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ISSN 10637850, Technical Physics Letters, 2009, Vol. 35, No. 7, pp. 650–652. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2009.

Original Russian Text © B.A. Bezuglyі, A.Yu. Zykov, 2009, published in Pis’ma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoі Fiziki, 2009, Vol. 35, No. 14, pp. 25–31.

A Photothermocapillary Method
for Detecting Delamination of Paint and Varnish Coatings
B. A. Bezuglyі* and A. Yu. Zykov
Tyumen State University, Tyumen, 625003 Russia
*email: bezuglyi@utmn.ru
Received October 14, 2008

Abstract—The photothermocapillary (PTC) method proposed previously [9] for detecting nearsurface
inhomogeneities hidden under paint and varnish coatings is developed so as to also reveal defects in
these coatings. We have measured the PTC response signal from the sites of coating delamination modeled as
1.4mmwide gaps formed by two (3 + 3 mm long) steps with the heights of 10, 20 and 20, 30 µm and as holes
with diameters of 1.4 mm and depths of 0.5 and ~2 mm in copper and duralumin plates, respectively. The
results of experiments confirm the ability of the proposed PTC method to determine with good precision both
the lateral dimensions of delamination regions and the heights of air gaps.
PACS numbers: 47.55.dm, 81.80.Fy
DOI: 10.1134/S1063785009070189

The need for the nondestructive testing of paint setup was described in sufficient detail elsewhere
and varnish coatings and nearsurface substrate layers [9, 10].
stimulated the development of a large number of The coating delamination sites was modeled by an
methods based predominantly on photothermal air gap in the form of a doublestep channel with step
effects [1–8]; however, their practical implementation heights of hair 10 and 20 µm, a length of about 3 +
requires rather expensive equipment and sophisticated 3 mm, and a width of 1400 µm. The gap was prepared
dataprocessing procedures. For example, a photo as follows. A twolayer stripe with a width of 1400 µm
thermal technique that was originally proposed as and a length of up to 3 mm was cut from doublefolded
early as in 1984 [1] employed the excitation of ther 10µmthick Teflon film, then the upper part was
moelastic deformations in a coating by pulsed laser shifted by 3 mm relative to the lower part. Both stripes
radiation (YAG:Nd; pulse duration, 15 ns; pulse were slightly wetted with silicon oil, put on the bottom
energy, 70 mJ) and the observation of related displace of a copper cell, and uniformly flattened. A model
ments using a highly sensitive laser interferometer. In organic film was preliminarily prepared by casting
the presence of a delamination site, the thermoelastic about 3 ml of black cellulose nitrate varnish (Tekn
stress induces bending oscillations in the coating at a hoKhim Plant, Smolensk) into a 73mmdiameter
resonance frequency, which depends on the delamina cell positioned strictly horizontally. Upon drying, a
tion diameter and the gap height. varnish film with a thickness of 45 ± 5 µm could be
The discovery of phenomena related to the propa readily separated from the Teflon surface. The film was
gation of thermal waves (Twaves) and deeper insight cut into pieces sized 7 × 7 mm. A piece of this film was
into the nature of these waves [2–4] led to the exten wetted with a thin layer of the same cellulose nitrate
sive development of the photothermal methods of varnish, put above the double Teflon stripe, and uni
nondestructive testing [5–8]. In particular, a photo formly pressed against it with a gauze tampon. One
thermal sensor based on a 9µmthick flexible hour after gluing the varnish film, the Teflon stripes
poly(vinylidene difluoride) film was used in a scanning were accurately withdrawn from beneath the film and
photopyroelectric microscope capable of imaging the two end holes were closed with the same varnish.
subsurface defects [7]. However, neither the method We failed to prepare a single threestep channel with
nor the instrument was simpler than those known pre the gap heights of 10, 20, and 30 µm in this way. In
viously. order to obtain a delamination site with a gap height of
In the present study, the photothermocapillary 30 µm, a doublestep channel was prepared with the
(PTC) method proposed previously [9, 10] for detect same width and the step heights of 20 and 30 µm. The
ing nearsurface inhomogeneities hidden under results for the two model channels were matched at the
organic (e.g., paint and varnish) coatings is developed points corresponding to a gap height of 20 µm.
so as to also reveal defects such as delamination sites in The role of a thermocapillary fluid was played by
these coatings on metal substrates. The experimental PMS5 silicon oil. This choice was based on the results

650
A PHOTOTHERMOCAPILLARY METHOD 651

D, mm D, mm
350
1 100
300 2 1
3 2
250 4 80 3
5
200
150 60
100
40
50
20
0 5 10 15 20
ν, cSt a
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Fig. 1. Plots of the PTC response signal diameter D versus x, µm
silicon oil viscosity ν in a 430µmthick layer on an ebony
substrate with a thickness of 14 mm, measured at a pump
Fig. 2. Profiles of the response signal diameter D obtained
ing beam power of (1) 3.3, (2) 4.0, (3) 4.6, (4) 6.3, and
for model delaminations with hair = 10 (1), 20 (2), and
(5) 7.4 mW.
30 µm (3) in varnish coatings on a metal substrate
scanned along the x axis perpendicular to the longitudinal
channel axis (a is the width of a channel modeling the site
of preliminary measurements of the dependence of a of delamination). The inset shows a schematic diagram of
stationary PTC signal diameter D on the viscosity in an the cross section of a model delamination with trapezoidal
available set of silicon oils with the viscosities 1, 5, 10, deformation at the boundary formed in the course of pre
paring samples with increasing hair.
and 20 cSt. At a layer thickness of 430 µm, there was a
weak maximum in D at 10 cSt (Fig. 1). With a decrease
in the pumping beam power, this maximum differed section with the upper side width equal to that of the
only slightly from the D value at 5 cSt. Teflon stripe. As the gap height increases, the width of
The samples were scanned at a 50µm step by a the lower side (base) grows somewhat as well (for the
focused beam of He–Ne laser radiation (2w* = same sloping angle). If the deviation of the channel
500 µm, P = 4.6 mW). Each part of the model channel cross section from rectangular is ignored, the above
(with 10, 20, and 30µm high gaps) was studied near trend can be explained by the thermal factor, accord
the middle by seven scans within about a 1000µm ing to which the heat flux from a region adjacent to the
wide band (without special control of the distance delamination boundary (on the intact coating side)
between scans). The relative error of measuring the meets a greater resistance with an increase in the air
diameter was about 3% along the axis of delamination gap height, which is related to increasing path length
and increased to 13% at the boundary. The total scan to the metal.
ning time did not exceed 15 min (15–16 s per mea
surement). The relatively small pumping beam power Figure 3 shows a plot of D = D(hair), which was
was chosen based on the following considerations: constructed using experimental data for three points
corresponding to the PTC signal variation along the
(i) It was established [9] that the dynamic charac axis of two channels. As can be seen, an increase in hair
teristic D = D(P) at small laser beam powers for a is accompanied by the saturation of the D value.
430µmthick liquid layer is almost linear, which is Apparently, the increase in hair above a certain value
important for precise measurements. (h∞) will no longer significantly influence D, that is
(ii) The rate of attaining a stationary level by the D(hair ≥ h∞) = const. In order to evaluate the limiting
PTC response signal and the rate of relaxation of a response D = D(h∞), we have measured the PTS response
thermally perturbed area upon the measurement at a signal from the coating over a 2mmdeep hole with a
small beam power are higher than those at greater diameter of 1.4 mm in a duralumin plate, assuming a
powers, which allows the scanning rate in the former priori that hair = 2 mm meets the condition hair ≥ h∞.
case to be increased. Another experiment, which was performed with a hole
Figure 2 presents the results of scanning model of the same size in a 500µmthick copper plate under
delaminations with 10, 20, and 30µm high gaps. the analogous varnish layer, gave a coinciding result of
The three scans clearly reveal a tendency to increase in D(hair = 500 µm) = 135 mm. These data were fit to a
the apparent delamination site width with increasing function presented in Fig. 3, where the initial point
height hair of the air gap. This trend can be explained by Duc corresponding to an unbonded coating is obtained
two factors, geometric and thermal, which mutually by the extrapolation to intersection with the D axis.
enhance each other. According to the former, a finite The difference Duc–Dc can be assigned to a thermal
rigidity of the coating material results in the channel resistance of the unbonded coating [1]. Estimating this
having a trapezoidal (rather than rectangular) cross resistance is of special interest, since the knowledge of

TECHNICAL PHYSICS LETTERS Vol. 35 No. 7 2009

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