PATHO 3140 Exam

1. Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier?

 Antibacterial fatty acids

 Lysozymes in tears
 Epithelial cells
 Earwax Answers available here https://bit.ly/3dtygPo

 2. Which statement is true regarding the inflammatory response?

 Inflammatory response is the third line of defense.

 Inflammatory response relies on cellular components only.
 Inflammatory response generates a nonspecific response.
 Inflammatory response occurs at healthy tissue.

 3. Which complement factor is considered an anaphylatoxin?

 C3a
 C1
 C7
 C9

 4. Which receptor is expressed on macrophages and facilitates recognition and

phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens?

 Complement receptors Answers available here https://bit.ly/3dtygPo

 Scavenger receptors
 Toll-like receptors
 Pattern recognition receptors

 5. Which statement regarding mast cells is true?

 Histamine causes vasoconstriction.

 Mast cells are found only in blood vessels.
  Snake bites, bee venoms, and toxins may cause activation.
 Mast cells are not involved in allergic reactions.

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6. Which term describes an acidic sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar to
histamine?

 Leukotriene
 Prostaglandin
 Adhesion molecule
 Phagocyte

 7. Which statement is true regarding neutrophils?

 Neutrophils are agranular.

 Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation.
 Neutrophils are the largest blood cells.
 Neutrophils enter the site of injury after lymphocytes and macrophages.

 8. What biochemical messenger is produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in

response to a bacterial pathogen? Answers available here https://bit.ly/3dtygPo

 Interleukins
 Interferons
 Chemokines
 Tumor necrosis factor

 9. Chronic inflammation is characterized by a(an):

 Lack of giant cells

 Absence of exudate
 Dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages
 Inflammation that lasts less than 2 weeks

 10. Which of the following are not natural barriers?

  Physical
 Resistance
 Biochemical
 Mechanical

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 11. Which characteristics are observable of vascular injury and inflammation? (Select all
that apply.)

 Redness
 Coolness to the touch
 Warmth to the touch
 Increased swelling
 Pain

 12. Which pathways activate the complement system? (Select all that apply.)

 Antigen-antibody
 Classical
 Lectin
 Alternative

 13. Which functions of the clotting system are exhibited at the site of injury or
inflammation? (Select all that apply.)

 Prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tissues.

 Traps microorganisms at the site of greatest inflammatory cell activity.
 Prevents clot formation at the site of injury.
 Provides a framework for future repair and healing. Answers available here
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 14. Which of the following are systemic effects of inflammation? (Select all that apply.)

 Abscess formation
 Fever
  Leukocytosis
 Increased levels of plasma proteins
 Decreased levels of plasma proteins

 15.
____Chemotactic___________ factors are biochemical substances that attract leukocytes to
the site of inflammation.

 1. Which is a foreign or nonself substance?

 Immunoglobulins
 Lymphocytes Answers available here https://bit.ly/3dtygPo
 Antibodies
 Antigens

 2. Which statement is true regarding the immune response in humans?

 Before birth, lymphocytes are not produced.

 B lymphocytes come from the thymus.
 The thymus releases mature lymphocytes.
 Generation of clonal diversity occurs in primary lymphoid organs.

 3. Which statement best describes the cells and their functions in the humoral arm of the
immune system?

 Cells undergo differentiation and develop into subpopulations.

 Cells attack cancerous cells.
 Antibodies are primarily responsible for protection.
 Cells in the humoral arm are also called cellular immunity.

 4. Which term describes the type of immunity that occurs when preformed antibodies are
transferred from a donor to a recipient?

 Passive
 Active
 Memory Answers available here https://bit.ly/3dtygPo
  Cellular

 5. What is the precise portion of the antigen that is configured for recognition and binding of
an antibody?

 Paratope
 Epitope
 Self-antigen
 Immunogen Answers available here https://bit.ly/3dtygPo

 6. Which antigen is too small to initiate an immune response?

 Carrier
 Allergen
 Hapten
 Self-antigen

 7. Which statement is true regarding immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies?

 IgA-2 is predominantly found in blood.

 IgA-1 is predominantly found in the body’s secretions.
 The J chain anchors together the IgA molecules.
 The gamma heavy chain is predominant.

 8. It is true that immunoglobulin E (IgE) is:

 Designed to protect the host from large viruses

 The primary cause of common allergies
 The only inflammatory cell that can damage a virus
 Specifically designed to prevent the invasion and attachment of pathogens through
mucous membranes.

 9. Which statement is true regarding aging and the immune system function?

 Older adults have decreased circulating antibodies.

 T-cell function is increased.
  Antibody production to specific antigens is inferior.
 Response to infection is rapid.

 10. Which criteria influence the degree of immunogenicity? (Select all that apply.)

 Foreignness to the host

 Appropriate size
 Appropriate quantity
 Chemical simplicity
 Chemical complexity

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 11. Which of the following are molecular classes of immunoglobulins? (Select all that apply.)

 IgC
 IgD
 IgE
 IgM
 IgN

 12.
Antigens that can induce an allergic response are called ____Allergens_____.

 13.
__Neutralization________ describes the inactivation or blocking of the binding of the antigen to
a receptor?

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Answers available here https://bit.ly/3dtygPo
 1. Which definition is true?

 Allergy means the deleterious effects of hypersensitivity.

 Immunity means an altered immunologic response.
 Hypersensitivity means the protective response to an antigen.
 Autoimmunity means the normal response to foreign antigens.

 2. Which statement is true regarding hypersensitivity reactions?

 They require sensitization against a particular antigen.

 They occur after the primary immune response.
 Reactions are always delayed.
 The most delayed reaction is anaphylaxis.

 3. Which statement best describes a type I reaction?

 Most type I reactions are mediated by IgA.

 Most type I reactions are allergic.
 Most occur against medications.
 Seldom does this type contribute to autoimmune diseases.

 4. What antibody binds to a mast cell?

 Cytotropic
 Allergen
 Antigen
 Fc Answers available here https://bit.ly/3dtygPo

 5. Which statement is true regarding atopic individuals?

 If one parent has allergies, then a 4% chance exists that the offspring will have
similar allergies.
 If two parents have allergies, then a 50% chance exists that their offspring will have
similar allergies.
 Atopic individuals tend to produce higher quantities of IgE.
  No genes are associated with an atopic state.

 6. Which statement is true of serum sickness?

 The formation of immune complexes in the blood cause serum sickness.

 It is the deposition of complexes in the blood vessels.
 It occurs through cytotoxic T cells.
 It binds antigen to the cell surface.

 7. The Arthus reaction is an example of which type of sensitivity reaction?

 I Answers available here https://bit.ly/3dtygPo

 II
 III
 IV

 8. Which statement is true regarding a type IV allergic reaction?

 Is immediate in its action.

 Is infiltrated with B cells.
 Has a red, soft center.
 Can be transferred by cells.

 9. Which is an example of an alloimmune disease?

 Tuberculin reaction
 Graves disease
 Contact dermatitis
 Penicillin allergy

 10. Which statement is true regarding unmatched packed red blood cell (RBC) transfusions?

 Only three different RBC antigens have been identified.

 Approximately 80 major carbohydrate antigens exist.
 People with O type blood have neither A or B antigens.
  A person with type A blood contains anti-O antibodies.

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 11. Histamine release leads to which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

 Bronchial smooth muscle contraction

 Bronchoconstriction
 Decreased vascular permeability
 Vasoconstriction
 Edema

 12. Antibody-related damage to cells through phagocytosis is an example of a mechanism of

type ___2 (II)___ hypersensitivity.

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 1. Which term describes an agent’s ability to produce disease?

 Virulence
 Pathogenicity
 Infectivity
 Immunogenicity

 2. Which statement is true regarding bacteremia?

 It occurs with a normal defense system of the body.

 Gram-positive bacteria typically cause bacteremia.
 Endotoxins often cause symptoms such as vasodilation.
 Symptoms include increased blood pressure.

 3. Which statement regarding viruses is true?

 Viruses are less common than bacterial infections.

  Viruses actively produce exotoxins.
 Viruses bypass many defense mechanisms by developing intracellularly.
 Viruses contain all their genetic information in ribonucleic acid (RNA). Answers
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 4. Which statement regarding fever is true?

 Fever is a failure of the body to regulate temperature.

 An endogenous pyrogen may produce fever.
 The body’s central thermostat is the pituitary gland.
 Fever is a failure of the body’s defense system.

 5. What contributes to antibiotic-resistant pathogens?

 Inadequate sanitation
 Genetic mutation
 Loss of multidrug transporters
 Limited use of antibiotics

 6. The stages of pathologic infection include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

 Invasion
 Death
 Colonization
 Metastasis
 Multiplication

 7. Which of the following are mechanisms of antigenic variation? (Select all that apply.)

 Siderophoric switching
 Mutation
 Recombination
  Gene switching

 8. Which mechanisms are used by viruses to evade the immune response? (Select all that
apply.)

 Rapid division
 Antigenic specificity
 Self-protein coat
 Immune suppression
 Lipopolysaccharide

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