CHAPTER I

Introduction
The ability of household bleach to remove stains is related to the amount of oxidizing
agent in it. The oxidizing agent in “bleach” is sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, which dissociates in
water as follows:
NaOCl(aq) → Na+(aq) + OCl-(aq)
The active ingredient in most chlorine bleaches is sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl. The
oxidizing action of hypochlorite ion, OCl-, kills germs and also decolorizes many stains and
dyes. The determination of free chlorine in bleach is possible by a redox titration. When the
bleach is reacted with iodide ion, the iodine is formed. The amount of iodine formed is then
determined by reaction with sodium thiosulfate. Thus, the amount of NaOCl is found indirectly
from the amount of iodine it produces. This procedure is known as an iodometric analysis, a type
of redox titration. In the first step, excess potassium iodide is added to a solution of bleach and is
oxidized to iodine by the hypochlorite ion. Acetic acid is added to provide the hydrogen ion
needed for the reaction.
ClO- + 2H+ + 2l- (l2 + Cl- + H2O)
The amount of iodine formed by this reaction is found by titrating with a sodium
thiosulfate solution.
l2 + 2 S2O3 2- (2l- + S4O6 2-)
The reaction mixture would go from pale yellow to colorless at the endpoint. The
endpoint of the reaction would normally be difficult to determine. However, the addition of
starch produces an intense blue-black complex. That indicates the endpoint by the disappearance
of the intense blue color of the iodine starch complex.
 Chapter II
Methodology
The students were able to prepare Sodium Thiosulfate solution. Then transfer 100 ml
distilled water into 1000 ml volumetric flask. Then add about 25g of sodium thiosulfate
pentahydrate ( Na2S2O3 · 5H2O) and shake. Add about 0.200g sodium carbonate and mix well.
Next were the students add more dstilled water up to the mark then mix the solution thoroughly
then keepp the solution for at least one hour and the standardized the solution.
For the preparation of starch solution the students add one gram of starch to few ml of
water, prepare a slurry and gradually to 100ml of boiling water till a translucent solution will be
produced.
Next, for the standardization of the 0.100 M Sodium Thiosulfate,the students accurately
weigh about 0.125g potassium dichromate, previously pulverized and dried at 1200C for 4 hours.
Dissolve it in 25ml distilled water in a 250 ml erlenmeyer flask and stopper. Then add 10 ml of
3M HCl. Then add 2g of KI. Then swirl to dissolved the solid, remove the stopper and quicky.
After doing it students, place it in the dark for 15 minutes. Then add 3 ml of starch solution swirl
to mix and allow to dissolved. Students were now ready to titrate with 0.100M sodium
thiosulfate until the blue color disappear.
Lastly, for the determination of the NaOCl content in Laundry Bleach Samples. The
students used a 5.00ml pipet to measure out a sample of a laundry blleach of your choice. Place
the bleach in a small beaker that has been previously weighed. Determined the mass of 5ml of
bleach and its mass permL. Record these values on your data sheet. Then students, transfer the
bleach to a 250 ml volumetric flask. Rinse the original container with distilled water and add this
to the volumetric flask. Bring to volue. After doing so, rinse the buret with distilled water, add
two small portions of ssodium thiosulfate solution to the buret. Drain these samples through the
buret and discard them. Fill the buret with the sodium thiosulfate solution. Adjust the level and
make sure the tip is filled. Record the initial reading of the solution in the buret on data sheet.
Useda 100ml graduated cylinder to measure out a 50ml portion of the bleach solution. Place the
sample in an Erlenmeyer flask then add the stirring bar if one is to be used. Add two grams of KI
to the flask the amount added does not have to be precise. In the hood, add 10ml of glacial acetic
acid. Titrate with the sodium thiosulfate until the solution is light yellow at this time add about
5ml of the starch indicator. Titrate slowly, until the blue color disappears. Record the amount of
sodium thiosulfate solution in the buret at the end of the the titration. Record this value in your
data table.
Note: the blue color may reappear after the titration has been completed due to air
oxidation of the iodide. Each group should titrate three samples off one brand bleach.
 Chapter III
Results & Discussion

Table 1. Standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate solution

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean
Weight of 0.1250g 0.1250g 0.1250g 0.1250g
K2Cr2O7
Initial reading 0.57ml 0.43ml 0.55ml 0.52ml
Final reading 25.46ml 24.76ml 23.87ml 24.36ml
Volume of 24.89ml 24.33ml 23.32ml 24.18ml
Na2S2O3 used
(yellow-green
color)
Initial reading 25.46ml 24.76ml 23.07ml 24.70ml
Final reading 30.58ml 29.68ml 28.94ml 29.73ml
Volume of 5.12ml 4.29ml 5.07ml 5.04ml
Na2S2O3 used
(color blue
discharged)
Total volume used 30.01ml 29.25ml 28.39ml 29.22ml
Moles of Sodium 0.0025494moles 0.0025494moles 0.0025494moles 0.0025494moles
Thiosulfate
Molarity of 0.084952M 0.087159M 0.089799M 0.08730M
Sodium
Thiosulfate
Indicator used: Starch

The table above shows the results for the standardization of sodium thiosulfate titrated
against potassium dichromate. For the trial 1 at 24.89ml the solution was colored yellow-green
and at 5.12 ml blue color discharged. While for the trial 2, the colored yellow-green was at the
point of 24.33 ml and the blue color discharged at 4.29 ml. lastly for the trial 3, the colored
yellow-green was at the point of 23.32 ml and the blue color discharged at 5.07 ml. At first the
color was brown but with the addition of thiosulfate the concentration of I2 decreases and the
solution faded and turned to yellow-green color, so as the end was near, a small amount of starch
was added to the solution and that the solution turned deep blue colored because of the iodine
reacted with starch. The deep blue colored solution discharged as the end point in titration was
reached.
Sample calculations:
 For Standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate solution
Trial 1 → 30.01ml = 0.03001L
Trial 2 → 29.25ml = 0.002925L
Trial 3 → 28.39ml = 0.002829L
Trial 1
1 mol K 2Cr 2O 7 3 mol I 2
Moles Na2S2O3 = 0.1250g K2Cr2O7 X X X
294.185 g K 2Cr 2O 7 1mol K 2 Cr 2 O7
2 MOL Na 2 S 2 o 3
1 mol I 2
= 0.002549416184 moles Na2S2O3
0.002549416184 moles Na2 S 2O 3
Molarity Na2S2O3 =
0.03001 L
= 0.08495222206 M
Trial 2
1 mol K 2Cr 2O 7 3 mol I 2
Moles Na2S2O3 = 0.1250g K2Cr2O7 X X X
294.185 g K 2Cr 2O 7 1mol K 2 Cr 2 O7
2 MOL Na 2 S 2 o 3
1 mol I 2
= 0.002549416184 moles Na2S2O3
0.002549416184 moles Na2 S 2O 3
Molarity Na2S2O3 =
0.02925 L
= 0.087159524 M
Trial 3
1 mol K 2Cr 2O 7 3 mol I 2
Moles Na2S2O3 = 0.1250g K2Cr2O7 X X X
294.185 g K 2Cr 2O 7 1mol K 2 Cr 2 O7
2 MOL Na 2 S 2 o 3
1 mol I 2
= 0.002549416184 moles Na2S2O3
0.002549416184 moles Na2 S 2O 3
Molarity Na2S2O3 =
0.02839 L
= 0.08979979514 M
Average molarity of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) = 0.0873038428 M
Table 2. Determination of NaOCl content in laundry bleach samples
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Mean
Weight of 5.28g 5.28g 5.28g 5.28g 5.28g
sample
Initial volume 1.00ml 0.62ml 0.41ml 0.49ml 0.63ml
reading
(thiosulfate)

Final volume 10.21ml 10.40ml 9.49ml 10.47ml 10.14ml

reading
(thiosulfate)

Net volume 9.21ml 9.78ml 0.08ml 9.98ml 7.26ml

(thiosulfate)
Volume 10.11ml 9.82ml 9.49ml 10.05ml 9.87ml
thiosulfate
used (turned
to color
yellow)
Titrant: Sodium Thiosulfate Analyte: Chromate

The table above shows the results for the determination of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
content in a laundry bleach sample. Sodium hypochlorite was determined with the use of redox
titration. The students tried four trials and obtained different results. In trial 1, at 10.11 ml the
solution turned to color yellow. For the trial 2, at point 9.82 ml the solution turned to color
yellow. For the trial 4, the solution turned to color yellow at point, 9.49 ml. and for the last trial,
the solution turned to color yellow at point, 10.05 ml. As each trials were added with a starch the
solutions turned from yellow to a dark blue. As the titration reached its endpoint, for the first
trial, at 10.21 ml it turned colorless. For the second trial, at 10.40 ml it turned colorless. For the
third trial, at 9.49 ml it turned colorless. And lastly, at 10.47 ml the solution turned colorless.
For Analysis of NaOCl
Given: average molarity = 0.0873038428 M
Volume used (thiosulfate) = 0.00921000L(trial 1), 0.00978000L(Trial 2),
0.00008000L(Trial3), 0.00998000L(Trial 4)
Weight of sample = 5.28g
Molar mass of NaOCl = 74.44
Trial 1
1 mol I 2 1 mol
gNaOCl = (0.0873038428mol/L) (0.00921000L) X X X
2molNa 2 S 2 O3 1mol I 2
74.44 gNaOCl
1mol NaOCl
gNaOCl = 0.0299274
0.0299274 g NaOCl
%mass NaOCl = X 5 X 100
5.28 g
%mass NaOCl = 2.83403
Trial 2
1mol I 2 1 mol
gNaOCl = (0.0873038428mol/L) (0.00978000L) X X X
2mol Na 2 S 2 O3 1mol I 2
74.44 g NaOCl
1 mol NaOCl
gNaOCl = 0.0317796
0.0317796 g NaOCl
%mass NaOCl = X 5 X 100
5.28 g
%mass NaOCl = 3.00943
Trial 3
1mol I 2 1 mol
gNaOCl = (0.0873038428mol/L) (0.00008000L) X X X
2mol Na 2 S 2 O3 1mol I 2
74.44 g NaOCl
1 mol NaOCl
gNaOCl = 0.000259956
0.000259956 g NaOCl
%mass NaOCl =
5.28 g
%mass NaOCl = 0.0246170
Trial 4
 1mol I 2 1 mol
gNaOCl = (0.0873038428mol/L) (0.00998000L) X X X
2mol Na 2 S 2 O3 1mol I 2
74.44 g NaOCl
1 mol NaOCl
gNaOCl = 0.0324295
0.0324295 g NaOCl
%mass NaOCl = X 5 X 100
5.28 g
%mass NaOCl = 3.07098

Abstract

In this experiment, the amount of sodium hypochlorite in a laundry bleach sample will be
determined by redox titration. The sodium hypochlorite will be reacted to sodium thiosulfate in
the presence of iodide ions and starch. In a titration procedure, the sodium thiosulfate will be
added to the bleach with the use of burette. In the standardization of the sodium thiosulfate
solution the results for the molarity of each trials are: trial 1 = 0.08495222206M, trial 2 =
0.087159524M, trial 3 = 0.08715952765M. With an average molarity of 0.0873038428M. And
for the results in the analysis of NaOCl in a bleach sample in each trials are: trial 1, 2.83403%.
trial 2, 3.00943%. trial 3, 0.0246170%, and for the last trial, 3.07098%.
 Appendix
Sample calculations:
For Standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate solution
Trial 1 → 30.01ml = 0.03001L
Trial 2 → 29.25ml = 0.002925L
Trial 3 → 28.39ml = 0.002829L
Trial 1
1 mol K 2Cr 2O 7 3 mol I 2
Moles Na2S2O3 = 0.1250g K2Cr2O7 X X X
294.185 g K 2Cr 2O 7 1mol K 2 Cr 2 O7
2 MOL Na 2 S 2 o 3
1 mol I 2
= 0.002549416184 moles Na2S2O3
 0.002549416184 moles Na2 S 2O 3
Molarity Na2S2O3 =
0.03001 L
= 0.08495222206 M
Trial 2
1 mol K 2Cr 2O 7 3 mol I 2
Moles Na2S2O3 = 0.1250g K2Cr2O7 X X X
294.185 g K 2Cr 2O 7 1mol K 2 Cr 2 O7
2 MOL Na 2 S 2 o 3
1 mol I 2
= 0.002549416184 moles Na2S2O3
0.002549416184 moles Na2 S 2O 3
Molarity Na2S2O3 =
0.02925 L
= 0.087159524 M
Trial 3
1 mol K 2Cr 2O 7 3 mol I 2
Moles Na2S2O3 = 0.1250g K2Cr2O7 X X X
294.185 g K 2Cr 2O 7 1mol K 2 Cr 2 O7
2 MOL Na 2 S 2 o 3
1 mol I 2
= 0.002549416184 moles Na2S2O3
0.002549416184 moles Na2 S 2O 3
Molarity Na2S2O3 =
0.02839 L
= 0.08979979514 M
Average molarity of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) = 0.0873038428 M

For Analysis of NaOCl

Given: average molarity = 0.0873038428 M
Volume used (thiosulfate) = 0.00921000L(trial 1), 0.00978000L(Trial 2),
0.00008000L(Trial3), 0.00998000L(Trial 4)
Weight of sample = 5.28g
Molar mass of NaOCl = 74.44
Trial 1
 1 mol I 2 1 mol
gNaOCl = (0.0873038428mol/L) (0.00921000L) X X X
2molNa 2 S 2 O3 1mol I 2
74.44 gNaOCl
1mol NaOCl
gNaOCl = 0.0299274
0.0299274 g NaOCl
%mass NaOCl = X 5 X 100
5.28 g
%mass NaOCl = 2.83403
Trial 2
1mol I 2 1 mol
gNaOCl = (0.0873038428mol/L) (0.00978000L) X X X
2mol Na 2 S 2 O3 1mol I 2
74.44 g NaOCl
1 mol NaOCl
gNaOCl = 0.0317796
0.0317796 g NaOCl
%mass NaOCl = X 5 X 100
5.28 g
%mass NaOCl = 3.00943
Trial 3
1mol I 2 1 mol
gNaOCl = (0.0873038428mol/L) (0.00008000L) X X X
2mol Na 2 S 2 O3 1mol I 2
74.44 g NaOCl
1 mol NaOCl
gNaOCl = 0.000259956
0.000259956 g NaOCl
%mass NaOCl =
5.28 g
%mass NaOCl = 0.0246170
Trial 4
1mol I 2 1 mol
gNaOCl = (0.0873038428mol/L) (0.00998000L) X X X
2mol Na 2 S 2 O3 1mol I 2
74.44 g NaOCl
1 mol NaOCl
gNaOCl = 0.0324295
0.0324295 g NaOCl
%mass NaOCl = X 5 X 100
5.28 g
%mass NaOCl = 3.07098

References
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/lab-5-redox-titration-oxidizing-
power-bleach-m-apparently-missing-something--someone-could-q36835246
https://www.kbcc.cuny.edu
https://www.scribd.com
 Summary & Conclusion
In this experiment, the redox titration was used to determine the percent of sodium hypochlorite
in a commercial bleach. In the titration, the bleach was reacted with a sodium thiosulfate in the
presence of iodide ions and starch. In this experiment, there was an error due to human reading
and also contamination that is why our trials has different results, but this doesn’t mean the
experiments was not accurate. Because of the multiple trials the students that did, it led to a
precise result and also it was enhanced. So overall, this experiment was fairly precise.
 Experiment #9
Determination of the Oxidizing power of laundry bleach by redox titration

Group No. 2 Date due: 12/16/19

Group members: Date performed: 12/13/19
Mando, Harun Al-Rashid S.
Masmud, Jirada A.
Tarroza, Heidi Rose B.

Name: Mando, Harun Al-Rashid S.

Masmud, Jirada A.
Tarroza, Heidi Rose B.