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ABSTRACT
Abstract should state introduction and background of the study, primary objectives, methodology
(research design, sampling, instruments, procedures, and data analysis), main outcomes and results, and the
conclusions. The abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard nomenclature should be used and
abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The abstract consists of 150-175 words
written in a single paragraph. This is an example for your reference This is an example for your reference This is
an example for your reference This is an example for your reference This is an example for your reference This
is an example for your reference This is an example for your reference This is an example for your reference
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reference This is an example for your reference This is an example for authors.
For example, write “Velocity (m/s)” or in Title of His Published Book, xth
“Velocity (ms-1)”. Do not label axes with a ratio ed. City of Publisher, Country if not
[2] USA: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x,
of quantities and units. For example, write
sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.
“Temperature (K),” not “Temperature/K.” Examples:
Multipliers can be especially confusing. Write [3] G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of
“Energy (kJ)” or “Energy (103 J).” Define industrial plastics,” in Plastics, 2nd ed.,
abbreviations and acronyms the first time they vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York:
are used in the text, even if they have been McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.
[4] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and
defined in the abstract. Number equations
Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993,
consecutively with equation numbers in
pp. 123–135.
parentheses. Flush with the right margin, as in
(1). Basic format for periodicals:
E mc 2
[5] J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev.
Basic format for books (when available Basic format for computer programs and
online): electronic documents (when available online):
[15] Author. (year, month day). Title. (edition) ISO recommends that capitalization follow
[Type of medium]. volume (issue). the accepted practice for the language or
Available: site/path/file script in which the information is given.
Example: Example:
[16] J. Jones. (1991, May 10). Networks. [23] A. Harriman. (1993, June).
(2nd ed.) [Online]. Available: Compendium of genealogical software.
http://www.atm.com Humanist. [Online]. Available e-mail:
HUMANIST@NYVM.ORG Message: get
Basic format for journals (when available GENEALOGY REPORT
online):
[17] Author. (year, month). Title. Journal. Basic format for patents (when
[Type of medium]. volume (issue), pages. available online):
Available: site/path/file [24] Name of the invention, by inventor’s name.
Example: (year, month day). Patent Number
[18] R. J. Vidmar. (1992, Aug.). On the [Type of medium]. Available: site/path/file
use of atmospheric plasmas as Example:
electromagnetic reflectors. IEEE Trans. [25] Musical toothbrush with adjustable neck
Plasma Sci. [Online]. 21(3), pp. 876–880. and mirror, by L.M.R. Brooks. (1992, May
Available: 19). Patent D 326 189
http://www.halcyon.com/pub/journals/21ps [Online]. Available: NEXIS Library:
03-vidmar LEXPAT File: DESIGN
Basic format for papers presented at Basic format for conference proceedings
conferences (when available online): (published):
[19] Author. (year, month). Title. Presented at [26] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in
Conference title. [Type of Medium]. Abbreviated Name of Conf., City of
Available: site/path/file Conf., Abbrev. State (if given), year, pp.
Example: xxxxxx.
[20] PROCESS Corp., MA. Intranets: Example:
Internet technologies deployed behind the [27] D. B. Payne and J. R. Stern,
firewall for corporate productivity. “Wavelength-switched pas- sively coupled
Presented at single-mode optical network,” in Proc.
INET96 Annual Meeting. [Online]. IOOC-ECOC, 1985,
Available: pp. 585–590.
http://home.process.com/Intranets/wp2.htp
Example for papers presented at conferences
Basic format for reports and handbooks (unpublished):
(when available online): [28] D. Ebehard and E. Voges, “Digital single
sideband detection for interferometric
sensors,” presented at the 2nd Int. Conf.
Optical Fiber Sensors, Stuttgart, Germany,
Jan. 2-5, 1984.
Basic format for the most
common types of unpublished
references:
Basic format for patents: [35] J. K. Author, private communication,
[29] J. K. Author, “Title of patent,” U.S. Patent Abbrev. Month, year.
x xxx xxx, Abbrev. Month, day, year. [36] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,”
Example: unpublished.
[30] G. Brandli and M. Dick, “Alternating [37] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” to be
current fed power supply,” published.
U.S. Patent 4 084 217, Nov. 4, 1978. Examples:
[38] A. Harrison, private communication,
Basic format for theses (M.S.) and May 1995.
dissertations (Ph.D.): [39] B. Smith, “An approach to graphs of
[31] J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. linear forms,” unpublished.
thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City [40] A. Brahms, “Representation error for
of Univ., Abbrev. State, year. real numbers in binary computer
[32] J. K. Author, “Title of dissertation,” arithmetic,” IEEE Computer Group
Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Repository, Paper R-67-85.
Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.
Examples: Basic format for standards:
[33] J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band [41] Title of Standard, Standard number,
analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. date.
Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, Examples:
1993. [42] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric
[34] N. Kawasaki, “Parametric study of Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969.
thermal and chemical nonequilibrium [43] Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI
nozzle flow,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. Standard Y10.5-1968.
Eng., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, 1993.