Lecture 1 PDF

Smart Application Development
2020 ،‫ مارچ‬05 ،‫جمعرات‬ Smart Application Development 1

Atiq ur Rehman
• Former Android Developer at Broadpeak Technologies.
• Graduated from KICSIT
• Contact Details
• Mail: ar.atiqurrehman@gmail.com
• Phone no: 03405184166

Class Introduction

Course overview
Development of the core concept of Mobile App
Development.

Course Overview
 Text Book
 Java How To Program, updated Edition
by Deitel & Deitel
 Some good reference books are

 Thinking in Java (2nd edition) by Bruce Eckel
 Beginning Java 2 by Ivor Horton
 Other Links
 http://www.java.sun.com
 http://www.javaworld.com
 http://www.developer.com/java/
 https://developer.android.com/index.html

Course Overview
• Assessment
• Quizzes 05%
• Assignment 05%
• Semester Project 10%
• Mid Term 30%
• Final Term 50%
Note: No favour will be done out of the way and neither should be expected

•Any Question?
•Any Suggestion?

Languages used for
Android Development
• Java
• Kotlin
• C/C++ (Native Development Kit)
• Corona Phonegap technology /
Cardova (HTML 5, JavaScript, CSS)
• Xamarin technology
• React Native

Java Vs Kotlin – Which Should You Choose For Android Development
Java Kotlin
• Easy to learn and understand. • If it takes 50 lines of code in Java, it only takes
1-2 lines in Kotlin.
• Plenty of Java libraries to your aid.

• you can use Java libraries and frameworks in
Kotlin
• Java has a wide open-source ecosystem.
• There is definitely a steep learning curve with

• When compared to Kotlin apps, resulting in a Kotlin. Its highly concise syntax, while a great
faster app experience. advantage, does require some learning
upfront.

Java Vs Kotlin – Which Should You Choose For Android Development
Java Kotlin
• Type-Heavy language, Write a • The Kotlin community is still
lot more code, increasing the young and the learning
chances of errors and bugs. resources are limited
• Java requires more memory • Some features of Android Studio

compared to other languages like auto-complete and
and hence tends to be slower compilation tend to run slower
in Kotlin in comparison to Java.

Java Code Snippet

Kotlin Code Snipper

Java vs Kotlin
“if you are an absolute
beginner getting your feet
wet in the world of
programming, begin with
Java. Java is the bedrock
of Android development and
hence, helps you learn the
right etiquette and get
your basics right”
Source: https://www.moveoapps.com/blog/java-vs-kotlin/

Why we selected JAVA
• Official language for Android development
• Most support from Google
• Most apps on the Play Store
• Used in Pakistani industry/market.

What is JAVA
• Java is a programming language and a platform.
• A general purpose Object Oriented Programming.
• Platform independent programming language.
• Java is a high level, robust, secured language.

Where it is used.
• Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus
etc.
• Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com etc.
• Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.
• Mobile
• Embedded System
• Smart Card
• Robotics
• Games etc.

Types of Java Applications
1. Standalone Application
2. Web Application
3. Enterprise Application
4. Mobile Application

Java Platforms / Editions
1. Java SE (Java Standard Edition)

2. Java EE (Java Enterprise Edition)
3. Java ME (Java Micro Edition)
4. JavaFx

History

History
• James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the
Java language project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers
called Green Team.
• 2) Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic
appliances like set-top boxes.
• 3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling and file
extension was .gt.
• 4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the
Green project.

Why "Oak" name
• 5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national

tree of many countries like U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania etc.
• 6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was already a
trademark by Oak Technologies.

Why "Java" name
• suggested words were "dynamic", "revolutionary", "Silk", "jolt",

"DNA" etc.
• According to James Gosling "Java was one of the top choices along
with Silk". Since java was so unique, most of the team members
preferred java.
• Java is an island of Indonesia where first coffee was produced (called
java coffee).
• Notice that Java is just a name not an acronym.

Java Version History
• JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

• JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996)
• JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997)
• J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998)
• J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000)
• J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002)
• J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004)
• Java SE 6 (11th Dec, 2006)
• Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011)
• Java SE 8 (18th March, 2014)

Object-oriented
• Object
• Class
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation

Object
• Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For
example: chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and
logical.

Class
• Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.
• Blue print

Inheritance
• When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of parent
object i.e. known as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used
to achieve runtime polymorphism.

Polymorphism
• When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as
polymorphism. For example: to convince the customer differently, to
draw something e.g. shape or rectangle etc.
• In C++, we use Function overloading and Function overriding to
achieve polymorphism.

Abstraction
• Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as

abstraction. For example: phone call, we don't know the internal
processing.

Encapsulation
• Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is
known as encapsulation. For example: capsule, it is wrapped with
different medicines.

Advantage of OOPs
• OOPs makes development and maintenance easier where as in

Procedure-oriented programming language it is not easy to manage if
code grows as project size grows.
• OOPs provide data hiding whereas in Procedure-oriented
programming language a global data can be accessed from anywhere.
• OOPs provide ability to simulate real-world event much more
effectively. We can provide the solution of real word problem if we
are using the Object-Oriented Programming language.

Platform Independent
• A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a

program runs.
• Java provides software-based platform.
• It is a software-based platform that runs on the top of other
hardware-based platforms
• It has two components:
• Runtime Environment
• API(Application Programming Interface)

Platform Independent
Java code can be run on multiple platforms
e.g. Windows, Linux, Sun Solaris, Mac/OS etc.
Java code is compiled by the compiler and
converted into bytecode. This bytecode is a
platform-independent code because it can be
run on multiple platforms i.e. Write Once and
Run Anywhere(WORA).

Robust
• Robust simply means strong. Java uses strong memory management.

There are lack of pointers that avoids security problem. There is
automatic garbage collection in java. There is exception handling and
type checking mechanism in java. All these points makes java robust.

Multi-threaded
• A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can

write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining
multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it
doesn't occupy memory for each thread. It shares a common memory
area. Threads are important for multi-media, Web applications etc.

Comparison Index C++ JAVA
Platform-independent C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.

Mainly used for C++ is mainly used for system Java is mainly used for application
programming. programming. It is widely used in
window, web-based, enterprise and
mobile applications.
Multiple inheritance C++ supports multiple inheritance. Java doesn't support multiple inheritance
through class. It can be achieved by
interfaces in java.
Operator Overloading Java doesn't support operator
C++ supports operator overloading.
overloading.

Pointers C++ supports pointers. You can Java supports pointer internally.
write pointer program in C++. But you can't write the pointer
program in java. It means java has
restricted pointer support in java.
Compiler and Interpreter C++ uses compiler only. Java uses compiler and interpreter
both.
Virtual Keyword C++ supports virtual keyword so Java has no virtual keyword. We
that we can decide whether or not can override all non-static methods
override a function. by default. In other words, non-
static methods are virtual by
default.

Java Environment
• Java include many development tool, classes and methods.
• Development tools are part of Java development kit (JDK).
• The classes and method are part of Java Standard Library. (JSL), also know as
Application Programming Interface(API).
• JDK constitute of tools like java compiler, java interpreter, and many.
• API include hundred of classes and methods group into serval
packages according to their functionality.

Program Development in JAVA
• Install the JDK (we are using 1.5 or above)
• Also Documentation
• Edit the source code
• Use any editor, windows notepad is also a good choice
• Source code extension is .java
• Compile the source code
• javac file.java
• Run the program
• Java file -> to run applications
• You can use any IDE (Like netbeans or others).

Hellow World!!
class HellowWorldApp{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

Execution

Java Program Structure
• System.out is known as standard output object.
• The System.out.println displays its arguments in the command
window
• A java program typically consists of one or more classes
• Usually a separate class in separate file
• Each file is named after the class that is defined in it
• Extension of filename.java

Set path in JDK
• Open command prompt
• copy the path of jdk/bin directory
• write in command prompt: set path=copied_path
• set path=C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.6.0_23\bin

What happens at compile time?

What happens at runtime?

What is JVM
• A specification where working of Java Virtual Machine is specified.
But implementation provider is independent to choose the algorithm.
Its implementation has been provided by Sun and other companies.
• An implementation Its implementation is known as JRE (Java Runtime
Environment).
• Runtime Instance Whenever you write java command on the
command prompt to run the java class, an instance of JVM is created.

What it does
• The JVM performs following operation:

• Loads code
• Verifies code
• Executes code
• Provides runtime environment

Internal Architecture of JVM

Execution Engine
• A virtual processor
• Interpreter: Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.
• Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT
compiles parts of the byte code that have similar functionality at the
same time, and hence reduces the amount of time needed for
compilation. Here the term ?compiler? refers to a translator from the
instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of
a specific CPU.

JRE
• JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment. It is used to provide

runtime environment. It is the implementation of JVM. It physically
exists. It contains set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at
runtime.

JDK
• JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It physically exists.It

contains JRE + development tools.

Packages
• Java’s predefined classes are grouped into categories of related
classes called packages.
• A package is a named collection of classes.
• They are referred to collectively as Java class library or Java
Application Programming Interface (API)
• The packages are split into core packages and optional packages.
• The names of the packages start with either java or javax. They are
included as part of j2sdk
• A class in a package is named after its directory path e.g
classes in java.lang are stored in java/lang
Example
Import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
public class KICSIT {
public static void main (String args[ ])
{
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “Hello
KICSIT\nWelcome to java programming”);
System.exit(0);
}//end of main
}// end of class

Cont…
• We use java’s predefined class JOptionPane which is in package
javax.swing
• The import declaration helps the compiler locate the class you intend
to use.
• Use of static method name exit() of class System terminate the
application
• This is required to terminate any application that displays a GUI.

Example 3
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
public class Addition{
public static void main(String args[])
{ String firstNum,secondNum;
int num1,num2,sum;
firstNum=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Enter First Integer”);
secondNum=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Enter First Integer”);
num1=Integer.parseInt(firstNum);
num2=Integer.parseInt(secondNum);
sum=num1+num2;
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “Sum is”+ sum);
System.exit(0);}}

Some standard packages
• java.lang
• Provides classes that are fundamental to the design of the Java programming language
• java.io
• Provides for system input and output through data streams, serialization and the file system
• java.util
• Contains the collections framework, legacy collection classes, event model, date and time
facilities, internationalization, and miscellaneous utility classes
• java.net
• Provides the classes for implementing networking applications
• java.awt
• Contains all of the classes for creating user interfaces and for painting graphics and images

Variables and Data Types in Java

Types of Variable
1) Local Variable
A variable which is declared inside the
method is called local variable.
2) Instance Variable
A variable which is declared inside the class
but outside the method, is called instance
variable . It is not declared as static.
3) Static variable
A variable that is declared as static is called
static variable. It cannot be local.
We will have detailed learning of these
variables in next chapters.

Example
• class A{
• int data=50;//instance variable
• static int m=100;//static variable
• void method(){
• int n=90;//local variable
•}
• }//end of class

Data Types in Java

Data Type Default Value Default size
boolean false 1 bit

char '\u0000' 2 byte
byte 0 1 byte
short 0 2 byte
int 0 4 byte
long 0L 8 byte
float 0.0f 4 byte
double 0.0d 8 byte
It is because java uses Unicode system than ASCII code system. The \u0000 is the lowest range of
Unicode system. To get detail explanation about Unicode visit next page.

Type Casting
• Done when information loss is acceptable.
double x=9.997
int nx= ( int ) x;
Q: what is the value stored in nx?

Operators in java
• Unary Operator,
• Arithmetic Operator,
• shift Operator,
• Relational Operator,
• Bitwise Operator,
• Logical Operator,
• Ternary Operator and
• Assignment Operator.

Java Operator Precedence
Operator Type Category Precedence
Unary postfix expr++ expr--
prefix ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !
Arithmetic multiplicative */%
additive +-
Shift shift << >> >>>
Relational comparison < > <= >= instanceof
equality == !=
Bitwise bitwise AND &
bitwise exclusive OR ^
bitwise inclusive OR |
Logical logical AND &&
logical OR ||
Ternary ternary ?:
Assignment assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<=

>>= >>>=

Example
class OperatorExample{ class OperatorExample{
public static void main(String args[]){ public static void main(String args[]){
int x=10; int a=10;

System.out.println(x++);//10 (11) int b=10;
System.out.println(++x);//12 System.out.println(a++ + ++a);//10+1
System.out.println(x--);//12 (11) 2=22
System.out.println(--x);//10 System.out.println(b++ + b++);//10+
11=21
}}
}}

Java If-else Statement

Java IF-else-if ladder Statement

Java Switch Statement

Switch construct
• All case labels must be enclosed between the braces for the switch
statement.
• Case labels including default can appear in any order
• In case of no break statement control falls through to next case.
• Default case is optional. It must have a break statement if it is not the
last label.

Java For Loop

Java For-each Loop
• The for-each loop is used to traverse array or collection in java. It is

easier to use than simple for loop because we don't need to
increment value and use subscript notation.
• It works on elements basis not index. It returns element one by one in
the defined variable.
for(Type var:array){
//code to be executed
}

Java do-while Loop

Java Naming conventions
Name Convention
class name should start with uppercase letter and be

a noun e.g. String, Color, Button,
System, Thread etc.
interface name should start with uppercase letter and be
an adjective e.g. Runnable, Remote,
ActionListener etc.
method name should start with lowercase letter and be
a verb e.g. actionPerformed(), main(),
print(), println() etc.
variable name should start with lowercase letter e.g.
firstName, orderNumber etc.
package name should be in lowercase letter e.g. java,
lang, sql, util etc.
constants name should be in uppercase letter. e.g. RED,
YELLOW, MAX_PRIORITY etc.

Class in Java
• A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a template or

blueprint from which objects are created. It is a logical entity. It can't be physical.
• A class in Java can contain:
• fields
• methods
• constructors
• blocks
• nested class and interface
class <class_name>{
field;
method;
}
Instance variable in Java
• A variable which is created inside the class but outside the method, is
known as instance variable. Instance variable doesn't get memory at
compile time. It gets memory at run time when object(instance) is
created. That is why, it is known as instance variable.

Method in Java
• In java, a method is like function i.e. used to expose behavior of an

object.
• Advantage of Method
• Code Reusability
• Code Optimization

new keyword in Java
• The new keyword is used to allocate memory at run time. All objects
get memory in Heap memory area.

Example
class Student{
int id;//field or data member or instance variable
String name;
public static void main(String args[]){

Student s1=new Student();//creating an object of Student
System.out.println(s1.id);//accessing member through reference variable
System.out.println(s1.name);
}

Ways to initialize object
1. By reference variable
2. By method
3. By constructor

What are the different ways to create an object in
Java?
• By new keyword
• By newInstance() method
• By clone() method
• By deserialization
• By factory method etc.

Constructor in Java
• In Java, constructor is a block of codes similar to method. It is called

when an instance of object is created and memory is allocated for the
object.
• It is a special type of method which is used to initialize the object.
• Types of java constructors
• There are two types of constructors in java:
• Default constructor (no-arg constructor)
• Parameterized constructor

Constructor Overloading in Java
• In Java, a constructor is just like a method but without return type. It

can also be overloaded like Java methods.
• Constructor overloading in Java is a technique of having more than
one constructor with different parameter lists. They are arranged in a
way that each constructor performs a different task. They are
differentiated by the compiler by the number of parameters in the list
and their types.

Difference between constructor and method in
java
Java Constructor Java Method
Constructor is used to initialize the state Method is used to expose behaviour of

of an object. an object.
Constructor must not have return type. Method must have return type.
Constructor is invoked implicitly. Method is invoked explicitly.
The java compiler provides a default Method is not provided by compiler in
constructor if you don't have any any case.
constructor.
Constructor name must be same as the Method name may or may not be same
class name. as class name.

Java Copy Constructor
• There is no copy constructor in java. But, we can copy the values of

one object to another like copy constructor in C++.
• There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in
java. They are:
• By constructor
• By assigning the values of one object into another
• By clone() method of Object class

Java static keyword
• he static keyword in java is used for memory management mainly.

We can apply java static keyword with variables, methods, blocks and
nested class. The static keyword belongs to the class than instance of
the class.
• The static can be:
• variable (also known as class variable)
• method (also known as class method)
• block
• nested class

Restrictions for static method
• The static method can not use non static data member or call non-
static method directly.
• this and super cannot be used in static context.

why java main method is static?
• Ans) because object is not required to call static method if it were

non-static method, jvm create object first then call main() method
that will lead the problem of extra memory allocation.

this keyword in java
• There can be a lot of usage of java this keyword. In java, this is

a reference variable that refers to the current object.
• Usage of java this keyword
• this can be used to refer current class instance variable.
• this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
• this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.
• this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
• this can be passed as argument in the constructor call.
• this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.


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Smart Application Development

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 Some good reference books are

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• Plenty of Java libraries to your aid.

• There is definitely a steep learning curve with

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• Java requires more memory • Some features of Android Studio

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1. Java SE (Java Standard Edition)

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• 5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national

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• suggested words were "dynamic", "revolutionary", "Silk", "jolt",

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• JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

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• Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as

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• OOPs makes development and maintenance easier where as in

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• A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a

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• Robust simply means strong. Java uses strong memory management.

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• A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can

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Platform-independent C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.

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• The JVM performs following operation:

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