Key difference: In mathematics, an equation is used to denote the

equality between two expressions. A function, on the other hand, is

in much more complex than an equation. A function is used to
denote a relation between a set of inputs and a set of corresponding
outputs.
 

An equation and a function are two of the basic foundations of algebra, a

subject matter under mathematics. Both can be quite complex in nature,
however, in their basic form they may be confused as each other. The main
difference between an equation and a function is the fact that an equation usually
deals with a single input, whereas, a function can have numerous inputs.
 
In mathematics, an equation is used to denote the equality between two
expressions. Essentially, an equation is written as an expression equals to
another expression. For example: x + 2 = 5. This denotes that whatever is x, if you
add 2 to it, will be equal to 5. Hence, we can solve the equation for x, which is 3,
as 3 + 2 = 5.
 
Equations can be more complex than that and can include more than one
variables, such as x, y, z, etc. in a single equation. For example: 3x + 2y – z = 4.
However, each alphabet will correspond to one number. In this case, x = 1, y = 2
and z = 3.
 
Hence,
3x + 2y – z = 4 becomes
3(1) + 2(2) – 3 = 4 which is
3 + 4 – 3 = 4 essentially
4=4
 
A function, on the other hand, is in much more complex than an equation. A
function is used to denote a relation between a set of inputs and a set of
corresponding outputs. Essentially, an input should give a single output. A
function is a relationship between two variables. For example: f(x) = x + 2. As per
this function, whatever, the input is, it will give you a single output, which will be
the input plus 2. Let’s solve this function:
 
                   Function Output
Input                 

x f(x) = x + 2 f(x)

1 1+2 3

2 2+2 4

3 3+2 5
 4 4+2 6

5 5+2 7
And so on…
 

Functions have various applications in mathematics, physics, computer

science, etc. They can range from a simple function, as denoted above, to
complex formulas or algorithms. A function can be thought of as a machine that
gives an output for an input, and that output is somehow related to the input.
 
A function always has three parts: the input, the relationship, and the output. The
classic way of writing a function is with "f(x) = ... ", where x denotes the input and
f(x) denotes the output.
 
As stated above, the main difference between an equation and a function is that
an equation usually has only one input that will give lead to the expressions being
equal. Whereas, a function has various inputs, each of which will give a output.