Technical writing

Report
Technical Subject for Three Different Writing
Methods
Prepared by:

‫هيام احمذ محمود مؤمن‬

‫قسم هنذسة مذنية – تخصص انشاءات‬

Under supervision of:

Prop Dr : Galal Nadim

 For non-technical audiences

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three

dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes
originally used carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the
addition of material, as clay), in stone, metal, ceramics, wood and other
materials but, since Modernism, there has been an almost complete
freedom of materials and process.

A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving,

assembled by welding or modelling, or molded or cast. Sculpture in
stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and
often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than pottery)
from ancient cultures, though conversely traditions of sculpture in wood
may have vanished almost entirely.

However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been
lost. Sculpture has been central in religious devotion in many cultures,
and until recent centuries large sculptures, too expensive for private
individuals to create, were usually an expression of religion or politics.
Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the
cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, as well as many
in Central and South America and Africa.

The Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is

widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period.
During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and
passions of the Christian faith. The revival of classical models in the
Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelo's David.
Modernist sculpture moved away from traditional processes and the
emphasis on the depiction of the human body, with the making of
constructed sculpture, and the presentation of found objects as finished
art works.
 For General technical audiences

Sculpture, an artistic form in which hard or plastic materials are worked

into three-dimensional art objects. The designs may be embodied in
freestanding objects, in reliefs on surfaces, or in environments ranging
from tableaux to contexts that envelop the spectator. An enormous variety
of media may be used, including clay, wax, stone, metal, fabric, glass,
wood, plaster, rubber, and random “found” objects. Materials may be
carved, modeled, molded, cast, wrought, welded, sewn, assembled, or
otherwise shaped and combined.

Sculpture is not a fixed term that applies to a permanently circumscribed

category of objects or sets of activities. It is, rather, the name of an art
that grows and changes and is continually extending the range of its
activities and evolving new kinds of objects. The scope of the term was
much wider in the second half of the 20th century than it had been only
two or three decades before, and in the fluid state of the visual arts at the
turn of the 21st century nobody can predict what its future extensions are
likely to be.

Certain features which in previous centuries were considered essential to

the art of sculpture are not present in a great deal of modern sculpture and
can no longer form part of its definition. One of the most important of
these is representation. Before the 20th century, sculpture was considered
a representational art, one that imitated forms in life, most often human
figures but also inanimate objects, such as game, utensils, and books.
Since the turn of the 20th century, however, sculpture has also included
nonrepresentational forms. It has long been accepted that the forms of
such functional three-dimensional objects as furniture, pots, and buildings
may be expressive and beautiful without being in any way
representational; but it was only in the 20th century that nonfunctional,
nonrepresentational, three-dimensional works of art began to be produced
 For Specific technical audiences

Modern sculpture is generally considered to have begun with the

work of Auguste Rodin, who is seen as the progenitor of modern
sculpture. While Rodin did not set out to rebel against the past,
he created a new way of building his works.
He "dissolved the hard outline of contemporary Neo-Greek
academicism, and thereby created a vital synthesis of opacity
and transparency, volume and void".
Along with a few other artists in the late 19th century who
experimented with new artistic visions in sculpture like Edgar
Degas and Paul Gauguin, Rodin invented a radical new
approach in the creation of sculpture. Modern sculpture, along
with all modern art, "arose as part of Western society's attempt
to come to terms with the urban, industrial and secular society
that emerged during the nineteenth century".
Modernist sculpture movements include Art Nouveau, Cubism,
Geometric abstraction, De Stijl, Suprematism, Constructivism,
Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Formalism Abstract
expressionism, Pop-Art, Minimalism, Postminimalism, Land art,
Conceptual art, and Installation art among others.