Types of Qualitative Research

Phenomenological research-concerned with lived

experience of human. It is an approach to thinking
about what life experiences of people are like and
what they mean.

Grounded theory research-seeks to describe and

understand the key social psychological and
structural processes that occur a social setting. A
major component is the discovery of a core
variable that is central in explaining what is going
on in that social scene.

Ethnographical research-the primary research

tradition within anthropology, which provides a
framework for studying the meanings, patterns,
and experiences of a defined cultural group in a
holistic fashion.

Historical research-narrative description or

analysis of events that occurred in the remote or
recent past.
Case studies-in Depth examination and analysis of
people or group of people in relation to nursing
issues or problems that are important to the client
and the researcher.

Field studies-natural investigations done in the

community, such as in nursing home, housing
projects and clinical wards.

Review of Related Literature (RRL)

Literature is an oral or written record of man’s
significant experiences that are artistically
conveyed in a prosaic manner. Embodied in any
literary work like essay, novel, journal, story,
biography, etc.

Review of Related Literature - is an analysis of

man’s written or spoken knowledge of the world.
You examine representations of man’s thinking
about the world to determine the connection of
your research with what people already know
about it.
“When one reviews the literature, the usual tasks
involve are the ff:
summarizing key elements of a research study, the
problem being addressed, the central purpose,
information about the sample or subjects and the
key results or findings”

Purpose of Review of Related Literature (RRL)

1. To obtain background knowledge of your
research.
2. To relate your study to the current condition or
situation of the world.
3. To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of
previous research studies.
4. To increase your understanding of the
underlying theories, principles, or concepts of your
research.
5. To explain technical terms involved in your
research study.
6. To highlight the significance of your work with
the kind of evidence it gathered to support the
conclusion of your research.
7. To avoid repeating previous studies.
8. To recommend the necessity of further research
on a certain topic.
Systematic Review of Literature
 A style of RRL that involves sequential acts of
review of related literature.
 Wide and thorough search for all studies.

The Process of Review of Related Literature

Stage 1. Search for Literature
 The stage where you look for sources of
knowledge, data, information to answer your
research questions or to support your
assumptions about your research topic.
 Sources of knowledge are the ff: Internet,
books, journals, published literary reviews,
theses, dissertations, posters, leaflets,
research studies in progress and other library
materials, social media networks, and other
online encyclopedia.

Stage 2. Reading the Source Material

 The stage of reading, understanding, or making
the materials meaningful.
 Stage where you criticize or evaluate, apply
and create things about what you have read.
 Permits you to modify, construct, or reconstruct
ideas from your research.
Stage 3. Writing the Review
 Idea connection and organization to form an
overall understanding by paraphrasing or
summarizing the reading material.
 In writing the review you are free to fuse your
opinions with the author’s ideas.
 A good approach to writing an excellent review
is adopting good opening sentences of articles
that should chronologically appear in the paper.
 Opening an article with a bibliographical list
that begins with the author’s name like the ff. is
NOT GOOD.
o Aquino (2015) said…
o Roxas (2017) stated…
o Perez (2017) wrote…
 Examples of BETTER article openings are the
ff.
o One early work by (Aquino, 2015) proves
that…
o A research study by (Roxas, 2017) stated
that…
o Another study by (Perez, 2017) wrote…
 The ff. are transitional devices and active verbs
to link or express author’s ideas in your paper:
 o Transitional devices- also, additionally,
again, similarly, a similar opinion, however,
conversely, on the other hand,
nevertheless, a contrasting opinion, a
different approach etc.
o Active verbs- analyze, argues, assess,
assert, claim, compare, contrast, conclude,
criticize, debate, defend, define,
demonstrate, discuss distinguish,
differentiate, evaluate, examine,
emphasize, expand, explain, exhibit,
identify, illustrate, imply, indicate, judge,
justify, narrate, outline, persuade, propose,
question, relate to, report, review, suggest,
summarize.

Chapter 1: The introduction chapter of a

research paper contains the following sections:
→ Background of the Study - includes a review
of the area being researched, current
information surrounding the issue, previous
studies on the issue, and relevant history on
the issue. Ideally, the study should effectively
set forth the history and background
information on your thesis problem.
→ Purpose of the Study - is a statement of
"why" the study is being conducted, or the goal
of the study. The goal of a study might be to
identify or describe a concept or to explain or
predict a situation or solution to a situation that
indicates the type of study to be conducted
(Beckingham, 1974).
→ Research Questions
→ Significance of the Study - is a part of the
introduction of a thesis/research. It should
determine who benefits from the study and how
that specific audience will benefit from its
findings.
→ Scope and Delimitation of the Study
-contains the explanation of what information or
subject is being analyzed. It is followed by an
explanation of the limitation of the research.
Research usually limited in scope by sample
size, time and geographic area. While the
delimitation of study is the description of the
scope of study. It will explain why definite
aspects of a subject were chosen and why
others were excluded. It also mention the
research method used as well as the certain
theories that applied to the data.

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature “This

section outlines what you learned from
previous contributors to the field. It brings the
researcher and the reader up to date on what
others did relevant to the topic. The Review of
Related Literature section addresses the
questions "How unique is this thesis?" "Is it a
logical expansion of previous work?" and "Has
this already been done?” (College of Education
Masters Committee).
 LEARNING ACTIVITY #2
Practical Research I

I. Write QUALITATIVE after the item when the

sentence is true while QUANTITATIVE if the
statement is false.
1. In qualitative research, researchers know in
advance what they are looking for.
_______________
2. Qualitative research can be easily
misinterpreted because it provides numerical
data. _______________
3. Qualitative research puts emphasis on
discovery, rather than proof. _______________
4.Qualitative research requires a large number
of respondents. It assumes that the larger the
sample is, the more statistically accurate the
findings are. ___________________
5. One characteristics of qualitative research is
that its method can be repeated to verify
findings in another setting, thus, reinforcing
validity findings. _____________________
II. Put a tick (/) if it describes the characteristics
of a Qualitative Research.
1. Data is in the form of words,
pictures or objects.
2. The data is usually gathered using
unstructured research instruments.
3. It is not based upon numerical
measurements and does not use
numbers and statistical methods as
key research indicators and tools.
4. It tends to be associated with
small-scale studies and a holistic
perspective, often studying a
single occurrence or small number
of occurrences/case studies in
great depth.
5. The research study can usually
be replicated or repeated, given its
high reliability.
6. Data are in the form of
numbers and statistics, often
arranged in tables, charts, figures,
or other non-textual forms.
7. Emphasis is on discovery rather
than proof.
8. The results are based on larger
 sample sizes that are
representative of the population.
9. It tends to be associated with
emergent research design, using a
wide range of approaches
10. Researcher has a clearly
defined research question to which
objective answers are sought.