FM Rtu

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 1
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
CHAPTER I
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
INTRODUCTION
Why is studying and designing broadcast communications in the

Philippines important? Because radio is free. Families all around the Philippines
gather to enjoy listening music coming from the radio. Radio is an integral part
of our culture, and is one of the major applications of Electronic
communications. As the next generation of broadcast engineers, we have
tasked it upon ourselves not just to understand the concepts but also to design
a broadcast system that is at par with the needs and technical requirements of
the society.
Broadcasting is the process of distributing audio or video data to a large

audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one
using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many simplex
model. Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into popular use around
1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers.
Broadcasting in the Philippines started as early as 1922 with Henry Hermann.
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is the oldest of our broadcast transmission systems.
It’s a simple, well-understood technology with decades of service. Owing to the
nature of Long Wave and Medium Wave frequencies employed by AM, the
primary propagation mechanism is via Ground Wave, where the signal hugs the
earth and therefore, to an extent, follows the curvature of the earth. This means
that a small number of high-powered transmitters can provide virtually national

coverage. Lent's (1978) collection of histories of broadcasting in Asia shows
that Philippine radio was probably the earliest in Asia, ahead of Chinese radio
by at least six months. Hermann, owner of the Manila-based Electrical Supply
Company, wanted to broadcast music to a number of radio receiving set
owners, and test the business potential of broadcasting. On 1924, he sold it to
the Radio Corporation of the Philippines (RCP) and the rest is history.
Nowadays, there are numerous radio stations all over the Philippines
broadcasting by the means of electronic transmission. As we know there are
different types of radio stations but the best-known kind of radio stations are the
ones that broadcast through radio waves. These generally consists FM stations.
Furthermore, in broadcasting, one of the major factors to be considered is the
acoustics. Room acoustics has an important role in the studio booths FM radio
stations. Room acoustics describes how sound behaves in an enclosed space
or the reverberation of sound.
FM BROADCASTING
Frequency Modulation broadcasting is another technique of radio

broadcasting using frequency modulation wherein the information signal in a
carrier wave is encoded by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave.
FM was first developed by American Electrical Engineer Major Edwin Howard
Armstrong in 1933. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within
the Very High Frequency part of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically 87.5 to
108.0 MHz with FM, frequency deviation from the assigned carrier frequency at
any instant
is directly proportional to the amplitude of the input signal, determining the
instantaneous frequency of the transmitted signal.
FM offers some distinct some distinct advantages. All the transmitted

power in FM is useful, while in AM most of the transmitted power is in carrier
which contains no information. It is able to provide near interference free
reception and could offer high fidelity audio with improved signal to noise ratio
(about 25dB) with respect to manmade interference. FM is also sued for a
variety of two-way radio communication systems.
The most important advantage of FM over AM is the superior noise

characteristics. The addition of noise to a received signal causes a change in its
amplitude. Since the amplitude changes in AM contain the intelligence, any
attempt to get rid of the noise adversely affects the received signal. However, in
FM, the intelligence is not carried by amplitude changes but instead by
frequency changes.
Again, some of the technical standards and operating requirements for

medium frequency broadcasting stations in the Philippines as mandated by the
Technical Standards Committee of the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa
Pilipinas (KBP) are as follows.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The design is set forth for the purpose of improving and extending the
quality of broadcasting services in the Province of Bulacan considering that
there are only one (1) existing FM broadcasting stations within the area.
Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What are the standards and regulations that should be considered in the
design?
2. What are the proposed materials and equipment specifications that

should be included in the design?
3. What is the radiation pattern for the coverage area?

OBJECTIVES OF THE DESIGN
GENERAL
To design a working and reliable FM broadcasting station in the Province

of Bulacan that based on appropriate technical requirements.
SPECIFIC
• To select an actual available frequency for FM station in the chosen

area.
• To comply with the technical and operational standards set by the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Kapisanan ng mga
Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP).
• To choose the appropriate radiation pattern for the area.
• To achieve accurate calculations for the support of the operation of the
design.
• To choose the best equipment that is appropriate for the design.
• To provide listeners good quality music and other radio programs
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This study presents a conceptual structure of expectations, ideologies

and procedures that band the concepts of comprising the design of a FM
Broadcasting Station which will guide the proponents to connect all the aspects
of their explorations and serve as a basis for the study progress.
INPUT
1. Sites Selection
2. Planning and Preparation
3. Data Gathering
4. Principles and Theories
5. Design Consideration
PROCESS
1.Check the NTC frequency available for the proposed location of the station.
2.Divide the location into 8 radials with the transmitting antenna.
3.Determine the surrounding terrain elevations with the aid of the Google Earth.
4.Make the radial length 16 km for the center and mark each radial at 3km from the center.
5.From 3-16 km, divide the 13 km distance into 50 even spaces and record the corresponding terrain. Made
this to other remaining radials. (13/50 = 0.26 km)
6.Compute for the actual antenna height.
7.Using F (50, 50) FM CHANNELS, determine the distance for the field strength 100dB,75 dB,55dB,35dB, and
25dB.
OUTPUT
FM Broadcasting
(Sta. Maria, Bulacan)
Figure 1.1: System Design Paradigm

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DESIGN
• To the people of Bulacan
The design will provide current relevant information, music and

entertainment to the listeners of Bulacan.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
A. Scope
1. The frequency used was based on the frequency chart from NTC for
Bulacan.
2. The technical standards and operating requirements for FM
Broadcasting used in the design were based on the KBP (Kapisanan
ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas) Manual.
3. NAUTEL was used for generation of range of geographical map.
4. The relevant data of the province such as its geophysical, population
and its economy were considered.
5. The path profile of the coverage area
6. The reverberation computations.
7. The equipment and their specifications.
8. The relevant figures and computations for the design.
9. The studio and tower layouts.
10. The FM radio programs.
B. Delimitation
1. The design is for a new FM player in the area and that there are no
existing stations.
2. No original Licenses and Permits were taken.
3. No actual field survey was made and done, only on Google Earth
4. Electrical, Architectural, and Civil design and layouts are not included in
the design.
5. The business, marketing administrative, management and financial
operations.
Definition of Terms
Antenna Height Above Terrain (HAAT) is the height of the radiation

center of the antenna above the terrain 3 to 16 km from the antenna.
Antenna field gain is the ratio of the effective free space field intensity
produced at 1.6 km in the horizontal plane expressed in mV/m for 1 kW
antenna input power to 137.6 mV/m.
Antenna power gain means the square of the ratio of the rms free
space field strength produced at 1.6 km in the horizontal plane, in
mV/m.
Center frequency is the average frequency of the emitted wave when

modulated by a sinusoidal signal.
Crosstalk is an undesired signal occurring in one channel caused by

an electrical signal in another channel.
Effective Radiated Power is the product of the transmitter power and

the antenna power gain of the antenna field gain squared.
Field Intensity is the electric field intensity in the horizontal direction.
FM stereophonic broadcast is the transmission of a stereophonic

program by a single FM broadcast station utilizing the main channel and
stereophonic sub channel.
Free space field intensity is the field intensity that would exist a point,
in the absence of waves reflected from the earth or other reflecting
objects.
Frequency Modulation is a system of modulation where the

instantaneous radio frequency varies in proportion to the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal and the instantaneous radio
frequency of the modulating signal.
Frequency swing means the instantaneous departure of the frequency

of the emitted wave from the center frequency resulting from
modulation.
Main channel is the band of frequencies from 50-15kHz which

frequency modulate the main carrier.
Multiplex transmission means the simultaneous transmission of two

or more signals within a single channel. Pilot subcarrier- it serves as a
control signal for use in reception of FM stereophonic broadcast.
Service area refers to the area bounded by a field intensity that is equal
or greater than the minimum value necessary to permit a desired
reception quality in the presence of noise and interference, and from
which the RF Protection Ratio is extended.
Stereophonic separation is the ratio of the electrical signal caused in

the right or left stereophonic channel, to the electrical signal caused in
the left or right stereophonic channel, by the transmission of only a right
or left signal.
Table 1.1: FM Broadcasting Standards
Table 1.2: Classes of Stations

Table 1.3: Frequency Assignments

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This section is about the brief discussion about the FM Broadcasting

Design.
LOCAL
The Convergence of Philippine FM Broadcast Radio with the New

Media. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, University of the Philippines
College of Mass Communication.
Viray, R.D. & Viray, T.B. (2014).
This study describes how convergence with the Internet and the mobile
phone modified or transformed FM broadcast radio in the Philippines. Previous
studies have shown how digital convergence of FM broadcast radio changed
the landscape with the emergence of a consumer-centered chain, device
dependence, and the mobile applications. Organizational practices have also
adapted to the evolving times by taking a consumer-driven and cost-efficient
approach.
The study rests upon a framework involving several communication
theories, namely: The Media Convergence Theory, along with the Political
Economy Theory and the Four Laws of Media.
Findings of the study show that there has been an increase in audience
reach with the fusion of FM broadcast radio with the Internet and the mobile
phone. This convergence allowed FM radio to fit in the mobile lifestyle of the
listeners. In addition, social media have become an avenue for feedback.
With respect to the FM radio industry, there have been partnerships

among stations, enabling the sharing of goals and resources. There have also
been changes in the listening experience of the listeners, wherein more
activities can be done while listening, at the same time, by being simply alone.
FOREIGN
A USES AND GRATIFICATION STUDY OF PUBLIC RADIO AUDIENCES
Scott D. Bluebond Speech and Theatre Arts Department Colorado State

University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Spring, 1982
This thesis sought to find out why people listen to public radio. The uses
and gratifications data gathering approach was implemented for public radio
audiences. Questionnaires were sent out to 389 listener/contributors of public
radio in northern Colorado. KCSU-FM in Fort Collins and KUNC-FM in Greeley
agreed to provide such lists of listener/contributors. One hundred ninety-two
completed questionnaires were returned and provided the sample base for the
study. The respondents indicated they used public radio primarily for its news,
its special programming, and/or because it is entertaining. Her/his least likely
reasons for using public radio are for diversion and/or to transmit culture from
one generation to the next. The remaining uses and gratifications categories
included in the study indicate moderate reasons for using public radio. Various
limitations of the study possibly tempered the results. These included the
sample used and the method used to analyze the data. Conducting the
research necessary for completion of this study made evident the fact that more
i i i research needs to be done to improve the uses and gratifications approach
to audience analysis. The identification of the uses and non-uses of public radio
have helped lay a foundation for future research in this area.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this chapter is to explain in detail the research methods

and the methodology implemented for the design as well and the design
considerations. In order to evaluate this design, we use two major methods in
the designing of the study the considerations and computations.
CONSIDERATION
The group site some requirements in designing a FM Broadcasting

Station, the group first consider not just the sites but also the equipment or
devices and frequency they are going to used. This includes the Frequency,
antenna, power and grounding. These considerations help the proponents to
make come true of its goals to a perfect design.
COMPUTATION
The computation of the parameters is the way to develop the

specifications of the particular equipment they used in conducting the study.
The specifications of the devices are substantial for the FM Broadcasting
Station.
INQUIRY AND CONSULTATION
The proponents consulted some expertise and people who has knowledge
and has a working experience in the field of FM Broadcast Communication.
REASEARCH
Aside from consultation from the expertise in the field of FM Broadcast

Communication, the proponents also did research about the design, gathered
from the internet, this includes the Google Earth for the geographical data of the
location needed for the design and with this without the actual survey of the site
, the proponents were able to gathered the profiles of radials, the site elevation
and the possible obstructions. The proponents also used the previous designs
for the addition of knowledge for the documents.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
In this section listed are the several technical considerations taken into
account for the FM design. They were based on several standards entities such
as Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas or KBP’s “Technical Standards
and Operating Requirements for Broadcast Stations in the Philippines" and
National Telecommunications Commission.
Frequency Considerations
• The chosen operating frequency should not be the one used by the
existing stations present around the site to avoid interference.
• The chosen frequency should be from those available frequencies from
the National Telecommunications Commission in the municipalities
covered by our transmission.
• The chosen frequency to be used for FM is 88.1.
Site Location Consideration
• Relatively middle area in target primary service area

• Source of power and water
• Conductivity of the path between the site and the target area
• Access road to the proposed building location
• Potential future obstruction
• Security
• Susceptibility of the place from floods and extreme weather conditions
• Distance of the place from airport terminals

• Location in relation to the population to be served
Antenna Consideration
• Horizontal/Circular polarization is used.

• The antenna must be constructed that it is clear of surroundings
buildings or objects.
• the antenna and supporting structure shall be painted and illuminated.
• The gain and number of bay is considered to determine the effective
radiated
• The antenna radio frequency current meters shall be installed
permanently as to be easily and accurately read without the operator
having to risk contact with the circuits carrying high potential frequency
energy power.
Transmitter Tower and Site Consideration
• The tower used is a Self-supporting tower above a high-rise existing

building.
• The Antenna height of FM transmitter must be enough to cover the
intended area.
• The transmitter should be capable of delivering its rated carrier power.
Class B is considered in the design.
• The transmitter should be operated, tuned and adjusted so that

emissions outside the authorized channel do not cause harmful
interference to the reception of other stations.
• The transmitter should be equipped with indicating instrument necessary
for proper operations.
• The transmitter's wiring between units of the transmitter shall be in
conduits or approved fiber or metal raceways to protect it from
mechanical injury.
• Warning signs and safety switches shall be provided, in accordance with
good engineering practice, to ensure, as far as practicable, the safety of
all persons.
• It shall be the responsibility of the management or the licensee operating
a broadcasting station, to ensure that protective devices are installed and
appropriate safety rules are observed.
• The transmitter shall be constructed either on racks and panels or in
totally enclosed frames protected as required by the Philippines
Electronics Code and the Philippine Electrical Code.
• All instruments having more than 1000 V potential to ground shall be
protected by a cage or cover.
Studio Consideration
• The studio should include a control room so that every system in the
office is under monitoring.
• The studio is situated near the Municipality Hall which is accessible by
any guests and the general public that would visit the station from time to
time.
• The studio is situated near commercial establishments for commercial
purposes.
• Sound absorption inside the studio room was considered.
• The reverberation time so that proper acoustic design will meet the
standard needed, that acceptable echoes will be considered.
• The studio should include proper grounding for safety purposes and
insulation from sources of extraneous noise and vibration.
CHAPTER IV
OVERVIEW OF THE SITE
The town of Santa Maria has a

glorious past, a pulsating present and a
directed future. It has the protective and
inspiring guidance from the Blessed
Virgin de la Purisima Concepcion.
Captain Jose whose real name is

Don Jose Serapio enriches the past
history of Santa Maria. He was a towering Figure 4.1: Sta. Maria Bulacan, Vicinity
Map
disciplinarian, an imposing leader and a
romantic adventurer. He served Santa Maria as its Captain Municipal for
several years during which the enlightened and enriched the historical career of
the town.
The town of Santa Maria is situated in the Eastern part of the province.
Angat and Norzagaray on the North, Marilao on the South, San Jose del Monte
on the East, and on the West by Balagtas and Bocaue, bound it. The
construction of the church gave way to the formation of the community. Its
foundation in 1702 by the Spanish friars marked the beginning of the spiritual
crusade. The friars founded the town proper in 1793. Civil affairs were also
attended to, so the appointment of the first Capitan Andres de la Cruz, made
way for the permanent establishment of the town. He showed examples worthy
of emulation, which other captains who succeeded him did also for many times
they showed their discontent with the friars' administration. The friars interfered
in civil affairs mostly to pursue their selfish interests.
Santa Maria is not only proud of its physical asset, political stability,
progressive economy, but also proud of having a son in the person of Jose
Corazon de Jesus, the incomparable poet, the one and only "Huseng Batute",
who started composing his verse as a child and nationally recognized later, next
to Balagtas in order of time, as the "King of Poets". Another Francisco Santiago,
the composer who left among as his legacies the immortal "Nasaan Ka Irog"
and other famous songs.
In times of war, Santa Maria has contributed the blood of its people. She
is proud of their "Veteranos de la Revolucion" who took part in the past
struggles for the nation's independence.
The town Santa Maria is full of contrasts: It has an old, remodeled

church, and a stone's throw away from this religious façade is the new modern
municipal building of the town build a few years ago. Santa Maria has modern
embroidery factories, which manufacture ready-made dresses for young and old
alike; well-paved roads, busy poblacion and big residential houses, and a
general hospital. Santa Maria has been known for many years as the "egg
basket" of the Philippines and one of the towns in the province, which is thriving
with cottage industries. Unemployment is not a problem in this town. The best
thing a non-Santa Maria resident to do to feel the town's busy atmosphere is to
join the people.
POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
The municipality has a land area of 90.92 square kilometers or 35.10

square miles which constitutes 3.25% of Bulacan's total area. Its population as
determined by the 2015 Census was 256,454. This represented 7.79% of the
total population of Bulacan province, or 2.29% of the overall population of the
Central Luzon region. Based on these figures, the population density is
computed at 2,821 inhabitants per square kilometer or 7,306 inhabitants per
square mile.
Combining age groups together, those aged 14 and below, consisting of

the the young dependent population which include infants/babies, children and
young adolescents/teenagers, make up an aggregate of 29.94% (76,777).
Those aged 15 up to 64, roughly, the economically active population and actual
or potential members of the work force, constitute a total of 65.69% (168,457).
Finally, old dependent population consisting of the senior citizens, those
aged 65 and over, total 4.38% (11,220) in all.
Table 4.1: Population in Sta. Maria, Bulacan by Age Group

Table 4.2: Population per Barangay in Sta. Maria, Bulacan
Annual
Barangay Population Population Population Change
Population
percentage (2015) (2010) 2010-2015 Growth
Rate 2010-
(2015)
2015
Bagbaguin 3.48% 8,912 8,407 6.01% 1.12%
Balasing 3.08% 7,900 6,530 20.98% 3.69%
Buenavista 0.95% 2,436 2,103 15.83% 2.84%
Bulac 3.60% 9,225 7,691 19.95% 3.52%
Camangyan 2.10% 5,388 4,277 25.98% 4.49%

an
Catmon 5.20% 13,334 11,671 14.25% 2.57%
Cay Pombo 11.29% 28,947 22,948 26.14% 4.52%
Caysio 5.60% 14,365 10,790 33.13% 5.60%
Guyong 5.75% 14,749 13,525 9.05% 1.66%
Lalakhan 0.91% 2,337 2,045 14.28% 2.57%
Mag-asawan 3.65% 9,373 7,303 28.34% 4.87%

g Sapa
Mahabang 1.70% 4,361 3,411 27.85% 4.79%

Parang
Manggahan 0.94% 2,398 2,227 7.68% 1.42%
Parada 3.29% 8,448 7,263 16.32% 2.92%

Annual
Barangay Population Population Population Change
Population
percentage (2015) (2010) 2010-2015 Growth
Rate 2010-
(2015)
2015
Poblacion 5.02% 12,876 11,130 15.69% 2.81%
Pulong 14.39% 36,893 33,643 9.66% 1.77%

Buhangin
San Gabriel 3.30% 8,465 7,606 11.29% 2.06%
San Jose 4.40% 11,282 9,999 12.83% 2.33%

Patag
San Vicente 6.58% 16,871 13,466 25.29% 4.39%
Santa Clara 4.72% 12,115 9,193 31.79% 5.40%
Santa Cruz 3.59% 9,211 7,968 15.60% 2.80%
Silangan 0.79% 2,028 1,709 18.67% 3.31%
Tabing 2.23% 5,716 5,330 7.24% 1.34%

Bakod
Tumana 3.44% 8,824 8,116 8.72% 1.61%
Santa Maria Total 256,454 218,351 17.45% 3.11%

TOPOGRAPHY
The topography of Santa Maria is generally flat, however, it is hilly

towards the north. This area covers the barangays of Silangan, Mag-asawang
Sapa, Pulong Buhangin and some parts of Balasing with landscape ranging
from 8 to 18 percent slope. The rest of the barangays have a slope range from
level to undulating.
Network of small rivers can be found all throughout the municipal territory.
Flowing downstream from the north, these tributaries converge into the Santa
Maria River. This river plays a vital role in the physical configuration of Santa
Maria and adjacent towns of Norzagaray and San Jose del Monte City as it
drains water from these areas.
CLIMATE
Santa Maria has a climate “first type” which is defined as having two
pronounced seasons: Dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the
year. During the dry months, precipitation is less because of the prevailing
easterly wind blow to produce rainfall in its leeward side.
The Köppen climate system classifies Santa Maria climate as tropical monsoon
(Am) due to its location and precipitation characteristics. This means that the
municipality has two pronounced seasons: dry and wet seasons.
Santa Maria's most perceptible months start from May and may have its
maximum in August, which gradually decreases until December. During these
most months, thunderstorms and rain showers causes precipitation in May and
June while the rest is primarily due to the southeast monsoon that prevails on
this particular part of the year. Others which occur in November and December
are caused by tropical cyclones that pass through the area.
TEMPERATURE.
The annual mean temperature in the area is 27.7 °C (81.9 °F). The
warmest month is May with mean temperature of 29 °C (84 °F) while the coldest
is January at 25.2 °C (77.4 °F).
SOIL
The soils in Santa Maria is classified under three (3) categories namely
soils of the Alluvial Landscape, soils of the Piedmont Landscape and soils of the
Hilly Landscape:
Alluvial landscape - Soils range from clayey to fine clayey somewhat

poorly to poorly drained deep soils. These soils are principally grown to
paddy rice and can be used for fishpond during rainy season. This
landscape is composed of two (2) minor landform units as follows:
1. River terraces and levees – Narrow river terraces are

topographic surfaces, which mark former valley floor levels and
resulting from seasonal stream. The levels are elevated landforms
slightly above the narrow river terraces. Some areas are subject to
slight to moderate seasonal flooding in some years.
2. Low Alluvial terraces and depressions – It consists of the

slightly dissected broad low alluvial terraces depressions and
narrow alluvial valleys.
Moreover, soil series of the Alluvial Landscape consists of the

Batia and Tagulod Series. Both series has low to adequate
organic matter content and inherent fertility. However, Batia Series
can be found on a relative steeper slopes covering the barangays
of Lalakhan, Bagbaguin and Santa Clara. Tagulod Series on the
other hand, covers the barangays of Manggahan,
Caysio, Caypombo, Camangyanan, Tumana and Parada which is
regarded to be generally utilized under rice production during wet
season.
Piedmont landscape - It consists of gently undulating to rolling

tuffaceous and sedimentary foot slopes slightly above and adjacent to
the plain and free from local flooding hazard. This landscape, however, is
composed of two soils series namely the Pulong Buhangin Series and
Maysan Series. Pulong Buhangin Series has deficient organic matter
content and high to moderate inherent fertility. This is principally utilized
for paddy rice and built-up areas. Non-irrigated paddy rice constitutes the
principal crop during wet season. These soils are left fallowed during dry
season due to lack of irrigation and rainfall. These areas can be found in
the central to upper portion of Santa Maria. Meanwhile, the Maysan
series consists of very gently sloping to gently undulating shallow
moderately drained soils that is formed on degraded tuffaceous

sandstone footslopes. This series is mainly utilized for paddy ricefields
during wet season and generally left idle during dry season.
Hilly Landscape - These soils are primarily in rolling sedimentary hills.

The drainage is good with low to medium natural fertility. These areas
can be found at barangays Pulong Buhangin, Mag-asawang Sapa,
Balasing, Bulac, San Vicente and Guyong. These soils are primarily
under pasture grass. Some cultivated areas are grown to diversified
cropping.
ECONOMIC PROFILE.
According to the Bureau of Local Government Finance, the annual

regular revenue of Santa Maria for the fiscal year of 2016
was ₱523,459,730.27.
Figure 4.2 Sta. Maria Bulacan, Economic Growth

Rate
CHAPTER V
FM DESIGN
Figure 5.1: Logo of the FM station
Table 5.1: FM Broadcasting Station Profile

FM BROADCASTING STATION PROFILE
Class of Station Class B

ERP 26.397 KW
Frequency 88.1 MHz
Location Sta. Maria, Bulacan
Antenna Tower Self-Supporting Tower
Directivity Omnidirectional
Polarization Circular
Transmission Line Coax
Call Sign DWXD
FM DESIGN PROCEDURES
1. Check with the NTC the frequency available for the proposed location of the
station. Avoid frequencies that are already utilized by an existing station.
2. Determine the surrounding terrain elevations with the aid of the Google Earth.
Divide the location into 8 radials with the transmitting antenna at the middle, the
radial is drawn 45 degrees a part rotating 360 degrees.
3. Make the radial length 16 km for the center and mark each radial at 3km from
the center.
4. From 3-16 km, divide the 13 km distance into 50 even spaces and record the
corresponding terrain. Made this to other remaining radials. (13/50 = 0.26 km)
5. Look for the average terrain in all radials by adding the values on each radial
and divide by number of radials.
6. Compute for the actual antenna height.
7. Using F (50, 50) FM CHANNELS, determine the distance for the field
strength 100 dB, 75 dB, 55 dB, 35 dB, and 25 dB.
Figure 5.2: Existing Radio Stations in Bulacan
Table 5.2: FM Radial Table

POINT DISTANCE RADIALS
(km) 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315
0 3 10 42 19 34 12 3 6 10
1 3.26 7 39 23 32 15 3 3 7
2 3.52 6 31 20 26 24 3 3 6
3 3.78 6 27 20 23 15 2 2 6
4 4.04 7 21 22 30 11 2 3 7
5 4.3 7 24 25 28 11 1 2 7
6 4.56 7 25 23 29 9 5 3 8
7 4.82 6 24 25 30 11 3 3 6
8 5.08 4 19 24 24 10 3 0 4
9 5.34 6 25 28 22 9 3 2 6
10 5.6 6 28 24 20 10 2 4 6
11 5.86 5 29 29 19 11 0 3 5
12 6.12 5 39 27 29 13 0 4 5
13 6.38 5 32 24 33 9 0 5 5
14 6.64 5 39 27 36 10 -1 6 7
15 6.9 6 45 30 40 12 -1 5 7
16 7.16 9 41 34 41 10 0 5 9
17 7.42 8 44 27 42 8 1 3 8
18 7.68 8 44 29 42 5 0 2 7
19 7.94 7 46 31 41 7 0 3 8
20 8.2 7 50 33 43 8 0 4 7
21 8.46 8 40 34 45 6 0 0 8
22 8.72 7 46 36 45 7 2 1 7
23 8.98 10 44 44 45 11 1 1 10
24 9.24 9 64 54 49 7 2 2 9
25 9.5 8 63 58 54 7 0 3 8
26 9.76 9 70 66 56 7 0 7 10
27 10.02 8 60 79 52 7 0 5 8
28 10.28 8 73 81 59 5 0 5 8
29 10.54 7 78 88 64 7 0 3 7
30 10.8 7 92 80 61 7 0 3 7
31 11.06 8 82 75 59 6 0 5 8
32 11.32 9 96 86 69 6 0 2 9
33 11.58 14 101 99 77 5 0 3 13
34 11.84 11 93 114 66 6 0 3 11
35 12.1 13 81 103 66 6 2 2 12
36 12.36 10 76 95 63 4 1 1 10
37 12.62 4 62 98 60 7 1 2 4
38 12.88 11 49 97 62 5 0 0 11
39 13.14 12 46 80 66 6 0 2 12
40 13.4 10 43 85 59 7 0 3 10
41 13.66 11 37 77 56 9 2 1 9
42 13.92 11 33 113 56 11 2 1 11
43 14.18 10 42 135 54 7 1 4 10
44 14.44 9 42 130 54 6 2 1 9
45 14.7 9 42 134 55 6 1 1 8
46 14.96 9 49 140 59 7 8 2 9
47 15.22 9 37 120 56 6 0 0 9
48 15.48 7 37 128 51 6 0 1 7
49 15.74 8 57 136 56 3 0 -1 7
50 16 8 59 146 58 4 0 0 8
Figure 5.2: 3-16 Km Radials
FM RADIAL ELEVATION PROFILE
Radial 0o
Figure 5.3: Radial 0o Elevation Profile

Radial 45o
Radial 90o
Radial 135o

Radial 180o
Radial 225o
Radial 270o

Radial 315o
➢ Figures shown above are the elevation profile for each radial from
3-16 kilometers away from the location of the transmitter
COMPUTATION OF ANTENNA HEIGHT
1. Summation of Elevation (m)
Table 5.3: Summation Elevation of Each Radial
Radial Radial Radial Radial Radial Radial Radial Radial

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
411 2508 3355 2396 424 54 134 410
2. Average Terrain Elevation of Each Radial (m)
a) Radial 1
411
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟐 𝐦
50
b) Radial 2
2508
Ave. terrain = = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 𝐦
50
c) Radial 3
3355
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟏 𝐦
50
d) Radial 4
2396
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟗𝟐 𝐦
50
e) Radial 5
424
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟖 m
50
f) Radial 6
54
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖 m
50
g) Radial 7
134
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟖 m
50
h) Radial 8
410
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 𝟖. 𝟐 m
50
Table 5.4: Average Terrain Elevation of each Radial

Average Terrain
Radial Radial Radial Radial Radial Radial Radial Radial
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8.22 50.16 67.1 47.92 8.48 1.08 2.68 8.2
3. Total Average Terrain (TAT)
Σ avg terrain elevation of each radial 8.22+50.16+67.1+47.92+8.48+1.08+2.68+8.2

𝑇𝐴𝑇 = =
# of radials 8
TAT= 24.23
4. Site elevation (SE)

Site elevation = 15m
5. Standard Antenna Height Above Average Terrain (HAATstandard) refer

to KBP Manual
HAATstandard = 152.4m
6. Reference Antenna Height Above Terrain (RAHAT)
RAHAT = HAATstandard + SE
RAHAT = 152.4 m + 15 m
RAHAT = 167.4 m
7. Actual Antenna Height (AAH)
AAH = RAHAT – (TAT - SE)
AAH = 167.4 m – (24.23m – 15 m)
AAH =158.17m
8. Actual Tower Height (ATH)

ATH = HAATstandard – (TAT - SE)
ATH = 152.4m – (24.23m – 15m)
ATH =143.17m
9. Antenna Height Above Average Terrain (HAAT)
HAAT = AAH – TAT
HAAT = 158.17m – 24.23m
HAAT = 133.94m
➢ The calculated HAAT has not exceeded HAATstandard (500 ft or 152.4 m)
called by KBP for Standard Class B FM
EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER
Effective radiated power is the term that describes station output, including the
transmitter, antenna and everything in between, when considering transmitter
power and system gains and losses.
1. Transmitted Power
Transmitted Power = 10 kW
Transmitted Power = 10log(10 KW/1x10-3 W)
Transmitted Power = 70 dBm
2. Antenna Gain in dB (refer to the specifications of the FM antenna)
Antenna Gain = 5.05 dB
3. Transmission Line Attenuation (refer to the specifications of the coaxial
cable)
Transmission Line Attenuation = 0.623 dB/100 m
4. Transmission Line Loss (TLL)
TTL= AHAAT x Attenuation Loss
TLL = 133.94 m x (0.623 dB/100 m)
TLL = 0.8344462 dB
5. ERP = (Transmitter Output Power – Transmission Line Loss) + Antenna
Gain
ERP = (70 dBm – 0.8344462 dB) + 5.05 dB
ERP = 74.2155538 dBm or 26.397 KW

➢ The calculated value of ERP complies with the KBP Standard for Class B
Figure 5.11: FM Radiation Pattern (Nautel)

Figure 5.12: FM Service Areas
Table 5.5: Distance to the Field Strength Contour

dB dBu km
100 160 0.011
75 135 0.203
55 115 2.027
35 95 6.424
25 85 11.337
➢ This table shows the distances for every field strength – in dB.
Distance is computed online: “https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/fm-and-tv-propagation-curves”

PROGRAMS
Weekdays
Time Programs
5:00 - 5:30 National Anthem, Station ID, Station Plugging
5:30 - 9:00 Good Morning, Boss
9:00 - 11:00 Hype’s Request Pinoy Edition
11:00 - 12:00nn Hype’s Daily Top Ten
12:00 - 2:00pm Hype’s Request International Edition
2:00 - 6:00 Boss Pa-Hits Playlists
6:00 - 9:00 Hype Love Advices
9:00 - 12:00 Heart 2 Heart with the Hype’s
12:00am - 2:00am Late Night with the Hype’s
2:00 - 5:00 Hype’s Late '90s
Saturdays
Time Programs
5:00 - 5:30 National Anthem, Station ID, Station Plugging
5:30 - 9:00 Saturday Hype Morning
9:00 - 11:00 Hype’s Top 20
11:00 - 12:00nn Top 10 Weekly
12:00 - 2:00pm Dear Hype’s
2:00 - 6:00 Hype’s Story Pinoy Lists
6:00 - 9:00 Hype’s Story
9:00 - 12:00 Saturday Night Live
12:00am - 2:00am Hype’s Love Life
2:00 - 5:00 Disco Fever
Sundays
Time Programs
5:00 - 9:00am Early '90s Sunday
9:00 am - 12:00nn Sunday's Best
12:00 - 3:00pm Linggo Radyo
3:00 - 6:00pm Older the Better
6:00 - 9:00pm Musika ng Buhay mo
9:00 - 12:00mn Mellow Sunday
12:00 Signing Off
Figure 5.13: FM Studio Diagram

CHAPTER VI
REVERBERATION
Table 6.1: Corresponding Absorption Coefficient
Material surfaces
125hz 250hz 500hz 1000hz 2000hz 4000hz
used
Floor Tiles 0.27 0.26 0.52 0.43 0.51 0.58
Wall 1 Chipboard 0.2 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.20
wall 2 Chipboard 0.2 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.20
Wall 3 Chipboard 0.2 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.20
Wall 4 Chipboard 0.2 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.20
Mineral wool tiles,
glued/screwed to 0.06 0.4 0.75 0.95 0.96 0.83
Ceiling soffit
Window Glass, double
0.3 0.2 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.02
1 strength panel
Tables (wood or
0.15 0.19 0.22 0.34 0.38 0.3
Table metal)
Wood hollowcore
0.3 0.25 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.07
Door door
Seats. leather
0.07 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.14 0.14
Chair covers
Human 0.33 0.40 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45
Air (per
1000 0.09 0.2 0.49 1.2 2.9 7.4
cu.ft )
Table 6.2: Reverberation at 125 Hz
Absorption
Surface Material Area (sq. ft) Coefficient Product
(125Hz)
Floor Tiles 161.376 0.27 43.57152
Wall 1 Chipboard 112.9632 0.2 22.59264
wall 2 Chipboard 112.9632 0.2 22.59264
Wall 3 Chipboard 188.272 0.2 37.6544
Wall 4 Chipboard 145.2384 0.2 29.04768
Mineral wool tiles,
Ceiling 161.376 0.06 9.68256
glued/screwed to soffit
Glass, double strength
Window 1 43.0336 0.3 12.91008
panel
Tables (wood or
Table 26.896 0.15 4.0344
metal)
Door Wood hollowcore door 26.896 0.3 8.0688
Chair Seats. leather covers 2.983 0.07 0.20881
1.597622
Human 4.84128 0.33
4
Air (per 1000
0.09
cu. ft)
1852.596
Volume
5
Total
192.0511
Absorption
Reverberation
0.482318
Time
RT=V/20A L = 16.4 ft. W = 9.48ft. H = 11.48 ft.
V=LxWxH RT= 1852.59648/20(192.0511524)
V = 16.4 x 9.48 x 11.48 RT = 0.482318501 sec.

V = 1852.59648 ft.3
Absorption
(250Hz)
Floor Tiles 161.376 0.26 41.95776
Wall 1 Chipboard 112.9632 0.25 28.2408
wall 2 Chipboard 112.9632 0.25 28.2408
Wall 3 Chipboard 188.272 0.25 47.068
Wall 4 Chipboard 145.2384 0.25 36.3096
Mineral wool tiles,
Ceiling 161.376 0.4 64.5504
Window 1 43.0336 0.2 8.60672
panel
Tables (wood or
Table 26.896 0.19 5.11024
metal)
Chair Seats. leather covers 2.983 0 0
Human 4.84128 0.4 1.936512
Air (per 1000
0.2
cu. ft)
1852.596
Volume
5
Total 268.9448
Absorption 3
Reverberation 0.344419
Time 4
RT=V/20A L = 16.4 ft. W = 9.48ft. H = 11.48 ft.
V=LxWxH RT= 1852.59648/20(268.94483)
V = 16.4 x 9.48 x 11.48 RT = 0.3444194 sec.

V = 1852.59648 ft.3
Absorption
(500Hz)
Floor Tiles 161.376 0.52 83.91552
Wall 1 Chipboard 112.9632 0.2 22.59264
wall 2 Chipboard 112.9632 0.2 22.59264
Wall 3 Chipboard 188.272 0.2 37.6544
Wall 4 Chipboard 145.2384 0.2 29.04768
Mineral wool tiles,
Ceiling 161.376 0.75 121.032
Window 1 43.0336 0.1 4.30336
panel
Tables (wood or
Table 26.896 0.22 5.91712
metal)
Human 4.84128 0.44 2.1301632
Air (per 1000
0.49
cu. ft)
Volume 1852.5965
Total
334.12754
Absorption
Reverberation
0.2772289
Time
RT=V/20A L = 16.4 ft. W = 9.48ft. H = 11.48 ft.
V=LxWxH RT= 1852.59648/20(334.12754)
V = 16.4 x 9.48 x 11.48 RT = 0.2772289 sec.

V = 1852.59648 ft.3
Absorption
(1000Hz)
Floor Tiles 161.376 0.43 69.39168
Wall 1 Chipboard 112.9632 0.2 22.59264
wall 2 Chipboard 112.9632 0.2 22.59264
Wall 3 Chipboard 188.272 0.2 37.6544
Wall 4 Chipboard 145.2384 0.2 29.04768
Mineral wool tiles,
Ceiling 161.376 0.95 153.3072
Window 1 43.0336 0.07 3.012352
panel
Tables (wood or
Table 26.896 0.34 9.14464
metal)
Chair Seats. leather covers 2.983 0 0
Human 4.84128 0.45 2.178576
Air (per 1000
1.2
cu. ft)
Volume 1852.5965
Total
352.81141
Absorption
Reverberation
0.2625477
Time
RT=V/20A L = 16.4 ft. W = 9.48ft. H = 11.48 ft.
V=LxWxH RT= 1852.59648/20(352.81141)
V = 16.4 x 9.48 x 11.48 RT = 0.2625477 sec.

V = 1852.59648 ft.3
Absorption
(2000Hz)
Floor Tiles 161.376 0.51 82.30176
Wall 1 Chipboard 112.9632 0.15 16.94448
wall 2 Chipboard 112.9632 0.15 16.94448
Wall 3 Chipboard 188.272 0.15 28.2408
Wall 4 Chipboard 145.2384 0.15 21.78576
Mineral wool tiles,
Ceiling 161.376 0.96 154.92096
Window 1 43.0336 0.05 2.15168
panel
Tables (wood or
Table 26.896 0.38 10.22048
metal)
Human 4.84128 0.45 2.178576
Air (per 1000
2.9
cu. ft)
Volume 1852.5965
Total
341.6962
Absorption
Reverberation
0.2710883
Time
RT=V/20A L = 16.4 ft. W = 9.48ft. H = 11.48 ft.
V=LxWxH RT= 1852.59648/20(341.6962)
V = 16.4 x 9.48 x 11.48 RT = 0.2710883 sec.

V = 1852.59648 ft.3
Absorption
(4000Hz)
Floor Tiles 161.376 0.58 93.59808
Wall 1 Chipboard 112.9632 0.2 22.59264
wall 2 Chipboard 112.9632 0.2 22.59264
Wall 3 Chipboard 188.272 0.2 37.6544
Wall 4 Chipboard 145.2384 0.2 29.04768
Mineral wool tiles,
Ceiling 161.376 0.83 133.94208
Window 1 43.0336 0.02 0.860672
panel
Tables (wood or
Table 26.896 0.3 8.0688
metal)
Human 4.84128 0.45 2.178576
Air (per 1000
7.4
cu. ft)
Volume 1852.5965
Total
360.23591
Absorption
Reverberation
0.2571366
Time
RT=V/20A L = 16.4 ft. W = 9.48ft. H = 11.48 ft.
V=LxWxH RT= 1852.59648/20(360.23591)
V = 16.4 x 9.48 x 11.48 RT = 0.2571366 sec.

V = 1852.59648 ft.3
Figure 6.1: Acceptable Room Reverberation Time Graph

Layouts
(Studio and Transmitter)
Appendices
Appendix A: FM TRANSMITTER
Appendix B: FM ATENNA
Appendix C: TOWER
Appendix D: COAXIAL CABLE

Appendix E: COAXIAL CABLE GROUNDING KIT

Appendix F:FM TUNER

Appendix G: MICROPHONE w/ SHOCK MOUNT

Appendix H: HEADPHONES
Appendix I: MIXER
Appendix J: AUDIO PROCESSOR

Appendix K: AUDIO AMPLIFIER

Appendix L: SPEAKER
Appendix M: CONSOLE
Appendix N: Desktop PC
Appendix O: Aircon
Appendix P: Telephone
Appendix Q: Telephone Interface

Appendix R: CD Player

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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 1

College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Why is studying and designing broadcast communications in the

Broadcasting is the process of distributing audio or video data to a large

that a small number of high-powered transmitters can provide virtually national

Frequency Modulation broadcasting is another technique of radio

FM offers some distinct some distinct advantages. All the transmitted

The most important advantage of FM over AM is the superior noise

Again, some of the technical standards and operating requirements for

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:

2. What are the proposed materials and equipment specifications that

3. What is the radiation pattern for the coverage area?

OBJECTIVES OF THE DESIGN

To design a working and reliable FM broadcasting station in the Province

• To select an actual available frequency for FM station in the chosen

This study presents a conceptual structure of expectations, ideologies

Figure 1.1: System Design Paradigm

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DESIGN

• To the people of Bulacan

The design will provide current relevant information, music and

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

Antenna Height Above Terrain (HAAT) is the height of the radiation

Center frequency is the average frequency of the emitted wave when

Crosstalk is an undesired signal occurring in one channel caused by

Effective Radiated Power is the product of the transmitter power and

Field Intensity is the electric field intensity in the horizontal direction.

FM stereophonic broadcast is the transmission of a stereophonic

Frequency Modulation is a system of modulation where the

Frequency swing means the instantaneous departure of the frequency

Main channel is the band of frequencies from 50-15kHz which

Multiplex transmission means the simultaneous transmission of two

Stereophonic separation is the ratio of the electrical signal caused in

Table 1.1: FM Broadcasting Standards

Table 1.2: Classes of Stations

Table 1.3: Frequency Assignments

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section is about the brief discussion about the FM Broadcasting

The Convergence of Philippine FM Broadcast Radio with the New

Viray, R.D. & Viray, T.B. (2014).

With respect to the FM radio industry, there have been partnerships

A USES AND GRATIFICATION STUDY OF PUBLIC RADIO AUDIENCES

Scott D. Bluebond Speech and Theatre Arts Department Colorado State

The purpose of this chapter is to explain in detail the research methods

The group site some requirements in designing a FM Broadcasting

The computation of the parameters is the way to develop the

INQUIRY AND CONSULTATION

Aside from consultation from the expertise in the field of FM Broadcast

Site Location Consideration

• Relatively middle area in target primary service area

• Distance of the place from airport terminals

• Horizontal/Circular polarization is used.

Transmitter Tower and Site Consideration

• The tower used is a Self-supporting tower above a high-rise existing

• The transmitter should be operated, tuned and adjusted so that

The town of Santa Maria has a

Captain Jose whose real name is

The town Santa Maria is full of contrasts: It has an old, remodeled

POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

The municipality has a land area of 90.92 square kilometers or 35.10

Combining age groups together, those aged 14 and below, consisting of