Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Group 1
3/29/18
Yongjun Huang
Abstract: The main purpose of the first part of this experiment was to determine if a unknown
solution was an acid or a base based off of the pH levels, conductivity results (strong or weak
electrolyte), and color from the flame test of different solutions. The results were that unknown
solution 218 was identified as base NaOH because it had a pH of 11, was a strong electrolyte,
and had an orange/yellow flame. Unknown solution 32 was identified as acid CH3CO2H because
it had a pH of 3, was a weak electrolyte, and had no color in the flame. The second part of the
experiment had to do with the standardization of NaOH with KHP and the standardization of
HCl with NaOH. The goal was to create solutions with molarities as close to 1M as possible,
which will then lead to the calculations of the RAD for both the NaOH and HCl, which were
4.1911 and 6.225 respectively. The goal of the third part of the experiment was to find the
experiment helped find the final pH, using the pH meter for the HCl titrated against the unknown
base and the NaOH titrated against the unknown acid which were 3.31 and 12.36 respectively.
The unknown acidic solution for Trial 1 had a concentration of 0.2125M and for Trial 2 had a
concentration of 0.1620M. The unknown basic solution for Trial 1 had a concentration of
Introduction: This experiment explored the properties of different acids and bases. It touched
upon the strength of different species, as well as pH. pH (potential hydrogen) stands for the
concentration of hydronium in an aqueous or liquid solution. This is used to measure the overall
acidity or basicity of the solution in question. The PH scale goes from 0 to 14, with the following
ranges:
- x<7: acidic
- x>7: basic (or alkaline)
- x
=7:
neutral
- D
ependi
ng on
the
strengt
h of the acid or base, the pH will be closer to 0 or 14. For example: hydrochloric
acid is a strong acid, so we can expect that it will be closer to 0 when compared to
There are a couple of ways in which pH can be measured. The easiest way involves the
use of the Spark system: using a chemistry probe and an attached pH sensor, you simply place
the sensor in the solution after calibration, and it will be calculated automatically. This is also the
most accurate way of measuring the pH, assuming that the sensor is functioning properly and
calibrated.
Another way to estimate the pH is using litmus paper. Simply touch the solution with a
glass rod and place a couple of drops of the solution on the paper, and it will change color. Then,
one only has to compare the paper with the scale above to determine the pH. The downside of
using litmus paper is that it will "round" the pH to the closest integer. For example, if the pH of
When titrating a base against an acid, one could also use the indicator phenolphthalein.
Phenolphthalein is an acid-base indicator that is colorless when in a pH of 8.5 or below, but will
turn pink once the pH passes the range of 8.5 to 9. This will tell you, when titrating a base
against an acid, if the solution has been completely standardized. When titrating an acid against a
base, the change towards clear color will indicate that the pH has become basic and the solution
Two titrations were performed, with each being repeated three times. The standardization of
NaOH with KHP was an indirect standardization. The standardization of HCl with NaOH was
direct. Direct standardization is characterized by addition of a standard titrant to the analyte, until
dissociates completely or weak, which does not dissociate completely. The instrument sends an
electrical current from the outlet into the aqueous solution, and a cable passes the electricity to a
base with two light bulbs. If the electrolyte is strong, the lightbulbs will shine brighter. If it is a
weak electrolyte, it
as if it was strong.
The other way to test for conductivity is using the conductivity meter in the spark system, which
will give a more detailed or accurate reading of the conductivity. The benefit of using the spark
system is that it allows you to use graphs to better understand the relationships.
Procedures (Materials and Methods): For the first part of this experiment, 8 solutions were
presented (NaOH, HCl, HNO3, KOH, CH3CO2H, NH4OH, CH3CO2 Na+, NH4Cl) and first
tested using pH paper. The pH paper was inserted into a small sample of each of the solutions
and measured using the pH color reference 1 (pink) - 12 (blue), with 7 being neutral (green).
Then the 8 solutions were tested to find if they were a strong or weak electrolyte by using the
light bulb conductivity sensor. The wire end was placed into the solution and the switch was
turned on, and if the solution was a strong electrolyte, the light bulb lit up brightly while if the
solution was a weak electrolyte, the light bulb would be lit up less intensely. Then, a wire loop
was placed into the 8 different solutions and placed over a flame and observed to see if the flame
changed color. The results were recorded in Data Table 1. The pH paper, conductivity light bulb
sensor, and flame test were all repeated for both unknown solutions. The results from all the
solutions were then used to identify the unknown solutions 218 and 32.
The second part of the experiment began with the standardization of the NaOH and HCl
before it could be titrated against the unknown acid and base. To standardize NaOH, 2.040g of
KHP was dissolved in deionized water by placing a magnetic stir bar in the beaker on top of the
stirring plate. Then 3 drops phenolphthalein were added to the beaker, and the titration was
started, and ended once the solution turned a faint pink color, indicating the endpoint of the
titration. This was done 3 times for all 3 trials. The volume of NaOH delivered via titration was
then used to calculate the concentration (M) of NaOH for the 3 different trials. Those
concentrations were then added up and divided by 3 to get the average concentration, which was
then used to solve for the RAD of NaOH. To standardize HCl, it was titrated against NaOH and
the volume delivered was used to calculate the concentration (M) of HCl for the 3 different trials.
Those concentrations were then added up and divided by 3 to get the average concentration,
unknown base using given buffers and the SPARK system (with pH sensor abilities). Once the
SPARK and the pH sensor were set up, and the titration of the HCl and unknown base had
begun, pH was recorded every 0.5mL until the solution reached the lower bound of the pH range,
towards 3. This was then repeated for the NaOH and the unknown acid titration, with pH being
recorded every 0.5mL until the solution reached the upper bound of the pH range, towards 13.
Once the range was established, the titration of the unknown acid using the NaOH with 3 drops
of phenolphthalein indicator was performed to find the volume delivered and eventually
calculate the concentration of the unknown acid over 2 trials. Then another titration of the
unknown base using the HCl with 4 drops of phenolphthalein was performed to find the volume
delivered and eventually calculate the concentration of the unknown base over 2 trials.
Results:
Data Table 1: This table shows the measurements found when testing the pH, conductivity, and
color of the flame test, using pH paper, a conductivity light bulb sensor, and a bunsen burner.
Data Table 2: This table shows the standardization process of NaOH over three trials, and then
molarity was calculated, absolute and average deviations were found, then used to calculate the
Standardization of NaOH
Concentration (M) of 2.040g KHP x 1 mol 2.040g KHP x 1 mol 2.040g KHP x 1 mol
NaOH KHP / 204.22g x 1 KHP / 204.22g x 1 KHP / 204.22g x 1
mol Na / 1 mol KHP mol Na / 1 mol KHP mol Na / 1 mol KHP
= 0.0099892 mol = 0.0099892 mol = 0.0099892 mol
NaOH / 0.0105L = NaOH / 0.0105L = NaOH / 0.0104L =
Average 0.9544
Concentration (M)
RAD 4.1911
0.9544M = (0.9514+0.9514+0.9605) / 3
|d| = (0.9544-0.9514) + (0.9544-0.9514) + (0.9544-0.9605) / 3 => |d| = 0.0040
Data Table 3: This table shows the standardization process of HCl over three trials, and then
molarity was calculated, absolute and average deviations were found, then used to calculate the
Standardization of HCl
Average 0.9544
Concentration (M) of
NaOH
Average 1.012
Concentration (M)
RAD 6.225
Data Table 4: This data table shows the amount of HCl titrated into the unknown base and the
mL delivered pH reading
0.5 12.50
1 12.47
1.5 12.42
2 12.39
2.5 12.25
3 12.17
3.5 12.11
4 12.05
4.5 11.98
5 11.86
5.5 11.81
6 11.72
6.5 11.69
7 11.60
7.5 11.54
8 11.41
8.5 11.32
9 7.56
9.5 3.31
Data Table 5: This data table shows the amount of NaOH titrated into the unknown acid and the
mL delivered pH reading
0.5 3.07
1 3.18
1.5 3.30
2 3.50
2.5 3.75
3 3.96
3.5 4.14
4 4.57
4.5 4.85
5 4.97
5.5 5.07
6 5.14
6.5 5.24
7 5.35
7.5 5.49
8 6.05
8.5 7.32
9 10.96
9.5 12.36
Data Table 6: This data table shows the titration of the unknown acid using the NaOH and the
phenolphthalein indicator and the calculations to find the concentration of the unknown acid.
0.2125M
0.1620M
Data Table 7: This data table shows the titration of the unknown base using the HCl and the
phenolphthalein indicator and the calculations to find the concentration of the unknown base.
Unknown Base and HCl with 4 drops indicator (phenolphthalein)
0.1652M
0.1441M
Results (cont.): For week 1, from Data Table 1, NaOH had a pH of 11, a strong conductivity,
and an orange/yellow flame. HCl had a pH of 1, a strong conductivity, and no color flame. HNO3
had a pH of 1, a strong conductivity, and no color flame. KOH had a pH of 12, a strong
conductivity and a purple flame. CH3CO2H had a pH of 3, a weak conductivity, and no color
flame. NH4OH had a pH of 11, a weak conductivity, and a yellow flame. CH3CO2Na+ had a pH
of 7, a weak conductivity, and no color flame. NH4Cl had a pH of 6, a strong conductivity, and
no color flame. Unknown 218 had a pH of 11, a strong conductivity, and an orange/yellow
For week 2, from Data Table 2 which was the standardization of NaOH, 2.040g KHP
were used for all 3 trials. The volume used for the 3 trials were 10.5mL, 10.5mL, and 10.4mL
respectively. Those volumes were then used to calculate the concentrations (M) of NaOH which
were 0.9514M, 0.9514M, and 0.9605M respectively, and were totaled to an averaged
concentration (M) of 0.9544M. The absolute deviations were 0.0030, 0.0030, and 0.0061, which
lead to an average deviation of 0.0040. Then the RAD was calculated, and the result was 4.1911.
From Data Table 3 which was the standardization of HCl, the volume used for the 3 trials were
10.7mL, 10.5mL, and 10.6mL. Those volumes were then used to calculate the concentrations
(M) of HCl which were 1.021M, 1.002M, and 1.012M, and were totaled to get an averaged
concentration of (M) of 1.012M. The absolute deviations were 0.009, 0.010, and 0.000, which
lead to an average deviation of 0.0063. Then the RAD was calculated, and the result was 6.225.
For week 3, from Data Table 4 with the SPARK system titration between the HCl and the
unknown base. The volume delivered was in increments of 0.5mL all the way to 9.5mL. The pH
reading for those 0.5 increments was 12.50, 12.47, 12.42, 12.39, 12.25, 12.17, 12.11, 12.05,
11.98, 11.86, 11.81, 11.72, 11.69, 11.60, 11.54, 11.41, 11.32, 7.56, and 3.31. From Data Table 5,
with the SPARK system titration between the NaOH and the unknown acid. The volume
delivered was in increments of 0.5mL all the way to 9.5mL. The pH reading for those 0.5
increments was 3.07, 3.18, 3.30, 3.50, 3.75, 3.96, 4.14, 4.57, 4.85,4.97, 5.07, 5.14, 5.24, 5.35,
5.49, 6.05, 7.32, 10.96, and 12.36. From Data Table 6, which had to do with the titration of the
unknown acid and NaOH with 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator, the volume delivered per
trial was 13.5mL and 14.5mL respectively. Then that volume of mL delivered was used to
calculate the concentration (M) of the unknown acid, which was 0.2125M and 00.1620M
respectively. From Data Table 7, which had to do with the titration of the unknown base and HCl
with 4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator, the volume delivered per trial was 10mL and 8.50mL
respectively. Then that volume of mL delivered was used to calculate the concentration (M) of
the unknown base, which was 0.1652M and 0.1441M. Graph 1 shows the relationship between
the amount of HCl delivered and the corresponding pH of the unknown base being standardized.
Graph 2 shows the relationship between the amount of NAOH and the corresponding pH of the
Graphs
Graph 1
relationship between mL
standardized.
A: mL B: pH
Graph 2
relationship between mL of
A: mL B: pH
References:
http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/185strength.html
Ilan Timerman
CHM 1046L
Project 7 Discussion/Conclusion
Discussion
Understanding the properties of acids and bases is key in order to connect the concepts
we learn in class to the lab. Through this experiment, we tangibly worked with pH and how it
affects the way in which acids and base interact, as well as giving us a basic understanding of
titrations. There are a couple of things that might have affected the results and data that we
acquired. Contamination of the buret and bubbles are always factors that can skew the data in
any experiment involving titration. In this experiment though, several other factors could
The data we got is likely accurate as we followed our TA's instructions when calculating,
Conclusion
The goal of this experiment was to acquire data for each of the acid and base properties
and the concepts involved in measuring these. We measured the conductivity of the acids and
bases we were working with, as well as the color of each in the flame test. We connected the
concept of conductivity with electrolyte strength. The tests were used to determine the metal ion
in the unknown solutions by cross referencing the conductivity and color of these unknown
solutions with the tests we performed on the known acids and bases. We then went on to
standardize NaoH and HCl in order to use them for week 3. We calculated the concentrations
and RADs for each of the solutions while standardizing them. At the end of week 2, we
proceeded to create a 1M solution of NaOH to be used on week 3. On week three, we titrated and
standardized the unknown solutions using NaOH for the unknown acid and HCl for the unknown
base. We measured the pH and conductivity using the concepts we learned on week one,
utilizing litmus paper and the pH meter. We repeated these to get more accurate data. We also
calculated the concentration of each using the initial and final volumes of the buret and the
beakers.
Adriana Betancourt
5715767
CHM 1046L
Discussion:
For the first part of this experiment, 8 different solutions plus 2 unknown solutions, were tested
for pH, conductivity, and color from the flame test. The solutions were, NaOH, HCl, HNO3,
KOH, CH3CO2H, NH4OH, CH3CO2Na+, NH4Cl, unknown 218, and unknown 32. The respective
pHs, conductivity sensor readings, and colors from the flame test are 11, strong, and
orange/yellow, 1, strong, and no color, 1, strong, and no color, 12, strong, and purple, 3, weak,
and no color, 11, weak, and yellow, 7, weak, and no color, 6, strong, and no color, 11, strong,
and orange/yellow, and 3, weak, and no color. This data helped identify unknown solution 218 as
For the second part of the experiment, both the NaOH and the HCl were standardized, underwent
3 trials to find concentration (M), then were averaged and used to find the RAD for both
solutions. The concentrations for the standardization of NaOH were 0.9514M, 0.9514M, and
deviations for the 3 trials were 0.0030, 0.0030, and 0.0061 which lead to an average deviation of
0.0040. Those averages were then used to calculate the RAD, which was 4.1911. The
concentrations for the standardization of HCl were 1.021M, 1.002M, and 1.012M, which lead to
an average concentration of 1.012M. The respective absolute deviations for the 3 trials were
0.009, 0.010, and 0.00, which lead to an average deviation of 0.0063. Those averages were then
For the third part of the experiment, with the SPARK system titration between the HCl and the
unknown base. The volume delivered was in increments of 0.5mL all the way to 9.5mL. The pH
reading for those 0.5 increments was 12.50, 12.47, 12.42, 12.39, 12.25, 12.17, 12.11, 12.05,
11.98, 11.86, 11.81, 11.72, 11.69, 11.60, 11.54, 11.41, 11.32, 7.56, and 3.31. From Data Table 5,
with the SPARK system titration between the NaOH and the unknown acid. The volume
delivered was in increments of 0.5mL all the way to 9.5mL. The pH reading for those 0.5
increments was 3.07, 3.18, 3.30, 3.50, 3.75, 3.96, 4.14, 4.57, 4.85,4.97, 5.07, 5.14, 5.24, 5.35,
5.49, 6.05, 7.32, 10.96, and 12.36. The titration of the unknown acid and NaOH with 3 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator had 13.5mL and 14.5mL delivered respectively per trial. Then that
volume of mL delivered was used to calculate the concentration (M) of the unknown acid, which
was 0.2125M and 00.1620M respectively. The titration of the unknown base and HCl with 4
drops of phenolphthalein indicator had 10mL and 8.50mL delivered respectively per trial. Then
that volume of mL delivered was used to calculate the concentration (M) of the unknown base,
Some possible errors for this experiment could include human calculation error. Another error
could be the contamination of beakers, which would lead to either a more acidic or basic
solution. Another error could have been the titration methods used for the many different
components of the experiment, either with the titration of the unknown acid and unknown base
from the second or third week. Some possible applications of this experiment could be an
organization like the CDC (Center for Disease Control) could use the process of titrations that
were performed in this lab to identify whether materials are either acidic or basic and to find the
proper disposal methods for those substances. The experiment mostly worked as it was supposed
to, though the titrations were difficult, especially with the lack of materials and faultiness of the
materials presented.
Conclusion:
The purposes and goals of this experiment were met. The identity of different
acidic and basic solutions were found using different methods, those solutions were standardized,
and then their concentrations were found using the data collected. The main results collected
from this experiment were that the concentrations for the standardization of NaOH were
0.9514M, 0.9514M and 0.9605M which averaged to 0.9544M and that was used to find the
RAD, which was 4.1911. The concentrations for the standardization of HCl were 1.021M,
1.002M, and 1.012M, which averaged to 1.012M and that was used to find the RAD, which was
6.225. For the titration between the unknown acid and NaOH, the calculated concentration of the
unknown acid was 0.2125M for trial 1 and 0.1620M for trial 2. For the titration between the
unknown base and HCl, the calculated concentration of the unknown base was 0.1652M for trial
1 and 0.1441M for trial 2. The overall goal of the experiment was to identify the concentrations
of the unknown solutions, which were found through the experiments performed over the period
of the 3 weeks.