Fundamentals of criminal investigation!

Definition of terms
Abc shadowing method - reduces the risk of losing the subject, affords
greater security agents detection
Admission - a self-incriminatory statement by the subject falling short
of an acknowledgement of guilt. It is an acknowledgement of a fact or
circumstances from which guilt maybe inferred. It implicates but does
not incriminate. It is also an acknowledgment that a fact, action or
circumstances are true which strongly infer or directly admit guilt but
lacks the detail of the elements of the crime.
Anonymous informant - do not wish to be identified
Arrest – arrest is the taking of a person into custody in order that he
may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense.
Artificial cover - the manufacture of documents, false documents,
passports, or forged documents.
Artist’s assistance — the identification may be made by the
employment of an artist to depict a composite of the features described
by the eyewitness. The witness is shown a chart which contains
representations of various types of human features as noses, eyes,
ears, etc., and is requested to select the individual features present in
the unknown criminal. From this selection, the artist draws a composite
of the face which maybe a close approximation to that of the criminals.
Associative evidence - these are physical evidences which link a
suspect to the crime.
Automobile surveillance - the methods of auto surveillance to be used
depends upon the numbers and type of surveillance vehicles available,
the volume of vehicular traffic in the area, the importance of concealing
the surveillance from the subject, and the subject’s estimated ability to
detect and elude surveillance. At all times each vehicle should be
occupied by at least two agents; one to concentrate on driving, and the
other to observe, take notes, operate radio equipment, or to dismount
and continue the surveillance on foot.
Bluff on a split pair - this is applicable when there are more than one
suspect. The suspect are separated and one is informed that other has
talked.
Cardinal rule in crime scene investigation – “do not touch or move
anything in the crime scene unless it has been properly photograph,
sketch and recorded.”
Chain of custody - it is the number of persons who handle the evidence
between the time of the commission of the offense and the ultimate
disposition of the case and should be kept to minimum.
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Circumstantial evidence - the proof of fact or facts from which, taken
either singly or collectively, the existence of the particular fact in
dispute may be inferred as a necessary or provable consequence.
Progressive/ leap frog shadowing method - poor chances of obtaining
good results, agents are stations at a fixed point assuming that subject
followed the same general route each day.
Command post - an area which, is ideally located adjacent to the crime
scene where the csi evidence custodian stays and receives the pieces
of evidence turned over to him for safekeeping by the other evidence
collectors.
Conclusions — after the interview, it is but proper to close the interview
with outmost courtesy and thanking the subject for his cooperation.
Conduct of final survey - the team leader makes a final review on the
crime scene to determine whether or not the processing has been
completed.
Confession — it is the declaration of an accused
expressing/acknowledging his guilt of the offense charged.
Corpus delicti defined- it may refer to: the body of the crime or; the
actual commission of the crime charged; or the fact that a crime has
been actually committed.
Crime scene investigation - it is the conduct of processes, more
particularly, the recognition, handling, preservation and documentation
of physical evidence to include the identification and interview of
witnesses and the arrest of suspect/s at the crime scene.
Criminal investigator - a criminal investigator is a person who is
charged with the duty of carrying on the objectives of criminal
investigation,
Criminal investigation - the art which deals with the identity and
location of the offender and provides evidence of guilt through criminal
proceedings.
Cultivated source - are information furnished by informants/ informers.
Details (sketch) - the immediate scene only
Documentation - are made by the crime scene investigator for purposes
of future crime scene reconstruction which help the prosecutor and the
judge understand conditions at the crime scene.
Double crosser informant - to get more information
Emotional appeal - place the subject in the proper frame of mind. The
investigator should provide emotional stimuli that will prompt the
subject to unburden himself by confiding. Analyze the subject’s
personality and decide what motivation would prompt him to tell the
truth, then provide those motives through appropriate emotional
appeals.
Exploded/ cross projection (sketch) - gives the clear impression of the
scene in cases where blood stains or bullet holes are found
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Extenuation - the investigator indicates he does not consider his
subject’s indiscretion a grave offense.
Extra- judicial confession - made by the suspect/ accused in outside the
court
False informant – information has no value
Floor search – the subject is in a prone position, face down touching the
ground, with arms extended over his head. The investigator crouches at
the side of the subject at the region of the waist of the subject.
Forensic serology was discovered by karl landsteiner in 1901 the
agglutination of human blood.
Frightened informant - motivated by anxiety
General photograph — the investigator should show the witness the
variety of facial types which do not necessarily represent the criminal.
The picture only represents different features of the face. The image of
various features such as the degree of baldness, length or shape of the
nose, the shape of mouth ear, etc.
Grapevine source - are information given by the underworld characters
such as prisoners or criminals.
Ground (sketch) - picture of the scene of the crime with its nearest
physical surrounding.
Identity — prior to the commencement of an interview, the investigator
should identify himself to the subject by name, rank and agency. Except
when there is no need to know the officer’s identity.
Information - it is the knowledge/ data which an investigator acquires
from records and persons. Regular source is acquired from open
sources, records, and files.
Inquiry — after all information have been given by the subject that is
the time for the investigator to as question to clarify him about the
case under investigation.
Instrumentation (1) - is the application of instruments and methods of
physical science to the detection of crime. It is the application of
physics, chemistry, and biology in crime detection.
Instrumentation (2) - it is the application of instruments and methods of
physical science to the detection of crimes. In cases where there are
no significant physical evidence to be found, then the use of
instrumentation is relatively unimportant.
Intent - the result or accomplishment of the act
Interrogation - is a questioning of a person suspected of having
committed an offense or a person who is reluctant to make full
disclosure of information in his possession which is pertinent to the
investigation.
Interview - is a conversation with a purpose, motivated by a desire to
obtain certain information from the person being interviewed as to what
was either done, seen, felt, heard, tasted, smell or known. This is the
questioning of a person believed to possess knowledge that is in
official interest to the investigator.
Investigation - the collection of facts to accomplish a threefold aim: to
identify the guilty party; to locate the guilty party; and to provide
evidence of his guilt.
Jolting - maybe applied to calm and nervous subjects. By constantly
observing the suspects, the investigator chooses a propitious moment
to shout a pertinent question and appear as though he is beside himself
with rage. The subject maybe unnerved to the extent of confessing.
Judicial confession - made by the suspect/ accused in open court
Kindness - the simplest technique is to assume that the suspect will
confess if he is treated in a kind and friendly manner.
Kneeling search – this is used where no wall or upright object is
available for the wall search. The subject is required to kneel with
hands raised or secured behind him with handcuffs. The search is that
which is similar to the one used in the wall method. The subject should
be directed to remain motionless and to face the front. The officer
should place one foot on the heel of the subject’s foot. Should the
subject attempt to resist, the investigator can pin the heel of the
subject to the ground.
Known fugitives - if the criminal is known, then police records and
pictures are available. His relatives and friends can offer a description.
Further description may be obtained from local police files, background
investigation and from verbal descriptions of others.
Legitimate informant - operators of legit business
Locality (sketch) - give picture of the scene, the crime and its environs,
including neighboring buildings, roads etc.
Mental reconstruction — from the physical reconstruction, some
conclusions can be made concerning the consistency of the accounts
of various witnesses. No assumption should be made concerning
actions which are not supported by evidences. The final theory
developed by the investigator should provide a line of investigative
action.
Mercenary informant - sell information
Miranda doctrine: - the origin is of america jurisprudence, mr. Ernesto
miranda, a latino was accused of a serious offense somewhere in the
state of arizona. He was interrogated exhaustedly by the arizona police
leading to his confession. Based on his confession, he was charged,
tried and convicted. Appeal of his conviction was made before the
arizona supreme court but his conviction was affirmed. The appeal was
then elevated to the us supreme court where there was a reversal of
the decision and he was acquitted on constitutional grounds.
Modus operandi - the method of operations. It enables the investigators
to recognize a pattern of criminal behavior, to predict, approximate the
next target of the criminals and to assist complainants to recognize the
suspect by means of recorded information concerning the
characteristics of criminal activities.
Motive - induces the person to act. It may be inferred from
circumstances and from the statements of witnesses that the suspect
has been motivated by a desire for revenge or personal gain. Motive is
hard to establish in crime committed by mentally deranged persons.
Mutt and jeff (two (2) agents are employed) - mutt, the relentless
investigator, who is not going to waste any time because he knows the
subject is guilty & jeff, on the other hand, is obviously a kind-hearted
man.
Narration —the witness should be allowed to tell all he knows with little
interruptions from the investigator.
Narrative report - represent scene in a general to specific scheme,
consider structured factors such as: lights on/off, newspaper on
driveway/in house, drapes pulled, open or shut. This written record
could serve as the only source of info for refreshing one’s memory
month or years after a crime has been processed. The team leader uses
the systematic approach in making a narrative report.
Natural cover - using the individual’s true identity, occupation or
profession.
One man shadowing - extremely difficult and should be avoided, if
unavoidable keep subject in view at all times.
Opening statement — the investigator must have to indicate why the
subject is being contracted.
Opportunity — this is the physical possibility that the suspect could
have committed the crime.
Philosophy of interview and interrogation: “the right officer asking the
right questions in the right manner at the right time and in the right
place will get the right answers.”
Photographic files — (rogue’s gallery)—the witness may be taken to the
headquarters to examine the photographs in file. The modus operandi
file may also be shown upon knowledge of the technique of the
commission of the crime. The attention to any strong similarity in the
photograph of a single feature, as the nose or mouth.
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Physical evidence - these are the articles and materials which re found
in connection with the investigation and aid in establishing the identity
of the suspect.
Physical line - up- means of selecting a suspect from a group of
innocent persons usually composed of seven to ten persons. The
purpose of line- up is to eliminate the power of suggestion.
Physical reconstruction — the physical appearance of the crime scene
is reconstructed from the description of witnesses and the indication of
the physical evidence.
Physical show - up- only one person is shown to the witness usually at
the scene of the crime and made immediately after the arrest of the
suspect.
Point to point search - searcher will stand in a straight line and move
forward together.
Pretense of physical evidence - the investigator may pretend that
certain physical evidence has found by laboratory experts against him
Progressive/ leap frog shadowing method - poor chances of obtaining
good results, agents are stations at a fixed point assuming that subject
followed the same general route each day.
Rapport — it is good to get the positive feeling of the subject towards
the investigators, such friendly atmosphere is a vital for both the
subject and the investigator to have a better interaction.
Release of the crime scene - the release of the crime scene is done if
the investigator is satisfied that all pieces of evidence have been
recovered. Thus, the investigator must evaluate the items recovered
from the results of the interrogations of the suspect/s and the interview
of the witnesses. He must bear in mind that upon the formal release of
the crime scene to the proper authority, the warrant is already required
for his re- entry to the crime scene.
Reconstruction of the crime - after completion of the search, an effort
must be made to determine from the appearance of the place and its
objects what actually occurred and what the circumstances of a crime
were. This is known as reconstructing the crime.
Rival- elimination informant - eliminate competition
Rough sketch - is prepared indicating the actual measurement of things
with scale and proportion observed and oriented to the north pole. All
necessary information are placed in the sketch.
Search warrant – a search warrant is an order in writing and issued in
the name of the people of the philippines; signed by a municipal or city
judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search for
personal property and bring it before the court.
Self-aggrandizing informant - hangs about the fringes of the criminals
Shifting the blame - the interrogator makes clear his belief that the
subject is obviously not the sort of person who usually gets mixed up in
a crime like this. The interrogator could tell from the start that he was
not dealing with a fellow who is a criminal by nature and choice.
Shadowing - the act of following a person depends on the number of
surveillant available, volume of pedestrian traffic and importance of
concealing the surveillance.
Spiralsearch - the searchers will follow each other in the path of a
spiral, beginning in the outside and spiraling towards the center.
Clockwise/ counter clockwise.
Standing search – the subject is in a standing position with feet apart
and hands raised. The searcher stands to the rear and uses the
techniques as in wall search. This method is only applied or employed
when there are two or more arresting officers.
Strip search - the searchers will proceed at the same pace along the
path parallel to one side of the rectangle.
Surveillance - it is the secret observation of places, persons, and
vehicles for the purpose of obtaining information concerning the
identities or activities of the subject.
Sympathetic appeal - the suspect may feel the need for sympathy or
friendship. He is apparently in trouble. Gestures of friendship may win
his cooperation.
Two man shadowing - two agents are employed to follow the subject.
Undercover - an investigative technique in which the
agent’s/investigator’s official identity is concealed to accomplish an
investigative mission.
Unknown criminals - identified of unknown criminals by eyewitnesses
must be approached with caution by the investigator. The description
and characteristics may be vague that identification is difficult.
Verbal description — the value of the description must depend on the
capacity of the witness to describe the criminal.
Wall search – the prisoner is placed about ten inches out or arms reach
from the wall. He is then made to lean forward against the wall with his
head down. In this position, he is off balance. If he moves his hand from
the wall, he will fall down. His loss of balance prohibits any sudden
movement or attempt to strike a blow.
Wheel search - for area to be searched approximately circular or oval. If
the area to be searched is approximately circular or oval, the wheel
method may be used. The searchers gather at the center and proceed
outward along radio or spokes.
Woman informant - most dangerous specie
Zone search - the area to be searched is divide into four quadrants and
each searcher is assigned to one quadrant.
CDI RATIONALIZATION Q AND A!
1. A key event wherein an instance where the motorist can no longer
avoid or evade any possible collision or hazard.
A. Perception of hazards
B. Point of no escape*
C. First engagement or Initial Contact
D. Maximum engagement
E. Final engagement
KEY EVENT- event on the road which characterizes the manner of
occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic accident.
1. Perception of hazards- this is the instance where the motorist can
see, feel or understand the conditions or movements signaling possible
accident.
2. Point of no escape- this is the instance where the motorist can no
longer avoid or evade any possible collision or hazard.
3. First engagement or Initial Contact - It is the initial impact or hit on
the vehicle or collision.
4. Maximum engagement- It is the overlap or collapse in a collision; the
greatest force after the initial contact where the impact is now in its
full motion.
5. Final engagement- it is the stage where the vehicles are now
disengaged and in full stop.
2. A volatile liquids that give off vapor, which is inhaled, producing
short-term excitement and euphoria followed by a period of
disorientation. Amyl nitrite (poppers) is commonly used volatile liquid
packaged in capsule form, which is inhaled when the capsule is broken
open.
A. HASHISH
B. HEROIN
C. ANESTHETIC DRUGS
D. INHALANTS *
E. SEDATIVES/BARBITURATES
HASHISH- concentrated form of cannabis made from unadulterated
resin from the female cannabis plant.
MARIJUANA- the dried leaves of the cannabis plant.
COCAINE- a powerful natural stimulant derived from the coca plant.
Crack – highly addictive crystalline form of cocaine containing
remnants of hydrochloride and sodium bicarbonate, which emits a
crackling sound when smoked.
HEROIN- narcotic made from opium and then cut with sugar or some
other neutral substance unit it is only 1 to 4 percent pure. Has the
ability to produce insensibility to pain and to free the mind of anxiety
and emotion. Users experience relief from fear and apprehension,
release of tension, and elevation of spirits.
SEDATIVES/BARBITURATES. Sedatives, the most commonly used drugs
of the barbiturate family, depress the central nervous system into a
sleeplike condition. Sedatives are called “goofballs”, “downers” and are
often known by color of the capsules: “reds” (seconal), “blue devils”
(amytals) and “rainbows” (tuinal)
ANESTHETIC DRUGS- central nervous system depressants.
General anesthetics act on the brain to produce loss of sensation,
stupor, or unconsciousness. The most widely abused anesthetic drug is
PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP), known as “angel dust”.
Angel dust can be sprayed on marijuana or other leaves and smoked,
drunk, or injected. Originally developed as animal tranquilizer, PCP
creates hallucinations and a spaced-out feelings that causes heavy
users to engage in violent acts. The effects of PCP can last up to two
days, and the danger of overdose is high.
INHALANTS – volatile liquids that give off vapor, which is inhaled,
producing short-term excitement and euphoria followed by a period of
disorientation. Amyl nitrite (poppers) is commonly used volatile liquid
packaged in capsule form , which is inhaled when the capsule is s
broken open.
3. A transmission of heat from hotter to cooler.
A. Radiation B. Conduction*
C. Convection D. None of these
HEAT TRANSFER/TRANSMISSION OF HEAT
Radiation - immediate circle
Conduction - hotter to cooler
Convection - circulating medium
4. A stabbing incident transpired at the office of the college dean, what
method of search should be employed to maximize for the search of
truth?
A. ZONE METHOD
B. SPIRAL METHOD *
C. WHEEL METHOD
D. STRIP METHOD
SEARCH METHODS:
ZONE METHOD -BEST FOR WIDE AREA LIKE STADIUM
SPIRAL METHOD -BEST FOR SMALL ROOM
WHEEL METHOD- BEST FOR WIDE AREA
STRIP METHOD -BEST FOR BOMB SEARCH
5. What is this questioning technique that gives more wide latitude to
the investigator in terms of getting information relative to the issue.
Example: Where were you yesterday? This form of question will allow
the subject to answer with no specific location as to his whereabouts.
A. Open question*
B. Close question
C. Miranda doctrine or warning
D. Both A and B
Open Question- it is a questioning technique that gives more wide
latitude to the investigator in terms of getting information relative to
the issue. Example: Where were you yesterday? THIS FORM OF
QUESTION will allow the subject to answer with no specific location as
to his whereabouts.
Close Question- it is a questioning technique that specifically asks the
subject with respect to a particular area or information. Example: You
were spotted in the house of your friend yesterday, is this correct? This
form of question will permit the subject to answer either negative or
positive and will limit his information only with respect to the particular
issue.
MIRANDA DOCTRINE OR WARNING - the recital of constitutional rights
or appraisal of rights of the accused or person arrested.
It is mandatory for the arresting officer to recite the Miranda Warning to
the person arrested with a valid warrant or warrantless arrest. The
recital of the fundamental rights of the suspect or arrested person is a
requirement that cannot be waived.
MIRANDA WARNING/DOCTRINE- is a requirement to be recited by
enforcer upon arresting a person citing the fundamental rights of the
accused; it must be in a dialect or language known to the suspect
6. Which of the following does not belong to the Phases of
Investigation?
A. Identity
B. Location
C. Arrest and prosecution
D. Entrapment*
Criminal investigation- is a scientific inquiry with respect to criminal
violation/offense
Phases of Investigation
Identity
Location
Arrest and prosecution
7. The following are the Crime Triangle except one…
A. Offender B. Opportunity *
C. victim D. Location
Crime Triangle – Offender, victim and Location
8. An Asian organized crime group which is derived from card game 8-9-
3 or “good for nothing”
A. YAKUZA* B. TRIADS
C. TONGS D. ASIAN GANGS
ASIAN ORGANIZED CRIME
YAKUZA- JAPAN - is derived from card game 8-9-3 or “good for nothing”
TRIADS- Chinese groups
TONGS- mandarin word tang; Chinese, Chinatown
AND ASIAN GANGS
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9. Always show respect to those who can command it and report any
failure to show respect to one’s patron immediately are the rules of an
organized crime group.
A. American Mafia *
B. Kashmiri Militant Group
C. Irish Terrorists
D. Kurdistan Workers’ Party
RULES OF AMERICAN MAFIA:
Always show respect to those who can command it
Report any failure to show respect to one’s patron immediately
Al-Qaida
* Kashmiri Militant Group
* Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
* Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)
* Hezbollah
* Kurdistan Workers’ Party
* Irish Terrorists
* Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)
10. Of the following TEN (10) COMMANDMENTS OF TRAFFIC, which is
the fourth commandment of traffic?
A. Keep right
B. Observe road courtesy
C. Vehicles should not be parked near intersection. Crosswalk,
pedestrian lanes, fire stations, fire hydrant, and private driveways
D. If in doubt, do not overtake
Ten (10) commandments of traffic
1. Keep right
2. Observe road courtesy
3. Vehicles should not be parked near intersection. Crosswalk,
pedestrian lanes, fire stations, fire hydrant, and private driveways
4. If in doubt, do not overtake
5. The bus stop rule
6. Rules to prevent or untangle traffic congestion or traffic jam
7. Observe the traffic management measure
8. The philosophy of pinoy driver
9. On pedestrians
10. Remember the international driving safety reminder - safety first
I. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
1. The method of operation which will enable investigators to a pattern
of criminal behavior.
a. Reconstruction of the crime scene
b. Instrumentation
c. Elicitation
d. Modus operandi.*
2. This is where the techniques and principles of both physical and
natural science are applied and practiced to analyze crime-scene
evidence.
a. Forensics laboratory
b. SOCO*
c. Crime laboratory
d. Chemistry laboratory
3. A fictional character developed by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle who
influenced crime-detection methods by using serology, firearm
identification, fingerprinting and questioned document examination.
a. Sherlock Holmes* c. Alphonse Bertillon
b. Albert Osborne d. Calvin Goddard
4. Refers to the uniqueness of some item of evidence made possible by
the fact that no things in nature are exactly the same.
a. Criminalistics
b. Instrumentation
c. Individualization *
d. Reconstruction of the crime scene
5. A U.S. Army colonel who refined the techniques of bullet comparison
and established the use of a comparison microscope, which is
indispensable tool to modern firearms examiner.
a. Sherlock Holmes c. Alphonse Bertillon
b. Albert Osborne d. Calvin H. Goddard*
6. He undertook the first definitive study of fingerprints and developed a
method of classifying them.
a. Albert Osborn c. Francis Galton*
b. Leone Lottes d. Calvin Goddard
7. He devised a relatively simple procedure for determining the blood
group of dried bloodstain.
a. Leone Lottes* c. Albert Osborne
b. Karl Landsteiner d. Francis Galton
8. In the techniques employed in interrogation, which of the foregoing is
not utilized by police investigators.
a. Friendliness c. Sympathetic approach
b. Emotional approach d. Financial assistance*
9. This is applicable in oval or circular crime scene wherein the
searchers gather at the middle and proceed outward along spokes or
radius,
a. Wheel method* c. Strip method
b. Spiral method d. Zone method
10. He was considered as the father of modern toxicology.
a. Mathieu Orfila* c. Francis Galton
b. Alphonse Bertillon d. Leone Lottes
11. He was the person credited to have devised the first scientific
system of personal identification by means of anthropometry, which is
a method of taking a series of body measurements.
a. Mathieu Orfila c. Francis Galton
b. Alphonse Bertillon* d. Leone Lottes
12. He developed the fundamental principle of document examination
and was responsible for the acceptance of documents as scientific
evidence by the courts.
a. Mathieu Orfila c. Albert Osborne*
b. Alphonse Bertillon d. Leone Lottes
13. A public prosecutor and later a judge in Graz, Austria who applied
scientific discipline to the field of criminal investigation.
a. Mathieu Orfila c. Hans Gross*
b. Alphonse Bertillon d. Edmond Locard
14. He perpetuated his belief that when a criminal came into contact
with a person or object, a cross transfer of evidence occurred and was
responsible for giving specific technical contribution to criminal
investigation.
a. Mathieu Orfila c. Hans Gross
b. Alphonse Bertillon d. Edmond Locard*
15. The primary tools in criminal investigation necessary to establish
the guilt of the accused in a criminal action.
a. Information, interrogation and instrumentation*
b. Intent, motive and circumstantial evidence
c. Confession, admission and criminalistics
d. Investigation, criminalistics and prosecution
16. A public officer when not being authorized by judicial order, shall
enter a dwelling against the will of the owner thereof is committing:
a. Legal entry c. Trespassing
b. Violation of domicile* d. Illegal entry
17. A person undergoing custodial investigation enjoys his
constitutional rights namely:
a. The right to oppose whatever accusation on him.
b. The right to plea guilty and not guilty
c. The right to remain silent, to counsel and the right to be informed of
such rights.*
d. The right to face his accuser in public trial
18. A type of informant reveals information usually of no consequences
of stuff concocted of thin air.
a. False informant* c. Double crosser informant
b. Mercenary informant d. Self-aggrandizing informant
19. Is one in which the ingredients of the offense are committed in
many places.
a. Local crime c. Transitory crime*
b. Local action d. Transitory action
20. The primary job of an investigator is to determine whether a crime
has been committed, in order to determine such, he must have
knowledge of the so-called cardinal questions of investigation. How
many cardinal questions are there?
a. Three c. Five
b. Four d. Six*
21. In bank robberies, this person is in charge of transportation by
stealing the vehicle and providing plate on it.
a. Drivers c. Wheelman*
b. Ripper d. Rover
22. Refers to the standard arrow designating the north to facilitate
proper sketch orientation.
a. Proper north c. Legend
b. True north d. Compass direction*
23. A search method in which the searchers follow each other in the
path of the coiled beginning form the outside proceeding toward the
center.
a. Zone method c. Spiral method*
b. Wheel method d. Strip method
24. Taking into custody the property described in the search warrant as
a result of a proper search, which is to be utilized as evidence in a
case.
a. Seizure* c. Safekeeping
b. Detention d. Confiscation
25. A method of criminal identification whereby the perception of
witnesses is key and criminals are identified by depiction.
a. Verbal description* c. Police line-up
b. General photographs d. Rouge gallery
26. When the subject is in prone position what type of search should be
implemented.
a. Kneeling search c. Floor search*
b. Standing search d. Wall search
27. This is ordinarily made at the time and scene of the arrest. To
discover weapons or evidences and determine the identity of the
suspects.
a. Preliminary search of a person*
b. Standing search
c. Wall search
d. Floor search
28. Most likely place to look for fingerprints of theft in an automobile,
which has been stolen and abandoned.
a. Dashboard c. Steering wheel*
b. Door handles d. Rear view mirror
29. Uses his seeming desire to give information to talk to the law
enforcers in order to get more information from them than he gives.
a. Double-crosser informant*
c. False informant
b. Mercenary informant
d. Self aggrandizing informant
30. That profession and scientific discipline directed to the recognition,
identification, individualization and evaluation of physical science by
application of natural sciences in matters of law and science.
a. Chemist c. Criminalistics*
b. Scientist d. Toxicologist
31. Is one in which all the ingredients of the offense are committed in
one place.
a. Local crimes* c. Transitory crimes
b. Local action d. Transitory action
32. The number of persons who handle the evidence from the scene of
the crime and between the time of the commission up to final
disposition of cases.
a. Time of custody c. Time of disposal
b. Time of disposition d. Chain of custody*
33. A declaration made under the consciousness of an impending death.
a. Part of res gestate c. Dying declaration*
b. Confession d. Admission
34. Principles of science applied to law enforcement.
a. Instrumentation c. Legal medicine
b. Forensics* d. Criminology
35. Evidence which offers least resistance to decomposition.
a. Blood c. Saliva
b. Semen d. Hair*
36. Refers to criminals whose identity are furnished by eye witnesses.
a. Known criminals c. Unknown criminals*
b. Convicted criminals d. Identified criminals
37. This method of identification depends on the ability of the witness
to describe the person seen committing the crime.
a. Verbal description* c. Police line-up
b. Photographic files d. General photograph
38. Criminals whose identity may be established background
identification.
a. Known criminals* c. Convicted criminals
b. Unknown criminals d. Unidentified criminals
39. Compilation of known criminals available from police files and
records.
a. Rouge gallery* c. Police blotter
b. General photograph d. Modus operandi files
40. Type of shadowing where constant surveillance is necessary.
a. Loose tail c. Close tail*
b. Rough shadowing d. None of these
41. The best way to label clothing to be used as evidence is:
a. Place it in a pill box and label it *
b. Mark it by an inscription in ink at the lining
c. Place it in a plastic bag and label it
d. Tag it with a label
42. To ensure privacy and avoid distraction an interrogation room must
be:
a. With no windows or views
c. It must be sound proof
b. There should only be one door *
d. All of the foregoing
43. In this type of interrogation the investigator must have great
knowledge of the case and is preferable when the subject is not the
talkative type.
a. Narrative type
c. Stern type
b. Question and answer type*
d. Simple interrogation
44. What should the investigator do to protect while in transport those
collected evidences from the crime scene?
a. Seal it c. Pack it properly*
b. Mark it d. Label it
45. Shadowing has the following purposes, except:
a. To detect evidences of criminal activities
c. To locate wanted persons
b. To establish association of a suspect
d. None of the foregoing*
46. “A” wanted to kill “B”. the former pointed his gun to the latter, as
“A” pressed the trigger, the gun jammed and “B” managed to escape.
This is an example of:
a. Attempted felony
b. Consummated felony
c. Frustrated felony *
d. Impossible crime
47. Kind of recognition whereby the description and characteristics
maybe vague that identification is difficult.
a. Known fugitives c. Ordinary criminals
b. Professional criminals d. Unknown fugitives*
48. The method of determining and finding the best way to remedy the
specific cause or causes of the complaint or grievance refers to:
a. Cross examination c. Investigative procedures
b. Grievance procedures* d. Criminal procedures
49. A type of informant who reveals information usually of no
consequence of stuff produced from thin air.
a. False informant*
c. Mercenary informant
b. Double-crosser informant
d. Frightened informant
50. Clandestine operation in police parlance.
a. Covert intelligence c. Overt intelligence
b. Secret activity d. Surveillance*
51. It is an art which deals with the identity and location of the offender
and provides evidence of his guilt through criminal proceeding.
a. Information c. Instrumentation
b. Interrogation d. Interrogation*
52. Special crime investigation is more concerned on:
a. Physical evidence c. Testimonial evidence
b. Tracing evidence d. Associative evidence*
53. Is a person who provides an investigator with confidential
information concerning a past or projected crime and does not wish to
be known as a source of information.
a. Informants c. Informers
b. Witness d. Confidential informants*
54. Vigorous questioning of one who is reluctant to divulge information.
a. Interview c. Investigation
b. Interrogation* d. All of these
55. A compilation of photographs of known criminals, utilized in
investigation for identifying suspects in a crime.
a. Photographic file c. Rogue gallery*
b. 201 file d. Cartographic sketch
56. This sketch shows the crime scene with its nearest physical
surroundings.
a. Finished sketch c. Sketch of locality*
b. Sketch of details d. Sketch of grounds
57. The explanation of any symbols used to identify objects in a sketch.
a. Compass direction c. Legend*
b. Title d. Scale
58. Such articles and evidences which assists the investigator in
locating the suspect.
a. Physical evidences c. Associative evidences
b. Material evidences d. Tracing evidences*
59. Objects or substances which are essential part of the body of the
crime.
a. Corpus delicti * c. Material evidences
b. Physical evidences d. Associative evidences
60. The primary consideration in transporting evidences.
a. Markings should be placed
b. Proper turnover must be observed
c. Avoid altering contents
d. Proper packing to protect the evidence while in transit*
61. General rule in handling evidences.
a. MAC rule * c. Last clear chance rule
b. Right of way rule d. None of the foregoing
62. In handling clothing used as evidence, the stained areas are usually
encircled. What is the primary objective?
a. To show points of interest *
c. To avoid contamination
b. To have proper markings
d. To prevent alterations
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63. If blood is in fluid condition, what is added to preserve the
specimen?
a. Formaldehyde c. Alcohol
b. Saline solution * d. Distilled water
64. It is the surprise invasion of a building or an area.
a. Assault c. Raid*
b. Attack d. Surveillance
65. Primary requisite for conducting raids.
a. Search warrant* c. Firearms
b. Raiding team d. Back-up personnel
66. This is an element of crime commission wherein one is induced to
commit the crime.
a. Motive* c. Opportunity
b. Intent d. Deceit
67. In a police line-up, in which the purpose is to eliminate the power of
suggestion as a factor in identification as a procedure how many
persons is needed in such a line-up?
a. 3 top 5 c. 7 to 10*
b. 5 to 7 d. 10 to 15
68. It is the physical possibility that the suspect could have committed
the crime.
a. Motive c. Opportunity*
b. Intent d. Deceit
69. Motive in giving information wherein the informant delights in giving
information to gain favorable attention from the police.
a. Competition c. Vanity*
b. Repentance d. Jealousy
70. Employed where a general impression of the subject’s habit and
associate are required.
a. Surveillance c. Rough shadowing
b. Loose tail shadowing* d. Close tail shadowing
71. More advantageous because it permits immediate changes of men
and less likely to be recognized.
a. One man shadow c. Three man shadow
b. Two man shadow8 d. ABC method
72. In this method of search, the searchers proceed slowly at the same
pace along the path parallel to one side of the rectangle. At the end of
the rectangle, the searcher turns and proceeds back along new lanes
but parallel to the first movement.
a. Zone method c. Spiral method
b. Strip method* d. Wheel method
73. In this method, the area to be searched is divided into quadrant and
each searcher is assigned in each quadrant.
a. Zone method* c. Spiral method
b. Strip method d. Wheel method
74. The surroundings of the crime scene must be photograph to show
the relative location and distances.
a. Environmental photograph* c. Overview
b. Physical reconstruction d. Over-all photograph
75. Made by the investigator at the crime scene. No scale, proportion
ignored and everything is approximate.
a. Sketch c. Rough sketch*
b. Draft d. Finished sketch
76. Most common reason in discharging informants.
a. Burn out*
c. Lack of loyalty
b. Too expensive to maintain
d. Reprehensible behavior
77. Object usually utilized in marking hard objects.
a. Stylus* c. Ink
b. Pen d. Chalk
78. A form of investigation in which an investigator assumes a different
and unofficial identity.
a. Tailing c. Surveillance
b. Shadowing d. Roping*
79. Interrogation fitted for subjects who are willing to talk.
a. Narrative type * c. Question and answer type
b. Interrogation type d. Stern type
80. Method employed by the police to deprive the liberty of a person
taken into custody.
a. Protective custody c. Police restraint*
b. Detaining for questioning d. All of these
81. Necessary to determine the appearance of the crime scene as well
as the objects, what naturally occurred and what were the
circumstances of the crime.
a. Crime scene
c. Mental reconstruction
b. Physical reconstruction
d. Reconstruction of the crime*
82. Paid informants.
a. Anonymous informants c. False informants
b. Rival elimination informants d. Mercenary informants*
83. Most common type of shadowing.
a. One man shadow* c. Three man shadow
b. Two man shadow d. Rough shadow
84. Articles which are found in connection with the investigation and
aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the circumstances
under which the crime was committed.
a. Tracing evidence c. Associative evidence*
b. Corpus delicti d. Physical or material evidence
85. Instrumental detection of deception.
a. Ballistic test c. Question document test
b. Fingerprint test d. Polygraph testing*
86. First action of the police unit upon arrival at the scene of homicide.
a. Cordon the area
c. Verification of death*
b. Prevent contamination of evidence
d. Conduct initial investigation
87. The circumstances which must occur to be classified as a crime.
a. Elements of the crime* c. Motive and intent
b. Victim and perpetrator d. Desire and opportunity
88. Most common motive in committing a crime.
a. Fame c. Passion
b. Revenge d. Profit*
89. They assume jurisdiction in terms of conducting crime scene
investigations.
a. SOCO operatives*
b. Investigator on case
c. First police unit who arrived at the crime scene
d. CIDG operatives
90. An official inquiry undertaken by the police on the circumstances
surrounding the death of a person which is always presumed to be
unlawful.
a. Criminal investigation
c. Homicide investigation*
b. Special crime investigation
d. Murder investigation
91. Stage where the law enforcer focus on a particular suspect who had
been invited or taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his/her
freedom of action where a process of interrogation is undertaken to
illicit incriminating statements.
a. Investigation c. Custodial investigation*
b. Interrogation d. Inquest
92. In informal and summary investigation conducted by a public
prosecutor in criminal cases involving persons arrested and detained
without the benefit of a warrant for the purpose of determining whether
or not said persons should remain under custody an correspondingly be
charged in court.
a. Investigation c. Custodial investigation
b. Interrogation d. Inquest 8
93. This investigation technique when used will establish cooperation
since the complainant and witnesses will pin point the subject as the
one who committed the crime.
a. Pleading to a lesser offense
c. Split pair method
b. Line-up method *
d. Revered line-up method
94. Also known as bluff method it is undertaken when there are two or
more culprits and stating to the subject that the others have already
confessed and directly linked him/her with the commission of a crime.
a. Pleading to a lesser offense
c. Split pair method*
b. Line-up method
d. Revered line-up method
95. This is undertaken by requesting the subject to join a police line-up
in which several persons will point him as having committed fictitious
offenses. S a result of which the subject may tend to confess to the real
offense of which he has taken part of.
a. Pleading to a lesser offense
c. Split pair method
b. Line-up method
d. Revered line-up method*
96. Generally indicates the dimensions and shape of crime scenes and
which are used as interview aids.
a. Sketch c. Outline sketch*
b. Rough sketch d. Detailed sketch
97. Refers to the use of physical evidences, scientific method,
deductive reasoning and their interrelationship to acquire definite and
clear knowledge of the series of events and circumstances that
surround the commission of a crime.
a. Crime scene investigation
c. Crime scene reconstruction8
b. Crime scene inquiry
d. All of these
98. Specific incident reconstruction is used in which of the following
circumstances?
a. Homicide c. Traffic accident investigation
b. Bombing d. All of these*
99. When firearms, Blood, glass and other similar physical evidences is
in police custody, what type of crime scene reconstruction is used by
the investigator on case?
a. Specific incident reconstruction
c. Specific event reconstruction
b. Specific physical evidence reconstruction *
d. All of these
100. In determining sequence, direction, condition, relation and identity
which type of crime scene reconstruction is used?
a. Specific incident reconstruction
b. Specific event reconstruction*
c. Specific physical evidence reconstruction
d. All of these
Police Intelligence

The product that results from processing raw information (collection,

evaluation, integration and interpretation of information)
Process of finding out what you don’t know (or finding out what needs
to be known)
A confidential advice that supports decision making
Has both tactical (or operational) and strategic applications
Intelligence – the and product resulting from the processing of
information, or the art of obtaining, evaluating, and dispensing vital
information for future action.
Information – is a knowledge communicated, either obtained by
personal study, investigation or intelligence operation or knowledge
derived from printed materials, observations or instructions.
Information - Any knowledge, data, news, opinion or the likes
transmitted from a person to another is information. Processed
information becomes intelligence that has police interest and
significance.
Sponsor – the sponsor is the group which, through its headquarters,
supports and directs the organization conducting the clandestine
activity.
Target – The second organizational element is the target: the person,
place or thing against the clandestine activity is to be conducted.
The Agent – The third organizational element in clandestine activity is
the agent. An agent may be classified according to his function within
the organization.
Espionage agent -The espionage agent clandestinely procures
information.
Propagandist -The propagandist undertakes to mold the attitudes,
opinions and actions of an individual, group or nation.
Saboteur -The saboteur undertakes positive action against an
unfriendly power, resulting in the loss of use temporarily or
permanently of an article, material, facility, process, or other physical
resource.
Guerilla -a guerilla is a member of the paramilitary group organized to
harass the enemy in a hot war situation.
Strong – Arm-The strong-arm agent is available to provide special
protection during dangerous phases of clandestine operation. He is also
prepared to undertake aggressive action in the accomplishment of an
assigned task and assist in operations directed against target
personnel.
Provocateur- a provocateur is an agent who induces an opponent to act
to his own detriment by revealing his true purpose and identity.
Provocation may also divert the opponent from an intended objective.
The opponent may be an individual, group or nation.
Cutout- a person or device interposed between two persons or groups
in order to provide communications.
Intermediaries- an individual who serve as a cutout.
Cutout Device- is a place or a thing used in the communication between
two members of the clandestine operation and is also a means of
comparting one element from another.
Live Drop- is a person in clandestine operation who accepts information
or material from on agent and surrenders it to another.
Courier- a person who carries information or material from one
individual in clandestine operation and delivers it to another.
Moving Live Drop- a type of unwitting courier the person on whom or in
whose personal effects clandestine material is concealed without his
knowledge.
Dead Drop- is a place were clandestine material may be left by one
echelon and recovered by another.
Moving Dead Drop- involves the use of some means of transportation of
which clandestine information or material can be concealed at one
point and recovered at another.
Accommodation address- this refers to the address at which posted
mail containing intelligence or operational information is received and
at which either held for pickup or readdress and transmitted further
thru the mails.
Clipping Services– is the collection of news items of intelligence value
in publications both local and foreign.
Debriefing – an interview with personnel from a mission to get
information of particular interest.
Safehouse – is a place, a building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment
where police undercover men meet, his action agent or handler
conducts debriefing or for report purposes.
Burned – identity of the undercover has been know by the subject.
Drop – is a convenient, secure, and unsuspecting place where a police
undercover man, informer, or informant by prearrangement leaves a
note, a small package, an envelop or item for the action agent or
handler, supervisor, or another agent.
Communications Security – measures adopted to safeguard the
transmission or receipts of messages, the equipment used and the
communication center itself.
Intelligence Estimate – is a study which describes, discusses, and
interprets the current crime situation in order to determine organized
crime capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable course of actions. It
also describes the effects of the area of operations upon both police
and criminal elements courses of action.
Omerta – conspiracy of silence.
Historical Accounts of Police Intelligence
Moses sent spies to canaan in order to know the strength of their
enemy.
Rahab - assisted Israelite spies by hiding them from the local
authorities. The spies, in return for her protection, promised to save her
and her family during the planned military invasion as long as she
fulfilled her part of the deal by keeping the details of the contact with
them secret and leaving a sign on her residence that would be a marker
for the advancing soldiers to avoid. She kept her word by hiding the
spies when the city guard came to her house looking for them; the
Israelites kept their word by sparing her family from the general
massacre after taking the city: they recognized Rahab's house by a red
cord hanging from her window.
Delilah was approached by the lords of the Philistines, to discover the
secret of Samson's strength, "and we will give thee every one of us
eleven hundred pieces of silver". Three times she asked Samson for the
secret of his strength, and three times he gave her a false answer. First
he told her "If they bind me with seven green withes that were never
dried, then shall I be weak, and be as another man.". Then he told her
"If they bind me fast with new ropes that never were occupied, then
shall I be weak, and be as another man.". A third time he told her "If
thou weavest the seven locks of my head with the web". On the fourth
occasion he gave her the true reason: that he did not cut his hair in
fulfillment of a vow to God.
Sun Tzu was an ancient Chinese military general and strategist who is
traditionally believed to have authored The Art of War, an influential
ancient Chinese book on military strategy considered to be a prime
example of Taoist thinking. Sun Tzu has had a significant impact on
Chinese and Asian history and culture, both as an author of The Art of
War and through legend. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Sun Tzu's
The Art of War grew in popularity and saw practical use in Western
society, and his work has continued to influence both Asian and
Western culture and politics.
Alexander III of Macedon popularly known as Alexander the Great was
a Greek king who created one of the largest empires in ancient history.
Alexander received a classical Greek education under the tutorship of
famed philosopher Aristotle, Alexander is one of the most famous
figures of antiquity, and is remembered for his tactical ability, his
conquests, and for spreading Greek civilization into the East.
Frederick the Great – father of organized military espionage.
State Informers – originated during the reign of Edward I of England in
the 15th century were rewards were given to those who can report
authors seditious writing.
Walsingham – the father of the national secret service, as the protector
of queen Elizabeth I
Karl Schulmeister and Demarest – develop the concept of counter-
intelligence or spying the spy.
Allan Pinkerton – U.S. first Chief of Secret Service.
Cabeza de Barangay – head of the settlers who appointed eyes and ears
of his community.
Luke E. Wright – father of Philippine Constabulary
Col. Henry Allen – first chief of the Philippine Constabulary
Rafael Crame – the first head of the intelligence division of the
Philippine Constabulary
Modes of Obtaining/Gathering Information
1. Informants/Informers
2. Surveillance
3. Casing
4. Cover and Undercover
5. Interview/Elicitation
6. ODEX
7. Informants/Informers
Informant – is any person who furnishes the police and information
relevant to a criminal case, about the activities of criminals or
syndicates.
Informer – a person who gives information on a regular basis, they are
paid.
Informant - is an individual who openly or secretly obtained or assists in
obtaining information for intelligence and Counter Intelligence purposes
in exchange for some recompense, monetary or otherwise.
Informer distinguished from informant – an informant is an individual
who gives information for a price or reward. An informer gives
information in consideration of the money or reward. While, an
Informant gives information either in consideration of the reward or not.
Types of Informants
1. Anonymous Informants
2. Rival Elimination Informants
3. False Informants
4. Self-Aggrandizing Informants - an informant that is conceited,
overconfident, and arrogant.
5. Mercenary Informants – Sales information. He/she could be one of the
members of syndicate.
6. Double-Crosser Informants - he/she gives information, but the
objective is also to get more information from the police and their
activities.
7. Women Informants - She could be an associate of the syndicate. She
uses her body to obtain more information.
8. Legitimate Informants – gives information for a legitimate reason/s
9. Incidental Informants - Individuals who furnish information with no
intention of repeating his services of furnishing information on a
continuing basis.
10. Casual Informants - Individuals who by social or professional
position, possesses or has access to information of continuing interest,
and who willingly provides information to the CI unit, either in response
to a specific request or on his own initiative.
11. Automatic Informants - Those by virtue of their official positions are
expected or obligated to furnish information openly to CI units in
normal course of their duties. e.g., Government officials, police officers
and technical experts.
12. Recruited Informants - Individuals that are selected, trained and
utilized as continuous and covert sources of information concerning
specific counterintelligence targets.
Double Agents - Individuals who are simultaneously employed by two
opposing intelligence agencies with only one of the agencies aware of
his dual role. Double agents controlled CI unit may produce very
valuable information, particularly in long range counterespionage
operations, but their control and exploitation is complex and difficult,
and requires extremely stringent security precautions and control
measures.
Dual Agents - Individual simultaneously and independently employed by
two or more friendly intelligence units and, who do not show preference
for either and normally motivated by material gain. When an informant
is determined to be a Dual Agent, his services will normally be
terminated.
Motives of Informants
1. Vanity – for self-aggrandizement in order to get favorable attention.
2. Civic Mindedness – Gives information because it’s a duty as a
concerned citizen.
3. Fear – Gives information in order for his/her to be protected.
4. Repentance – Gives information due to changes of his values, belief,
and convection.
Kinds of Informants
1. Criminal
2. Voluntary
3. Involuntary
4. Confidential
5. Special
6. Anonymous
Types of Informers
1. Common or Ordinary
2. Confidential
Other meanings of “ Informants”
1. Obnoxious – the view of the public to a person selling information to
another or money motivated.
2. Stool Pidgeon – the view of the underworld to a person who expose
their activities and identities.
3. Savior – the view of the police to a person who gives information,
without his valuable reports or revelations the crime would remain
unsolved.
Surveillance
Surveillance -is a clandestine form of investigation which consists of
keeping any person, place or other physical observation in order to
obtain evidence or information pertinent to the purpose of the
investigation.
-is a planned observance of persons, places or objects: however, it is
concerned primarily with persons. Places and objects can be closely
watched but are generally incidental to the primary interest of seeking
information about people.
Subject of Surveillance – the person, place, or object being watched.
Surveillant – the person who does the surveillance or who maintain
watch.
Convoy – an associate of the subject who follows the subject in an
attempt to detect surveillance.
Contact – any person with whom the subject speaks, to whom he pass
articles, or from whom he receives articles.
Made – the surveillant being recognized as the surveillant by the
subject or convoy.
Lost – the subject is lost when the surveillant do not know his
whereabouts. The subject is lost when the subject eluded him.
Fingerman – an individual who can positively point out the subject.
Put the finger on – go identify a subject by pointing him out either in
person or in photograph.
Put to bed – when the subject under surveillance has returned to his
quarter and apparently retired for the night.
Shadow and tail – to follow an individual whenever he goes, on foot or
by vehicle.
THE TWO GENERAL TYPES OF SURVELLANCE
1. Moving surveillance. Maybe referred to as a tail or shadow.
A moving surveillance is conducted when a person, object or activity
being watched move from one place to another. The surveillant may
however, move from one vantage point to another in the immediate
area.
2. Fixed surveillance. Maybe referred as a stakeout.
Is conducted when a person, object, or activity being watched is not
expected to move from one area. The surveillant may however, move
from one vantage point to another in the immediate area.
METHODS OF SURVEILLANCE
1. Loose surveillance. Observation of the subject or object is not
continuous. The surveillance maybe discontinued if the subject
becomes suspicious or when the services of another surveillant are
required.
2. Close Surveillance. Continuous observation of the subject is
maintained at all times, even if the subject appears to become
suspicious or openly accosts the surveillant and accuses him of
watching or following him.
3. Combination of Loose and Close Surveillance. Circumstances, which
usually depend on the specific act of the subject, may necessitate a
change from a loose surveillance to a close surveillance without prior
notice.
FIVE TECHNIQUES OF FOOT SURVEILLANCE
a. One-Man Surveillance. One investigator is used to conduct the
surveillance. It is best employed in a fixed surveillance. It should be
avoided in moving surveillance because it provides the least amount of
flexibility in the surveillant, in addition to watching the subject should
take notes, watch for convoys, and collect evidences.
b. Two-Man or “AB” Surveillance
In the “AB” technique of surveillance, the surveillant behind the subject
is always known as “A” surveillant. “A” follows the subject and “B”
either follows on the same side of the street or from across the street.
c. Three-Man or ABC Surveillance. The most effective technique of foot
surveillance is the “ABC” technique. It employs three surveillance, and
is intended to keep two sides of the subject covered. “A” follows the
subject. “B” follows “A” and concentrates on keeping “A” in sight rather
than the subject. “B” also watches for convoys. The normal position for
“B” is behind “A”. “C” normally operates across the street from slightly
to the rear of the subject.
d. Leapfrog Surveillance. Two or more surveillants are used to conduct
the leapfrog technique of surveillance. This is a variation of the “AB”
and “ABC” methods. It is simple to execute and greatly reduces the
chances of the subject reorganizing surveillant. Surveillant “A” follows
“B”. Both surveillants operate on the same side of the street as the
subject. After a variable time or distance has elapsed by
prearrangement of signals, “A” falls back and allows “B” to assume the
position “A” and “A” becomes “B”.
e. Progressive Surveillance. The Progressive technique of surveillance
is used when extreme caution is mandatory. It can be presupposed by
the surveillants that the subject will resort to every method it elude
possible surveillance. It is a slow technique and limited to subject that
follow habitual daily routines.
VEHICLE SURVEILLANCE
In vehicle surveillance the subject will move primarily by automobile,
therefore necessitating the surveillant followed by automobile.
Three Techniques of Vehicle Surveillance.
1. One Vehicle Technique
2. Two-Vehicle Technique
3. Four-Vehicle Technique
FIXED SURVEILLANCE OR STAKEOUT
In fixed or stakeout surveillance it is the subject that remains
stationary. The surveillant may move around for closer observation of
the area and the subject. When one surveillant is detailed to watch a
place with more than one exit, the surveillant may have to move about
considerably in order to maintain the proper surveillance.
Casing
Casing – is reconnaissance or surveillance of a building, place or area
to determine its suitability for intelligence use or its vulnerability in an
intelligence operation.
PURPOSE
1. Operative will know the best route to take to get there.
2. Operative will know how to conduct himself without attracting
attention.
3. Operative will know what security hazards are in the area and how
they can be avoided or minimized.
4. Operative will know the best route to take to get out of the area.
METHODS OF CASING
1. Personal Reconnaissance– A personal reconnaissance of an area is
the most effective method and will produce the most information since
you know just what you are looking for.
2. Map Reconnaissance– A map reconnaissance alone may not be
sufficient but it can produce a certain amount of usable information.
From a map, it is possible to get a good survey of road and street
network.
3. Research– Such information can be acquired through research.
Research normally entails a study of unclassified sources such as local
newspapers, periodicals, public bulletins, telephone and city
directories, radio and television broadcasts, and other available
references.
4. Prior Information– Your unit will have on file reports from other
activities within your unit, and also from other intelligence units that
may provide you with information. In addition, town studies, geodetic
surveys, etc., can provide you with valuable information.
5. Hearsay – This type of information is usually gained by the person
operating in the area of performing the casing job. Casing should
always be done with your ears open when visiting such places as
restaurants, bars, places of amusement, and while riding on a public
transport facility. Some hearsay information maybe gained by discreet
questioning of the people in the area.
Cover and Undercover
COVER – is the means by which an individual, group or organization
conceals the true nature of its activities, and/or its existence from the
observer.
It is used so that the intelligence unit may operate with minimum
interference from the outside elements. By “outside elements”, we
mean those not having the “Need to Know”
TYPES OF COVER
1. Natural cover – using true or actual personal background.
2. Artificial cover – using biographical data adopted for the purpose that
is fictitious or fabricated.
3. Cover within a cover – use of secondary cover in case of compromise
which necessitates the admission of a lesser crime
4. Multiple cover – any cover wished
ORGANIZATIONAL COVER
OBJECTIVES OF ORGANIZATIONAL COVER
1. To camouflage and protect operational personnel and their activities.
2. To protect installation in which clandestine activities are based
THREE (3) TYPES OR ORGANIZATIONAL COVER
1. Cell cover – intended for small operating groups, wherein the
numbers of the group are not working together.
2. Group cover – provides security for three (3) or more individuals
appearing to be working together
3. Cover family – combination of compartmental.
MEANING OF COVER STORY
A biographical account, true or fictional or a combination of true or
fiction which portrays the undercover operatives’ past history and
current status.
TYPES OF COVER STORY
1. Natural Cover Story – story using actual background data with minor
adjustments to fill and/or fit the situation.
2. Artificial Cover Story – using biographical data which are invented for
the purpose.
3. Combination of True and False Personal Data
BACKSTOP – refers to falsified documents and materials prepared by an
undercover to make his cover story credible.
Interview/Elicitation
INTERVIEW – The method of obtaining information from another person
who is aware that he is giving wanted information, although he may be
ignorant of the true connection and purposes of the interview.
ELICITATION – The method of acquiring desired information from a
person who is unaware that he is providing wanted information, and if
made aware may not intend to give information.
INTERROGATION - The art of questioning and examining a source to
obtain usable information in the shortest possible time. The goal of any
interrogation is to obtain useful and reliable information in a lawful
manner and in a minimum amount of time and meeting the intelligence
requirements of any echelon of command. A good interrogation
produces needed information that is timely, complete, clear and
accurate. Interview, debriefing and elicitation are examples of types
and forms of interrogation.
ODEX
OBSERVATION (Taking notice) - is a complete and accurate awareness
by an individual of his surroundings and encompasses the use of all of
our major senses to register and recognize its operational and/or
intelligence significance.
DESCRIPTION - is the actual and factual reporting of one's own
observations or the reported sensory experience recounted by another.