DRUG ADDICTION:Drug addiction is a state that the person can not stable or feeling bad

without a particular drug.This state is known as DRUG ADDICTION.The person feel distressed and
quite emotional during irregular action of this drug upon the body.It was previously known as
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE,to avoid confusion and make difference between the DEPENDENCY &
ADDICTION now it is widely known as DRUG ADDICTION.

EXAMPLE:LSD,Cannabis,this type of drug can effect people of regular dose and also imbalance their
lifestyle without taking these drug.

VARIOUS ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION:

I.ETERNAL ROUTE

i.sublingual(under the tongue)

ii.oral administration(p.o)

iii.rectal or vaginal

II.PARENTRAL ROUTE

i.intravenous(I.V)into vein{fastest}

ii.subcutaneous(S.C);in the subcutaneous tissue{slowest}

iii.intramuscular(I.M)

iv.intraperitoneal(I.P);into peritoneum{body cavity}

v.intraarterial;direct inject to artery

vi.intradermal;under the epidermis or into dermis

vii.intraosseous;into the bone

III.PULMONARY ROUTES

:Inhalation into lungs

IV.TOPICAL

i.Nasal

ii.skin

iii.eye

ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX:

The enzyme substrate complex is a temporary molecule formed when an enzyme comes into perfect
contact with its subtrate.Without its substrate an enzyme is a slightly different shape.The substrate
cause a conformational change or shape change,when the substrate enters the active site.The active
site is the area of the enzyme capable of forming weak bond with the substrate.

[E] + [S] = [ES]

Enzyme substrate enzyme substrate complex

ENZYME INDUCTION PROCESS:

Enzyme induction is a process in which a molecule (e.g. drug)induces(i.e. initiates or enhances)the
expression of an enzyme .An enzyme inducer is a type of drug which binds to an enzyme and
increases its metabolic activity.

Enzyme induction regulated by exposure to drugs and environmental chemicals leading to increased
rates of metabolism .Enzyme induction can increase the metabolic clearance of a concomitantly
administered drug,resulting in reduced efficacy,which may comprise the therapeutic effectiveness
of a drug.

e.g.-lac operon

DRUG ADDICTION AND DRUG DEPENDENCE :

Drugs capable of altering mood and feeling are liable to repetitive use to derive euphoria
,recreation,withdrawl from reality,social adjustment etc.

Drug dependence is an altered physiological state produced by repeated administration of a drug

which necessitates the continued presence of the drug to maintain physiological
equilibrium.Discontinuation of the drug results in a characteristic withdrawl syndrome.

Drugs producing dependence are –opioids,barbiturates and other depressants including alcohol and
benzodiazepine.stimulant drugs e.g. amphetamine,cocaine produce minimal or no dependence.

DRUG ADDICTION means that the person believed that optimal state of well being is achieved only
through the action of the drug.The subject feels emotionally distressed if the drug is not taken.It
often starts as liking for the drugs effects and progresses to compulsive and cannot stop taking
drug,even if they known it to be harmful.

Dependence,though a strong impetus for continued drug use ,is not an essential feature of
addiction.Amphetamines,cocaine ,cannabis,LSD are drugs which produce addiction but little/no
dependence.Moreover,drugs like nalorphine produce dependence without imparting addiction in
the sense that there is little drug seeking behaviour.

ANTAGONISM & SYNERGISM:

SYNERGISM:When two drugs work together to create an effect greater than the sum of their
individual effects.
e.g.-the most common are any combination of opioids,benzodiazepines,barbiturates,Z drugs ,chloral
hydrate etc.

ANTAGONISM:An interaction between two or more drugs that have opposite effects on the
body.

e.g.-naloxone,an injectable opiate antagonist used to reverse the severe respirator depression
induced by an opiate overdose ,such as heroin can cause.

AGONIST:
An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological
response.

e.g.-morphine(opioid receptor),clonidine(alpha 2 adrenoceptor)

THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF A DRUG ON THE HUMAN BODY:

The therapeutic effects are the intended beneficial effects of the drug while the negative side effects
are the unwanted effects of the drug.

e.g.-non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs like advil can help ease minor aches and pains resulting
from running around too much.That is their therapeutic effect.A potential negative side effect is
gastrointestinal ulceration.

THERAPEUTIC WINDOW:
Therapeutic window is a range of doses that produces therapeutic response without causing any
significant adverse effect in patients .

Generally therapeutic window is a ratio between minimum effective concentrations (MEC) to the
minimum toxic concentration(MTC).

Therapeutic window is also termed as safety window and can be quantified by therapeutic index.

Therapeutic index(TI)describes a relationship between the dose of a drug that cause lethal or toxic
effects with the dose that cause therapeutic effects.Its also called as therapeutic ratio .
TI=LD50/ED50

TACHYPHYLAXIS:
(Tachy-fast; phylaxis-protection)

It refers to rapid development of tolerance when doses of a drug repeated in quick succession result
in marked reduction in response.This is usually seen with indirectly acting drugs,such as
ephedrine,tyramine,nicotine.These ddrugs act by releasing catecholamines in the body ,synthesis of
which is unable to match the rate of release:stores get depleted.

TERATOGENICITY:
It refers to the capacity of a drug to cause foetal abnormalities when administered to the pregnant
mother.The placenta does not constitute a strict barrier,and any drug can cross it to a greater or
lesser extent.The embryo is one of the most dynamic biological systems and it contrast to
adults,drug effects are often irreversible.

Teratogens :e.g.-zestril,prinivil(ACE),aminopterin.