact,
explosions, soil subsidence, etc.
 Serviceability Limit States
NA to SS EN 1990:2008+A1:2010
Combination Factors
NA to SS EN 1990:2008+A1:2010
 Stability and Imperfection

SS EN 1992-1-1:2004 (Clause 5.2) BS 8110-1:1997 (Clause 3.1.4.2)

𝐻𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 1.0𝐻𝑖 + 𝛾𝐹 𝑊𝑘 𝐻𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐻𝑁 , 1.2 𝑊𝑘

where 𝐻𝑖 - horizontal loads for geometric Considered as a notional horizontal load

imperfection (𝐻𝑁 )
Minimum wind load at ULS shall not be
Considered as effects of geometric less than 𝐻𝑁
imperfections 𝐻𝑁 = 1.5% × 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

 Considered in all load

combination
 In addition to all lateral load
Example 1 : Load Combinations

1.35DL + 1.5LL
 Example 2 : Load Combinations

Before

• 1.35D+1.35Dx+1.05L+1.05Lx.. where Dx and Lx are

geometric imperfections due to dead and live loads ?

• load combinations due to dead plus winds:

1.0D+/-1.5W
Example 2 : Load Combinations

After
 Actions
NA to SS EN 1991-1-1:2002 (Tables NA.2&NA.3 BS 6399-1:1996 (Table 1)

Table 1.2.1 – Imposed loads on balconies Table 1.2.2 – Minimum imposed floor loads

NA to SS EN 1991-1-1:2002 (Table NA.6)

Table 1.4.2 – Minimum imposed floor loads
Table 1.4.1 – Imposed loads on garages and vehicles traffic
areas
 Actions
Live Load Reduction Factors - Floor Elements
120%
BS6399.1/ UK
UK Annex(BS6399)
Annex
AS 1170.1
100%

EN 1991-1-1:2002
Recommended
80%
ASCE7
Percentage of Live Load

60%

40%

20% NA to SS EN 1991-1-1:2002 (Clause 6.3.1.2(10))

The reduction factor αA should be determined using

0% Equation (NA.1) instead of BS EN 1991-1-1:2002,
0 50 100 150 200 250 Equation
300(6.1): 350
Area (m2)
αA = 1.0 - A/1000 > or = 0.75

where A is the area (m2) supported

 Live Load Reduction Factors - Columns & Walls

120%
UK Annex(BS6399)
BS6399.1/ UK Annex

100% AS 1170.1

EN 1991-1-1:2002
Recommended
80% ASCE7
Percentage of Live Load

60%

40%

20% NA to SS EN 1991-1-1:2002 (Clause 6.3.1.2(10))

The reduction factor αA should be determined using Equation

0%
(NA.1) instead of BS EN 1991-1-1:2002, Equation (6.1):
0 5 10 15 20 25
αA = 1.0 - A/1000 > or = 0.75
No. of Levels Supported

where A is the area (m2) supported

 Wind Actions

NA to SS EN 1991-1-4:2009 (Clause NA.2.4) CP 3: Chapter V: Part 2

The fundamental value of the basic wind 33 m/s as the basic wind speed (3 second
velocity, 𝑣𝑏,0 to be adopted for Singapore is gust speed)
20 m/s (10 min mean speed).
BS 6399-2:1997

22 m/s as the basic wind speed (hourly mean

speed)

(From the BCA Approved document; Clause

B.3.2.1)
 Example 3 : Wind Actions
CP 3:3s gust speed

EC:10 mins mean

wind
 Accidental Actions
BS EN 1991-1-7 Cl 3.4 CP 65 Cl 2.2.2.2 Robustness
Consequence Classes

1 – Single occupancy houses not ≥ 4 sty (a) Notional horizontal loads to Cl 3.1.4.2
(b) Provision of ties Cl 3.12.3
2a2a- - 5 storey single occupancy houses (c) Key elements failure Cl 2.6 of CP65 Part 2
- Hotels, flats, office not ≥ 4 storeys - 34 kN/m2 (Gas explosion)
(d) Removal of vertical load-bearing element
2b2b - Hotels, flats, apartments, resi bldg,office
4 ≤ No of storeys ≤ 15 without causing the collapse of more than 15%
Educational building 1 ≤ No of storeys ≤ 3 of floor area or 100 m2 (5 storeys or more)
Retailing premises 3 ≤ No of storeys ≤ 15
Hospitals not ≥ 3 storeys
All buildings 2000 ≤ floor area ≤ 5000 m2
Carpark ≥ 6 storeys

33 - Above Class 2b (≥ 3,6,15 storeys)

- Stadium ≥ 5000 spectators
- Buildings with hazardous substances

Class 3 – A systematic risk assessment for

foreseeable and unforeseeable hazards
EN 1992 – Concrete Structures
What is Concrete
Cylinder
Grade C32/40? Strength/
Cube Strength
 Properties of Concrete

EC2 CP65

• Max concrete grade, Cmax =

• Max concrete grade, Cmax = 50 60
90 105
• Density of concrete 24 kN/m3
• Density of concrete 25 kN/m3
Example 5 : Formula of EC2 in cylinder strength not cube strength
Example 5: Cylinder strength vs Cube Strength
 Properties of Reinforcements

EC2 CP65
• fy = 250N/mm2 and 460 N/mm2
• fy = 400 to 600 N/mm2
• Plain & ribbed bars
• UK has adopted fy = 500 N/mm2
conforming to BS 4449: 2005

• Ribbed bar only; no provision for

plain bar
 EC2 – Reinforcement Bars
EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete, weldable, ribbed reinforcing steel

EC2 Annex C - Table C.1: Properties of reinforcements

Rebar conforming to SS 560, BS 4449: 2005

Steel fabric conforming to SS 561, BS 4483: 2005
How do QP label different
grades of rebars on the
structural drawings?

Grade 250 – R
Grade 460 – T
Grade 500 – H
Grade 600 - ?
 EC2 – Reinforcement Bars

Under Eurocode, 3 types of rebars within the same grade:

• A–Non-seismic elements
• B–Low or medium ductility class
• C-High ductility class
 Grade 600 Rebars
Identification
Grade 600B

Imprint of 600 on the rebar

Example 4 : Reinforcement Bars
H13-100

4H13
H13-150

Rebar : Grade 500 Class

B (H Bar) to SS560
Durability of Concrete to BS EN 1992-1-1
 Example 6: Concrete Cover CP65 vs EC2

25mm

35mm
Example 6: Typical Concrete Cover to EC2

EC 2
• Uses ‘The Variable Strut Inclination
Method’ for shear design.
• θ varies 21.8° - 45°
• EC 2 compares shear forces.
• The maximum shear capacity of
concrete VRd,max cannot be exceeded.
• Where the applied shear exceeds the
min shear resistance of concrete VRd,c,
the shear reinforcement should be
capable of resisting all the shear forces.
Shear Design
CP 65
• Uses ‘Truss Analogy’ with truss angle θ
= 45°
• θ = 45°
• CP 65 compares shear stresses.
• The maximum shear stress is limited to
5 N/mm2 or 0.8√fcu, whichever is the
lesser.
• The design shear force must be less
than the sum of the shear resistance of
concrete plus shear links
 Shear Design

21.8o

8. Compute additional flexural reinforcement

EC2 – Anchorage Length
Descriptions of Bond Conditions
 EC2 – Anchorage Length
BS8110-1:1997

EC2
Detailing of beams - comparison
Detailing of slabs - comparison
Detailing for columns - comparison
EC2 : Prestress Concrete
 Key differences between EC2 & BS
Allowable Stress

For C32/40
BS: fct =0.36sqrt fcu
EC: fctm =0.3( fck)2/3
 Key differences between EC2 & BS
Allowable Stress (code reference)
Stages BS Eurocode
At transfer
Tensile Class 1: 1Mpa

Class 2: Uncrack section: fctm(t)

(uncracked section)
Pre-tensioned: 0.45 sqrt fci
Post-tensioned: 0.36 sqrt fci

Compressive 0.5fci at extreme fibre, 0.6fck , can be increased to

0.4fci for near uniform 0.7fck for pretensioned
prestress. members
Stages BS Eurocode
At service
Tensile Class 1: 0Mpa
(full compression)

Class 2: Uncrack section with tensile

(uncracked section) stess limited to concrete’s tensile
Pre-tensioned: 0.45 sqrt fcu stress limit:
Post-tensioned: 0.36 sqrt fcu fctm = 0.3fck2/3 [ </= C50/60 ]

Requires
Class 3: experience &
judgment
(cracked section) Cracked section:
Limited by crack width either Limited by crack width min
0.1mm or 0.2mm with 0.2mm & exposure class
corresponding stress limit based
Limit longitudinal
on concrete grade. cracks for region of
high compression

Compressive 0.33fcu at extreme fibre,

0.4fcu for near support, Characteristic load 0.6fck ,
0.25fcu for direct compression Quasi-permanent load 0.45fck Ensure creep
deformation
remains
linear
 Key differences between EC2 & BS
Crack Control
 EN 1992-1-1 specifies
two criteria for
control of cracking:
decompression and
limiting crack width to
a specific value
 The decompression
limit requires all parts
of the tendon or duct
to lie at least 25mm
within concrete in
compression
Key differences between EC2 & BS
Crack Control
 Example 7: Flat Slab Prestress Design

-2507
 Example : Flat Slab Prestress Design

-2793 Moment increased with full column

stiffness
EN 1997: Geotechnical Design
 Pile Design : Partial Factors
Comparison between EC2 with CP4

CP4 Geotechnical design

Qa = ( Qs + Qb ) / 2.5

Qa = Qs / 2.0 + Qb / 3.0

Model factor should be 1.4, except may be reduced to 1.2 if

resistance is verified by a maintained load test taken to
calculated, unfactored ultimate resistance
 22

Ac to be based on
2.3.4.2 (2) For cast in place piles without permanent casing:
- if dnom < 400 mm d = dnom - 20 mm
- if 400 ≤ dnom ≤ 1000 mm d = 0,95.dnom
- if dnom > 1000 mm d = dnom - 50 mm
 CONCLUSIONS

 EN1990 – Load factors and combinations

 EN1991 – Change in loads/actions

 EN1992 - Concrete Structure

 Concrete and type of rebars

 Concrete cover

 Anchorage lengths

 Shear design

 Prestress concrete
EN1997 - Pile Design

• Design Approach 1 – Combination 1 & 2

• Partial Factors for Pile Design

• Structural Capacity of Piles