NOVALICHES HIGH SCHOOL

Senior High School

Fallacy Explosion: A Quantitative Study of Novaliches High School

Students’ Awareness Regarding Social Media Fake News

A Research Presented to the

Faculty of Senior High School Department

Novaliches High School

In partial fulfilment of the subject, Practical Research in Daily Life II

Proposed by:
Agcambot, Jhoana Rose T.
Balerio, Gabriel S.
Limbo, Maria Roselle M.
Lopez, Clarence L.
Serrano, Ammi Danah SC

March 2018

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APPROVAL SHEET

The research entitled “Fallacy Explosion: A Quantitative Study of Novaliches

High School Students’ Awareness Regarding Social Media Fake News”

submitted by Jhoana Rose Agcambot, Gabriel Balerio, Maria Roselle Limbo,

Clarence Lopez and Ammi Danah Serrano in partial fulfilment for Practical

Research has been examined and recommended for acceptance.

Mrs. Edelitha Libunao Dancel, MA. ED

Practical Research 2 Adviser

Joseph L. Adan, Ph.D., MICB, RCA

Chairman. Research Panel

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Acknowledgement
With all due respect, the researchers would like to convey their deepest

gratitude to the people who helped them all throughout the completion of their

research paper.

The researchers convey their deepest respect and gratitude to Ms.

Edelitha L. Dancel for congruously observing, guiding and assisting them in

the process of finishing the whole research paper.

They would also like to thank all of his teachers, especially, Dr. Joseph

L. Adan, Ms. Ma. Charo Bustalino, Mr. Ryan Noel Doña and Ms. Elsa B.

Pinlac who shared their knowledge and experiences to them so they can

complete a great fine work on their chosen topic, the processes involved, and

the whole research paper itself.

He would like to express his deepest gratitude for his parents, for their

unending love and support, providing all of his needs financially and morally,

for their patience and understanding during the time when he need to get up

early and go home late for much workloads, for preparing him a packed lunch

so he will not be hungry, and the endless advices he need in his work

immersion.

And lastly, to our Almighty and ever living God for giving us power,

strength, support, comfort and blessings every day.

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Dedication

We are dedicating this research to ourselves who work hard for this
study, for all the sleepless night and cram moments yet we’ve done this
research with all our hearts. Without our perseverance we’ll not make it
possible!

Next to our family, who inspired and motivates us to finish this study
with a joy in our hearts and for pushing us to do our best without any
hesitation.

And to our classmates who crammed a while doing this research and
for all the people who pressured us to finish this on time, this is all for you.

As well as to our one and only Alma Mater, Novaliches High School, for
showcasing our talents to make this research possible, this is study is all for
you!!

We dedicated this research to all the students who benefit this study
specially those students who are media illiterate and has a low capacity to use
the social media wisely. We would like to dedicate this study to all the students
who usually victim of social media fake news. May our research be your
foundation for your journey as a student and to become literate about your
virtual environment. As well as becoming your basis on how you think, connect
and reconnect to your life.

And lastly, for Almighty and ever living God who strengthened us and!
This work is all for you!

-The Researchers

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Abstract

Fake news invades the truth and slowly covering the facts and real

events that everyone needs to know better. It evolves inclined with the growth

of technology and now circulating widely in different social media platforms.

Students are the most vulnerable victim of it as they spend more time in social

media. The researchers believe that to lessen the fake news will starts with

them also. To become media literate may serve as an advantage for the

people to fight the false information and to spread the facts through social

media known as one of the medium to disseminate information.

This study aims to know and the describe the level of awareness as well

the significant difference of their extent of use of different social media

platforms of the students from grade (7) seven to grade (12) twelve students

with a total of 377 respondents of Novaliches High School S.Y. 2018-2019.

The researchers used survey questionnaires answered by the respondents.

On the survey, it includes the demographic profile of the respondents included

the Grade level, age and gender, the social media platforms they frequently

used, different social media fake news and their level of awareness unto it.

The research design used by the researchers to conduct this study was the

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descriptive method so they will know and describe the respondents’

awareness regarding Social Media Fake news. The sampling technique used

by the researchers was the random sampling where each member of the

population had an equal and independent chance of being selected.

As for the summary of findings and conclusion, out of 377 Novaliches

High School Students, the ages Fourteen (14) to Sixteen (16) years old

respondents ranked 1 in the highest number of respondents in Age level while

the Female got the highest number of respondents. And in the Grade levels,

there a six grade levels, the grade level that ranked first were the Grade 7 with

94 respondents at 25% of the whole population. There is no significant

difference between demographic profile and extent of using different social

media platform. And lastly there was no significant relationship between

students’ extent of use of different social media platform and their level of

awareness about social media fake news. The researchers made a

recommendation accompanied by infographics and provided some tips on

how to spot social media fake news.

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Table of Contents
Title Page II
Approval Sheet III

Acknowledgement IV

Dedication V
Abstract VI

Table of Contents VIII

Chapter 1: The Problem and its Background 1

Introduction and Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Hypothesis 4

Significance of the Study 4

Scope and Delimitation 5

Definition of Terms 6

Chapter 2: The Review of Related Literature and Studies 9

Chapter 3: The Methods of the Research 34

Chapter 4: The Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of 40

Data

Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations 49

Bibliography 57

Appendices 58

Curriculum Vitae 60

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List of Tables
On the Respondents Demographic Profile 40

Table 1.1: Respondents as to Age

Table 1.2: Respondents as to Gender 41

Table 1.3: Respondents as to Grade Level 42
Table 2: Respondents as to Different Social Media Platforms 43

and their Extent of Use

Significant Difference on the Student’s Extent of Use on 44
Different Social Media Platforms across their Demographic
Profile
Table 3.1: Respondents as to Age
Table 3.2: Respondents as to Gender 45
Table 3.3: Respondents as to Grade Level 46
Table 4: Respondents as to their Social Media Fake News’ 46

Awareness
Table 5: Significant Relationship between the Students’ Extent 47

of Use of Different Social Media Platforms and their Social

Media Fake News’ Awareness

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 Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

In a more developing world inclined with technology-driven society, the

means of entry in different types of media became more accessible, reliable,

and rapidly growing in no time. Mostly all the Generation Z babies seek out

news from the social media rather from the traditional news outlets. According

to Wakefield (2016) at the BBC News, Social media has overtaken television

as young people's main source of news, according to a report. It is often

timelier and less expensive to consume news on social media compared with

traditional news media, such as newspapers or television; and (ii) it is easier to

further share, comment on, and discuss the news with friends or other readers

on social media. For example, 62 percent of U.S. adults get news on social

media in 2016, while in 2012, only 49 percent reported seeing news on social

media.

This trend and the rising use of mobile phones to access news are

undermining traditional business models. But this also comes with

disadvantages; the quality of news that came from this is lower from the

traditional media outlet. In contrary to that, it is still accessible and can be

disseminated in no time. To illustrate, According to Yee (2017), there were

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several Facebook pages named “Walang Pasok Advisory” said on Monday

that DepEd supposedly suspended classes on Nov. 23, 24 and 27, 28 and 29.

The two pages that carried the erroneous announcement have a

combined 14,000 followers.

DepEd noted though that it had “not made any announcement” on the

suspension of classes nor was it associated with the pages in any way.

The misinformation led the by those pages that have student followers

led them to absences. So the “DepEd encourages the public to be more

vigilant against fake news and half-truths, and be more discerning of

information that they accept and disseminate,” the agency said in a statement.

According to Lorenzo (2017), On the present administration side, seven

Senators argued a foul conduct over a blog that called them to be

“Malacanang dogs” (referring to the term “Malacanang/Malacañan Palace”,

the official residence of the Philippine President) after they failed to sign the

Senate Resolution 516, a resolution urging the Duterte Administration to,

“undertake the necessary steps to stop the spate of killings, especially of our

children”. This indignation of the seven Senators provoked the Senate

hearings on fake news.

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 It can be implied that those misleading information resulted into

senate’s attention about those information and accusations they’re getting

through the use of a blog site.

Those illustrations led the researchers to construct a topic that will know

the awareness of students regarding social media fake news, especially in the

Novaliches High School.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to give an in-depth study about the perception of

Novaliches High School students regarding Social Media Fake News.

Specifically, it answers the following questions.

1. How may the respondents be described in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Grade Level

2. What are the social media platforms are used by the students and to

what extent?

3. Is there a significant difference on the students’ extent of use of

different social media platforms across their demographic profile?

4. How aware are the students regarding fake news that circulate in social

media?

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 5. Is there a significant relationship between the students’ extent of use

different social media platforms and their level of awareness about

social media fake news?

Hypothesis

The researchers formulated hypothesis as follows:

H0: There is no significant difference between difference on the students’

extent and use of different social media platforms across their demographic

profile.

H0: There is no significant relationship between the students’ extent of use

different social media platforms and their level of awareness about social

media fake news.

Significance of the Study

The study entitled “Fallacy Explosion: A Quantitative Study of Novaliches

High School Students’ Awareness Regarding Social Media Fake News”

provided a reference for the future researches and serves as guide to various

beneficiaries.

As for the students, since they are the main beneficiary of this research

study, they will be able to identify, analyse and avoid Social Media Fake News

or misinformation in any social media platforms. Through the help of this

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research, they will learn and cultivate their perceptions regarding the different

forms of false information appearing in any social media platforms.

As for the parents, the study will help them to know the extent of usage of

social media platforms of their children as well as how well aware are them in

social media fake news.

As for the teachers, they will be able to guide their students on how to filter

information that they are gathering as well as identifying illegitimate

information.

As for the school administration, the result of this study will help them to

make a new and innovative material for their student. As well as pursuing

another strategy on how to make their students become wiser and well-trained

social media platform user.

And for the future researchers, this study aspire to serve as a foundation

for identifying the awareness and perception of young minds that will be used

as a reference for their researches in the future.

Scope and Delimitation

The general intent of this study to interpret the awareness of the

students of Novaliches High School (S.Y. 2018-2019) regarding Social Media

Fake News with the focus of interpreting the relationship between the

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students’ extent of use different social media platforms and their level of

awareness about social media fake news.

Definition of Terms

This part contains the meaning of the terminologies that have been

used in the study which were operationally and conceptually defined.

 Fake News or hoax news refers to false information or propaganda

published under the guise of being authentic news. Fake news

websites and channels push their fake news content in an attempt to

mislead consumers of the content and spread misinformation via

social networks and word-of-mouth.

 Fallacy means a flaw in an argument that makes it deceptive or

misleading.

 Generation Z is the demographic cohort after the Millennial.

Currently, there are numerous additional competing names used in

connection with them in the media. This is the generation which the

respondents are belong

 Internet is a global computer network providing a variety of

information and communication facilities, consisting of

interconnected networks using standardized communication

protocols.

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 Internet Trolls is a person who starts quarrels or upsets people on

the Internet to distract and sow discord by posting inflammatory and

digressive, extraneous, or off-topic messages in an online

community (such as a newsgroup, forum, chat room, or blog) with

the intent of provoking readers into displaying emotional responses

and normalizing tangential discussion,  whether for the troll's

amusement or a specific gain

 Media manipulation is a series of related techniques in which

partisans create an image or argument that favours their particular

interests.

 Media are the collective communication outlets or tools used

to store and deliver information or data.

 Meme is a humorous image, video, piece of text, etc., that is copied

(often with slight variations) and spread rapidly by Internet users.

This is trend that is commonly used by the students to make fun of

someone.

 Misinformation is false or incorrect information that is spread

intentionally or unintentionally.

 New media are forms of media that are native to computers,

computational and relying on computers for redistribution. Some

examples of new media are telephones, computers, virtual

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 worlds, single media, website games, human-computer

interface, computer animation and interactive computer installations.

 Propaganda is by no means simply commercial advertising applied

to the political or spiritual arena. They seek only momentary effect,

whereas political propaganda seeks the systematic enlightenment

necessary to win supporters to a worldview.

 Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims

to change the behaviour or perception of others through abusive,

deceptive, or underhanded tactics.

 Social Media Platforms are the websites and applications that

enable users to create and share content or to participate in social

networking.

 Social Media Platforms User is the person who uses different

kinds of social media platform.

 Spam is electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings. Some

people define spam even more generally as any unsolicited email.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the review of related literature, studies and

theories that are relevant to this research.

Fake News

According to Besmano; Fernandez; Dimaranan; Valguna (2017), Fake

news are news that are viral in the internet that because of its

inappropriateness. It is used as a tool to promote and to spread lies. They also

stated that Fake News came from memes and political propaganda. As for the

political Propaganda, users make articles that are based on the propagandas

that made it misleading and biased, hence, it will also result to a fake news. In

result of the terrorist attacks and rise of tragedies, fake news itself is becoming

a big deal in the Philippines. If this kind of information spread rapidly, the mass

tend to panic that will lead to sharing of misconceptions that will create bigger

problem. In contrary to that, we should prevent it by identifying what is real or

not by the use of criterion which can be used by the users for more efficient

reading of real or fake literature.

According to Lorenzo (2017), the presence of fake news in the

Philippines has been on the rise as can be glimpsed by the alarm it has

caused among public officials. Recently, there have been Senate hearings

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specifically tackling the perpetuation of fake news. Citing the head of the

Senate Committee on Public Information and Mass Media, Senator Grace

Poe, she argued, “If fake news is not challenged, it will create lynch mobs out

of certain people, turning them into an army of character assassins, who can

be unleashed, with just one meme, to destroy an idea, a person, or an

institution.” She even remarked that bots and trolls that make use of dummy

social media accounts are spreading around fake news.

The issue on fake news is more significant than ever, and if not curbed,

it would continue to fool readers, carrying on with its antics of blurring the truth

from manufactured lies. Strategies then have to be laid down in order to help

citizens and readers evaluate the authenticity and credibility of the information

that is given to them.

According to Bueno (2018), Battling the unfold of ‘fake news’ is

analogous to fighting a hydra, the many-headed monster of Greek mythology:

once you narrow off a head, another seems in its place. Take for example the

web site filipinewsph.com, flagged a faux news web site by the middle for

Media Freedom Responsibility. The web site is currently dead — however not

extremely. There’s another active web site with an identical name, connected

as filipinews.info.

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 There is no thanks to understand WHO the creators of the web site ar, or

however its contents ought to be construed, apart from a disclaimer: “Ph News

Portal makes no illustration, guarantees, or affirmation with regards to the

preciseness, currency, or completeness of the substance contain during this

web site} or any sites connected to the current site.”

Reacting to the post, one commenter wrote: “In short, fake news.”

The term ‘fake news’ has been prompt as associate degree image:

associate degree oxymoron for “lies,” says veteran journalist Ellen Tordesillas

of Vera Files, associate degree freelance organization that conducts reality

checks on dishonourable and false claims current on-line. Speaking during a

Senate probe, she states that ‘fake news’ ar lies masquerading as truth. “One

of the attributes of stories is accuracy, honesties … thus ‘pag sinabi mong‘fake

news,’ paano maging faux National Guard totoo? knife hindi tama ‘yung word

atomic number 11 ‘fake news.’”

'Fake news' belongs to an extended history of black information and

political spin. Illustration by JL JAVIER Despite its proliferation, ‘fake news’

could be a name. The breadth of content disseminated over social media

suggests that we’re not talking concerning news any longer, however a info

and misinformation system — involving not solely the content of the news,

however the suggests that on however it's circulated and consumed. To

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mislead is to unwittingly share false data; to misinform is to deliberately

produce and share information celebrated to be false, says Claire Wardle of

initial Draft News, a non-profit coalition at the Harvard Kennedy School's

Shorenstein Center, that is devoted to rising the means we tend to report and

share content on-line

To use the term ‘misinformation and misinformation ecosystem’ is also

additional correct than victimisation the term ‘fake news,’ particularly within the

context of the Philippines. Congress is currently crafting a law that might stop

organized networks from making, targeting, and spreading data that's harmful

to the general public interest. Moreover, the system expands to data coming

back from the government officers themselves, WHO should be command to

higher standards of responsibility.

While the increase of misinformation here became additional apparent

throughout the 2016 elections, misinformation is nothing new. Media scholar

Jonathan Ong, associate degree prof at the University of Massachusetts, says

the development could be a “continuation of the long history of black

information and spin by ‘political operators,’” expedited these days by

technology through the net and social media.

“One of the attributes of stories is accuracy, honesty … therefore ‘pag sinabi

mong ‘fake news,’ paano maging pretend ANG totoo?” — Ellen Tordesillas

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 For example, the justice secretary once suspect opposition officers of a

destabilization plot by ‘exposing’ a gaggle pic, and even ordered a research.

He later backtracked once the pic was verified. Presidential communications

assistant secretary and blogger Mocha Uson, United Nations agency faces

libel charges for coverage on a fictitious checking account of a legislator, was

warned by senators to “use her power wisely” in light-weight of social media

gaffes on her Facebook page, that had shared superannuated stories and

inaccurate photos.

Mis- and misinformation, therefore, come in several shapes and sizes: a

extremely emotional, unfounded opinion, a dishonest allegation that appears

supported truth, a photograph or video framed to deceive its audience. Worse,

it even comes within the type of a acculturation. In her article, “Fake news. It’s

sophisticated, “Wardle outlines seven sorts of mis- and disinformation:

1. Irony or parody two. False connections (when headlines or photos don’t

match the content) three. Dishonest content (when info is framed towards a

problem or individual four. False context five. Faker content (when sources

square measure “impersonated”) six. Manipulated content (when info is real

however manipulated to deceive) seven. Unreal content

To distinguish between these varieties needs a sincere effort to expand

one’s reading habits. It takes Associate in Nursing knowledgeable reader, as

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an instance, to see that the skilled bad that publishes irony and not unreal

content — the previous is meant to amuse, like a joke; the latter to deceive, to

pass off a lie as truth. The variations entail a separate discussion altogether.

There lies the challenge: to sift through harmful info needs not simply media

background however additionally careful, important thinking, that isn't

developed long. As these websites go infective agent, it’s imperative that we

have a tendency to facilitate folks tell apart what’s real from not.

“A news website should be in charge for what is posted on its page, and it

starts with figuring out the people behind it, as nicely as how they can be

contacted so they can be requested to provide an explanation for mistakes

posted in their sites, amongst others.” — Center for Media Freedom and

Responsibility

Emotional, sensationalized, tabloid-like headlines

Ong says ‘fake news’ takes the form of “online news stories, where it’s

emotionally manipulative as a substitute than being truthful or factual.” He

added: “they would set off people into anger or hate,” shared thru filter bubbles

with like-minded human beings most likely to agree with every other.

Tokhang TV, for example, has a video titled “PRRD: SI CONCHITA MAY

KABIT NA KORONEL!” (All caps and exclamation point theirs.) The 14-minute

video, however, is a cut-and-paste model of quite a number information

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reports, discussing SSS benefits, a financial institution theft, among many

others. At the starting is presidential footage pronouncing he hates drugs, and

a few statements that neither verify nor affirm the headline. Content like this is

referred to as ‘clickbait,’ the headline of which is exaggerated (often to the

point of sensationalizing) to entice readers to click.

Questionable bylines

“Juan Tagabisto” seems both in Du30Today and Philnewstrend (with

URL dakilanglahi.info). The word “tagabisto” pertains to a whistleblower, and

when connected to the day-to-day name “Juan” and a internet site barring any

links to its creators, does nothing to make sure reporter accountability.

Netcitizen.co has an anonymous “kcr” who writes most of its stories. The

website Mediacurious has an author called “Freedom of Speech.” Other web

sites such as Pinoy Thinking have no bylines at all, solely a timestamp. If the

byline is either absent or a pseudonym — and extra importantly, not backed

by way of an institution — there is little cause to trust the information.

“A news website should be in charge for what is posted on its page, and it

begins with identifying the human beings in the back of it, as properly as how

they can be contacted so they can be asked to provide an explanation for

mistakes posted in their sites, among others,” the Center for Media Freedom

and Responsibility says.

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Clones in comparable websites, copying from reputable information sources

According to “A Field Guide to Fake News,” a collaboration of Public

Data Lab and First Draft, “successful faux news memories usually appear on

countless webpages.” To fully analyze the have an impact on of mis-and

disinformation, it’s no longer ample to focal point basically on content, but

where and how these articles circulate. The area information proposes that “it

is exactly the character of this on-line circulation and reception that makes

something into pretend news.” (Italics theirs.) It adds that ‘fake news’

frequently take a viral character, and is often disseminated thru viral pages

that disseminate click bait content.

An instance may be made of an article published both in Pinoy Thinking

and Netcitizen.co concerning a drug-related announcement made through

activist priest Fr. Robert Reyes. Both articles, citing GMA News as its source,

are in fact copies of each other, posted in apparently specific platforms with

impartial reach. Website Pinoy Thinking has round 170,000 followers on

Facebook, whilst Netcitizen.co has round 48,000 followers. Both are often

mentioned via quite a number neighborhood pages.

A ‘public energized by way of faux news’

The mis- and disinformation ecosystem can't be sustained without

audiences who make it come alive, particularly in a cycle of introduction and

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consumption that capitalizes on certain themes, most of the time, political. A

scan of the headlines contained in the websites above reveals habitual speak

me points: the drug war, several officers who oppose the president (such as

Sen. Risa Hontiveros, Sen. Antonio Trillanes, and Ombudsman Conchita

Carpio-Morales) and even the proliferation of ‘fake news,’ also popular

amongst many public agencies on Facebook. Public Data Lab's "A Field Guide

to Fake News" seeks to check out the production, circulation, and reception of

'fake news' online. Image from PUBLIC DATA LAB/TWITTER To seem to be

at 'fake news' articles is additionally to seem at the phenomenon of “trolling,”

some of which represent the cross-section of the public actively concerned in

circulating 'fake news' online. It is also well worth analyzing whether or not

'fake news' is just propaganda dressed in new, social-media-age clothes.

It seems like searching at content is just the tip of the iceberg. First Draft

and Public Data Lab’s discipline guide suggests a greater comprehensive

learn about on the approaches the public “produces, circulates, and receives”

'fake news' online. For our part, we want to start asking better questions —

What fuels 'fake news'? How do we spot them? How do we symbolize

“fakeness”? These center of attention greater on enticing the phenomenon, as

an alternative than out rightly dismissing or shooting it down.

The web sites referred to above have been flagged as pretend following

pointers from the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, which posted

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a listing of ‘fake news’ web sites similar to the ones above and, together with

the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines, runs Fakeblok: a plug-in

that flags ‘fake news.’ Reference has additionally been made to the First Draft

Coalition’s quite number assets on ‘fake news,’ particularly the links covered

above.

According to Lazer; David, M.J. (2018), the rise of fake news highlights

the erosion of long-standing institutional bulwarks against misinformation in

the internet age. Concern over the problem is global. However, much remains

unknown regarding the vulnerabilities of individuals, institutions, and society to

manipulations by malicious actors. A new system of safeguards is needed.

Below, we discuss extant social and computer science research regarding

belief in fake news and the mechanisms by which it spreads. Fake news has a

long history, but we focus on unanswered scientific questions raised by the

proliferation of its most recent, politically oriented incarnation. Beyond selected

references in the text, suggested further reading can be found in the

supplementary materials.

Social Media Fake News

According to Lorenzo (2017), Early this year, the “Digital in 2017 Global

Overview Report” was released, and results show some data regarding

internet and social media use that are worth delving into. In particular, there

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are 3.773 billion internet users and 2.789 billion social media users all over the

world. The global internet user number is reported to be up by more than 80%

since year 2012, and there is an increase in social media use of 21% users

year-on-year.

He stated that the prominence of internet and social media play a

pivotal role in the way information becomes available and accessible in this

Digital Age. Citizens of this era have at their behest new platforms that can be

utilized both in positive and negative ways. The most palpable boon that the

digital world offers is the democratization of knowledge and information and

the strengthening of freedom of expression. It makes information very

accessible to people, and this results in a free-flowing information that is easily

reachable and shareable. Social media accounts such as Facebook and

Twitter also seemingly empower individuals to easily express their thoughts

and sentiments on their social media accounts.

The convenience that the internet and social media seems to bring with

it could cause a boomerang effect, as this very same convenience could result

in laxity. The use of social media does not pose any rigorous measure that

requires the content to be filtered, the facts to be checked, and the grammar to

be edited. Worse, as some academics would contend, “An individual user with

no track record or reputation can in some cases reach as many readers as

Fox News, CNN, or the New York Times.“

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This kind of digital ambience has led to the prominence of fake news. Fake

news has been playing a crucial role in this information – or rather

misinformation – era. Although fake news did not happen only with the advent

of recent technology and the birth of social media, these new avenues have

ushered in more rapid ways of disseminating false information. This aspect is

worthwhile to delve into, considering that there is a growth in social media use.

According to Lorenzo (2017), On the present administration side, seven

Senators argued a foul conduct over a blog that called them to be

“Malacanang dogs” (referring to the term “Malacanang/Malacañan Palace”,

the official residence of the Philippine President) after they failed to sign the

Senate Resolution 516, a resolution urging the Duterte Administration to,

“undertake the necessary steps to stop the spate of killings, especially of our

children”. This indignation of the seven Senators provoked the Senate

hearings on fake news.

The Senate Committee also invited administration officials like the

controversial blogger and dancer-turned high government official, Presidential

Communications Assistant Secretary Mocha Uson, who runs the “Mocha Uson

Blog”. She is lambasted by the public for spreading fake news such as using a

photo of the Honduras police when she asked the public in one of her articles

to pray for the Philippine Army during the recent war in Marawi. In the peak of

public outrage due to the killing of the 17-year-old victim Kian Delos Santos as

20
part of the drug crackdown of the Duterte Administration, Asst. Sec. Uson

wrote in August this year a story of a killed cop in an operation to prick the

conscience of those against the drug war of the President. However, the

officer’s wake that she cited was still back in year 2016. Senator Nancy Binay

argues that it would be hard for the government to fight fake news when one

of its perpetrators comes from its very own ranks, pointing to Uson.

According to Buena (2018), there have been dubious URLs, ‘About Us’

page. Check the web site address at once. What proportion trust would you

place on news that comes from an address like pepengscorer.blogspot.com (a

website that posts tabloid-like headlines with emended news clips) or

okd2.com (a self-described satiric web site that peddles its articles as

news)? Some URLs additionally mimic legitimate news websites to stimulate

readers to click. Some examples embody breaking-bbc.co.uk (the correct

address for BBC is bbc.com) and tv-cnn.com and cnn-channel.com (now

down, however mimicked CNN; the right address is cnn.com or

edition.cnn.com for CNN International, or cnnphilippines.com).

Particularly within the Philippines, several “fake news” sites additionally

appear to spot a selected individual (see du30today.com or

dutertedefender.com) or purport to be a portal for news, however dispense

with answerability via Associate in Nursing absent “About Us” page. Although

Associate in Nursing “About Us” page exists, there's still no specific individual

21
known (see angatpilipino.info or pinoythinking.info). The mentioned sites

contain an equivalent “About Us” text. each state they “share infective agent

videos, photos, and news within the Philippines. The videos and photos

shared area unit fastidiously chosen to make sure not slanderous and don't

contain defamation. We have a tendency to area unit happy to share to

entertain you. If you've got videos or photos that you simply suppose might go

infective agent then we have a tendency to area unit glad to share it in our

website.”

Some comparable web sites additionally comprise disclaimers, mentioning

no one ensures the accuracy of the facts on the internet site (see Duterte

Defender, netcitizen.co or filipinews.info, which phrase their disclaimers the

equal way). These websites explicitly say they do not assurance the

“precision, currency, or completeness” of their contents, which is tantamount

to announcing that the contents are not guided via any standards at all.

According to Allcott; Hunt; Gentzkow; Matthew; (2017) it is stated that

“We present new evidence on the role of false stories circulated on social

media prior to the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Drawing on audience data,

archives of fact-checking websites, and results from a new online survey, we

find: (i) social media was an important but not dominant source of news in the

run-up to the election, with 14 percent of Americans calling social media their

“most important” source of election news; (ii) of the known false news stories

22
that appeared in the three months before the election, those favoring Trump

were shared a total of 30 million times on Facebook, while those favoring

Clinton were shared eight million times; (iii) the average American saw and

remembered 0.92 pro-Trump fake news stories and 0.23 pro-Clinton fake

news stories, with just over half of those who recalled seeing fake news stories

believing them; (iv) for fake news to have changed the outcome of the

election, a single fake article would need to have had the same persuasive

effect as 36 television campaign ads.”

According to Lorenzo (2017), In the first quarter of 2017, the “Digital in

2017 Global Overview Report” was released, and results show some data

regarding internet and social media use that are worth delving into. In

particular, there are 3.773 billion internet users and 2.789 billion social media

users all over the world. The global internet user number is reported to be up

by more than 80% since year 2012, and there is an increase in social media

use of 21% users year-on-year.

The prominence of internet and social media play a pivotal role in the way

information becomes available and accessible in this Digital Age. Citizens of

this era have at their behest new platforms that can be utilized both in positive

and negative ways. The most palpable boon that the digital world offers is the

democratization of knowledge and information and the strengthening of

23
freedom of expression. It makes information very accessible to people, and

this results in a free-flowing information that is easily reachable and shareable.

Social media accounts such as Facebook and Twitter also seemingly

empower individuals to easily express their thoughts and sentiments on their

social media accounts.

The convenience that the internet and social media seems to bring with it

could cause a boomerang effect, as this very same convenience could result

in laxity. The use of social media does not pose any rigorous measure that

requires the content to be filtered, the facts to be checked, and the grammar to

be edited. Worse, as some academics would contend, “An individual user with

no track record or reputation can in some cases reach as many readers as

Fox News, CNN, or the New York Times.“

This kind of digital ambience has led to the prominence of fake news.

Fake news has been playing a crucial role in this information – or rather

misinformation – era. Although fake news did not happen only with the advent

of recent technology and the birth of social media, these new avenues have

ushered in more rapid ways of disseminating false information. This aspect is

worthwhile to delve into, considering that there is a growth in social media use.

According to Chandran (2018), Rights and democracy advocates are

calling attention to Facebook's role in spreading misinformation again — this

24
time in the Philippines. The social media giant's hosting of inaccurate stories

that support strongman President Rodrigo Duterte's administration has been

newly spotlighted after Manila moved to shut down a local news site that had

been the victim of a misinformation campaign.

Social Media

According to Internet Matters (2018), 43% of teens aging 12-15 owns a

tablet and 26% of them use internet 3-5 hours a day. And for that, this study

will focus on how the young minds of the Generation Z, specifically the Grade

7 students aging 12-15, would react regarding Social Media fake news.

According to Nations (2018), Social media is a phrase that we throw

around a lot these days, often to describe what we post on sites and apps like

Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat and others which are called as Social

Media Platforms.

The "social" part: refers to interacting with other people by sharing

information with them and receiving information from them.

The "media" part: refers to an instrument of communication, like the

internet (while TV, radio, and newspapers are examples of more traditional

forms of media). From these two separate terms, we can pull a basic definition

together: Social media are web-based communication tools that enable people

to interact with each other by both sharing and consuming information.

25
 According to Nations (2018), There are some known issues in the

Social Media. He stated that social media isn't all just fun and games with your

friends, celebrities you admire, and brands you follow. There are lots of

common problems that most major social media platforms haven't totally

solved, despite their effort to do so.

 Spam: Social media makes it easy for spammers – both real people

and bots – to bombard other people with content. If you have a Twitter

account, you've probably experienced a few spambot follows or

interactions. Likewise, if you run a WordPress blog, you may have

gotten a spam comment or two caught by your spam filter.

 Cyberbullying/Cyberstalking: Children and teenagers are especially

susceptible to cyberbullying because they take more risks when it

comes to posting on social media. And now that we all interact on social

media via our mobile devices, most major platforms make it possible

to share our locations, opening up the doors for cyberstalkers to target

us.

 Self-image manipulation: What a user posts about themselves on

social media only represents a small portion of their life. While followers

may see someone who's happy and living it up via their posts on social

media in such a way that makes them feel boring or inadequate by

comparison, the truth is that users have the power to completely control

26
 what parts they do and don't want to broadcast on social media to

manipulate their own self-image.

 Information overload: It's not unusual to have over 200 Facebook

friends or follow over 1,000 Twitter accounts. With so many accounts to

follow and so many people posting new content, it's almost impossible

to keep up.

 Fake news: Fakes new websites promote links to their own totally false

news stories on social media in order to drive traffic to them. Many

users have no idea that they're fake in the first place.

 Privacy/Security: Many social media platforms still get hacked from

time to time despite having good security measures in place. Some also

don't offer all the privacy options that users need to keep their

information as private as they want them to be.

According to Razor-Edge Media (2018), Social Media Overall

Gender Percentage Use are the following:

62% of Men vs 71% of Women

From this stat alone this tells you that whether you’re targeting

men or women, you’re going to be able to reach the majority of them via

social media. And if your target market is predominantly women, then

you can’t really ignore it at all. What is interesting though is the

27
 general reasons and usage behaviours of women and men on social

media – why are they there? It isn’t really surprising to learn that

women are more social creatures, they tend to use social media for

personal connections, staying in touch with friends and family, they’re

more likely to share information or opinions and be more expressive in

general on social media.

By contrast, men tend to use social media to gather influence, information,

contacts and overall status. They tend to be more business-like in their

approach and use of social media, they’re more likely to follow business pages

and business accounts than women. That isn’t to say women don’t, they do,

but the percentages of men doing so are higher.

Memes

According to Elise Moreau (2018), Internet Trolls can be defined as a

social media controller, they can control everything about you in social

media. Internet trolls is an online community where lurking about what you

are doing to disrupt you, hurt, insults and so much more. Internet trolls can

also be define as “The Lurkers” they are hiding by their fake identity to

bash someone without knowing them and they will use the social media to

attack someone through video, image, png, gif, and etc. Facebook,

28
youtube, twitter or any social media platform where the Internet trolls can

be found. They always use the comment section to express their opinion

and thoughts about something in a not-that-good way. Internet trolls are

easy to create because of the social media platform itself are easily to

access, so the people who tend to bash, insult or create fakenews to

someone can get into the net easily.

Elise Moreau (2018) Internet Trolls can be defined as someone who

create or post in an online community such as forum, chats, or blog In any

social media platform to provoke someone into an emotional response or

to disrupting his/her normal discussion by using inflammatory, extraneous,

or off topic messages.

Nowadays, memes are like the ruler of internet. It is a way for others to

show their insights and is now a source of information; those memes are

enjoyed by the millions of internet users and go viral because of how easy

it is to share you things due to sites like facebook, twitter, 9gag and some

other social media networks. Filipinos lead the the world in social media

use that's why Philippines spread too much information.

Memes can be source of fake information because most of the people

don’t have the knowledge to undermine if the information is true or not.

29
Some of the students must have the basic fundamentals regarding media

info lit to determine the news of today.

Memes can be spread through sharing, one click away, the memes are

already there. Creating memes are just creating new ideas for the people

to consider if the platform they’re using is reliable or not. Memes are

popular for the students or the youth, we should used it properly not in a

way that they’ll be confused.

According to Besmano; Fernandez; Dimaranan; Valguna (2017),

Memes are like the rulers of the internet. It is often a source of

humor or a way for other to show their political insights; memes are

enjoyed by millions of internet users and often go viral because of how

easy it is to share due to sites like Facebook, twitter, 9gag and etc.

Filipinos lead the world in social media use that made memes one of the

causes why the Philippines spreads too much false information.

Case 1: When former CHR (Commission on Human Rights) chairman

protested on social media when she was accused of showing compassion

for the Maute group. It all started via a meme that resulted to a big issue

and circulated around social media. Allowing the meme creator to gain

sympathy and support and start sharing false information.

30
 Case 2: A common scene that is happening now during the Duterte

administration is to bash Vice President Leni Robredo. The camp and

supporters of President Duterte insisting that she does not doing her job as

a vice president. But according to CNN Philippines, during the 5-month

period that she served the HUDCC (Housing and Urban Development

Coordinating Council) she managed to provide low-cost housing for at

least 46,000 families, and the start of construction of at least 17,000 homes

for victims of super typhoon Yolanda before she was instructed by the

administration not to attend any cabinet meetings. By showing this meme,

the group wants to prove that memes are being used to start tricking the

minds of every individual and start to show the different side of the story

The two cases mentioned only proved that memes rule the internet by

promoting sarcasm and start triggering the spread of fake news.

31
Conceptual Framework

Demographic
Profile of Students
(Age, Gender and
Grade Level)
Social Media
Platforms and Awareness on
their Extent of Use PROCESS Social Media
Fake News
Social Media Fake Descriptive Method Proper Use of
News Awareness Random Sampling Different Social
Survey Media Platforms
Questionnaire
Data Gathering

INPUT OUTPUT

32
Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies to the Present Study

Social Media Fake News is rapidly spreading in no time. And by the

increase of the internet users, the more mass of people in the world can be

reached by that information growing in the internet and the social media

platforms.

In the different social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter,

the chances of the information that will reach each and every user can be

compared with the grossing reliable news stations such CNN and the others.

In contrast, the information they are getting are filtered and may cause things

that should not happen that will result to questioning if the society do still have

true and reliable sources of information. In addition, the creation of memes

and internet trolls will cause more chaos in the social media platforms that will

also create a chain reaction between the mass that are involved in a such

topic. It has different divisions on how should we recognize the mistake unto it.

This study will be the one to apply the words into action with the

respondent’s response in their study. All the contexts that have been

published will be used to fulfil the gaps of this study and make it fully

functioning for knowing the perception of the Grade 7 Students regarding the

Social Media Fake News. And also will be the one recommend all the

remaining holes of the past studies.

33
 Chapter 3

METHODS OF RESEARCH

This chapter presented the methods that the researchers used to

collect data and information to the respondents. The researchers study about

“Fallacy Explosion: A Quantitative Study of Novaliches High School Students’

Awareness Regarding Social Media Fake News” employs the descriptive

method applying quantitative approach. The methods used by the researchers

contained description of the respondents, the sampling procedures, the

research instruments, the methods used in gathering data and the instruments

verified by the panels.

Instruments Used in the Study

In this study, researchers used descriptive research survey. It indicated

that the only instrument used by the researchers was survey questionnaires

which will help them to convene justifiable and accurate information required

in order to develop vigorous interpretation, conclusion and recommendations.

The researchers constructed questionnaires that were distributed to the

377 respondents. The questionnaire was designed in a corresponding way

that the respondents will be able to answer it undoubtedly. The survey

questionnaire were composed of four parts, first is the student demographic

profile, second are the social media platforms they have visited, third is the

34
ways on how do they recognize fake news and lastly their response on

identifying fake news.

Sampling Technique

The sampling technique used by the researchers was the random

sampling. The random sampling was a probability sampling where each

member of the population had an equal and independent chance of being

selected. The researchers administered survey questionnaires,

This type of procedure made the collection of data easier and

convenient for both the researchers and respondents.

Respondents of the Study

The chosen respondents of the research study were the students of

Novaliches High School; S.Y. 2018-2019. The researchers decided to get

them as their respondents to know what will be there perception regarding

Social Media Fake News.

Research Design

The research design used by the researchers to conduct this study was

the descriptive method. Using this kind of method, the researchers were able

to describe the respondents’ perception regarding Social Media Fake news.

Since the main focus on the study was to make people, especially the teens

35
aging 13-20 years old, be aware of the Social Media Fake news in our

country, it was easier for them to answer and give opinion for the broadening

of thoughts and ideas in this study.

Construction and Validation of Research Instruments

All the composition and questionnaires were proved and have the

validation for the researches' Practical Research 2 subject teacher and

adviser. Given that the researcher's instrument in gathering data of information

had the corroboration; it aided the researches to obtain data that is authentic,

up-to-date and convenient.

Administration and Retrieval of Instrument

The data needed for this research study were gathered by means of

survey questionnaires constructed with the help of Likert Scale and Frequency

Percentage Distribution. The instruments have been disseminated to the

respondents in their appropriate moment specifically during recess and after

their respective classes.

The researchers have had personally distributed the survey

questionnaires to the respondents for added amplification about the

significance of the study and to elaborate the procedure of answering to avoid

misinterpretation in the part of the respondents.

36
 The respondents were given enough time in answering the

questionnaire in order to have a more efficient and accurate answers from

them and not be pressured with the time. Granting the respondents to give the

result in the most possible maximum time can give appropriate and

meaningful answers that will truly help for this study to do well. The

researchers asked the respondent if their identity will stay in confidential status

or not for they have the right to approve or disapprove to it. After gaining the

needed data, the researchers proceed in tallying and interpreting the data that

have been gathered.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The statistical treatment of data that had been used was the computed

sample size.

The following statistical tools were used to interpret the data that will

be gathered

1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution – this will be used to

present the data on respondent’s profile. The following formula

will be used:

% = f/N

Where:

N – Total number of responses

37
 F – Frequency

2. Weighted Mean – This formula will reveal the sum of all

responses divided by the total number of respondents. This will

reveal information regarding the perception of grade seven (7)

students regarding fake news.

Weighted Mean Formula

Weighted mean = Σwx/Σw

Σ = the sum of (in other words…add

them up!).

w = the weights.

x = the value.

Likert scale is a psychometric scale commonly involved in research

that employs questionnaires. It is the most widely used approach to

scaling responses in survey research, such that the term is often used

38
interchangeably with rating scale, although there are other types of

rating scales.

A Likert Scale will be used with this formula:

Scale Level Description

4.20 – 5.00 5 Very High Extent/ Very

Highly Aware

3.40 – 4.19 4 High Extent/Highly

Aware

2.60 – 3.39 3 Moderate Extent/

/Moderately Aware
1.80 – 2.59 2 Low Extent/ Slightly

Aware

1.00 – 1.79 1 Very Low Extent/

Unaware

3. One-Way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) is used to determine

whether there are any statistically significant differences between

the means of two or more independent (unrelated) groups

(although you tend to only see it used when there are a minimum

of three, rather than two groups).

39
 4. Pearson correlation coefficient, also referred to as Pearson's

r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient or the

bivariate correlation, is a measure of the linear correlation

between two variables X and Y.

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the tabular presentation of the gathered data

through the instruments based on the problems identified under the statement

of the problem. It also reveals the necessary analysis and interpretation

applied on the gathered data.

1. On the Respondents Demographic Profile

Table 1.1

Respondents as to Age

Age F % Rank

13 and below 126 33 2

14-16 207 55 1

40
 17-19 44 12 3

20 and above - - 4

Total 377

Table 1 above presented the frequency and distribution of the

respondents based on age.

As showed above, respondents age 14 – 16 with 207 or 55% placed

first in the ranking while those at ages thirteen (13) and below with 126 or 33%

placed second on the ranking. And lastly, for those ages 17-19 and 20 and

above, placed third and fourth respectively with their frequencies at 47 and 0

or 12% and 0%.

As stated by Cleofe (2018), Novaliches High School Official Registrar,

Grade 7 level was the biggest population in Novaliches High School. Then,

most of the respondents of the study were aging 14-16.

Table 1.2

Respondents as to Gender

Gender F %

Male 168 45

Female 209 55

41
 Total 377

The second table above presented the frequency in percentage

distribution of the respondents as to gender. From what we have presented

above, most of the respondents are female with 209 or 55% while the male

respondents are 168 or 45%.

As mentioned by Razor-Edge Media (2018), More women use social

media than men in general, statistically speaking, 71% of Women spend time

in using social media in contrast of 62% for the Male. And also as stated by

Anderson (2010), women accounted for more than half of the total number of

a school’s population at 58.48% compared with males at 45.52%. This sense

explains why women are dominant in size as well as the social media usage

prior in the students of Novaliches High School.

Table 1.3

Respondents as to Grade Level

Grade Level F % Rank

Grade 7 94 25 1

Grade 8 86 23 2

Grade 9 83 22 3

42
Grade 10 75 20 4

Grade 11 23 6 5

Grade 12 16 4 6

Total 377

The third table of this study show the number of respondents per year

level as well as the frequency percentage distribution. As what is shown

above, The Grade 7 year level ranked first with 94 or 25%, Grade 8 for ranked

as second with 86 or 23%, third, was the Grade 9 year level which has had 83

or 22% frequency percentage. Following them was the Grade 10 level that has

75 or 20% while Grade 11 level ranked fifth and Grade 12 ranked last as its

frequency percentage were 23 and 16 or 6% and 4% respectively.

2. Respondents as to Different Social Media Platforms and their Extent of

Use

Social Media Weighted Mean Interpretation Ranking

Platforms
Facebook 4.1206 High Extent 1

Twitter 2.4477 Low Extent 5

Youtube 4.1034 High Extent 2

43
 Instagram 2.5531 Low Extent 4

Google Plus 2.8043 Moderate Extent 3

Total 3.2058 Moderate Extent

The table above shows the extent of use the respondents (equated

through composite weighted mean) of different Social Media Platforms. The

different social media platforms namely Facebook, Twitter, Youtube,

Instagram and Google Plus have been given different response by the

respondents. Facebook got the highest ranking of extent of use averaging

4.1206 or in High Extent of use. Secondly is Youtube, with a high extent of use

numerically, 4.1034. Then the Google Plus, who got 2.8043, weighted average

in a Moderate Extent of use in all of the respondents. Next, is the Instagram

app, which got Low extent due its 2.5531 weighted average. And lastly, the

Twitter platform placed in the 5th rank with Low Extent, in numbers is, 2.4477.

The respondent’s extents of use were averaging from low to high extent

averaging from 2.4 to 4.2.

In conclusion, their extent of use on different social media platforms are

in Moderate Extent weighing 3.2058 units.

One Way Analysis of Variance/ANOVA

3.1 Respondents as to Age in their Extent of Use

44
 ANOVA
Source of df F P-value F crit Interpretation Decisio
Variation n
Between 1 0.572812 0.449621 3.8665 No Accept
Groups 1 Significance H0
Within Groups 373

Total 374      

The table above shows the output of One Way Analysis of Variance, to

know whether there is a statistically significant difference between our group

means. Based on the table, it revealed that F is less than the result of F critical

value. Therefore, the result of One-way ANOVA has no significant difference

between groups as determined by one-way ANOVA [F: 0.572812 and F critical

value 3.86651]. In conclusion, there was no statistically significant difference

between the Age and extent of using different social media platforms. The

hypothesis is accepted.

3.2 Respondents as to Gender in their Extent of Use

ANOVA
Source of Df F P-value F crit
Interpretatio Decisio
Variation n n
Between 1 0.572812 0.449621 3.86651 No Accept
Groups Significance H0
Within Groups 373

Total 374      

The table above shows the output of one way ANOVA, and it exhibited

that F is less than the result of F critical value. Hence, the result of it has no

45
significant difference between groups as determined by one-way ANOVA [F:

0.572812 and F critical value 3.86651]. In conclusion, there was no statistically

significant difference between the Gender and extent of using different social

media platforms. The hypothesis is accepted

3.3 Respondents as to Grade Level in their Extent of Use

ANOVA
Source of df F P-value F crit
Interpretatio Decisio
Variation n n
Between Groups 1 0.572812 0.449621 3.86651 No Accept
Significance H0
Within Groups 373

Total 374      

The table above shows the outcome of one way ANOVA, and it

exhibited that F is less than the result of F critical value. Consequently, the

result of it has no significant difference between groups as determined by one-

way ANOVA [F: 0.572812 and F critical value 3.86651]. In conclusion, there

was no statistically significant difference between the Grade Level and extent

of using different social media platforms. The hypothesis is accepted.

4. Respondents as to their Social Media Fake News’ Awareness

Social Media Fake Weighted Mean Interpretation Ranking

News
Chain 3.6904 Highly Aware 2
Messages/Mail

46
 Click Baits 3.2116 Moderately 4
Aware
Hoax Pages 3.0793 Moderately 5
Aware
Meme/Troll 3.6472 Highly Aware 3
Accounts
Misleading 3.7994 Highly Aware 1
Posts/Comments
(Announcements
, Ads, Bashing
Etc.)

Variables N Df R T-Value Interpretation Decision

Extent of Use 377 375 0.138 0.113 Significant Reject
of Different
Social Media 9 H0
Platforms and
Social Media
Fake News’
Awareness

The table above shows the results of the respondents’ response in their

Social Media Fake News’ Awareness. Their awareness was averaging from

moderately to highly aware approximately from 3 to 4 units of awareness. The

no. 1 social media fake news material that they are most highly aware of is the

Misleading Posts/Comments. It averaged 3.7994 in its highly aware status.

And the followed by Chain messages/mail which is also in highly aware with

3.6904 average. Third are the Meme/Troll accounts which average is 3.6472,

followed by Click Baits, in a moderately aware status at approximately 3.2116

47
averages and the least aware of with an average of 3.0793 at moderately

aware status, The Hoax pages

5. Pearson Correlation Coefficient

The result above shows the results of the Pearson Correlation

Coefficient with its variable; Extent of Use of Different Social Media Platforms

and Social Media Fake News’ Awareness of all the respondents. The N is the

no. of respondents which is 377 (students in all grade levels in Novaliches

High School). The df or the degrees of freedom have been converted to 375

by subtracting the number of variables (which is 2) to N (377). The r is the

result of Pearson Correlation Coefficient and then rounded to the nearest ten-

thousands approximately 0.1389. And then based from r, the T-value have

been gotten with the help of Pearson r Critical Value at approximately 0.113

units. The rule to get the decision is if r < (less than) the t-value, then Accept

the H0. In this case r is > (greater than) t-value so it rejected the hypothesis

and the interpretation is significant.

48
 Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and the

recommendations of this study.

Summary of Findings

The following are the summary of findings based on the gathered data.

1. On the Respondents’ Demographic Profile

1.1 Respondents as to Age

Out of 377 Novaliches High School Students, the ages Fourteen

(14) to Sixteen (16) years old respondents ranked 1 in the highest

number of respondents in Age level with approximately Two-

Hundred Seven (207) units. It was followed by 126 respondents of

ages Thirteen (13) and below. And ages Seventeen (17) to

Nineteen (19) ranked third with Forty-four (44) respondents. Lastly,

49
 the Ages 20 and above ranked last since it doesn’t get any

respondents.

1.2 Respondents as to Gender

Out of 377 respondents, Female got the highest number of

respondents at 55%, approximately at 209 units. While the male has

168 respondents at 45%.

1.3 Respondents as to Grade Level

Out of 377 respondents, there a six grade levels, the grade level

that ranked first were the Grade 7 with 94 respondents at 25% of the

whole population. Next, were the Grade 8 students, who have 23%

of the whole population, approximately 86 respondents. The Grade

9 and Grade 10 level ranked 3rd and 4th level with 83 and 75

students at 22% and 20% respondents of the whole population.

The Senior High School got the 5th and 6th rank since there

population were the least in the students of Novaliches High School

averaging 23 respondents for Grade 11 and 16 respondents in

Grade 12 level at 6% and 4% of the whole population.

2. Respondents as to Different Social Media Platforms and their

Extent of Use

50
  Facebook ranked 1st with 4.1206 weighted mean from the

respondents with their extent of use at High Extent.

 Youtube ranked 2nd with their extent of use at High Extent

weighting 4.1034.

 Google Plus rank 3rd with their extent of use at Moderate

Extent weighing 2.8043 units.

 Instagram ranked 4th with their extent of use at Low Extent

weighing 2.5531 units.

 Twitter ranked 5th with their extent of use at Low Extent

weighing 2.4477 units.

In conclusion, Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Instagram and Google Plus

extent of use were in Moderate Extent weighing 3.2058 units.

3. Significant Difference on the Student’s Extent of Use on Different

Social Media Platforms across their Demographic Profile
3.1 Respondents as to Age in their Extent of Use

Based on the results, it revealed that F is less than the result of F

critical value. Therefore, the result of One-way ANOVA has no

significant difference between groups as determined by one-way

ANOVA [F: 0.572812 and F Crit 3.86651]. In conclusion, there was

no statistically significant difference between the Age and extent of

51
 using different social media platforms across their demographic

profile. The hypothesis is accepted.

3.2 Respondents as to Gender in their Extent of Use

The results exhibited that F is less than the result of F critical

value. Hence, the result has no significant difference between

groups as determined by one-way ANOVA [F: 0.572812 and F Crit

3.86651]. In conclusion, there was no statistically significant

difference between the Gender and extent of using different social

media platforms across their demographic profile. The hypothesis is

accepted.

3.3 Respondents as to Grade Level in their Extent of Use

The results exhibited that F is less than the result of F critical

value. Consequently, the result of it has no significant difference

between groups as determined by one-way ANOVA [F: 0.572812 and F

Crit 3.86651]. In conclusion, there was no statistically significant

difference between the Grade Level and extent of using different social

media platforms across their demographic profile. The hypothesis is

accepted.

4. Respondents as to their Social Media Fake News’ Awareness

The results of the respondents’ response in their Social Media Fake

News’ Awareness. was averaging from moderately to highly aware at

52
approximately from 3 to 4 units of awareness. The no. 1 Social Media Fake

News Material that they are most highly aware of is the Misleading

Posts/Comments. It averaged 3.7994 in its highly aware status. And it is

followed by Chain Messages/Mail which is also in Highly Aware interpretation

with 3.6904 average. Third were the Meme/Troll accounts which average is

3.6472, followed by Click Baits, in a moderately aware status at approximately

3.2116 averages and the least aware of with an average of 3.0793 at

moderately aware status, The Hoax pages.

5. Significant Relationship between the Students’ Extent of Use of

Different Social Media Platforms and their Social Media Fake

News’ Awareness

Using Pearson Correlation Coefficient, the researchers have rejected

the hypothesis that There was significant relationship between the students’

extent of use different social media platforms and their level of awareness

about social media fake news. Where N is the 377 respondents and the df

(degrees of freedom) was 375. The result of Pearson Correlation Coefficient

gave the r value, then rounded off to be converted at approximately 0.1389

units. In that case, r is > (greater than) t-value so it rejected the hypothesis

and the interpretation is significant.

Conclusion

53
 This presents the researchers’ conclusions on the data that have been

interpreted, summarized and analyzed.

To sum up on the Respondent’s Demographic Profile as to Age,

Gender and Grade level,

1.1 The ages Fourteen (14) to Sixteen (16) years old respondents

had the largest number of respondents.

1.2 While as to age, the female respondents got the highest number

of respondents at 209 units. While the male has 168

respondents.

1.3 And to the Grade Level, the Grade 7 level got the highest

number of respondents while the Grade 12 level 16 respondents.

2. And to respondents as to different social media platforms and

their extent of use, Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Instagram and

Google Plus extent of use were in Moderate Extent.

3. On the Significant Difference on the Student’s Extent of Use on

Different Social Media Platforms across their Demographic

Profile as to Age, Gender and Grade Level, there was no

statistically significant difference between the Age, Gender and

Grade level and extent of using different social media platforms

across their demographic profile. The hypothesis is accepted.

54
4. While on the Respondents as to their Social Media Fake News’

Awareness, the respondents’ response in their Social Media

Fake News’ Awareness. was averaging from moderately to

highly aware at approximately from 3 to 4 units of awareness.

The no. 1 Social Media Fake News Material that they are most

highly aware of is the Misleading Posts/Comments. and the last

and with the lowest awareness of the respondents were the

Hoax pages.

5. And lastly on the Significant Relationship between the Students’

Extent of Use of Different Social Media Platforms and their

Social Media Fake News’ Awareness, there was significant

relationship between the students’ extent of use different social

media platforms and their level of awareness about social media

fake news. It accepted the hypothesis and the interpretation was

significant.

55
 Recommendation
This page shows the researchers suggested changes, solutions and

interventions to the existing problems illustrated in the study.

1. Proper Use of Social Media Platforms (Seminar)

To maximize the benefits of social media platforms and minimize

the risks that might affect the user, A seminar about the proper use of

social media platforms should be implemented that will include how

would a user can be affected by the contents that those platforms are

bringing to them as well as its extent of use and how it affects them

holistically.

2. Spotting Social Media Fake News (Infographics)

To be aware and identify the different Social Media Fake News

that are roaming around on the different platforms, an infographic about

the different ways to spot social media fake news had been made. It

included the classifications and descriptions of the ways on how to spot

56
 that social media fake news. An illustration of it was given in the

appendices.

Bibliography
News/Journal
 Chandran, N. (2018, January 18). Facebook attacked by critics over
'fake news' - but outside the US this time.
 Bueno, A. (2017, October). The anatomy of 'fake news'.
 Lorenzo. (2017, November 08). The rise of fake news: The Philippine
case.
 Moreau, E. (2018, January 02). Here's What You Need to Know About
Internet Trolling.
 Nations, D. (2018, August 30). Serious Question: What Exactly Is
Social Media?

Research Papers

 Allcott, Hunt; Gentzkow, Matthew. Working paper for the National

Bureau of Economic Research,

 Lazer, David M. J.; et al. Science, March 2018.

 Perry, P. (2018, September 17). Who Are Internet Trolls?

57
Websites

 Arthur. J. (2015). Read "Uses of Social Media in Public Transportation"

at NAP.edu. Retrieved from

https://www.nap.edu/read/14666/chapter/4?

fbclid=IwAR3cxDEzeS7dQqkV5-

clnEa8WZ5xSxy3WADpo5bDqrFvlIimqGg6_YjA2VA#7

Appendices
Questionnaire

58
Spotting Social Media Fake News (Infographics)

59
 Curriculum Vitae

Jhoana Rose Tigue Agcambot

14 Imelda St. Rebisco Rd. Brgy. Nagkaisang
Nayon, Novaliches, Quezon City.
09386039276/09184503918

OBJECTIVES
To enhance my professional and educational skills that I gathered in senior high school in an actual
work and environment thus contribute to the realization of the organization’s objectives in my own
humble way.

EDUCATION
2017 - Present NOVALICHES HIGH SCHOOL (SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL)

Novaliches, Quezon City

Humanities and Social Sciences

2013 - 2017 NOVALICHES HIGH SCHOOL

Novaliches, Quezon City

2007 - 2013 DAMONG MALIIT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Novaliches, Quezon City

ORGANIZATIONS

2017 – 2018 Member, Young Men’s Christian Association (Novaliches High School)

2018 – 2019 Member, Humanities and Social Sciences Club (Novaliches High School)

2018 – 2019 Member, Finance Committee, Supreme Student Government (Novaliches

High School)

SEMINARS ATTENTED

2018 Calibrate 2018 (UP NCPAG)

2018 Ambisyon Natin 2018 (UP NCPAG)

2018 LOL Organizer Class (Wilcon Center)

2018 Hi-Y Club YMCA (Novaliches High School)

60
 PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth July 07, 2001 Citizenship Filipino

Place of Birth Quezon City, Religion Roman Catholic

Philippines
Mother Rosalie Agcambot
Age 17
Occupation Factory Worker
Height 5’4
Father Juan Agcambot
Gender Female
Occupation Maintenance
Weight 45 kg. Worker

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Mrs. Eliza Villella Teacher 09065351518

(Novaliches High School)
Rosalie Agcambot Mother 09386039276

61
GABRIEL SORILO BALERIO
#45 Ginintuang Landas St. Brgy. Sta. Monica, Novaliches Quezon City.

0945-850-6813

gabrielbalerio@icloudl.com

OBJECTIVES
To use my knowledge, skills and attitude that I’ve learned here in Novaliches High School and to
practice my ethics properly.

EDUCATION
2017 - Present NOVALICHES HIGH SCHOOL (SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL)

Novaliches, Quezon City

Humanities and Social Sciences

2013 - 2017 NOVALICHES HIGH SCHOOL

Novaliches, Quezon City

2007 - 2013 VILLA VERDE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Novaliches, Quezon City

ELIGIBILITY/
CERTIFICATIONS

March 2017 Junior High School Completer

November 2017 NYC SPARK FINANCE CHAMPION

ACHIEVEMENTS
November 20, 2017 NYC Spark Champion

November 24, 2018 With Honors, Grade 12

Novaliches Senior High School

ORGANIZATIONS

2016 – Present Interact Club (Novaliches High School)

2018– Present HI-Y Club (Novaliches High School)

2014 – Present Sayawista PCFN

2018 – 2019 Member, Humanities and Social Sciences Club (Novaliches High School)

62
2018 – 2019 YMCA CLUB

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth March 11, 2001 Weight 45 kg.

Place of Birth Quezon City, Citizenship Filipino

Philippines
Religion Born Again
Age 17 Christian

Height 5’4

Gender Female

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Mrs. Eliza Villella Teacher 09065351518

(Novaliches High School)
Rosalie Agcambot Mother 09386039276

63
CLARENCE LAMANILAO LOPEZ
Blk 47 Lot 8 Phase 3 Recomville 1 Brgy. 170 Deparo 2 Caloocan City

+639568402039/(02)952-5501

clarencelopez35@gmail.com

OBJECTIVES
To apply my acquired knowledge and skills in Senior High School in the actual work environment thus
contribute to the realization of the organization’s objectives in my own humble way.

EDUCATION
2017 - Present NOVALICHES HIGH SCHOOL (SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL)

Novaliches, Quezon City

Humanities and Social Sciences

2013 - 2017 NOVALICHES HIGH SCHOOL

Novaliches, Quezon City

2007 - 2013 SAN AGUSTIN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Novaliches, Quezon City

ELIGIBILITY/
CERTIFICATIONS

March 2017 Junior High School Completer

March 2018 Grade 11 Completer (w/ Honors)

ACHIEVEMENTS
April 02, 2018 With Honors, Grade 11
Novaliches Senior High School

August 23, 2018 Silver Medalist (2nd Place), Dagliang Talumpati sa Filipino (District Level)
Novaliches High School

November 24, 2018 With Honors, Grade 12

Novaliches Senior High School

64
ORGANIZATIONS

2013 – 2018 Member (Tenor), Koro Novaleño (Novaliches High School)

2013 – 2017 SCG, SLK - Samahang Likha para sa Kabataan ng ating Bayan (Novaliches
High School)

2014 – Present Chapter Head/Music Ministry (Sector), CFC-Youth For Christ

2017 - 2018 Senior High School Chairperson, Supreme Student Government (Novaliches
High School)

2018 – 2019 Member, Humanities and Social Sciences Club (Novaliches High School)

2018 – 2019 HUMSS Representative, Novaliches Senior High School Inner Core
(Novaliches High School)

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth October 03, 2001 Citizenship Filipino

Place of Birth Malabon City, Religion Roman Catholic

Philippines
Mother Charlita Lopez
Age 17
Occupation Vendor
Height 5’6
Father Loreto Lopez
Gender Male
Occupation Vendor
Weight 65 kg.

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Charlita Lopez Mother 09284639250

Mrs. Eliza Villela Adviser/Teacher 09065351518

65
Maria Roselle Murillo Limbo
15 C Magsaysay St. TS Cruz Subdivision

Barangay San Agustin Novaliches Quezon City

Contact No: 09553620845/09358461689

OBJECTIVES
To obtain employment with a company that offers a positive atmosphere to learn and implement new

skills and technologies for the betterment of the organization.

EDUCATION

2017 - Present NOVALICHES HIGH SCHOOL (SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL)

Novaliches, Quezon City

Humanities and Social Sciences

2013 - 2017 NOVALICHES HIGH SCHOOL

Novaliches, Quezon City

2007 - 2013 SAN AGUSTIN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Novaliches, Quezon City

ELIGIBILITY/
CERTIFICATIONS

March 2017 Junior High School Completer

March 2018 Grade 11 Completer (w/ Honorsz

66
ORGANIZATIONS

2016 – 2017 Former Sports Writer in Filipino), Ang Talisman (Novaliches High School)

2018 – 2019 Executive Committee Member, Supreme Student Government, (Novaliches

High School)

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth September 15, 2000 Citizenship Filipino

Place of Birth Quezon City, Religion Roman Catholic

Philippines
Mother Ma. Cristina Limbo

Age 18
Occupation Housekeeper

Height
Father Melvin Limbo

Gender Female
Occupation Factory Worker

Weight

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Ma. Cristina Limbo Mother 09553620845

67
Ammi Danah S.C. Serrano
5 Bethsaida St., Brgy. San Agustin, Novaliches, Quezon City

Contact No.: +639176577121

Email address: ammidanah_serrano@yahoo.com

OBJECTIVES
To apply my acquired knowledge and skills in Senior High School in the actual work environment thus
contribute to the realization of the organization’s objectives in my own humble way.

EDUCATION
2017 - Present NOVALICHES HIGH SCHOOL (SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL)

Novaliches, Quezon City

Humanities and Social Sciences

2013 - 2017 NOVALICHES HIGH SCHOOL

Novaliches, Quezon City

2010 - 2013 SAN AGUSTIN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Novaliches, Quezon City

2009 - 2010 MAKATI ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Makati City

2007 - 2008 SAN AGUSTIN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Novaliches, Quezon City

ACHIEVEMENTS
2009 Top 3 in Class
San Agustin Elementary School

2010 Top 8 in Class

Makati Elementary School

2014 Top 6 in Class

Novaliches High School

2015 Top 3 in Class

Novaliches High School

68
ORGANIZATIONS

2014 – 2017 Member, Girl Scout of the Philippines (Novaliches High School)

2018 – 2019 Member, Executive Committee, Supreme Student Government (Novaliches

High School)

2018 – 2019 Member, Humanities and Social Sciences Club (Novaliches High School)

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth June 13, 2000 Citizenship Filipino

Place of Birth Quezon City, Religion Born Again

Philippines Christian

Age 18 Mother Victoria Serrano

Height Occupation N/A

Gender Female Father Hernani Serrano

Weight Occupation N/A

69