CFD ANALYSIS OF PZEV EXHAUST

MANIFOLDS

Srikanth Ranganathan

CFD Section
Analytical Powertrain
Ford Motor Company
Dearborn, Michigan

6/4/2003 FLUENT UGM 2003

 OBJECTIVE
• To demonstrate a FLUENT based technique for evaluating a
PZEV exhaust manifold for PETA effectiveness

Exhaust PETA Tube

Valves
PETA Air
Inlets

Substrate

Cylinders
PZEV – Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle

PETA – Ported Electric Thermactor Air

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 PETA Exhaust - Introduction
• During the initial 20-30 seconds after engine start the air-fuel
mixture is run extra rich.

• Prior to the catalyst brick, fresh air is injected from the PETA
tube directly into the exhaust gases.

• The partially combusted fuel laden exhaust gas that is hot

but depleted of oxygen is spontaneously combusted again in the
manifold volume leading to increase in gas temperature.

• Early elevation of substrate temperatures ensures an early

conversion of exhaust gases in the catalytic converter and thus
lowered emissions

• PETA Effectiveness is measured by temperature increase of

exhaust gases from port to CAT face

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 PETA Exhaust Flow Regime

• Transient (Engine Cycle) a

• Moving boundaries (Exhaust Valves) r

• Compressible r

• Multi-species mixing (Exhaust gases + Air) a

• Combustion (Fuel + O2 → Products + Heat) a

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 Analysis Procedure
Physical Model (TGRID)
Ports + Manifold + Converter + PETA

Transient Inlet Chemistry Model (PrePDF)

Mass Flux Species, Composition, Stoichiometry,
1-D Tool (GT-Power) Streams, PDF, Heat Transfer, Rates

CFD Model (FLUENT)

Engine Cycle Simulation

(3-5 Cycles)
No
Yes Flow Temperature
Convergence
Increase

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 Model & Data

• I4 PZEV Exhaust @ 1500 Engine RPM (Time Period = 0.08s)

• Non-Premixed Combustion:
1 Fuel + 1 Oxidizer Stream
4 Fuel Inlet: 923K [0.9N2 + 0.1CH4]
1 Oxidizer Inlet: 300K [0.79N2 + 0.21O2]

• Flame Sheet Model (Infinite rates, Mixed-Is-Burned)

• Reaction Stoichiometry: CxHy + (x+y/4)O2 → xCO2 + (y/2)H2O

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

• Outlet: Atmospheric

• Adiabatic Walls

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 I4 PZEV - Results

• Engine Cycle Averaged:

Exhaust Manifold Inlet Temperature = 923K
CAT Face Temperature = 1050 K

• Temperature Growth = 127K

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 CH4 on Core

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 CH4 on C/S

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 O2 on Core

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 O2 on C/S

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 Temperature on Core

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 Temperature on C/S

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 Advantages
• Relatively quicker turn around time than full fledged
combustion model; Crucial as an optimization tool

• PDF approach to turbulence and flow induced

mixing/combustion

• Energy equation is not solved; Temperature determined

from scalar distribution

Disadvantages
• Reaction rates do not play a role

• No intermediate species simulation

• Risk of combustion/temperature over prediction

6/4/2003 FLUENT UGM 2003

 Conclusion

• Demonstrated a simple and quick FLUENT based CFD method

for evaluation of PETA effectiveness

• Suitable for optimization studies of PETA/Exhaust Manifold design

A/F ratio
PETA air flow rate
Air injection location and angles
Manifold core shape

6/4/2003 FLUENT UGM 2003