Chapter 1

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

In today’s modern world, almost every product has been

commercialized and people sought for products that are more natural and low

cost but good quality. Since that financial is very essential to everyone, it

would be a big help if there is someone or something that can help us dealing

in supplying ink in markers with no chemical products and no harm to human

health but still helpful in nature.

Markers serve different variety of functions. It plays an important role

in writing and in arts with different ways. Markers are also useful for

permanently marking surfaces, which is often necessary for identification

purposes. Because of the excessive use of markers, the students and artists

are having problems in supplying ink after it runs out. Markers ink are mostly

made up of chemical content. Such materials can affect the health of the

person who uses this product and to the environment as well.

There are plants and trees that have the property of an ink, including

the Carob tree. Ceratonia Siliqua or also known a Carob tree, produce

leathery seed pods that turn brown as they ripen. The physical color of the

fruit of Carob tree can be the alternative content to make marker ink made of

organic substance.
 The reason why the researchers conducted a study about using a plant

extract as an alternative remedy for markers is to develop a non-toxic product

for consumers that can give valuable contribution to different individuals

specially the students and teachers that would mostly benefit of this study.

Background of the Study

Blackboard chalk become popular in 19 th century, it is a writing

instrument used for writing and drawing primarily on blackboards but can be

used on other surfaces before. One of the most fundamental aspects of a

classroom is a writing surface that can be used by both the instructor and

students.Long before, ink is usually made from natural products such as

berries, barks andleaves extract. They have been used for centuries to create

numerous colors and when mixedto other substances can be an ink, dye or

paint.

As stated by Paracelsus that, ‘All substances are poisons; there is

none, which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a

remedy’, with this being said, it only states that each alternative substance

has its own toxicity, just like the carob fruit extract. The toxicity of the carob

tree depends on its chemical compound. Carob fruits is also being used as an

alternative cocoa powder and it is safe for everyone. Carib fruit has many

benefits that we didnt know.

The researcher choose a Carob Fruit extract in making a dry-eraser

marker because of the following considerations; Carob Tree can easily grow,
it has many usage just like making it as an alternative cocoa powder and

excess plant/fruit can be utilized to avoid wastage.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to produce and eventually evaluate the acceptability of

Carob Tree as an alternative remedy. Specifically, it aims to answer the

following questions:

1. What are the methods in making a dry-eraser marker using Carob

Tree’s extract?

2. What is the level of acceptability of dry-eraser marker using Carob

Tree plant based on its qualities;

2.1 toxicity

2.2 pigmentation

2.3 maintenance

3. Is there a significance difference on the acceptability of Dry-eraser

marker using Carob Tree extract based on its qualities?

Scope and Delimitation

The study aimed to test the acceptability of Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua)

fruit extract to produce a permanent dry-eraser marker ink. The research is

composed of Grade 12 Senior High School studying in Laguna State

Polytechnic University Sta.Cruz, Laguna, and Academic Year 2019-2020. The

study is conducted to determine the students perspective about the

acceptability of Carob fruit extract as an alternative ingredient for making a

non-toxic marker.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Acceptability of Carob Fruit based

Method in making a Marker using on its qualities;

Carob Fruit extract a. toxicity

b. pigmentation

c. maintenance
 The conceptual framework that guided this study is depicted in the

form of a research paradigm which consists of independent variables and

dependent variables.

Figure 1 consists of Independent Variable that includes the method of using

Carob fruit extract as an alternative remedy for making dry-eraser marker.

Figure 2 consists of Dependent Variable which includes the acceptability of

Carob Fruit in terms of its toxicity, pigmentation, and maintenance.

Significance of the Study

Users. This study would be very beneficial to the users of permanent

markers because it provides many advantages to them, such as they would

have a more natural and cheaper way of having an in for their markers.

Agriculture. This provides farmers and planters an additional source

of income. Also, this will increase the number of Carob Trees grown in the

Philippines.

Environment.This study would help to replenish the Carob Trees that

have been cut down.

Other Researchers.This will help other researchers as it will serve as

additional information and will add factual concepts for their review of related

literature.
Definition of Terms

Absorption.It is the ability of the ink to dries up on the board because

of its capability.

Acceptability. It is the ability to accept the different qualities of a

given product or substances.

Toxicity. Relative ability of a substance to cause adverse effects in

living organisms 

Pigmentation.

Carob Tree.It is the source of extract as the main ingredient of a

permanent marker ink.

Dry Eraser Marker.It is made for non-porous surfaces like

whiteboards.

Stick Consistency.It is the consistency of the ink to stick in the

whiteboard.

Environment.It is the surroundings by which individuals do they work.

Toxic agents (also called
toxins or toxicants) are any
substances that can
produce an adverse
biological
effect that can be harmful
to a living organism
Toxic agents (also called
toxins or toxicants) are any
substances that can
produce an adverse
biological
effect that can be harmful
to a living organism
Toxic agents (also called
toxins or toxicants) are any
substances that can
produce an adverse
biological
effect that can be harmful
to a living organism
Toxic agents (also called
toxins or toxicants) are any
substances that can
produce an adverse
biological
effect that can be harmful
to a living organism
Toxic agents (also called
toxins or toxicants) are any
substances that can
produce an adverse
biological
effect that can be harmful
to a living organism
Toxic agents (also called
toxins or toxicants) are any
substances that can
produce an adverse
biological
effect that can be harmful
to a living organism
Toxic agents (also called
toxins or toxicants) are any
substances that can
produce an adverse
biological
effect that can be harmful
to a living organism
Toxic agents (also called
toxins or toxicants) are any
substances that can
produce an adverse
biological
effect that can be harmful
to a living organism
Toxic agents (also called
toxins or toxicants) are any
substances that can
produce an adverse
biological
effect that can be harmful
to a living organism
Theoretical Framework

According to the Color Theory, some materials let certain colors pass

through them, and absorb other colors. These materials are called dyes or

pigments. The primary colors of pigment are red, blue, and yellow. Mixing

these primary colors of pigment gives us the three secondary colors:

red+blue=violet, red+yellow=orange, and yellow+blue=green.Once you find

an ink color that appears well-saturated against all of these surfaces, you

should test whether your ink still erases properly. Sometimes, when you add

pigments to a marker to achieve better saturation, you also increase the risk

of staining the surface. It is very important to know that mixing pigment and

mixing light are very different. This process is too difficult to perform using the

human eye alone.

All substances have
intrinsic toxic properties
that play a role in
determining the level and
scope of potential
adverse effects
All substances have
intrinsic toxic properties
that play a role in
determining the level and
scope of potential
adverse effects

Chapter II
 Related Literature and Related Studies
Related Studies

Toxicity

Based on the study about Toxicity and Safety Implications of Herbal

Medicines Used in Africa (2019), toxicity refers to the relative ability of a

substance to cause adverse effects in living organisms It may also be defined

as the extent to which an exposed tissue is damaged by a chemical

substance and covers the effect on a whole organism and sub-structural

component of an organism such as the cell (cytotoxicity) or organ

(organotoxicity). Toxicity may further be defined to cover the study of the

adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms as well as their symptoms,

mechanisms and treatments. A non-toxic substance can be toxic at a high

dose, and a very toxic substance can be considered safe if the dose is low.

Based on DonCorgi Blogs, the reason for this is because the most

common pens, like a ballpoint pen, are made with non-toxic ink and their

manufacture is regulated in most of the countries. Of course, it should still be

used carefully, for example, if you have the habit of drawing on your own skin,

do be careful to not do it nearby cuts or any open wounds you might have.

Even though the ink is non-toxic, you’ll still want to avoid any infections. Inks

with dyes, alcohol and other chemicals are something you should be more

worried about and they’re usually present in permanent markers, gel pens,

highlighters, brush pens, etc. But to be fair, the amount of these in one pen is

so small that it’s very hard for you to get an extreme ink poisoning. The worst
thing it could happen is getting quite a stain on your skin, lips or mouth and

some minor symptoms that I will approach next.

Related Literature

Toxicity

According to the lecture of Dr. Aida Aguinaldo during the Philippine

Society of Clinical & Occupational Toxicology (2015), Cannabis is a genus of

flowering plant that includes three species, the sativa, indica and ruderalis

and has seven   subspecies. It is known as Marijuana, a preparation of the

cannabis plant     intended for use as psychoactive drug or medicine.the

principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, has low toxicity.

Acute effects may include anxiety, impaired attention and memory,

an  increased risk of psychiatric symptoms and possibly an increased risk of

accidents if a person drives a motor vehicle while intoxicated.

Based in the article of George Cranston in Miscellaneous (2018),

parents have so many things to worry about in terms of what may or may not

be toxic to their children. One of the main areas of focus seems to be on ink

poisoning. Because ballpoint pens are so popular with kids and come in such

a wide variety of shapes, sizes and colors, they have led to the most the fear

for parents. Is the Ink Used in Ballpoint Pens Toxic? No it is not toxic. This is

mainly because the content and manufacturing of pens of all kinds are

regulated in almost all countries. There are of course many other types of inks

that are toxic but luckily for parents, ballpoint ink is not one of them.  This is

because there were not as many guidelines back then as there are today.

There is a much higher level of caution in terms of products that our children

are exposed to now than there ever was before. For this reason, many of the

things that may have been deemed unsafe in the past have been greatly

improved, using substances that are non-toxic. Ball point pen ink is just one of

those things.

Pigmentation
 . According to Helmenstine, plants that contain tanning color can be

reliable for making ink. Any acidic fruit juice can be used to make an invisible

ink when combined withvinegar to make the ink last longer.

According to the literature of Museum of Science+IndustryChichago,

they states chromatography as a method for analyzing mixtures by separating

them into the chemicals from which they are made. It can be used to separate

mixtures like ink, blood, gasoline, and lipstick. In ink chromatography, you are

separating the colored pigments that make up the color of the pen. Even

though a pen will only write in one color, the ink is actually made from a

mixture of different colored pigments.

As stated by the Royal Society of Chemistry (2019), over 90 per cent

of inks are printing inks, in which color is imparted by pigments rather than the

dyes used in writing inks. Pigments are insoluble, whereas dyes are soluble,

though sometimes these terms are used interchangeably in commercial

literature. Ink pigments are both inorganic and organic. Most white inks

contain titanium dioxide as the pigment, as retile and anatine in tetragonal

crystalline form. However, growing concerns over the known toxicity of heavy

metals have led to the replacement of many inorganic pigments such as

chrome yellow, molybdenum orange and cadmium red with organic pigments,

which offer better light fastness and reduced toxicity.

According to the article “Chemistry for Life” (2019), pigments are used

for artists' paints, car finishes, and light-reflecting signs. They are insoluble
materials that have to be mixed with binders or vehicles to attach them to a

substrate. Pigments are often derived from minerals, but they can also be

made synthetically. Pigments are used in paints, inks, plastics, fabrics,

cosmetics, and food, to name a few examples. They are often better than

dyes at keeping their color for many centuries and for withstanding high heat,

intense light, and exposure to weather or chemical agents.  Chemists who

work with dyes, pigments, and inks develop new formulations that use less

expensive ingredients or hold their colors better. They may develop new

formulations that avoid heavy metals and volatile organic compounds or that

use sustainable resources like vegetable oils. They may also develop new

products with better flow properties, greater stability, or better interactions

with the materials with which they come into contact.

Maintenance

Based on Evolution Theory of Ink Jet Technologies, 2005 was one of

important turning years for ink jet technologies progress. There are two types

of ink jet technology progress exist, the Concentrating Functions Progress or

CFP that generates Incremental Innovation and is still required for digital

fabrication. The SFP also or the Sharing Functions Progress that brings

Architectural Innovation and necessary for commercial printing. In commercial

printing market, a contradiction of process has occurred and dominant design

has not been established yet. Full-blown ink jet technologies owned by ink jet

companies should be transferred or licensed to new challengers to activate

both CFP and SFP