HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE WITH

MSAND , FLYASH AND MICROSILICA

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
MOHAMMED ABDUL BASITH

SILPA SEKHAR G

SMRITHI J L

SREEPRIYA V
VISHNU NANDAN

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Guided by,

Assistant Prof. REKHA K NAIR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NSS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PALAKKAD 678008

NOVEMBER 2017
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have great pleasure to give thanks to our guide Asst Prof . Rekha K Nair by
her guidance, constant inspiration, comprehensive critical remarks and
continuous encouragement with valuable suggestions this work is possible. Here
we get an opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to Head of Department
Dr. Subha S to provide me all necessary facilities to carry out experimental
work in laboratory.

2
ABSTRACT

Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water.

Concrete plays a vital role in the development of infrastructure Viz., buildings,
industrial structures, bridges and highways etc. leading to utilization of large
quantity of concrete. The use of high performance concrete (HSC) has increased
all over the world. Among the factors that justify this increased use is the
strength increase for structural aspects and durability. High Performance
Concrete (HPC) is a concrete meeting special combinations of performance and
uniformity requirements that cannot be always achieved routinely by using
conventional constituents and normal mixing. This leads to examine the
admixtures to improve the performance of the concrete. On the other side, cost
of concrete is attributed to the cost of its ingredients which is scarce and
expensive, this leading to usage of economically alternative materials in its
production.

The present paper focuses on investigating characteristics of M70

concrete with partial replacement of cement with flyash and microsilica and
sand with Msand.

3
 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................2

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................3

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................6

1.1 GENERAL....................................................................................................6
1.2 OBJECTIVES ..............................................................................................7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 METHODS

3.1.1 Physical properties as per( IS 2386 (part Ⅲ) -1963)

3.1.1.1 Particle size distribution

3.1.1.2 Determination of bulk density, specific gravity and void ratio

3.1.1.3 Bulking of the fine aggregate (Msand and River sand )

3.1.2 Properties of cement

4
 3.1.2.1 Fineness of cement

3.1.2.2 Specific gravity of cement

3.2 Concrete mix design

3.3 Experimental investigation

3.3.1 Compressive strength test on concrete cube

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Particle size distribution

4.2 Bulk density, void ratio and specific gravity

4.3 Bulking of fine aggregate

4.4 Test on cement

4.5 Compressive strength test on concrete cube

WORKS COMPLETED

WORKS TO BE COMPLETED

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

5
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
For many decades, concrete has been largely used as a construction material, whether
in moderate aggressive environments, or in strongly environments. It is obtained by
mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water in required proportions.
The mixture when placed in forms and allowed to set hardens like rock. This
hardening is caused by the chemical reaction between water and the cement which
results to concrete growing stronger with age. The strength, durability and other
characteristics of concrete depend upon the properties of the constituent materials,
proportions of mix, the methods of compaction and other control during placing,
compaction and curing. Concrete mix design, involves the determination of
proportions of the given constituents of concrete namely, cement, water, fine
aggregate and coarse aggregate and admixtures if any . It is the process of specifying
the mixture of the ingredients required to meet anticipated properties of fresh and
hardened concrete . This proportioning is governed by the performance of concrete in
two states, namely, the plastic (fresh) state and hardened state. If the plastic concrete
is not workable, it cannot be placed and compacted, hence the property of workability
becomes of very vital importance. Secondly, the compressive strength of the hardened
concrete is generally considered to be an index of its other properties depending upon
many other factors, namely, quality and quantity of cement, water and aggregates,
mixing, placing, compaction and curing.

A definition of HPC in quantitative term which is acceptable to

everyone is not possible. As per IS 456:2000 , the concrete mainly divided into three
types: ordinary concrete (the concrete having strength up to 20MPa), standard
concrete (the concrete having strength 25MPa and above up to 55MPa) and high
strength concrete (the concrete having strength 60MPa and above up to 80MPa). HPC
is considered to be a concrete having a high strength at 28 days (typically >60 MPa in
compressive strength) or a low water–binder ratio (<0.40).

Fly ash is a byproduct from burning pulverized coal in electric power

generating plants. During combustion, mineral impurities in the coal (clay, feldspar,
quartz, and shale) fuse in suspension and float out of the combustion chamber with the
exhaust gases. As the fused material rises, it cools and solidifies into spherical glassy
particles called fly ash. Fly ash is collected from the exhaust gases by electrostatic
precipitators or bag filters. The fine powder does resemble portland cement but it is

6
chemically different. Fly ash chemically reacts with the byproduct calcium hydroxide
released by the chemical reaction between cement and water to form additional
cementitious products that improve many desirable properties of concrete. All fly
ashes exhibit cementitious properties to varying degrees depending on the chemical
and physical properties of both the fly ash and cement. Compared to cement and
water, the chemical reaction between fly ash and calcium hydroxide typically is
slower resulting in delayed hardening of the concrete. Delayed concrete hardening
coupled with the variability of fly ash properties can create significant challenges for
the concrete producer and finisher when placing steel-troweled floors. Two types of
fly ash are commonly used in concrete: Class C and Class F. Class C are often high-
calcium fly ashes with carbon content less than 2%; whereas, Class F are generally
low-calcium fly ashes with carbon contents less than 5% but sometimes as high as
10%. In general, Class C ashes are produced from burning sub-bituminous or lignite
coals and Class F ashes bituminous or anthracite coals. Performance properties
between Class C and F ashes vary depending on the chemical and physical properties
of the ash and how the ash interacts with cement in the concrete. Many Class C ashes
when exposed to water will react and become hard just like cement, but not Class F
ashes. Most, if not all, Class F ashes will only react with the byproducts formed when
cement reacts with water.

Microsilica can be used in concrete and refractory materials.

Microsilica , when used in concrete, it can improve concrete’s properties such as
compressive strength, bond strength and abrasion resistance, reduces permeability,
and therefore helps in protecting reinforcing steel from corrosion. At the same time,
Microslica can still be used in the procustion of refractory and porcelain, to raise
intensity and durability, it also can be used in paint, coating resin rubber and other
high molecular as a filler material to improve the material overall performance.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

 T o find the optimum percentage of mix to be used in high performance

concrete mix.

 To develop M70 grade concrete within cement consumption limit set by

IS 456:2000 ( maximum cement is 450 kg/m³ ).

 To analyse the enhanced properties and design a better performing

concrete.

7
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
The topic majorly focus on designing and testing High Performance Concrete. So the
journals prescribing about the properties of HPC in which cement is being replaced by
mineral admixtures were selected and referred. The variation of strength and
durability properties of concrete with replacement of cement by Silica Fume and Fly
Ash in various proportions was studied.

M. Gomathi , K. Premkumar, Asst. Professors in Civil Engineering , Periyar

Maniammai University, Thanjavoor has published a paper in IOSR journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) Vol.14, issue.4 , ver.2 (July-August
2017) on evaluation of HPC by partial replacement of cement with silica fume, natural
sand and Manufactured sand concludes that this replacement provides stronger and
durable concrete structures which will be economical as well as environment-friendly
by preserving natural resources such as river sand.

P. Magudeswaran , P. Eswaramoorthi, and D. Pradeep Kumar (2015) worked with

replacement of cement with silica fume and fly ash and replacement of sand with
ecosand ,a by-product of cement as filler material. They observed an increase in
compressive strength by 10% replacement with 0.33 W/C ratio and split tensile
strength. In the 40% replacement of ecosand the flexural strength was achieved more
at the age of 28 day due to the use of 25% FA.

Beulah Matcha of Christ University, Bangaluru presented a paper on the replacement

of metakaolin on the properties of High performance Concrete subjected to sulphuric
acid attack. It is an experimental investigation of the partial replacement of cement by
metakaolin by various percentages with different water binder ratios. Concrete
specimens of 150x150x150mm were casted and tested for residual compressive
strength and specimens of 100x100x100mm were casted and tested to find percentage
weight loss as per IS specifications.When immersed in 30% sulphuric acid for 30, 60
and 90 days the result obtained indicate that use of metakaolin to replace cement in
HPC has improved performance of concrete upto 10%.

Sayed Alireza in a study on Rice husk as a partial replacement of cement in HPC

containing micro silica (2017) presents benefits resulted from various ratios of rice
husk on concrete indicators through 5 mixture plans with proportions of 5, 10, 15, 20
and 25% RHA by weightof cement in addition to 10% micro silica to be compared
with a reference mixture with 100% Portland cement. Tests results indicated the
positive relationship between 15% replacement of RHA with increase 0of
compressive strength by about 20%.

8
Raghavendra R et.al in paper Compressive strength of HPC using granite powder as
fine aggregate(2015) shows the preparation of concrete using granite powder as
apartial fine aggregate at a rate of 5, 10, 25 and cement is replaced using 105 flyash,
10% GGBS, 7.5% silica fume and 0.9% super plasticizerused too. The test result
shows increase in flexure strength till 20% granite powder replacement and rest are
equal to normal concrete.

Anjali Prajapathi et.al in paper titled An experimental study on HPC using mineral
admixtures (2017) studies the effect of performance of HPC using mineral admixtures
(flyash and GGBS) and fine aggregate replaced by foundry sand. They concluded that
the compressive strength continue to increase as the curing period increase and the
greatest compressive strength is achieved when mixture contains 30% fine aggregate
replaced by foundry sand and 10% GGBS.

A.V. S. Sai kumar and Krishna Rao B in the paper A study on strengthn of concrete
with quarry dust and metakaolin (2012) deals with the replacement of materials with
materials having silica content. First quarry dust is mad partial replacement of cement
and found that 25% of partial replacement is beneficial to concrete without loss of
standard strength of cement. Making 25% partial replacement of cement a constant,
2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% of metakaolin was made in partial replacement of
cement and results were found that quarry dust and metakaolin usage in partial
replacement to cement can be made.

S. V. V. K Babu in the paper Experimemtal investigation of HPC with partial

replacement of cement by fly ash and fully replacement of sand by stone dust (2015)
investigates the strength properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength
and flexural strength of M40 grade of HPC mixes with different replacement levels
such as 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% of cement by flyash and 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% and
100% of stone dust with sand by adopting water-binder of 0.35. The results of the
investigations carried out demonstrates the strength characteristics of stone dust and
the properties of flyash based concrete mixes. Based on the results obtained the
replacement of 105 stone dust and 25% flyash with 1.2% plasticizer superior
characteristics were arrived.

9
Sruthi S, Chandrakala S, G Narayana ,G Narayana in the paper Partial Replacement of
Cement in Concrete (2015) using Waste Glass Powder and M-sand as Fine Aggregate
uses waste glass powders as a partial replacement to the concrete ingredient i.e,
cement and the mechanical properties like compressive strength and split tensile
strength are measured. Glass powder replaces cement by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and
25%. It is found that up to 15% addition of GLP gives higher strength. And also GLP
size less than 90 micron is very effective in enhancement of strength.

Ms. Y. S. S Parvathi and Mr. M. K. M. Ratnam studied about Strength of Concrete by

Partial Replacement with Flyash and adding admixture as coconut fibers (2016) in
cement in M20 grade concrete. The compressive strength, split tensile strength of
concrete at the age of 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days made in normal water and sea water
are tested and based on the results an increase in compressive strength, compressive
strength and split tensile strength of concrete is observed on 30% flyash as a
replacement and 5% coconut fibers as an admixture in cemen when the specimens are
cured in normal water. The compressive, tensile and split tensile strength of concrete
are tend to decrease which are cured in sea water when compared to the specimens
cured in normal water.

K. Akhilesh Reddy and I. Siva Kishore studied on the behavior of Partial Replacement
of Cement with Sugarcane Bagasse ash for High Strength Concrete Mix (2017).
Environment impact due to Bagasse increases as dumping and land filling results to
molasses and other damaging factors to overcome these problems Bagasse ash
introduced into the concrete and experiment is carried out with replacement of
Bagasse ash is carried out for High Strength concrete.

T. G. S. Kiran and M. K. M. V Ratnam in the paper flyash as a partial replacement of

cement of concrete and durability study of fly ash in acidic environment (2014) the
results of the tests carried out on sulphate attack on concrete cubes in water curing
along with sulphuric acid solution and using the cement replacement using fly ash.
Tests results indicates that fly ash improves concrete durability.

10
Sonu Pal, Amit Singh et. al in a study on Effects of Partial Replacement of Cement
with Marble Dust on properties of Concrete (2016). Focuses on the utilization of
waste of marble dust powder in concrete and enhancement of strength of concrete
more economically. The marble dust powder was added in M20 grade of concrete at
0%, 5%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% with partial replacement by weight of cement.
W/C ratio 0.5 was kept constant in all the concrete mixes. The concrete samples were
tested for compressive strength and split tensile strength after 7 and 28 days of proper
curing. The results of the laboratory work showed that replacement of cement with
marble dust powder increases up to 10% for both compressive strength and split
tensile strength of concrete.

K. M. Bhagwan and S. S. Kulkarni in astudy on properties of concrete using pond ash

as a partial replacement of cement (2015). The paper presents the experimental
investigation carried out to study use of pond ash on concrete. It is found that the rate
of increase of compressive strength at early ages mainly 3, 7 and 28 dayswas low and
during later ages this rate was faster. It shows that the later age strength of pond ash
concrte is very good and has a scope to use in concrete which are of great importance
in the present context of sustainability in the construction field.

Ahangba Augustine. S and Tiza Michael in the paper Partial Replacement of Cement
with Con Cob Ash concerns the investigation of concrete produced by partial
replacement of cement with con cob ash. Compressive strength was carried out the
cubes and the flexural strength on beam. It was concluded that Con Cob ash canbe
used as partial replacement of cement in concrete as well as for walls of building units
and other mild construction works, and replacement should not exceed 10% as
strength produced above this replacement level may not be adequate for strength
requirements.

From the referred literatures, a conclusion was arrived that replacement of cement and
aggregate by other materials like micro silica and fly ash can impart strength to the
conventional concrete and it enhanced in its strength and durability properties. This
can be utilized in High Perfomance Concrete

11
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

Collection of raw materials

Determination of physical properties of materials

Mix proportioning for HPC

Preparations of samples

Testing of samples

Results and discussion

12
3.1 METHODS

3.1.1 Physical properties (as per IS 2386 (part Ⅲ) -1963)

3.1.1.1 Particle size distribution

PROCEDURE

1 The sample is brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving either
by drying at room temperature or by heating at a temperature of 100°C to 110°C .
2 The dried sample is weighed.
3 The weighed sample is placed on the sieve and sieved successively on the
appropriate sieves starting with the largest.
4 Each sieve is shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a trace
passes, but in any case for a period of not less than two minutes. The shaking is
done with a varied motion, backward and anticlockwise. Lumps of fine material
may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve.
5 At the end of sieving , 150 micron and 75 micron sieves are cleaned from the
bottom by light brushing with fine hair brush.
6 On completion of sieving , the material retained on each sieve together with any
material cleaned from mesh, is weighed.
7 This procedure is done for both coarse and fine aggregates.
8 A curve is drawn between percentage passing and the sieve size for both coarse
and fine aggregate.

3.1.1.2 Determination of bulk density, specific gravity, and void ratio

PROCEDURE

1. The given container has been cleaned and weighed .(W1)

2. One third of the container has been filled by the given aggregate ( coarse
aggregate ) and the contents have been given 25 tampimgs using the tamping
rod.
3. The process is repeated for next two layers.
4. The surplus aggregate has been struck off using a straight edge.
5. The container with compacted material is weighed .(W2)
6. Water has been poured into the container until the voids are completely filled.
The weight is again noted down.(W3)

13
 7. The container is cleaned and filled completely with water and weight is noted
down.(W4)
8. The procedure is repeated for fine aggregate also.

3.1.1.3 Bulking of fine aggregate

PROCEDURE

1. Take about 200 ml of sand from the sample and find its weight.
2. Add water at 2% by weight of dry sand and mix it thoroughly in tray by hand.
3. Pour the damp sand into the measuring cylinder (consolidated by shaking)
and note its volume (V).
4. Repeat the test with different percentage of water ( at 2% increment).
5. Finally pour water into the measuring cylinder containing the moist sand
sufficient to submerge the snd completely. Stir the sand well.
6. Allow the sand to settle and it will be seen that the sand surface is now below
its original level. Note down the volume (V0).
7. Calculate the percentage bulking for each percentage of water added by using
the equation ∗ 100
8. Draw a graph between percentage bulking and corresponding water content
and note down the maximum percentage bulking and corresponding %
moisture content.

3.1.2 Properties of cement

3.1.2.1 Fineness of cement

PROCEDURE

1. Weigh accurately 100g of cement and place it on a standard IS sieve 90

microns.
2. Break down any air set lumps in the sample with fingers , but do not rub on the
sieve.
3. Continuously sieve the sample by holding the sieve in both hands and giving a
gentle wrist motion or mechanical sieve shaker may be used for this purpose.
The sieving should be continuous for 15 minutes.
4. Weigh the residue left after 15 minutes sieving. This residue shall not exceed
the specified limits.

14
3.1.2.2 Specific gravity of cement
PROCEDURE

1. Weigh a clean and dry Le Chatelier flask or specific gravity bottle with its
stopper (W1).
2. Place a sample of cement up to half of the flask (about 50 gm) and note the
weight with its stopper.(W2)
3. Add keresone (polar liquid) to cement in flask till it is about half full. Mix
thoroughly with glass rod to remove entrapped air. Continue stirring and add
more keresone till it is flush with the graduated mark.
4. Dry the outside and weigh (W3) entrapped air may be removed by vaccum
pump, if available. Empty the flask, clean it refills with clean keresone flush
with the graduated mak wipe dry the outside and weigh (W4).

3.2 Concrete mix design

The mix was so designed to achieve a strength of 70 N/mm². The mix

proportion was done based on the specifications given in IS 10262 (2009).

3.3 Experimental investigation

Compressive strength test on concrete cubes

1. Prepare the sample cubes

2. Place the test cube on the platform of the compression testing machine
without any packing between the cube and the steel platens of the testing
machine.
3. Apply load steadily and uniformily starting from zero at a rate of 350
kg/cm²/minute till the cube fails.
4. Calculate the compressive strength .

15
WORKS COMPLETED

• Materials were collected.

• Physical properties of the materials used were found out.
• A trial mix was proportioned.
• Cubes were casted based on the trial mix
• 7 day compressive strength of the cube was determined.
• By varying the water content and the percentage of the materials used
different mixes were proportioned.

WORKS TO BE COMPLETED

• By conducting various trials optimum mix has to be determined.

• Specimens have to be casted based on the optimum mix.
• Strength tests have to be conducted.
• Durability tests have to be conducted.

16
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The preliminary tests to determine the physical properties of the materials were
conducted. As per the literature that we have referred we have conducted experiments
and arrived at the following results on properties of materials. The major tests
conducted involve sieve analysis, bulking properties, fineness of cement. The results
are tabulated below

4.1 Particle size distribution

The aggregate most of which passes IS 4.75 mm sieve is classified as fine aggregate
and retained on 4.75 mm sieve is classified as coarse aggregate. From the sieve
analysis the particle size distribution or gradation in a sample of aggregate can be
obtained. The results are shown in Table 4.1 and observations and calculations are
given in appendix.

Table 4.1 Particle size distribution

Effective Uniformity Fineness

Zone
size D10 coefficient modulus
M sand 230 microns 2.630 3.65 Ⅰ
River sand 270 microns 3.703 2.95 Ⅰ

Fineness modulus – IS 2386 – part Ⅰ – 1963

4.2 Bulk density, specific gravity and void ratio

In estimating quantity of materials and in mix computations, when batching is done on

a volumetric basis, it is necessary to know the conditions under which the aggregate
volume is measured. For general information and for comparison of different
aggregates, the standard conditions are dry and compact. The results are shown in
Table 4.2 and the observations and calculations are included in the appendix.

17
 Table 4.2 physical properties

IS CODE M sand River Coarse

sand aggregate
Bulk density IS- 2386 part Ⅲ-1963 1.69 1.81 1.60
(g/cc)
Voids ratio IS- 2386 part Ⅲ-1963 0.45 0.39 0.77

Specific IS- 2386 part Ⅲ-1963 2.46 2.51 2.83

gravity
Porosity IS- 2386 part Ⅲ-1963 39.12 28.1 43.39

4.3 Bulking of fine aggregate

When the sand is batched by volume, bulking results is smaller weight of sand
occupying the fixed volume measuring box. The concrete mix then becomes deficient
in sand and the concrete may be prone to segregation. Therefore, while adding fine
aggregate to the concrete mix by volume, the specified volume of dry material is
proportionately increased if the sand is moist. Volume changes for fine aggregate with
respect to the variation in the moisture content were studied by conducting bulking of
sand experiment. The results are shown in the table 4.3 and observations and
calculations are included in Appendix.

Table 4.3 bulking of fine aggregate

IS CODE RESULT
River sand IS 2386 - PART Ⅲ-1963 43.58

M sand IS 2386 – PART Ⅲ-1963 26.32

4.4 Test on cement

Fineness and specific gravity of cement

The cement used for preparing the mix is 53 grade OPC as the objective is to attain a
higher strength. The results are shown in the table and observations and calculations
are included in the appendix.

18
 Table 4.4 Properties of cement

Property IS code Cement

Fineness IS 4031- Part Ⅰ - 1988 4%
Specific gravity IS 4031–Part Ⅱ -1988 3.15

4.5Concrete mix design

The mix was so designed to achieve target strength of 70N/mm² in 28 days. To
achieve the desired mix the properties of all the components have been found out. The
mix proportioning and calculation of quantities of components are done with reference
to IS 10262:2009. The mix proportions are given below and the detailed mix design is
included in the appendix.

Table 4.5 Mix proportions

Trial Fly Micro M River Coarse

Cement Superplasticizer Water
No. ash silica sand sand aggregate
1 1 0.28 0.11 0.34 1.98 3.44 0.028 0.49
2 1 0.46 0.77 0.41 2.33 3.84 0.008 0.38
3
4

4.6Experimental Investigation
Based on trial mix 1 cubes were cast and as a first step 7 day compressive strength
was found. The results are shown below, observations and calculations are shown in
appendix.

Compressive strength test on concrete cube

Table 4.6 compressive strength

No of
PROPERTY IS CODE
days
Compressive strength IS 4031 –Part - Ⅵ-1988 7 26.4 N/mm²

19
 APPENDIX
Particle size distribution

 Msand

IS sieve size Weight Total weight =2 kg

retained % wt retained Cum % wt Cumulative
retained % wt passing
4.75mm 0.057 2.85 2.85 97.15
2.36mm 0.347 17.35 20.2 79.8
1.18mm 0.840 42.00 62.2 37.8
600 ϻ 0.537 26.85 89.05 10.95
300 ϻ 0.122 6.1 95.15 4.85
150 ϻ 0.017 .85 96 4
⅀ % 365.45
Fineness modulus =
= 3.65

ZONE 1 L
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE ZONE 1 U

120 ZONE 2 L
ZONE 2 U
% CUMULATIVE PASSING

100
ZONE 3 L
80
ZONE 3 U
60 ZONE 4 L
ZONE 4 U
40
MSAND
20

0
0.1 1 10
SIEVE SIZE

20
 CUMULATIVR % WEIGHT PASSING

120

100

80

60

40 msand
20

0
0.1 1 10
SIEVE SIZE

Fineness modulus = 3.65

Uniformity coefficient = 2.630
Zone = Ⅰ
Effective size D10 = 230 microns

21
 River sand

IS sieve size Weight Total weight =3 kg=3000g

retained % wt retained Cum % wt Cumulative
retained % wt passing
4.75mm 80 2.66 2.66 97.34
2.36mm 110 3.66 6.32 93.68
1.18mm 637 21.23 27.55 72.45
600 ϻ 1390 46.33 73.83 26.12
300 ϻ 420 14.00 87.88 12.12
150 ϻ 293 9.76 97.64 2.36
⅀ % 295.93
Fineness modulus =
= 2.95

ZONE 1 L
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE
ZONE 1 U
120
% CUMULATIVE PASSING

100 ZONE 2 L
80
ZONE 2 U
60
ZONE 3 L
40
20
0
0.1 1 10
SIEVE SIZE

22
 RIVER SAND
120
100
80
60
RIVER SAND
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5

Fineness modulus =2.95

Uniformity coefficient = 3.703
Zone = Ⅰ
Effective size D10 =270 microns

Bulk density,specific gravity and void ratio

RIVER COARSE
MSAND
SAND AGGREGATE

Weight of container (W1) kg 2.142 2.142 2.142

Weight of container + compacted

7.873 8.252 7.555
material (W2) kg

Weight of container + compacted

8.926 9.210 9.023
material + water (W3) kg

Weight of container + water (w4) kg 5.525 5.525 5.525

Bulk density =
1.69 1.81 1.60

Void ratio = ( ) ( ) 0.45 0.39 0.77

Specific gravity = ( ) ( ) 2.46 2.51 2.83

Porosity = ∗ 100
31.12 28.1 43.39

23
Bulking of fine aggregate

 Bulking of msand

% VOLUME OF VOLUME OF % BULKING= ∗

MOISTURE WATER MOIST SAND
(V)
2 5.46 240 26.32

4 10.92 250 31.58

6 16.38 245 28.95

8 21.84 230 21.05

10 27.30 220 15.78

Weight of dry msand (200ml) W = 0.273 kg

∗
Volume of water corresponding to 2% by weight of dry msand =

=5.46 ml

Consolidated volume v0 =190 ml

24
 35
30
25

% BULKING
20
15
10 MSAND
5
0
0 5 10 15
% MOISTURE

Maximum percentage bulking = 31.58%

Water content corresponding to maximum percentage bulking =4%

 Bulking of river sand

% MOISTURE VOLUME OF VOLUME OF %

WATER MOIST SAND
(V) BULKING= ∗

100

2 6.38 265 35.89

4 12.76 275 41.02
6 19.14 280 43.58
8 25.52 270 38.46
10 31.90 260 33.33

Weight of dry sand (200 ml) = 319 g

∗
Volume of water corresponding to 2% by weight of dry sand = =6.38 ml

Consolidated volume v0 = 195 ml

25
 50
45
40
35
30
25
20 RIVER SAND
15
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Maximum percentage bulking = 43.58%

Water content corresponding to maximum percentage bulking =6%

Test on cement

Fineness

OBSERVATIONS Ⅰ
Weight of cement (W) g 100 g

IS Sieve size (microns) 90

Sieving time (min) 15

Weight retained on sieve (W1) g 4

Percent weight retained on sieve ( 1 ∗ 100)/ 4%

Mean percentage 4%
Fineness 4%

Fineness of cement = 4%

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Specific gravity

OBSERVATIONS
Weight of empty flask W1 0.081 kg
Weight of cement + flask W2 0.131 kg
Weight of cement + flask + kerosene W3 0.156 kg
Weight of flask + kerosene 0.113 kg
Specific gravity = ( ) ( )∗ . ) 3.15

Concrete mix design

Determination of quantity of constituents

(Based on IS 10262 - 2009: Guidelines for concrete mix design proportioning)

Determination of quantity of constituents

TRIAL 1:
STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING

a) Grade designation : M 70
b) Type of cement : OPC 53 grade conforming to IS 8112
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 12 mm
d) Minimum cement content : 320 kg/m³
e) Maximum water cement ratio : 0.35
f) Workability : 75 mm(slump)
g) Exposure condition : Severe
h) Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate
i) Maximum cement content : 450 kg/m³
j) Chemical admixture type : Superplasticizer

TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

a) Cement used :OPC 53 grade conforming to IS 8112

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Compressive strength test on concrete cubes

Based on trial mix 1 cubes were casted and compressive strength test was
done

Area of specimen(A) cm² 15*15

Age 7 days
Load of fracture(P) kg 59.4*10³
Compressive strength =(P/A) N/mm² 26.4

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REFERENCES

1. M Goumathi , K Prem Kumar “ Evaluation of High Performance Concrete by partial

replacement of cement with Silica Fume , Natural sand and Manufactured sand” –
ISOR Journal of mechanical and civil engineering
2.

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