Report "Helmholtz coils"

SantanderSan North José De CúcutaUniversidad Francisco de Paula

Santander2019

Introduction

It is known that magnetic fields are produced by electrical currents which are
associated with electrons in atomic orbits, and that the magnetic field is the
force exerted on moving fields. Thus we can say that there are many ways to
form a magnetic field and so do various tests to know the relationship to various
factors to be evaluated.

In this case the Helmholtz coils which are very useful for forming uniform
magnetic fields are evaluated, and used to fill the required data in the working
guide, and thus to make the respective analysis based on the questions posed
in the guide of work.

goals

Overall objective
Analyzing the spatial distribution of the magnetic field between a pair of
Helmholtz coils.

Specific objectives

 Measuring the axial component of the magnetic field along the z axis of
the flat coils field.
 Analyze the spatial distribution of the magnetic field.

Theoretical foundations

-Magnetic field
Themagnetic fieldsThey are produced byelectric flow, Which can be
macroscopic currents in wires, or microscopic currents associated with
electrons in atomic orbits.
The magnetic field B is defined in terms of the force exerted on moving charges
inlaw of the Lorentz force.
The interaction of the magnetic field with loads, leads to numerousPractical
applications. Magnetic field sources are essentially dipolar in nature, having a
north pole and a south magnetic pole. Helmholtz -Bobinas

Helmholtz coils are a pair of circular coils on a common axis with equal currents
flowing in the same direction. For a given coil radius, one can calculate the
necessary clearance for a central field uniform. This separation is equal to the
radius of the coils. Down the magnetic field lines for this geometry is illustrated.

You can calculate the magnetic field on the centerline of acurrent loopfrom
theBiot-Savart law. The magnetic field of the two loops of the Helmholtz coil
arrangement can be obtained by superimposing the two fields
constituyentes.Para find the value of the magnetic field, taking into account that
Uo∗I∗R2
two coils, you can use the following formula: B=
( R 2+ x 2 )3/ 2

Practice development

The lab consisted of filling four tables using the Helmholtz coils in two positions,
in this case the long axis and the tangential axis.

To fill the first two tables, you must first accommodate all the "Measure"
program section charges 3 / Tesla. For Table 1, which consisted of filling the
table with distance data and magnetic field, it should accommodate the program
based on these data to take, set the charts, and calibrate the coils. The process
of calibrating the stretch was requested distance plate connected to wire and
then return to its initial position. After calibrating the same process was
repeated but this time, taking the data he provided the program. Just after
calibration is that it should switch the sources and accommodate these with a
maximum current of 2.5 amps.

For Table 2, only they should change certain aspects of the program to see in
measuring the distance and the magnetic field, and the field current is
measured, but must repeat the process of calibrating the program to avoid
inconveniences. In this case measuring see moving the plate, it was due was to
increase current gradually until it reaches the maximum in this case was 2.5
amps.

The process of Tables 3 and 4 is the same as Tables 1 and 2 respectively, but
in this case the coils are tangentially.

And the 4 tables full, they proceeded to end the practice, as they have the
necessary data to perform data analysis.

Analysis of results and answers to questions

one.With the data in Table 1. Plot the B magnetic field according to the
movement of the coils along the axial axis. Determine the region where the
magnetic field produced by the Helmholtz coils is constant, with respect to
its axial axis.

Answer:

Distance in cm B in mT
 0.05 1.050
0.10 1,071
0.36 1,044
0.70 1,115
0,94 1,148
1.45 1,172
2,24 1,198
4.75 1,357
5.56 1,463
7.46 1,495
8.57 1,532
8.96 1,665
1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

two. With the data in Table 2. Plot the magnetic field B at the center of the
coils according to the current I.
Answer:

I in Amperes B in mT
0.08 0.016
0.38 0,133
0.65 0.345
1,07 0.610
 1,38 0.891
1,64 1.05
1.87 1,235
2,12 1,437
2,42 1,654
2,61 1,755
2,73 1,866
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

3. Determine the slopes.

Answer:

-Table 1
1.665−1.050
=0,069
8.96−0.05

-Table 2
1.866−0.016
=0.698
2.73−0.08

Four. What is the ratio of the slope to the radius of the coils?
Answer:A relationship may be that the radius is the one that defines the
data to find the pendiente.Otra is that the relationship between the current
and the magnetic field given by the slope resembles the result of a formula
that says:
 u∗N 1,26∗10−6∗154 3
m= m= ∗10 =0,96And by replacing the data into the
L 0,2 m
same unit it gives 0.96 so it resembles the data given by the slope of Table
2.

5. With the data in Table 3. Plot the magnetic field B as a function of

displacement along the tangential axis. Determine the region where the
magnetic field produced by the Helmholtz coils is constant, with respect to
its tangential axis.
Answer:

D in cm B in mT
0.00 0,032
1.20 0,074
3,24 0,106
5.67 0,064
8.57 0.191
11.61 0,032
14,95 0,175
17.66 0,117
18.98 0.122
19.65 0.148
0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

6. With data 4. Plot the magnetic field in the center of the coils according to
the current table.
Answer:

I in Amperes B in mT
0.08 0.090
0.4 0,021
 0,68 0.016
0,92 0.122
1,04 0,095
1,14 0,080
1,24 0,186
1,38 0.122
1,51 0.148
1.65 0.090
1,77 0.143
1,86 0.085
1,98 0,027
2,09 0.164
2,19 0,111
2,32 0.085
2,48 0.154
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

7. Determine the slope and analyze the agreement or disagreement of this

result with that obtained in Section 3 of the report. explain

Answer:
0,154−0,090
=0,025
2,60−0,08

The slope given at this point is completely different from the slope of Table 2
of section 3, giving anything similar data.

But this can be explained because in point 3 coils were arranged in the axial
axis while in this case were in the tangential axis, and these are very
different situations

conclusions

 You can see the direct proportionality between the graphs of tables 1 and
2, since the field is increasing on both occasions in a very similar way.
 There is a relationship between the slope of the graph based on the
current and the field with a formula there to find it, so you can say that
 there is a relationship between the slope and the radius value with the
number of turns of the coils.
 Tables 3 and 4 show some similarity in their graphics to see the
variations along the graphs.
 not see a similarity between the slopes of Table 2 and Table 4, it can be
to position the coils in each situation.

recommendations

 Each table should fully review the way the "Measure" is programmed as
any failure can result in data that have nothing to do with the analysis.
 The source must be lit only for measurement should not be turned on
while calibrating or accommodate the program.
 When calibrating and taking the data in Table 1 and 3, it is best done
with good pulse for the data look better reflected.
 Notice not exceed the current limit allowed.

Bibliography

 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbasees/magnetic/magfie.html
 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbasees/magnetic/helmholtz.html
 Laboratory guides Electricity & Magnetism
UFPS
Report "Coulomb"
 SantanderSan North José De CúcutaUniversidad Francisco de Paula
Santander2019

goals

-Overall objective:

experimentally verify Coulomb's law.

-Specific objectives

* Establish the relationship between the electric force and load.

* Establish the relationship between the electric force and distance between
charges.

* Determine a constant electric.

 Theoretical foundations

-Coulomb law
Coulomb's law, which states how the force between two point electric charges,
is the starting point of electrostatics and quantitative science.

It was discovered by Priestley in 1766 and rediscovered by Cavendish few

years later, but was Coulomb in 1785 who underwent direct experimental tests.

We understand load point an electrical charge localized on a geometric point in

space. Clearly, there is a point charge, it is an idealization, but is a good
approximation when we are studying the interaction between electrically
charged bodies whose dimensions are very small compared to the distance
between them.

Coulomb's Law says that "the electrostatic force between two point charges is
proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them, and has the direction of the line joining
them. The force is repulsive if charges are of the same sign, and attraction if
they are of opposite sign. "

It is important to note in relation to Coulomb's law the following points:

to)when we talk about the force between electric charges we are always
assuming they are at rest (hence the name of electrostatics);

Note that the electric force is a vector quantity, it has magnitude and direction.

b)electrostatic forces met Newton's third law (law of action and reaction); ie the
forces two point electric charges exert on each other are equal in magnitude
and direction, but opposite:

FQ1 → → q1 q2 = -Fq2;

Graphical
representati
on of
Coulomb's
law for two
charges of
the same
sign.

Mathematically, this law relates to the magnitude of the force F every two point
charges Q1Y q2 exerts on the other are separated by a distance r is expressed
in equation form as:

kis a constant known as Coulomb constant and bars denote absolute value.

Fis the force vector experienced by electric charges. It can be attractive or

repulsive, depending on the sign display (depending on whether the charges
are positive or negative).

- If the charges are of opposite sign (+ and -), the force "F" is negative,
indicating attraction
- If the charges are of the same sign (- y - or + y +), the force "F" will be positive,
indicating repulsion.

Practice development

The working group was to be divided actions to make the practice of

laboratorio.Este properly was to load a copper sphere through a pre-loaded with
a voltage provided by laboratory guidelines and that was near a metal sphere
metal plate. Then that voltage was measured by another metal sphere that hit
the copper sphere, gave the charge by the meter, and the strength was
measured by the dynamometer must be put in balance when hitting first the
copper sphere. After each measurement, it should download both the metal
plate such as copper sphere to successfully take the data.

According to laboratory guidelines, one should test the load at different times,
increasing increasing the voltage acquired by the area of copper, and then
measuring 4 times with the prescribed voltages must remove the metal plate at
a certain distance. following this process should fill three data tables.
 Analysis of results

one. Calculate the value of q2 in Tables 1,2 and 3, using equation (1).

Equation 1:

Where a is the distance from the sphere of copper to

the metal plate.

Table 1 a = 4cm

V load F q Q2
12kV 1mN 10.09 7.12 x 10-16
16 Kv 2mn 10.59 1.42 x 10-15
20 Kv 4mN 12.46 2.85 x 10-15
24 Kv 6mn 12.46 4.27 x 10-15

Q2 = (0.001 N) * (16 *π * Eo * (0.04m) 2) = 7.12 x 10-16

Q2 = (0,002N) * (16 *π * Eo * (0.04m) 2) = 1.42 x 10-15
Q2 = (0,004N) * (16 *π * Eo * (0.04m) 2) = 2.85 x 10-15
Q2 = (0,006N) * (16 *π * Eo * (0.04m) 2) = 4.27 x 10-15

Table 2 = 6cm

V load F q Q2
12kV 2mn 9,60 3.20 x 10-15
16 Kv 4mN 10.59 6.41 x 10-15
20 Kv 4.1mn 10.74 6.57 x 10-15
24 Kv 4.7mn 12.46 7.53 x 10-15

Q2 = (0,002N) * (16 *π * Eo * (0.06M) 2) = 3,20x 10 to 15

Q2 = (0,004N) * (16 *π * Eo * (0.06M) 2) = 6.41 x 10-15
Q2 = (0,0041N) * (16 *π * Eo * (0.06M) 2) = 6.57 x 10-15
Q2 = (0,0047N) * (16 *π * Eo * (0.06M) 2) = 7.53 x 10-15

Table 3 a = 8cm

V load F q Q2
12kV 1mN 7.96 2.85 x 10-15
16 Kv 2mn 10.46 5.70 x 10-15
20 Kv 5mn 12.46 1.42 x 10-14
24 Kv 6mn 12.46 1.71 x 10-14

Q2 = (0.001 N) * (16 *π * Eo * (0.08m) 2) = 2.85 x 10-15

Q2 = (0,002N) * (16 *π * Eo * (0.08m) 2) = 5.70 x 10-15
Q2 = (0,005N) * (16 *π * Eo * (0.08m) 2) = 1.42 x 10 to 14
Q2 = (0,006N) * (16 *π * Eo * (0.08m) 2) = 1.71 x 10 to 14

Four. Determine the slope of each of these graphs, and this value calculate the
value of E in each case

Pending

Figure 1

m = 6-1 / (4.27 x 10-15) - (7.12 x 10-16)

m = 1.40 x 1015

Figure 2

m = 4.7 to 2 / (7.53 x 10 to 15) - (3.20 x 10-15)

m = 6.23 x 1014

Figure 3

m = 6-1 / (1,71x 10 to 14) - (2.85 x 10-15)

m = 3.50 x 1014

recommendations

1) Extreme caution with copper sphere to have it charged, since the

minimum voltage at which were in the exercise will 12kV.
2) Avoid colliding with work tools as some if damaged may be useless, and
the cost can be high.
3) When using the dynamometer, be attentive in the first shock copper
sphere as often ignore this step and strength is miscalculated, so the
procedure must be repeated several times.
4) Be attentive to always download the metal plate and copper sphere after
each measurement.
 Bibliography

*http://www.profesorenlinea.cl/fisica/ElectricidadLeyCoulomb.html

* Guides Electricity and Magnetism work UFPS

 circuit 4

V 0 one tw 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 elev 12
 o en
I 0 0,31 0.6 0.88 1,17 1,46 1,76 2,05 2.35 2,64 2.93 3,22 3.52
(mA)

m=0,293 Y =0,293 X

4
3.52
3.5 3.22
2.93
3 2.64
2.5 2.35
2.05
I(mA)

2 1.76
1.46
1.5 1.17
1 0.88
0.6
0.5 0.31
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
V

4. Graphic circuit current vs voltage 4

circuit 5

V two 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

I 65.6 74.1 82.3 91.5 98.1 105.08 112.4 118.94 125.07
(mA) 0 6 9 6 4

m=14,867 Y =14,867 X−35,866

 140 125.07
118.94
120 112.4
105.08
98.14
100 91.56
82.39
80 74.16
65.6
I(mA)

60
40
20
0
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
V

Graph 5. circuit voltage vs current 5