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GIS- Based Groundwater Assessment for Selected Wards: A Case Study of

Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC)

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 WATER AND ENERGY
INTERNATIONAL
VOLUME 61/RNI, NO. 11 ISSN: 0974-4711
February 2019 Rs. 200/-

Inaugural Address by Mr. E.K. Hydru, Chief Engineer (Buildings), Kerala Public Works Department during Workshop on Natural Hazard Mitigation with
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TED SER

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IC V
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E

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Years
ISO 9001:2015
 GIS- Based Groundwater Assessment
for Selected Wards : A Case Study of
Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC)

w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)

M. Ashikuzzaman, S.A. Poly, M.S.A. Salan and A. Hasnat
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT
This paper outlines three chemical properties namely: pH, Turbidity and Hardness, apart from these a metal
concentration like Iron (Fe) is also evaluated. RCC consists of 30 wards, and among them, ten representative
wards (3, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23 and 24) are selected arbitrarily to conduct the research, which represents the
overall existing groundwater condition for the selected wards of RCC. The results obtained from the experiments
were plotted graphically using Arc-GIS software to make easy visualisation. Guideline reports of World Health
Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh Standard (BDS) for drinking water were adopted to compare the examined
value of the water quality of the selected wards with the standards. Considering all the selected wards, it was
perceived that ward no. 24 is the most internecine where ward no. 22 and 23 are free from all aspects. From this
study, it is concluded that this prepared maps can be used as an indicator for safe drinking water source of the
specified wards within RCC area.
Keywords: Ground Water, WHO, BDS, Arc-GIS.

1. Introduction evaluated. Guideline reports of World Health Organization

Rajshahi is the fourth largest city of Bangladesh with an
area of about 96.68 sq. km (BBS, 2011). Shallow, deep tube-
wells are being considered as the primary source of drinking
water in Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) area from the
very beginning while few people are considered supply
pipeline water as the primary source of drinking water. The
Department of Public Health Engineering implemented
the Rajshahi Water Supply Master Plan in 1981 (Sarkar
& Heijnen, 2005). At present, Rajshahi City Corporation
(RCC) can supply only about 32,000 m3 /day while the
total demand is about 85,000 m3 /day (DDC, 202). Again,
Good drinking water quality is one of the most critical
elements which play an essential role in the development of
good health condition of a nation. According to the World
Health Organization (WHO), water containing many types
of impurities from various sources causes different kinds of
water-borne diseases, and each year millions of people suffer
from such disorders due to unsafe drinking water supplies
(Ahmed & Rahman, 2000).
The objective of this study is to assess the quality of the
drinking water (groundwater) by comparing the examined
value with the standards and to make a graphical representation
of the monitored value through Arc-GIS. RCC consists of
30 wards, and among them, ten representative wards (3, 7,
11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23 and 24) are selected arbitrarily to
conduct the research, which represents the overall existing
groundwater condition within RCC. This paper outlines three
chemical properties namely: pH, Turbidity and Hardness,
apart from these a metal concentration like Iron (Fe) is also
(WHO) and Bangladesh Standard (BDS) for drinking water
were adopted to compare the examined value of the water
quality of the selected wards with the standards. This study
can be a vital source of indication for safe drinking water
source within the RCC area.
2. Experimental Methodology
Description of the study area: There are six central city
corporations in Bangladesh and RCC is one of them. The
coordinates of RCC lies between 24o21/ ~ 24o26/ and 88o28/
~ 88o37/ for North and East latitudes respectively. We have
taken ten wards from 30 wards of RCC to perform the
test.
Collection and preservation of water samples: According
to the Oyem et al. (2014), A new 200 ml sterile plastic bottle
which is washed by dilute HCl (0.05 M) and then rinsed by
the demi water.
Analysis of water samples: pH and Turbidity were tested
very quickly from the collection time of the water samples,
and titration method was also adopted followed by APHA
2012 for chemical properties of Iron (Fe) and Hardness.
Experimental outcomes were recorded performing the
research and bar diagrams were drawn taking the obtained
results.
3. Analysis and Discussion
The relationship among the selected four properties of safe
drinking water and the diagrammatic representation of the
examined value has been discussed in details below.

WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL February 2019 57

 y = -0.0404x + 6.9803 The relationship between PH and+ Hardness
y = 0.0003x 6.9107 (Figure 2 (a
7.4 7.4
R² = 0.0832 linear relationship which means that as the Hardness
R² = 9E-05
7.2 decreases.
7.2 The value of the coefficient of determinatio
proportion7 ofbetween
the variance in the dependent variable com
3.17 Identification of the Significant Chemical the relationship Iron and Turbidity (Figure 2 (b))
variable is active,
approximately 8%. Again, thewhich
relationship be

pH
pH is moderately the positive linear relationship
6.8 Properties (b)) is
6.8
moderately active, the positive linear relationship
means that as the Turbidity of water increase, the quantity
The relationship between PH and Iron (Fe) (Figure 1 (a)) of water 6.6
increase,
Iron (mg/L) thealso
in water quantity
increases.ofTheIron
value(mg/L)
of the in water
is6.6
weak, a negative linear relationship which means that coefficient of determination is 0.431 which means that the
coefficient
6.4 of determination is 0.431 which means that t
as6.4the quantity of Iron (mg/L) in water increase, the PH proportion of 0the variance 10
in the dependent20 variable totally
dependent
value of water decreases. The amount of the coefficient of explained by thevariable totally explained
independent variable is about 43%.
by the 30independent v
0 2 4 6
determination is 0.0832 which means that the proportion
Iron (Fe)
of the variance in the dependent variable totally explained Turbidity
7.6 6
w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)

by the independent variable (a)

is only 8%. Again, the scatter Turbidity.
(b)
diagram and the trend line between PH and Turbidity (Figure 7.4 y = -0.0003x + 7.0119 5
1 (b)) conclude that there exists no relation between them H R² = 0.0784
The Figure 1: Linear PH based
relationship on the examined 2 7.2
value between (a) P and Iron and (b) PaH negative
and 4
thatrelationship between
means that the independent andcannot
variable Hardness (Figure
explain the (a)) is moderately intense,
H
linear variable. which means that as the Hardness7 of water increase, the P of water
relationship

pH
3

Iron (Fe)
dependent
decreases. The value of the coefficient of determination 6.8 is 0.0784 which means that the 2
7.6 7.6
proportion of the variance in the dependent variable completely
y = -0.0404x + 6.9803 6.6 explained by the independent
y = 0.0003x + 6.9107 1
variable is approximately 8%.R²Again,
7.4
= 0.0832the relationship 6.4
between Iron and R²
7.4 Turbidity
= 9E-05 (Figure 2
0
(b)) is 7.2
moderately active, the positive linear relationship7.2which
0 means
200 that as
400 the Turbidity
600 800 of 0
water increase,
7 the quantity of Iron (mg/L) in water7 also increases. The value of the
Hardness
coefficient of determination is 0.431 which means that6.8the proportion of the variance in the

pH
pH

6.8
dependent variable totally explained by the independent variable is about (a) 43%.
6.6
6.6 (a)
6.4
7.6
6.4 (b) 6
0 2 4 6 Figure 2:y0Linear
= 0.1355x
10
relationship 20 30
+ 0.7063 based on the examined value be
y =(Fe)
-0.0003x + 7.0119 7.4 5
n the examined value between (a) PH and
IronIron and (b) PH and R² = 0.431
Turbidity and Turbidity.
R² = 0.0784 7.2 4
(a) Turbidity.
pH

7 3
Iron (Fe)

The6.8relationship
7.6 between PH and Hardness (Figure 2 2(a)) is moderately intense, a negative
+ 6.9803 linear 7.4
relationship which means +that
y = 0.0003x as the Hardness of water increase, the PH of water
6.9107
832 6.6
decreases. The value of the R² =coefficient
9E-05 of determination 1 is 0.0784 which means that the
6.4 7.2
proportion of the variance in the dependent variable completely explained by the independent
0
variable0 7 is approximately
200 400 8%. Again,
600 the800relationship between
0 Iron10and Turbidity 20 (Figure 30 2
pH

(b)) is 6.8
moderately active, the positive linear relationship which meansTubidity that as the Turbidity of
Hardness
water increase, the quantity of Iron (mg/L) in water also increases. The value of the
6.6 of determination is 0.431 which means that the proportion of the variance in the
coefficient (b)
dependent
6.4 variable totally
(a) explained by the independent variable is about
(b) 43%.
Fig. 2 : Linear relationship based on the examined value between
0 10 20 30 (a) PH and Hardness and (b) Iron and Turbidity
6
Figure 2:7.6Linear relationship based on the examined The valuerelationship (a) PHTurbidity
6betweenbetween and Hardness and (b)
and Hardness Iron3
(Figure
Turbidity y = 0.1355x + 0.7063
7.4 and Turbidity.
y = -0.0003x + 7.0119
(a)) is a5 weak, positive linear relationship which means that
Turbidity. as the HardnessR² of=water
0.431 increase, the Turbidity of water
7.2
(b) R² = 0.0784
4
also increases. The value of the coefficient of determination
Fig. 1 : Linear relationship based on the examined value between is 0.1044 which means that the proportion of the variance in
Hardness (Figure 2 (a)) 7 (a)is moderately
Iron and (b) PHintense, a negative
pH

3
Iron (Fe)

PH and and Turbidity.

H the dependent variable totally explained by the independent
hat as the Hardness 6.8of water
The relationship increase,
between PH and the P of(Figure
Hardness water2 variable2 is only 10%. Again, the scatter diagram and the
cient of determination is 0.0784
(a)) is moderately
6.6
intense, awhich
negativemeans that the
linear relationship trend line between Iron and Hardness (Figure 3 (b)) conclude
1
which means that as the Hardness of water increase, the that there exists no relation between them that means that
pendent variable completely
PH of water
6.4
explained by the independent
decreases. The value of the coefficient of the independent
0 variable (Hardness) cannot explain the
n, the relationship between
determination Iron
0 is 0.0784 andmeans
200which Turbidity
400 that 600 (Figure 2
800 of
the proportion dependent0 variable (Iron).
10 20 30
ve linear relationship which
the variance means that
in the dependent as completely
variable the Turbidity of
explained
Hardness Tubidity
on (mg/L) inby water
the independent variable
also increases. is approximately
The value8%.ofAgain, the
1 which means that the proportion of the variance in the
by the independent variable is about(a)43%. (b)
58 WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL February 2018

Figure 2: Linear relationship based on the examined value between (a) PH and Hardness and (b) Iron
6
and Turbidity.
 proportion of the variance in the dependent variable totally explained by the independent
variable is only 10%. Again, the scatter diagram and the trend line between Iron and
Hardness (Figure 3 (b)) conclude that there exists no relation between them that means that
the independent variable (Hardness) cannot explain the dependent variable (Iron).
According to the guideline of BDS, the optimum value of
30 6 in water is 10 NTU. The analysis shows that the
y = 0.0127x + 3.1821 Turbidity y = 0.0002x + 1.6194
25 R² = 0.1044 Turbidity
5 value of water in wardR²3,= 13, 14, 24 is about 23.8,
0.0005
20
10.33, 413.33 and 10.2 respectively which is out of range
(Figure 5). The turbidity value of the remaining wards is
d Hardness (Figure
15 3 (a)) is a weak, positive linear within3the optimum level.

Iron (Fe)
Turbidity

ardness of water10increase, the Turbidity of water also 2

t of determination5 is 0.1044 which means that the 1

w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)

ndent variable totally
0
explained by the independent 0
tter diagram and 0 the trend
200 line400between
600 Iron 800
and 0 200 400 600 800

here exists no relation between them that means that

Hardness Hardness
not explain the dependent variable (Iron).
(a)

6 (a) (b)
1821 y = 0.0002x + 1.6194
5 R² = 0.0005
Fig. 5 : Condition of water quality based on Turbidity value
4
According to the guideline of BDS, the optimum value of
3 Hardness in water is 200-500. The analysis shows that the
Iron (Fe)

Turbidity value of water in ward 21, 24 is about 618.33

2
and 563.33 respectively which is out of range (Figure 6).
1 The Hardness value of the remaining wards is within the
optimum level.
0
800 0 200 400 600 800
The relationship between Turbidity and Hardness (Figure 3 (a)) is a weak, positive linear
Hardness
relationship which means that as the Hardness of water increase, the Turbidity of water also
increases. The value of the coefficient of determination is 0.1044 which means that the
proportion of the variance in the dependent(b)variable totally explained by the independent
variable is only 10%. Again, the scatter diagram and the trend line between Iron and
HardnessFig. 3 : Linear
(Figure relationship
3 (b)) conclude based
that there on no
exists therelation
examined value
between thembetween
that means that
the independent
(a)variable (Hardness)
Turbidity cannot explain
and Hardness and the
(b)dependent
Iron andvariable (Iron).
Hardness
(b)
3.2 Assessment
30
of+ 3.1821
y = 0.0127x Drinking Water
6
Condition
y = 0.0002x + 1.6194
25 R² = 0.1044 5 R² = 0.0005
20The experimental results were recorded 4 and put the values
15in Arc GIS analytical software to prepare
3 a susceptible map
Iron (Fe)
Turbidity

10for drinking water quality in RCC2 area considering ten Fig.based

6 : Condition
Figure 4: Condition of water quality on PH of water quality based on Hardness value
value.
5wards. The assessment of drinking 1water condition based
0on the above relation among the chemical 0 properties and 800According to the guideline of BDS, the optimum value of
According
0 200 to
400 the600guideline
800 of BDS,
0
ward wise graphical representation of the examined the
200
optimum
400
value value
600
Iron thatofcanTurbidity
present ininwater water is 10(mg/L).
is 0.3-1 NTU.The The analysis
the in ward 3, 13, 14, 24 is about 23.8, 10.33,11,
shows that the quantity of Iron
basedin
onwater in ward
of Iron3, 7, 12,
Hardness
analysis
are shown shows
Hardness
that the to
below. According Turbidity value
the guideline of water
of WHO Figure 7: Condition of water quality the presence (mg/L) in water.

optimum amount 13, 24 is about 5.1, 1.47, 1.52, 1.82, 3.48 and 1.53 mg/L
13.33 and 10.2of respectively
P in water is which
H
6.5-8.5. is
Theout analysis
of range (Figurewhich
respectively 5). are
Theoutturbidity value7).of
of range (Figure Thethe
presence
indicates that
(a) the PH value of water in every ward (b) within
remaining wards is within the optimum level. of Iron per litre of water in the remaining wards is within
RCC is within the acceptable range (Figure 4).
the optimum level.

Figure 7: Condition of water quality based on the presence of Iron (mg/L) in water.

of water quality based on PH value. Fig. 77::Condition

Figure Condition of water
of water qualityquality
based onbased on the
the presence presence
of Iron (mg/L) of Iron
in water.
Fig. 4Figure
: Condition of water
4: Condition of waterquality based
quality based on Pon
H PH value.
value. (mg/L) in water.
optimum value
According to the of Turbidity
guideline in water
of BDS, the optimum value ofis 10 NTU.
Turbidity in water isThe
10 NTU. The
WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL February 2019 59
analysis shows that the Turbidity value of water in ward 3, 13, 14, 24 is about 23.8, 10.33,
of water in 10.2
13.33 and ward 3, 13,
respectively which14,
is out24 is about
of range (Figure 5).23.8, 10.33,
The turbidity value of the
out of range (Figure 5). The turbidity value of the
remaining wards is within the optimum level.
 4. Conclusion
The study found that the relationship between Turbidity and
Iron is strong and there exists no relationship between PH
and Turbidity and Iron and Hardness. Again, by performing
the comparison, the study found that the average Turbidity
values of four wards (3, 13, 14 and 24) exceeded the BDS
guideline limiting value of 10 NTU while pH remains
appreciable amount considering WHO guideline is defining
w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)
the value of 6.5-8.5 for all the selected wards of RCC.
Besides, the study also found a risky level of Fe for six wards
(3, 7, 11, 12, 13 and 24) which crossed the BDS acceptable
limit of 0.3-1 mg/L. Again, considering Hardness into
account, it was found that only ward no. 21 and 24 exceeded
the permissible limit of BDS drinking water. Considering
all the selected wards, it was perceived that ward no. 24 is
the most internecine where ward no. 22 and 23 are free from
all aspects.
Walk in the desert, You will
realize the cost of Water
60 WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL February 2018
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References
Ahmed, M. F. & Rahman, M. M. (2000). Water Supply &
Sanitation, Rural and Low-Income Urban Communities.
ITN-Bangladesh, Center for Water Supply and Waste
Management, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
BBS (2011). Population Census, Community Report-
Rajshahi, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Government of
the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
DDC (2002). Structure Plan, Master Plan and Detailed Area
Development Plan for Rajshahi Metropolitan City.
Oyem, H. H., Soomro, M. S., & Ezeweal, D. (2014).
Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved
Solid and Chemical Oxygen Demand of Groundwater in
Boji-Boji Aghor/Owa Area and immediate suburbs. Res. J.
Envir. Sci., 8(8), 444-450.
Sarkar, G. B. & Heijnen, H. (2005). Rajshahi Healthy Ward
Pilot Water Supply Surveillance, WHO/DPHE, Dhaka,
Bangladesh.