Waves

Loudness
LECTURE 4
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Waves
Loudness
LECTURE 4
Bulk Modulus
Where,

Maximum Pressure Variation or Pressure Amplitude

Relation in Intensity & Pressure Amplitude of a Sound Wave
Spherical Waves
 Spherical Waves
Waves produced by a point isotropic source uniformly in all directions.

Wave Front: Cross-sectional plans of a wave in which all medium

particles oscillate in the same phase.
 Spherical Waves
Waves produced by a point isotropic source uniformly in all directions.

Wave Front: Cross-sectional plans of a wave in which all medium particles

oscillate in the same phase.
Cylindrical Waves
 Cylindrical Waves
Waves produced by a uniform line source are called cylindrical waves as
the wavefront of such waves are cylindrical.

l x

P watt
 Cylindrical Waves
Waves produced by a uniform line source are called cylindrical waves as
the wavefront of such waves are cylindrical.
A0 = Amplitude at unit distance from source
Area = 2πxl
P

l x

P watt
Equation of cylindrical waves at radial distance x from line source.
y = Asin (ωt - kx)

Equation of Cylindrical Waves

Loudness
Loudness
➔ Human ears have different perception of sound Intensity at different frequency.
➔ The Perception of sound intensity by human ears is called Loudness level.
➔ The minimum sound Intensity which our ears can detect is called Threshold of hearing.
➔ It is 10-12 w/m2 (minimum sound intensity detectable by a person with good hearing
capability).

➔ Generally 10 times increase in Sound Intensity gives 2 times increase in loudness

perception by human ear.

NOT a Linear Relationship, but Logarithmic Relationship.

Measurement of Loudness Levels:
Loudness levels of sound is measured in units of decibel (dB). Decibel (dB) is relative
loudness of an intensity w.r.t to another.

Loudness level in decibels: I1 and I2 are two intensity (in W/m2) Sound.

Measurement of decibel above threshold of hearing (I0= 10-12 W/m2)

General Loudness level:

Zero Sound ⇢ 0dB (complete silence)

Library silence ⇢ 20 to 30 dB (above I0 threshold)

Normal conservation ⇢ 50 to 60 dB

Loud Talk ⇢ 60 to 70 dB

Shouting ⇢ 70 to 80 dB

Thunder Sound ⇢ 90 to 100 dB (painful sound/ harmful)

Example If Intensity of a sound wave increases by 100, by what decibel its
loudness level will increase.
A. 10 dB
B. 20 dB Normal Method
C. 30 dB
D. 40 dB
Example If Intensity of a sound wave increases by 100, by what decibel its
loudness level will increase.
A. 10 dB
B. 20 dB Alternative Method
C. 30 dB
D. 40 dB
Solution:
Example In a classroom of 30 students average noise level is L dB. How many
more students should be added to class so that its average noise level
will increase by 10 dB.
A. 195 students Normal Method
B. 239 students
C. 270 students
D. 310 students
Example In a classroom of 30 students average noise level is L dB. How many
more students should be added to class so that its average noise level
will increase by 10 dB.
A. 195 students Alternative Method
B. 239 students
C. 270 students
D. 310 students
Solution:

If IN is the average noise intensity by each student

∴ for 30 students L dB
(1)

If N students are increased:

(2)

(2) - (1)
Example A person is standing at a distance 8m from a point source of sound. If
he walks some distance toward the source the loudness level of sound
increase by 5dB. Find the final separation of person from source.

A. 8/101/4 m
B. 4/101/4 m
C. 2/101/4 m
D. 4m

8m
L

L+5
Solution:

(1)

(2)
(2) - (1)
Example Due to increase in volume of a music system at a point loudness level is
increased by 30 dB. By what factor pressure amplitude at this point
increases.

A. 19.5
B. 23.9
C. 32.1
D. 38.7
Solution:

As we know:

As we know:
 What is the maximum possible loudness level in dB which can exist in air?
Example Given that density of air is 1 kg/m3, atmospheric Pressure= 105 N/m2 &
Sound Speed in air = 500 m/s.
A. 147 dB
B. 190 dB
C. 230 dB
D. 280 dB

Hint:
Pmax = Patm+ ΔPo

Pmin= Patm- ΔPo

Pressure CANNOT be -ve

 Solution:
Maximum sound Intensity in air which can exist will be such that:
Pressure amplitude = atmosphere pressure
∴ at rarefaction:

Pressure cannot be negative:

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