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1. INTRODUCTION
The conventional bi-directional DC-DC converters [1-41 are
most suitable for high voltage and high power applications.
However the proposed converter [5] has been improved with
bi-directional power flow, it is especially useful for
regenerative braking in electric vehicle (EV), where the
mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by
traction inotor and then fed back into the EV batteries. The
Fig. 2. Idealised Voltage and Current Waveforms
converter employs the phase shift technique for voltage
control; utilizes parasitic capacitance of active switches and
The complete cycle of operation for the bi-directional phase-
leakage inductance of transformer for resonant switching; does
shifted DC-DC converter is shown in Fig. 2. V , to , V are
not require a large filter inductor and applies the synchronous
gate signals applied to Ql to Q4.In addition, V,, is also used
rectification [6-71fot bi-directional power flow.
to drive M Iand M4,Vs2 to drive M2 and M3, such that the
converter bridge can operate in the manner of synchronous
The bi-directional phase-shifted DC-DC converter is
rectification. The synchronous rectification allows the
comprised of an inverter bridge (QI-Q4)and a converter bridge
converter to have low on-state loss and ease of coritrol at the
(MI-M4),which are connected with a high frequency power
transistors M Ito M4.
transformer. The 50% duty-ratio gate signals applied to the
converter bridge are synchronized with those applied to the
inverter bridge. Fig. 1 shows the topology of the proposed 11. OPERATIONS OF THECIRCUIT
converter. A11 the active switches in both the inverter and
The circuit operation in positive half cycle is the same as the
converter bridges are identical, each of them consists of a
negative half cycle except the signs of voltage and current are
MOSFET with a body diode and a capacitor. The capacitors,
reversed, so only the positive half cycle is explained here. The
C,-C4,represent the slim of stray capacitance of the MOSFET
operation principle can be divided into five modes.
and an additiona? resonant capacitor. Llk is the total leakage
inductance of the transfonner's primary and secondary
1) Mode 1: Qi and Q 4 are on. Vi, is applied across the
windings. C,,, and C,,,are the input and output filter primary winding of transformer, and the secondary winding of
capacitors. V,,, and V,,, are the input and output voltage. i(t)is
transformer is clamped to Yo, as MI and Ad4 are on. As energy
the primary current of transformer.
has been stored in L f k during the previous mode of operation,
then the primary current i(t) flows in reverse direction.
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zero. Subsequently, Q3 is turned on under zero voltage di
switching (ZVS). It is clear that a dead time between turn-off V,,,- nVaul’= Lk -dr (4)
of Q4and turn-on of Q3 is needed for Q3to achieve the ZVS.
2 ) “Off Stage (f4 < t 2 t5) or t5 - f4 = (1 - D - &T/2: This
stage is exactly the mode 4 of operation, energy in Lik is
freewheeling to drive the load, and ( 5 ) is the circuit equation.
4) Mode 4: Ql and Q3 are on. Energy in Llk continues to 3 ) “Tran$ition” Stage (t5 < t 5 t6) or t6 - ts = 4TD:This
deliver to the load, and the Iarge ‘output filter capacitor stage is the changeover of the “Off’ stage to the “On” stage, it
maintains the secondary of transformer at Val,,. is actually !he mode 5 of operation. Circuit equation of this
stage is given in (6).
5 ) Mode 5: Q; remains on, but Q, is being turned off. C l is
being charged up and Cz is being discharged simultaneously by di
the energy in LIR. Once voltage across C, reaches zero, Dz - vu,- nVmll = L, -
dt
conducts and Q2switches on under ZVS condition. Also a
dead time between the turn-off of Q1and turn-on of Q2is The inpui: energy W,, to the converter during a half cycle is:
required for ZVS of QZ.
(7)
(3) (9)
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2) Minimum Phase Shijt (Dm& The minimum load current
i(t5)in terms of phase shift can be derived from (4), ( 5 ) and (6),
and it is substituted in (3) to yield Dmh.
3
.-0 90% - ?-+ -
* A
v
*
-
C. Control Region
s 85% -
Llk is 21.8pH, C,-C4 are 3.2nF, C,, and CO,,,are 5.4pF and
i 4.8pF respectively. Moreover, the power transformer was
-80
.,
Time (us)
-4
I
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inductance of the transformer and parasitic capacitance of
active switches to perform resonant switching. All the active
switching devices are switched at zero voltage switching. The
proposed converter, if employed in EV, is capable of not only
transferring energy fiom EV batteries to powertrain for
motoring, but also returning energy back into batteries in case
of regenerative braking.
Fig. 6. Experiment for Reverse Operation
Moreover, by making use of a simple drive circuit for ths
Initially, the converter ran with Vi,,= 70V, Zin = 1.08A, Vu,,,= converter bridge, it can gain the benefit of synchronous
36V and Iu,,, = 1.95A. When t = 0.5s, the external voltage rectification.
source of 45V was applied momentarily to the output of the
converter. The output current and input current flowed in ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
reverse direction simultaneously with amplitude of 1.9A arid
1. I A respectively, however, the input voltage almost kept This project is supported and funded by The Hong Kong
constant at 70V either in forward and reverse operations. Fig. Polytechnic University, and the project account code is G-
7 shows the changeover of operations. V30.5.
REFERENCES
[l] Forsyth A.J., Evans P.D., Cheng K.W.E. and Ai-Mothafar
M.R.D., “Operation Limits Of Power Converters For High
Power Icin Engine Control”, AIDAA/AIAA/DGLR/JSASS
22nd IpJf’1 Electric Propulsion Con$, 199 1.
[2] Forsyth A.J., Evans P.D., Ai-Mothafar M R D . and Cheng
K.W.E., “A Comparison Of Phase-Shift Controlled
Resonant And Square-Wave Converters For High Power
lon Engine Control“, Proc. @-the European Space Power
conf.’,1991.
13) Vlatkovic: V., Ridley, Lee F. C. and Cho B. H., “Design
Consideration For High Voltage, High Power, Full Bridge,
Zero Voltage Switched PWM Converter”, Proc. of the
IEEE APEC., 1990, pp. 275-284.
[4] Cho J. G., Sabate J. A., Hua G. and Lee F. C., “Zero-
Voltage And Zero-Current-Switching Full Bridge PWM
Converter For High-Power Applications”, IEEE Trans. On
Power Electronics, Vol. 11, NO. 4, July, 1996. pp. 622-
628.
[SI H. L. Chan, K. W. E. Cheng and D. Sutanto, “Bidirectional
Phase-shifted DC-DC Converter”, IEE Electronics Letters,
1 April 1999, Vol. 35, No.7, pp. 523-524.
[6] Kazirnierczuk M.K., Mescher M.J. and Prenger R.M.,
“Class D Current-Driven Transformer Center-Tapped
Control1;ible Synchronous Rectifier”, IEEE Trans. on
Circuits and Systems-I: Fundamental Theory and
0
Applications, Vol. 43, No. 8, August 1996, pp. 670-680.
[7] Yamashita N., Murakami N. and Yachi T., “Conduction
T k (second)
Power Loss in MOSFET Synchronous Rectifier with
Parallel-Connected Schottky Barrier Diode”, IEEE Tram.
Fig. 7. Cliangeover from forward to reverse power flow operations On Power Electronics, Vol. 13, NO. 4, July, 1998, pp.
667-673.
V. CONCLUSION
A novel bi-directional phase-shift controlled DC-DC
converter was proposed. The converter uses leakage
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